分词做状语 独立主格 悬垂分词
独立主格结构与垂悬分词的用法

O r esn b ig oe. ew n t pa o a . u sos( n ) v rw eto ly ot l下 l e f b1
课 了 , 们去踢足球。 我
I b igS n a . int ot s h o. t e u d y I d ’g c o 1 n d o 星期 天 我 没 去 上学 。 ( 句 中b ig 可 省 ) 此 e 不 n
四 、 词 或 代 词+介 词 短 语 名
s a h p ad( 伴 随 ) 仰 卧 着 , 关 紧 闭 , 手 紧 t i t w r.表 rg u 他 牙 右
桶 【 高中生之友21 1. - 刊】 00 2 ,  ̄Pq
英 语讲 练 m 青g 81 iao @6 nn 1 芳 f 闵 3 编
h d bi 是 n Wete emiig w i os hse g( 条 件 ) rdw t c l 。此 结 构 近似 于 主 系 表 型 , e g 非 谓 语 a rpr tn, ewlg i t i . h t l g en 表 e i o
如果 天 气 允 许 的话 , 我们 将 去 观 光 。
企 约 等 指 例 通 常 在 句 中 起 方 式 、 间 、 件 等 状 语 或 状 语 从 句 的 作 示 “ 图 、 定 ” , 的 是 按 计 划 安排 要 做 的事 。 如 : 时 条 用 . 般 由名 词 或 代 词 + 词 , 定式 , 容 词/ 词/ 词 一 分 不 形 副 介 短语 / 词 等 构 成 。 下 面 分 述 如下 : 名
Al t fg o sd rd e a e s o r a e au l h a s c n ie e ,h r p p r i fg e t r v l e i
分词作状语和独立主格结构

The work done, Jack went home.
这种独立拥有独立主语的非谓语结构,就是独 立主格结构。 结论:当从句和主句的主语不相同时,也可简化为 分词作状语。该分词的逻辑主语自己独立拥有。
__S_e_e_i_n_g__(see) from the top of the hill, we find the city more beautiful.
=If/When we see from the top of the hill, we find the city more beautiful.
(Ⅳ)名词/代词+不定式(表示将来的动作)
1.I send you 100 dollars today, the rest __t_o_f_o_ll_o_w____(follow) in a year. 2. A lot of work _____to__d_o_____(do), he had no time to play.
独立主格结构
独立主格究竟是个什么东西??? 一、独立主格的前世
先来看一个句子: When I was walking in the street, I met Tom. 第一步:把I扔掉:
When was walking in the street, I met Tom. (演变过程演示,请勿当作正确的句子) 第二步:把谓语变成非谓语:
分词
分词分为哪两类???
现在分词 :一般表示主动或动作正在进行 过去分词 :一般表示被动过动作已经完成
分词作状语转换

1、状语从句中的谓语动词是系动词be时:1.1、当从句主语与主句主语相同时,只要去掉从句中的连接词与主语并把be改为being. 即可。
As he is a tailor, he knows what to do with this material.→Being a tailor, he knows what to do with this material.1.2、从句的主句主语与从句主语不同时,只要保留从句的主语,其它变化同以上1.1。
As he is still a child, you shouldn't be too hard on him.→He being still a child, you shouldn't be too hard on him.1.3、当从句是否定句时,只要在being 前加否定词not ,其它变化同以上1.2。
As he was no tall enough, he couldn't reach for the apple.→No being tall enough, he couldn't reach for the apple.2、当从句的谓语动词是进行时态(现在进行时态或过去进行时态)时:2.1、当从句主语与主句主语相同时,只要去掉从句中的引导词与主语并去掉助动词be保留现在分词即可。
有时为了强调进行状态,亦在分词前保留being.While he was reading the book, he nodded from time to time.→While reading the book, he nodded from time to time2.2、当从句与主句的主语不同时,除保留从句主语外,其他变化同以上2.1When he was giving a telephone call, his wife was reading a novel.→He giving a telephone call, his wife was reading a novel2.3、当从句是含not的否定句时,只要在being 前加否定词not ,其它变化同以上1.1与2.2 As Tom is not working in his office, No one receives the telephone.→Tom not working i n his office, no one receives the telephone.3、当从句中的谓语动词为一般时态(一般现在时与一般过去时)的实义动词时:3.1、当从句主语与主句主语相同时,只要去掉从句主语并将实义动词改为现在分词即可Look round when you cross the street.→Look round when crossing the street.3.2、当从句与主句的主语不同时,只要保留主语,其他变化同以上3.1When they left the airport, we waved again and again to them.→They leaving the airport, we waved again and again to them.3.3、当从句是含not的否定句时,只要在现在分词前加not,其他变化同以上3.1与3.2As he didn't know anything about the accident, he went to work as usual.→.Not knowing anything about the acc ident, he went to work as usual.4、当从句的谓语动词是一般时态(一般现在时与一般过去时)的被动态时:4.1、当从句主语与主句主语相同时,只要去掉从句中的连词与主语并去掉be保留过去分词即可。
分词作状语和独立主格结构

分词作状语和独立主格结构
例如:
1. Walking in the park, she enjoyed the beautiful scenery.(分词作时间状语)
(她走在公园里,欣赏着美丽的风景。
)
2. Being tired, he took a nap.(分词作原因状语)
(他因为累了,所以打了个盹。
)
3. Seeing the dog, the child ran away.(分词作伴随状语)
(看到那只狗,孩子吓得逃跑了。
)
独立主格结构是指句子中的名词短语(通常由名词和非谓语动词或形容词组成)在句子中作为独立的、不与主语或谓语动作有等级关系的成分存在。
例如:
1. The weather being fine, we decided to go hiking.(独立主格结构)
(天气好,我们决定去远足。
)
2. His homework finished, John went out to play.(独立主格结构)
(他的作业完成了,约翰出去玩了。
)
3. The sun having set, we lit a campfire.(独立主格结构)
(太阳已经落山,我们点燃了篝火。
英语独立主格结构与悬垂分词

独立主格一、独立主格结构的含义和实质“独立主格结构”(absolute construction)又叫“独立结构”,是带有自己主语的非谓语动词分句和无动词分句。
由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语,结构上与主句不发生关系,因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。
其实,所谓“独立主格结构”并非真正独立,它还是一种从属分句,与主句紧密联系在一起,共同表达一个完整的意思,通常在句中起状语分句的作用。
独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾,用逗号和主句隔开。
独立主格结构非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。
但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语,从而在结构上与主语不发生关系,我们称之为独立主格结构(Absolute Construction)。
其实,所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立,它还是一种从属的结构。
一、非谓语动词独立主格结构在独立主格结构中,非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
Such an able man to help you,you will surely succeed sooner or later. 有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。
(such an able man和to help you 之间存在着主谓关系)= Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story. 他在书桌旁坐好后,他母亲开始给他讲故事。
(seating himself at the desk拥有了自己的逻辑主语he,注意是“主格”)= When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school. 由于丢了自行车钥匙,他只好步行去学校。
分词短语作状语讲解

分词短语作状语
【知识点解析】
四、用作让步状语 [典型例句] Living miles away, he attended the course. 虽然住在几英里以外,他仍去上课。 Defeated, he remained a popular boxer. 虽然被击败了,他仍是一个受欢迎的拳击手。 [理解技巧]分词(短语)用作让步状语通常可转换成由从属连 词though, although, no matter…等引导的让步状语从句,如: Although he lived miles away, he attended the course. Thought he was defeated, he remained a popular boxer.
_____ a record US$ 57.65 a barrel on April 4. (2005山东卷)
A. have reached B. reaching
C. to reach
D. to be reaching
【答案】B 【解析】此句也可换成:Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year and reache【知识点解析】
[高考实例] (1) ______ with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time. (2006四川卷) A. Faced B. Face C. Facing D. To face
【答案】A 【解析】 faced with so much trouble可转换成原因状语从句because we were faced with so much trouble.
英语悬垂

一、悬垂结构Dangling Element的定义一般在一个句子中,修饰语必须清楚地修饰句中某个词或短语,如果它不修饰句中的任何成分,而处于悬浮状态,这样的修饰语即为悬垂结构(Dangling Element)。
Climbing up the tower, the whole city came into our view.正确的应该是:Climbing up the tower, we can see the whole city.登上这座塔,我们能看到整个城市。
二、悬垂结构的理解分词短语在句子中作状语时,其逻辑主语(亦称隐含主语)通常应是整个句子的主语;如果不是,而且其本身也不带自己的主语(如在独立主格结构中),就被认为是一个语言失误。
这个分词就叫做“悬垂分词”(dangling participle)或“无依附分词”(unattached participle)。
例如:(1) Getting down from the bus,my ankle was sprained.(句子的主语是my ankle,但是独立成分中getting down 的逻辑主语应该是I,并不是句子的主语,所以这被认为是一个语言失误。
)(2) Driving to Chicago that night,a sudden thought struck me.(同理,分词短语driving to Chicago that night没有带自己的主语,它的逻辑主语也不是句子的主语a sudden thought,所以也是一个语言失误。
)三、由悬垂结构造成的错误(1)悬垂分词误:Being Sunday, they went for a picnic.正:It being Sunday, they went for a picnic.正:As it was Sunday, they went for a picnic.(2)悬垂不定式误:To swim properly, a course of instruction was necessary.正:To swim properly, one needs a course of instruction.(3)悬垂简式从句误:When a middle school student, his parents were very strict with him.正:When he was a middle school student, his parents were very strict with him.。
独立主格

独立主格所谓的独立主格其实就是状语,只不过是比较复杂的状语. 当分词,不定式,形容词或副词在句中作状语时,他们的逻辑主语应该是主句的主语, 但是当他们的逻辑主语并不是主句的主语时,就要在它们前面加上它们的逻辑主语,这样就构成了独立主格.常见的独立主格包括以下几类:1. 名词/代词+分词(现在分词/过去分词)当现在分词或过去分词在句中作状语而且带有自己的逻辑主语时,一般将其逻辑主语放在分词的前面,构成分词的独立主格。
独立主格可以放在句首,也可以放在句尾(表示伴随状况时)。
一般独立主格可以表示时间,原因,条件,方式或伴随状态。
在独立主格中,分词可以使用不同的形式.具体分析如下:①逻辑主语+现在分词这种结构表示逻辑主语和分词在逻辑上是主动关系eg. Weather permitting, we shall go there on foot.②逻辑主语+过去分词这种结构表示逻辑主语和分词在逻辑上是被动关系eg. This done, they went home.③逻辑主语+现在分词完成式这种结构表示逻辑主语和分词在逻辑上是完成的主动关系eg. The moon having risen, they took a walk in the field.④逻辑主语+现在分词的完成被动式这种结构表示逻辑主语和分词在逻辑上是完成的被动关系eg. So much money having been wasted, he will be punished.⑤there being+其他成分(名词性成分)eg. There being nothing to do, we went home.2. 名词/代词+adj.eg. She came into the house, her face red with cold.3. 名词/代词+不定式eg. Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.4. 名词/代词+介词短语eg. The teacher came in, a book in hand.5. 名词/代词+副词eg. He put on his socks wrong side out.附:在四级考试中遇到独立主格应该注意什么?要注意的有以下几点:①独立主格的逻辑主语和主句的逻辑主语绝对不是同一个主语②分词和逻辑主语之间是主动关系就要用现在分词的一般式或现在分词的完成式;分词和逻辑主语之间是被动关系就要用过去分词或现在分词的完成式③已经做过得事或正在做得事就用分词;将来要做的事用不定式④独立主格不是一个完整的句子,虽然名词/代词时后面部分的逻辑主语,但后面并不构成一个完整的谓语动词悬垂分词正如在独立主格中所讲的, 分词作状语时,有两种情况: 1. 分词的逻辑主语是主句的主语; 2. 分词的逻辑主语如不是主句的主语,那么必须在分词前面加上它的逻辑主语, 否则就是错误的,如:eg. Looking up into the sky, she saw the moon shining bright and clear. (×)所以,一般情况下这种结构都是错误的,因为分词在句中没有自己的逻辑主语,也不和句子主语发生任何联系,所以称之为悬垂分词(致病的)。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
(1) 相当于原因状语从句 a. Being ill , she didn’t go to school today . = As she is ill , … b. Having seen the film , he didn’t go to the cinema with them . =Because he had seen the film , … (2) 相当于时间状语从句 Turning around (=When she returned around ), she saw an ambulance driving up . (3)表示行为方式,伴随状况或补充说明等。 The students went away , running and laughing.
2.现在分词何时用完成形式?
当分词的动作是由主语发出,而且发生在谓语动 作之前,则用分词的完成形式。 Having finished the class , she went home . =After she finished the class…..
3.现在分词何时用进行被动式?
当分词的动作由主语承受,而且分次的动作与谓语动词 同时发生时 Being criticized by the employer , the new employee hung his head.
分词作状语时,在少数情况下, 其逻辑主 语与句子的主语不一致, 分词用来修饰全 句
Judging from his accent , he seemed to be from Hunan province. = If we judge…
Generally speaking ,every spy has a contact . Considering his age , he was helped by the young fellow.
过去分词与现在分词作状语的区别
pp. 和
v-ing 各有两大特点 1. pp. 表示被动的动作; v-ing 表示主动的动作
2. pp. 表示已经完成的动作;
v-ing 表示正在进行的动作。
过去分词与现在分词作状语的区别
Seeing from the hill , you will find the city looks like a big garden. Seen from the hill , the city looks like a big garden.
Hurrying to the conference room, no one was there. √Hurrying to the conference room ,she saw nobody there.
Returning home after work ,supper was waiting for him in the kitchen. √Returning home from work , he saw supper waiting for him in the kitchen.
分词作状语的基本原则
(1)分词作状语时,分词的逻辑主语必须与句 子的主语保持一致。 Being ill , he didn’t go to school. (2)分词作状语必须和句中主语含有逻辑上的 主谓或动宾关系,否则不能使用分词作状语。 Given much more time , he would do it better.
To look at a map, the importance of this new railway will be seen. √You have only to look at a map to see the importance of this new railway.
What is the Subject?
5.表方式或伴随情况。 作状语表示方式或伴随情况时 , 过去分词可用并 列句代替。
Moyan stood there , surrounded by many reporters . Moyan stood there and was surrounded by many reporters.
▲过去分词做状语时也可在其前面加上连词when , if , once ,though , unless , as , even if 等,以便明 确作何种状语。
虽然输了, 但我们并没有泄气。 Though beaten (= Though we were beaten ) we were not discouraged. 一旦尝过一次,这道菜的美味就难以让人忘怀。 Once tested (= Once it is tasted ), the dish is hard to forget.
现在分词作状语
现在分词作状语有四种形式 1.一般形式,由动词原形+ing 构成 2.完成形式,由having+ 过去分词 3.进行被动式:由 being +过去分词 4.完成被动式:由having been +过去分词构 成 现在分词的否定式是在一般式和完成式的前 面加 not (never)
Compare
1. Following the old man , we went upstairs. (we followed) 跟着那个老人,我们上去了。
2.Followed by the old man ,we went upstairs. (we were followed ) 被那个老人跟着, 我们上去了。
2.The Right Subject
On entering the classroom , the students stood up and said , “Good morning!” √On entering the classroom ,the teacher was greeted by the students , who stood up and said, “Good morning!” After finishing her composition , the translation exercise was taken up . √After finishing her composition , she took up the translation exercise.
现在分词何时用一般形式?
(1)当分词的动作是由主语发出的,而且和 谓语动词同时发生, 则用分词的一般形式。 He was ill and didn’t attend the meeting. =Being ill , he didn’t attend the meeting. (2) 如果分词表示的是一个极短暂的动作, 这动作一发生,谓语表示的动作立即发生, 也用分词的一般形式。 Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
4.现在分词何时用完成的被动式?
当分词表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生, 且分词表示的动作由主语承受。 Having been praised for his job , Tom worked harder .
现在分词作状语相当于状语从句可表
示时间,原因,方式,伴随情况,结 果或条件等。
The
subject of a sentence should be properly related to the nonfinite verbs (非限定动词)– gerunds (动名词) , participles (分词)or infinitive (不定式) – before it .
2) 过去分词作状语时,过去分词所表示的动作与句子主 语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。 Given more encouragement, the boy could have behaved better. 如果多给这个孩子一些鼓励,他本来会表现得更好。
3) 部分过去分词来源于系表结构,作状语时不表示 “被动关系”,其前不用being。这样的 过去分词及短语常见的有:lost in(陷入某种状态)、 seated(坐着的)、hidden(躲着)、stationed(驻 扎)、lost/absorbed(沉溺于)、 born in(出身于)、 dressed in(穿着)、tired of(厌烦了)等。 Lost/Absorbed in deep thought, he didn’t hear the sound. 因为沉溺于思考中,所以他没有听到那个声音。 Born in this beautiful town, he hates to leave it. 出生于这 个美丽的小镇,他不愿离开它。
(4)表示结果 a. The old man died , leaving nothing but debts. b.We hurried to school , finding there were no students in the school . (5)表示条件 If playing all day , you will waste your valuable time . (6)独立成分 (插入语) Generally speaking, people all believe what he has said
如果句子的主语和分词是主动关系,用现在 分词。 句子的主语和分词是被动关系,用过去分词。
逻辑关系
现在分词作状语与过去分词作状语的最主要区别 在于:两者与所修饰的主句的主语的逻辑关系的 区别。
1) 现在分词作状语时,现在分词所表示的动作与句子主 语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。 He went out, shutting the door behind him. 他出去后将门随 手关上。