Definition Social Modernity - University of Aberdeen定义社会现代性-阿伯丁大学-17页精品文档
西方社会学理论(文军版)笔记
西方社会学理论：经典传统与当代转向文军主编，上海人民出版社，2006年8月版第一编西方社会学理论的产生与发展第一章西方社会学理论产生的历史背景与基本问题第一节社会学理论的内涵及其建构1、澳大利亚社会学者马尔科夫.沃特斯指出，社会学理直气壮地宣称自己是一门独立科学的原因有二：一是它具有一个被广泛公认的理论传统，二是它在方法上有严肃的态度，即以精密的方法论来指导研究。
一、理论的特质及其构成5、理论构成要素（理性主义）：既定的意图、一组可验性的相关概念、一种逻辑结构。
二、“社会学理论”的含义及其构成1、美国当代社会学理论家乔治.瑞泽尔指出社会学理论与日常生活中得出的理论的差异：（1）社会学者的理论更有组织，更自觉自己在做什么；（2）其提出的理论根基于过去社会学者所提出的理论之上；（3）依赖于自己/别人搜集所得资料，这些资料都是与研究主题相关的社会现实或社会关系（4）希望借自己论述的出版以获得批判性分析，并经传播成为实证研究的基础并为后来理论家所运用；（5）针对广泛的社会议题做总括性的思考；2、社会学实践角度的“社会学理论”定义：（1）瑞泽尔：社会学理论较为正式的定义是：一组相关联的观念，能对社会世界的知识加以系统化，能解释社会世界，并能预测社会世界的未来；（2）查尔斯.梯利：一个学科的知识发展取决于其产生好的解释的能力；（3）类型学：社会学研究是一项特殊的职业活动，其主要任务就是通过社会实践发现社会结构内在的规律性及其独特性，并使之上升到“理论的”高度。
3、马尔科夫.沃特斯——社会学理论必须符合以下标准：抽象性/说明性/一般性/独立性/专题化/逻辑一致/实质上的有效；4、吉登斯：社会理论是关心人类行为并为一切学科所共享的一种覆盖和跨越所有社会科学的理论体。
5、“社会理论”三标准：以社会及其人类行为为研究对象；对社会的研究方法既是哲学的，又是科学的；理论目标往往是功能性的或批判性的。
6、社会学理论的类型：（1）一般理论 & 中层理论（2）宏观理论 & 中观理论 & 微观理论（3）描述性理论 & 解释性理论描述性理论：重点在详细描述一个事物或现象的形状性质；解释性理论：注重各因素间的相互关系并加以说明一个事物或现象存在或变迁的原因；（4）正式理论 & 非正式理论（5）理念性理论 & 科学性理论（6）直觉性理论 & 客观性理论实质理论：研究者依照既定工作计划与操作方式对经验事实进行研究后所得的一组相关概念，并通过理性与逻辑的运作与建构，来解释或说明被研究的社会事实的一种理论；工具理论：其理论构建是根据一般普遍性的概念，通过纯理智的逻辑运作而产生的理论；8、主流社会学采用假设——演绎法来构建理论，这类方法由四部分组成：（1）提出问题并形成理论观点；（2）依据理论观点作出假设；（3）对假设进行检验；（4）构建并形成理论；这是社会学主流研究模式与理论范式；第二节西方社会学理论产生的思想基础一、西方社会学理论产生的历史背景1、大背景：工业革命使得西方社会由传统农业社会向现代工业社会转变；社会矛盾与冲突空前扩大和激化；2、具体背景：3、其它阐释：（1）美国社会学者约翰逊：西方社会学理论的产生动力有二：一是西方社会经历了“前所未有的复杂的社会变迁”，二是这种变迁获得了来自知识界的有意关注，急剧的变迁有可能提高人们自觉的反复思考社会形式的程度。
Definition Social Modernity - University of Aberdeen定义社会现代性-阿伯丁大学
❖ According to Weber this leads to a distinctive feature of modernity. The dominance of public decision making by value-free, rational decision-making. That is, decisions based on calculation of whether outcomes of action are efficient and effective.
❖ A common argument, deriving in particular from Durkheim, is that social order is maintained by normative consensus – a system of rules and standards that define appropriate behaviour in a given social situation.
Modern Societies as ‘Risk’ Societies
❖ According to A. Giddens (British; no Beard; as well as can be expected) this process has an unexpected outcome. Rational planning integrates large numbers of people, organisations and decision-making processes. This means that if something goes wrong it is likely to have major knock-on effects. Hence, modern societies are risk societies, they generate a diversity of possible dangers, hazards and futures e.g. environmental degradation, warfare, pollution
期末复习福利——当代西方文化学入门
期末复习------解读《当代西方文化学入门》(Introduction to Western Cultural Studies)首先这个题目就很有问题，当代西方文化学究竟是什么？课本里面一直对此含糊其辞。
要理解什么是“文化学”（cultural studies），来看看维基百科里面对于文化研究的定义：1956年，英国学者雷蒙‧威廉斯( Raymond Williams )和李察‧霍加特( Richard Hoggart )对于当时英国文学研究中的“大叙事”不满，认为文学不仅是为了受过高等教育的白人，而是更应该接近劳工阶级。
因为中下阶层的大众更喜欢通俗文化，所以后来的“文化研究”也逐渐以通俗文化( Popular Culture )为主要研究范围，故此威廉士和霍加特于1964年成立了著名的“伯明翰当代文化研究中心”，“伯明翰学派”(Birmingham School) 之名也不胫而走。
文化学的实质不是研究文化而是一个文学批评（criticism）的流派。
同学们如果学到现在你还以为自己在学西方文化，拜托醒醒好吗？学了一个学期都不知道自己在学文学批评吗？这根本和文化没有半毛钱关系，这只是文学批评里面的一个分支，而这个分支批评的对象是什么呢？描红的字已经写出来了“受过高等教育的白人”。
而伯明翰学派是以什么作为理论依据的呢？以下引自百度百科：伯明翰学派是完全建立在马克思主义基础之上的，但它是相当正统的马克思主义。
翻译过来的意思就是所谓“文化学”就是以马克思主义思想为指导，对西方社会以精英阶层白人男性为中心的主流文化对当代社会的统治进行批判。
但是对于这个概念，我们的课本是怎么粉饰的呢？课本第12页，中文部分最后两句：文化研究是一种后现代的解构主义思潮和实践活动。
即反传统、反权威、反定性、反所谓真理等殖民主义和父权意识所构建的知识模式，力争在当今世界上创造一个多极、平等、自由与人、民族和民族之间的对话渠道。
笔记
2．大二的《西方社会学理论》，在知识介绍方面，主要是全面地介绍各个思想家或思想流派的社会学理论，梳理社会学理论的主要理论视角和发展脉络；在能力培养方面，主要是让同学们学会做文献综述，并运用理论分析当前的社会问题，在此基础上形成自己看待社会问题的理论框架。所以，这学期大家的作业便是在学习的过程当中，选择自己感兴趣的一个概念或一个问题，写一篇文献综述。
（二）完整的一个思想家的理论应该包括以下四个方面的内容：
1．思想渊源和社会背景 2．社会学方法论， 3．社会学理论， 4．社会改革方案，
（三）社会学课程的设想
1．大一的《社会学概论》，在知识介绍方面，主要是介绍一些社会学领域的基本概念，比如说社会、社会互动、社会关系、社会群体、家庭、社会组织、社会制度、社会控制、社会变迁等等；在能力培养方面，主要是让同学运用这些基本概念和基础理论来描述和解释一些社会现象，并学会做名词解释、简答、论述一类的题目。
2．突破了“帕森斯”和“反帕森斯”的对立思维，开始了理论的综合，出现了以吉登斯（Giddens）、哈贝马斯（Habermas）、布尔迪尔（Bourdieu）、科林斯（Collins）、卢曼（Lumann）、亚历山大（Alexander）、科尔曼（Coleman）为代表的综合理论价，由于吉登斯的综合性社会学理论的巨大影响，有人又把这一阶段成为“吉登斯时代”。
当然国内外在讲解的过程当中，对于西方社会学理论的基础讲解大都采取更为综合的方式，以人物思想是为基础，从中穿插一些思想史和观念史的内容，而到了研究阶段，则采取比较的方式着重对思想史和概念史的梳理。George Ritzer, Sociological theory, McGraw-Hill, Inc, 1992。
中国在航天领域的成就英语作文
中国在航天领域的成就英语作文Title: China's Ascent to Astronomical Heights: A Journey Through Space AchievementsIn the annals of human progress, few endeavors match the allure and challenge of space exploration. It is a frontier that beckons with whispers of the unknown and the vastness of the universe. Among the nations that have heeded this celestial call, China stands out, its strides in space technology and exploration charting a course that is both bold and visionary.The journey began with dreams that transcended the terrestrial. The founding of the China National Space Administration (CNSA) in 1993 laid the cornerstone for what was to become a narrative of remarkable achievements. This was a declaration, a signal to the world that China intended to take its place among the stars.Perhaps one of the most iconic milestones was the launch of the Shenzhou series of spacecraft, notably Shenzhou 5, which marked China's first manned space mission. As Yang Liwei hurtled into orbit, he carried with him the aspirations of a nation. This momentous event, a leap for Chinese ambition, resonated globally as a testament to human curiosity and courage.China's ambitions did not end there; they expanded into the cosmos with the Chang'e lunar exploration program. The successful landing of the Chang'e 4 on the far side of the moon in 2019 was particularly noteworthy. Not only did it make China the first country to achieve a soft landing on the moon's far side, but it also showcased the nation's scientific and technological prowess. This mission, named after the ancient moon goddess, epitomized a merging of myth and modernity, demonstrating how culture and technology could synergize to reach new heights.Further highlighting China's commitment to deep space exploration, the Mars rover mission, Tianwen-1, exemplifies China's interplanetary ambitions. Its successful landing on the Martian surface marked China's arrival as a key player in planetary science, showcasing once again the nation's technological advancements and its thirst for knowledge.Beyond these singular accomplishments, China has also made significant contributions to the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). Beijing's dedication to international collaboration in the peaceful uses of outer space reflects a commendable effort toward global harmony and cooperation.China's space achievements are not isolated triumphs but part of a broader narrative of human progress in understanding our universe. They reflect a confluence of factors: strategic planning, technological innovation, and the unyielding determination to explore the unknown. These endeavors inspire not only the Chinese people but also generations worldwide, underscoring the universal appeal of space exploration and the pursuit of knowledge.As we gaze upon the starry expanse, China's contributions to space exploration serve as celestial waypoints, guiding us through the cosmic sea. They are reminders that while the challenges of space may be immense, the human spirit, propelled by curiosity and fortitude, can transcend them. In this cosmic journey, China has not only ascended to astronomical heights but has also etched its story among the stars, a tale of ambition, innovation, and boundless discovery.。
社会学名词（中英对译）
社会学名词（中英对译）社会学名词（中英对译）中⽂名词英⽂翻译实证主义positivism /positivist动⼒学 the dyanamics静⼒学 the statics分⼯ the work-division神学 the theology形⽽上学 the metaphysics进化论the evolution-theory唯名论 the nominalism唯实论 the realism官僚制度bureaucratic system结构主义 the structuralism唯物主义the materialism辩证法Dialectic唯⼼主义 the idealism⽣产关系 productionrelations剩余价值 Increase-value剩余劳动Overtime失调因素maladjustive factors社区 community社会福利the socially-welfare社会化 the socialization社会控制the social-control社会参与 thesocially-participation社会⼯作 the social work残疾⼈handicapped社会救助the socially-welfare问卷 thequestionnaire独⽣⼦⼥the singles-children现代化modernization/aggiornamento基本⽅针the baselines⾏为准则Behavioral-omens⽭盾contravention时代背景the time-background⼯业化 industrialization民主化 democratization⽂明化civilize同质性Homogeneity协调过程 the coordination-process⾎缘的related by blood整合的 integrated异质性Heterogenitaet社会阶级 social layer class⾃然科学 natural/physical science抽象科学 abstract science社会秩序 social order社会有机论 socialorganism-theory资本主义 capitalism使收⼊极⼤化 make the incomemore profitable社会冲突理论 social conflicttheory操作化 operationalize实证分析 empiricalanalysis有限理性 boundedrationality经济⼈的利⼰主义倾向 self-interest orientation ofeconomic actors 交互分类 cross-classify 维度dimension内部劳动⼒市场internal labor market隐性契约 implicit contracts社会⽹络 social network家族企业 household enterprise固定成本 fixed cost合资企业 joint-stock company中产阶级 bourgeois组织⽂化 organizationalculture⼀般规律 a rule of thumb社会研究social research符号互动论symbolic interactionism同化assimilation⾏动理论Action theory表意性活动Activity expressive⼯具性活动Activity instrumental⼯作调适Adjustment work疏离Alienation同化Assimilation权威Authority科层权威Authority bureaucratic感召权威Authority charismatic双重权威Authority dual患病⾏为Behavior illness⾓⾊⾏为Behavior role偏见Bias资产阶级Bourgeoisie科层制度Bureaucracy资本家Capitalist变迁推动者/ 变媒Change agent传意途径Channel communication感召⼒Charisma⽂化间距Cultural lag⽂化震惊Cultural shock⽂化Culture⽂化模式Culture patterns⽂化特质Culture traits主流⽂化Culture mainstream达尔⽂Darwin⾮个⼈化Depersonalization偏差Deviance初级偏差Deviance primary次级偏差Deviance secondary偏差者Deviant偏差⾏为Deviant behavior偏差社会地位Deviant social status选择医⽣⾏为Doctor - shopping behaviour 涂尔⼲Durkheim 家庭Family平等（平权）家庭Family equalitarian扩展式家庭Family extended寄养家庭Family foster母权家庭Family matriarchal核⼼家庭Family nuclear⽗权家庭Family patriarchal单亲家庭Family single-parent传统式家庭Family traditional民间医药Folk medicine社会动⼒Force social初级收获Gain primary次级收获Gain secondary帮派Gang性相Gender代沟Generation gap群体Group内群体Group in外群体Group out朋辈群体Group peer初级（直接）群体Group primary种族与民族群体Group race and ethnic 参照群体Group reference次级（间接）群体Group secondary他群体Group they-我群体Group we-意识型态Ideology⼯业化Industrialization规范（制度）化Institutionalization内化Internalization少年罪⾏Juvenile delinquency标签理论Labelling theory认可权⼒Legitimate power宏观社会学Macro-sociology马克斯Marx医疗社会学Medical sociology微观社会学Micro-sociology现代化Modernization⼀夫⼀妻制Monogamy民德Mores协商秩序Negotiated order⾮⼯作取向Non-task oriented规范Norms强制性组织Organization coercive正式组织Organization formal志愿性组织Organization voluntary典范/ 范例Paradigm⽗（男）权社会Patriarchal society柏拉图Plato现实冲击Reality shock再社会化Resocialization⾓⾊Role⾓⾊冲突Role conflict⾓⾊集合Role set倚赖性的病⼈⾓⾊Role dependant - patient ⾃我实现预⾔Self - fulfilling prophecy 病者⾓⾊Sick role社会变迁Social change社会阶层（级）Social classes社会管制Social control会制度Social institutions社会互动Social interaction社会流动Social mobility社会规范Social norm社会秩序Social order社会组织Social organization社会污名（烙印）Social stigma社会阶层Social stratum社会结构Social structure社会⽀援⽹络Social support network社会（教）化Socialization社会（教）化过程Socialization process社会化的机构（媒介）Socialization agents of 初级社会化Socialization primary次级社会化Socialization secondary地位Status⾃致（成就）地位Status achieved先赋地位Status ascribed定型效应Stereotyping effect污名/ 烙印Stigma污名化/ 烙印化Stigmatization次⽂化Subculture演译系统System of interpretation禁忌Taboo价值体系Value system西化Westernization第⼀部分Part OneI-欧洲古典社会学家Auguste Comte 奥古斯特?孔德Karl Marx 卡尔?马克思Herbert Spencer 赫伯特?斯宾塞Vilfredo Pareto 维尔弗雷多?帕累托Ferdinand Toennies 费迪南德?滕尼斯Emile Durkheim 埃⽶尔?涂尔⼲Georg Simmel 格奥尔格?齐美尔Gaetano Mosca 加耶塔诺?莫斯卡Max Weber 马克斯?韦伯Leonard T. Hobhouse 莱奥纳多。
英语作文我眼中的故宫
In the heart of Beijing, nestled amidst the bustling metropolis, stands an architectural marvel that transcends time and space: The Forbidden City. As I gaze upon this UNESCO World Heritage Site, a profound sense of awe and admiration engulfs me, prompting me to delve deeper into its rich history, intricate design, cultural significance, and enduring legacy. This essay is a reflection of my personal encounter with this majestic palace complex, a comprehensive exploration that seeks to illuminate its multifaceted allure from various angles.First and foremost, the Forbidden City is a living testament to China's architectural prowess and the opulence of its imperial past. Covering an area of 720,000 square meters, it is the largest ancient wooden structure in the world, housing 980 buildings and over 8,000 rooms. Its sheer scale alone is breathtaking, but it is the meticulous attention to detail that truly sets it apart. The city is divided into two main sections, the Outer Court where the emperor conducted state affairs, and the Inner Court where he resided with his family. This division symbolizes the separation of public and private life, as well as the harmony between yin and yang, reflecting the Confucian principles that governed imperial rule.The architectural style, known as 'Imperial Style', is characterized by grandiose roofs adorned with glazed tiles in royal yellow, symbolizing the supreme authority of the emperor. The intricate brackets, or dougong, not only serve a structural purpose but also represent the hierarchy within the imperial court. Each building is meticulously aligned along a north-south axis, embodying the Chinese concept of feng shui, which emphasizes harmony between man and nature. The symmetrical layout, ornate decorations, and use of precious materials like gold, jade, and lacquer all contribute to an atmosphere of regal splendor and divine authority.Beyond its architectural magnificence, the Forbidden City is a treasure trove of art and artifacts, providing a window into the artistic achievementscomplex, boasts a collection of over 1.8 million items, including paintings, calligraphy, ceramics, bronzes, jades, textiles, and timepieces. These objects, many of which were created specifically for the imperial court, showcase the pinnacle of craftsmanship and artistic expression during their respective periods. The iconic works such as the 'Thousand-Hand Guanyin' statue, the 'Qianlong Emperor's Four Screen Paintings', and the 'Jadeite Cabbage' sculpture, are not only aesthetically stunning but also bear witness to the depth and diversity of Chinese culture.Moreover, the Forbidden City serves as a repository of historical narratives, chronicling the rise and fall of the Ming and Qing dynasties, as well as the lives of the emperors who ruled from within its walls. Each hall, courtyard, and garden has its own tale to tell, be it the enthronement ceremonies in the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the secret meetings in the Pavilion of the Fragrance of Buddha, or the leisurely pursuits in the Imperial Garden. These spaces are imbued with the echoes of power struggles, political intrigue, and personal dramas that shaped China's past. Visiting the Forbidden City is akin to stepping into a vast open-air history book, where every brick and tile whispers tales of the past.The Forbidden City also holds immense spiritual and symbolic significance. It was designed as a microcosm of the universe, incorporating elements of heaven, earth, and humanity into its layout and ornamentation. For instance, the Meridian Gate represents the southern gate of heaven, while the moat and walls symbolize the encircling mountains and rivers of the earth. The presence of numerous temples and altars, such as the Imperial Ancestral Temple and the Temple of Heaven, attests to the deep-seated belief in the divine mandate of the emperor and the importance of rituals to ensure cosmic harmony and national prosperity.In contemporary times, the Forbidden City has evolved into a global cultural icon and a symbol of China's soft power. It attracts millions of visitors annually, both domestic and international, making it one of the most visited touristtelevision shows, books, and artworks, further solidifying its place in popular culture. Moreover, the Palace Museum has embraced digital technology and innovative exhibition methods to engage younger audiences and promote cultural exchange, demonstrating its commitment to preserving heritage while embracing modernity.Despite the passage of centuries and the transformations it has undergone, the Forbidden City retains its magnetic allure, drawing people from all walks of life into its enchanting embrace. For me, it is not just a magnificent edifice, a museum, or a historical landmark; it is a portal to China's soul, a tangible manifestation of its profound cultural heritage, and a testament to the indomitable spirit of a nation that has weathered the storms of time. As I stand before its imposing gates, I am reminded that the Forbidden City is more than a city; it is a living, breathing entity that continues to captivate, educate, and inspire, transcending boundaries of time, space, and culture.In conclusion, the Forbidden City, through my eyes, is a sublime fusion of architectural brilliance, artistic splendor, historical depth, spiritual symbolism, and contemporary relevance. It is a microcosm of China's imperial past, a mirror of its cultural identity, and a beacon of its future aspirations. As I leave its hallowed grounds, I carry with me not just photographs and souvenirs, but an indelible impression of a place that transcends mere bricks and mortar, resonating with the heartbeat of a civilization that spans millennia. The Forbidden City, in all its multifaceted glory, remains an eternal testament to human creativity, resilience, and the unyielding quest for beauty and meaning.。
在科教兴国的新征程上挺膺担当英语作文
在科教兴国的新征程上挺膺担当英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Torch of Science and Education Illuminates China's FutureAs a student in the modern era, I cannot help but feel an immense sense of pride and responsibility when considering China's unwavering pursuit of progress through science and education. These twin pillars, intricately woven into the fabric of our nation's development strategy, have propelled us towards unprecedented heights, reshaping our collective destiny with each passing day.Looking back upon the annals of history, we find that the cultivation of knowledge has been a cornerstone of Chinese civilization since time immemorial. Our ancestors bequeathed to us a rich intellectual heritage, one that has withstood the tests of time and inspired generations of scholars and thinkers. From the profound philosophical musings of Confucius to the groundbreaking scientific discoveries of ancient astronomersand mathematicians, China has consistently demonstrated an unquenchable thirst for understanding the world around us.Yet, it is in the present day that this pursuit of knowledge has taken on a renewed sense of urgency and purpose. As we stand at the precipice of a new era, one marked by unprecedented technological advancements and global interconnectivity, the role of science and education has become paramount in shaping our nation's destiny.The clarion call to revitalize China through the twin engines of science and education resonates deeply within me, for it is a charge that speaks not only to our collective aspirations but also to the individual responsibility that each of us must shoulder. We, the students of today, are the torchbearers of this noble endeavor, entrusted with the sacred duty of carrying forth the flame of knowledge that will illuminate our nation's path towards greatness.To embrace this responsibility is to recognize the transformative power of education, for it is through the cultivation of knowledge that we unlock the boundless potential of our minds and souls. Education is the catalyst that enables us to transcend the limitations of our circumstances, to break freefrom the shackles of ignorance and prejudice, and to embark upon a journey of self-discovery and personal growth.Moreover, it is through the pursuit of scientific inquiry that we unlock the secrets of the universe, unraveling the intricate tapestry of nature's laws and harnessing their power for the betterment of humankind. Science is the great equalizer, a force that knows no boundaries of race, creed, or nationality, and it is through our collective efforts in this realm that we can forge a brighter future for all.As students, we stand at the vanguard of this noble endeavor, poised to take up the mantle of leadership and innovation. It is our responsibility to embrace the spirit of curiosity and critical thinking, to challenge conventional wisdom and push the boundaries of what is possible. We must be unafraid to ask questions, to experiment, and to explore the uncharted territories of knowledge, for it is through this fearless pursuit of truth that we will unlock the secrets that will propel our nation forward.Yet, our role extends far beyond the confines of the classroom or laboratory. We must also be ambassadors of knowledge, champions of education who inspire and uplift those around us. It is our sacred duty to share the fruits of our learning,to ignite the spark of curiosity in the hearts and minds of our peers, and to foster an environment where the pursuit of knowledge is celebrated and revered.In doing so, we not only contribute to the collective intellectual capital of our nation but also forge bonds of understanding and empathy that transcend cultural and societal divides. For knowledge, when shared freely and embraced wholeheartedly, has the power to bridge gaps, to foster mutual respect, and to create a more harmonious and prosperous society.As we embark upon this new journey of revitalizing our nation through science and education, let us be emboldened by the legacy of those who came before us. Let us draw inspiration from the countless visionaries, scholars, and innovators who have dedicated their lives to the pursuit of knowledge and the betterment of humankind.Let us also be mindful of the challenges that lie ahead, for the path towards greatness is seldom without obstacles. There will be moments of doubt, of frustration, and of setbacks, but it is in these moments that our resolve must be steeled, our determination unwavering, and our commitment to the greater good unshakable.For it is through our collective efforts, our unwavering dedication, and our unyielding pursuit of knowledge that we will forge a brighter future for China – a future where the torch of science and education burns brightly, illuminating the way forward and inspiring generations yet to come.In this new era, let us embrace our role as the torchbearers of progress, the custodians of knowledge, and the architects of a better tomorrow. Let us shoulder the responsibility bestowed upon us with pride and unwavering determination, for it is through our efforts that China will rise to new heights, taking its rightful place among the vanguard of nations on the global stage.The journey ahead may be long and arduous, but with the enduring spirit of our people, the wisdom of our ancestors, and the unwavering commitment to the pursuit of knowledge, we shall overcome every obstacle and forge a path towards a brighter, more prosperous future for us all.篇2On the New Journey of Revitalizing China through Science and EducationAs a student in this great era of national rejuvenation, I feel an immense sense of pride but also responsibility. Our nation stands at a pivotal juncture, where the path we take will shape our future for generations to come. It is a future intertwined with the advancement of science and education, the bedrock upon which a prosperous and powerful China must be built.Since ancient times, the Chinese people have held knowledge and learning in the highest esteem. Our forefathers laid the foundations for countless scientific and technological breakthroughs that changed the world. From the Four Great Inventions to the marvels of traditional Chinese medicine, our rich heritage is a testament to the ingenuity and intellectual prowess of our ancestors.However, in the centuries that followed, as other nations embraced modernity and industrialization, China found itself falling behind. The once-great empire that had led the world in innovation became a nation struggling to catch up. It was a harsh lesson in the consequences of stagnation and complacency.Today, we stand at the cusp of a new era, one where science and education are the beacons that will guide us toward national rejuvenation. The Chinese dream of a prosperous, strong, andharmonious society can only be realized through the relentless pursuit of knowledge and innovation.As students, we are the torchbearers of this grand endeavor. Upon our shoulders rests the responsibility of carrying forward the legacy of our ancestors while simultaneously pushing the boundaries of human understanding. It is our duty to master the cutting-edge theories and technologies that will propel our nation to the forefront of global innovation.We must embrace the spirit of scientific inquiry, cultivating a mindset that questions the status quo and dares to explore the unknown. Only through relentless curiosity and a thirst for knowledge can we unlock the secrets of the universe and harness them for the betterment of humanity.Furthermore, we must recognize that true progress is not achieved in isolation. Collaboration and the free exchange of ideas are essential catalysts for scientific advancement. We must foster an environment where diverse perspectives are welcomed and where the pursuit of knowledge transcends borders and ideologies.As we embark on this journey, we cannot forget the importance of ethics and social responsibility. Science and technology are powerful tools, and it is our duty to wield themwith wisdom and foresight. We must ensure that our innovations are grounded in principles of sustainability, respect for human rights, and the preservation of our planet's delicate ecosystems.Education, too, plays a pivotal role in our nation's renaissance. It is through quality education that we nurture the minds of future generations, instilling in them the values, knowledge, and skills necessary to tackle the challenges of tomorrow. We must strive to build an education system that fosters critical thinking, creativity, and a lifelong love for learning.Moreover, we must recognize that education is not merely the acquisition of knowledge but also the cultivation of character. It is through education that we instill the virtues of integrity, resilience, and compassion – qualities that will shape not only our personal lives but also the fabric of our society.As students, we must embrace the opportunities presented to us with unwavering determination and a willingness to work tirelessly. Success will not come easily; it will demand sacrifice, perseverance, and an unwavering commitment to excellence.Yet, the rewards of our efforts will be immeasurable. By unlocking the full potential of science and education, we will not only contribute to the strength and prosperity of our nation but also to the advancement of humanity as a whole. We will standas beacons of hope, proving to the world that through knowledge and innovation, even the greatest challenges can be overcome.In this new era, we are the architects of our destiny. The future of China, and indeed the world, rests in our hands. Let us embrace this responsibility with confidence and resolute determination, for it is through our collective efforts that we will forge a path towards a better tomorrow.Today, we embark on a new journey, one that will test our mettle and push the boundaries of human achievement. But we do so with the unwavering spirit of the Chinese people, a spirit that has endured through countless trials and tribulations, emerging stronger and more resilient with each challenge overcome.As we stride forth into the unknown, let us be guided by the wisdom of our ancestors, the indomitable spirit of our nation, and the boundless potential of human ingenuity. For it is on the wings of science and education that we will soar, reaching new heights of prosperity, progress, and glory for our beloved motherland.The road ahead may be long and arduous, but our resolve is unshakable. We are the champions of China's scientific andeducational renaissance, and it is our sacred duty to carry this torch forward, lighting the way for generations to come.Together, we will scale the summit of human achievement, and in doing so, we will etch our names into the annals of history as the architects of a new era – an era where China stands tall, proud, and unshakable, a beacon of hope and inspiration for all humanity.篇3In the Unfolding Journey of National Rejuvenation: A Student's PerspectiveAs a student living in this great era of national rejuvenation, I am filled with a profound sense of responsibility and unwavering determination to contribute to the cause of our country's development through the twin pillars of science and education. These two driving forces have long been recognized as the bedrock upon which the prosperity and strength of any nation rests, and China's commitment to their advancement is a testament to our nation's unwavering pursuit of progress.From a young age, we have been instilled with the understanding that knowledge is the key that unlocks the doors to a brighter future. Our educational system, rooted in the richtraditions of our ancestors and fortified by modern advancements, has provided us with a solid foundation upon which to build our dreams and aspirations. The pursuit of knowledge is not merely an academic exercise but a sacred duty we owe to our nation and to ourselves.As I navigate through the halls of learning, I am constantly reminded of the sacrifices made by countless generations before us, whose unwavering dedication to the pursuit of knowledge has paved the way for our present-day achievements. The great thinkers, philosophers, and scientists who have graced our nation's history stand as beacons of inspiration, guiding us towards a future where the boundaries of human understanding are continuously pushed and expanded.Science, in particular, holds a special place in my heart, for it is through the relentless pursuit of scientific inquiry that we have unraveled the mysteries of the universe and harnessed the power of nature to better the lives of our people. From the advancements in healthcare and medicine that have prolonged life expectancy to the technological marvels that have revolutionized our daily lives, science has been the driving force behind our nation's progress.Yet, our journey is far from over. The challenges we face are multifaceted and complex, ranging from environmental degradation and resource scarcity to the ever-present threats of diseases and natural disasters. It is our duty, as the torchbearers of the future, to embrace these challenges head-on, armed with the knowledge and skills imparted by our educational institutions and the unwavering spirit of scientific curiosity.As I look ahead, I am filled with a sense of excitement and anticipation. The frontiers of knowledge are vast and unexplored, and it is our generation's responsibility to push forward, to ask the questions that have yet to be answered, and to seek solutions to the problems that have long plagued humanity. Whether it is developing renewable energy sources to combat climate change, finding cures for deadly diseases, or exploring the vast expanse of space, the opportunities for scientific breakthrough and innovation are endless.However, our pursuit of knowledge must be tempered by a deep sense of ethics and responsibility. We must never lose sight of the fact that the fruits of our labor are meant to serve the greater good of our nation and our people. The knowledge we acquire should be a force for positive change, uplifting the livesof our fellow citizens and contributing to the overall well-being of our society.In this regard, education plays a pivotal role in shaping the moral compass of our youth. It is through the inculcation of values such as integrity, compassion, and respect for diversity that we can ensure that the power of knowledge is wielded responsibly and ethically. Our educational institutions must not only impart academic knowledge but also instill in us a deep sense of social responsibility and a commitment to the greater good.As we embark on this new journey of national rejuvenation, I am filled with a sense of pride and determination. The path ahead may be fraught with challenges and obstacles, but our nation's unwavering commitment to science and education will be our guiding light. We shall stand as a united front, drawing strength from our rich cultural heritage and the boundless potential of our youth.To my fellow students, I call upon you to embrace this sacred duty with open hearts and minds. Let us be the torchbearers of knowledge, the pioneers of scientific discovery, and the stewards of a better tomorrow. Together, we shall scale the heights ofhuman achievement, propelling our nation towards a future of prosperity, harmony, and progress.In the words of our ancient sages, "The journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step." Let us take that first step together, united in our pursuit of knowledge and our unwavering commitment to the rejuvenation of our great nation. The future is ours to shape, and with science and education as our guiding stars, we shall illuminate the path towards a brighter, more prosperous tomorrow.。
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This supports the plausibility of Individualism: beliefs that celebrate the autonomy of the individual human being in social action and affairs
Individualism encourages the separation between private and public life. Perhaps even more important it tends to hide social reality from us.
Berger & Luckman referred to this distinctively modern way of thinking as technological consciousness
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Rationalisation
A key concept in the sociology of Weber: the increasing tendency to base decision making on considerations of efficiency, predictability, calculability and the use of non-human technologies to control people (Ritzer, G The McDonaldization of society p.18)
According to Weber this leads to a distinctive feature of modernity. The dominance of public decision making by value-free, rational decision-making. That is, decisions based on calculation of whether outcomes of action are efficient and effective.
The Modern Self: the ‘Individual’
The extended division of labour and fragmentation of experience tends to encourage the sense that people are distinctive persons: individuals
Social Solidarity: Normative Consensus
A key concern of Sociology is the problem of social order that is, what holds society together. Why does it not fragment into anarchy based on self-interest?
A common argument, deriving in particular from Durkheim, is that social order is maintained by normative consensus – a system of rules and standards that define appropriate behaviour in a given social situation.
Modern Societies as ‘Risk’ Societies
According to A. Giddens (British; no Beard; as well as can be expected) this process has an unexpected outcome. Rational planning integrates large numbers of people, organisations and decision-making processes. This means that if something goes wrong it is likely to have major knock-on effects. Hence, modern societies are risk societies, they generate a diversity of possible dangers, hazards and futures e.g. environmental degradation, warfare, pollution
Professions are established by powerful institutions, e.g. the state. This confers on professionals the right to define public reality in areas of their expertise
University of Aberdeen
Student Activity and Lifestyle Study at Aberdeen
Based on last year’s success, the University of Aberdeen is continuing its survey investigating the lifestyle and health of its students. Last year nearly 2000 students participated in SALSA.
U. Beck (German, no Beard, old but alive) argues that risk societies are therefore focussed on the distribution of bads or dangers e.g. job uncertainty
Your participation in this year’s online survey only takes about 10 minutes.
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This raises the question of whether in modern societies the creation of a stable social order is dependant on the impersonal control of human activity and the restriction of personal freedom to the private sphere of e.g. family life, hobbies, leisure etc.
The social fragmentation that comes with the extended division of labour typically weakens normative solidarity by reducing shared interests and experiences.
The number of professions is constantly expanding
Typically, professionals claim expertise the right to practise in particular areas that are barred to the laity, non-experts.
into economic classes, secular culture This contrasts with the typical structure
of pre-modern societies; agricultural economy, aristocratic/monarchical rule, family/clan based divisions, religious culture. Sociology developed out of the direct
experience of how these far-reaching changes in social structure affected everyday life
The Social Division of Labour
Modern societies are more complex than traditional societies.
SALSA is run in conjunction with…
Modern Social Order: Topics
1. Social Complexity 2. Social Solidarity 3. Modern Self 4. Modern Beliefs 5. Modern Risks 6. Modern Thought
In being both more complex and more fragmented than preceding societies
modern societies may be more fragile.
Modern Occupations: Professions