高低语境_跨文化交际
从高低语境文化看网页设计中的跨文化交际
较直接 ， 人们习惯直接用言语表达 自己的感情 ； 与此相对 ， 高语境文化下的交际者们则善 于用交际所发生的场合 、 地
点 以及非言语交 际来传达感情 和信息。 这就需要交 际的另
摘要 ： 借助 Ｈ ｌ的文化模式（ ａ ｌ 即高低语境文化 ）对 网页设 ， 计差异 中所体现的文化异同进行探讨 。 以麦 当劳在各 国所
中图分 类 号 ： ６ ２ Ｇ ５ 文 献 标 识码 ： Ａ 文 章编 号 ：
１ ０ － ８ １２ ０ ０ — ０ ２ ０ ８ ８ ８ （ ０ ８）４ ０ ７ — ３ ０
同 。 基 于 Ｋ ｐａ （９ ６ ， ｈｎ和 Ｓ ｒｓ （ ９ ８ 的研 究 成 ａ ｌ １６ ）Ｃ ｅ ｎ ｔ ｏｔ １９ ） ａ ａ
解码中 ， 意义与语境 缺一不可 。这里 的语境指的是与说话 人所述事件或情形相关的背景和环境 ， 故在高语境文化下
的 交 际 中 ， 言语 交 际起 着 重 要 的作 用 。而 低 语 境 文 化 下 非 的 交 际 ， 倾 向 于 “ 门见 山 ” “ 一 说 一 ， 二说 二 ” 则 开 、有 有 。换
从 高低 语境 文化 看 网页设 计 中 的跨 文化 交 际
李 晓琳
（ 北 师 范 大学 外 国 语 学 院 ， 肃 兰 州 ７ ０ ７ 西 甘 ３ ０ ０）
直截 了当地表 达情 感 ， 传递信息 ， 语义相对 而言具有较高
的独 立 性 。
— —
直接与间接 。一般而 言， 低语境文化下的交际 比
果 ， ｈｅ ２０ ） Ｃ ｏ （０ １对高低语境 下交 际者思维方式 的不同总结 如下 ：低语境文化下 交际者倾 向于强调逻辑和理性思维 ，
相信存在 的事实 ， 善用线性思维方式 ； 而高语境 文化下交
高低语境视域下的中美广告语言比较
高低语境视域下的中美广告语言比较在全球化的今天，各国之间的交流和竞争越来越激烈，广告作为企业推广产品的工具，成为了各国企业竞争力的体现。
中美作为两个世界上最大的经济体之一，其广告语言的比较具有一定的代表性。
本文将从高低语境视域下，对中美广告语言进行比较分析。
高低语境是在跨文化交际中的一个重要概念，是指人们在交流时所依赖的环境信息的多少。
高语境社会假设人们在交流中有相同的背景知识和语言，信息可以通过非言语暗示传递。
低语境社会假设人们在交流中没有相同的背景知识和语言，信息需要通过明确的言语表达。
在广告语言中，高低语境的不同对广告传达信息的方式和效果产生了很大的影响。
在高语境视域下，中美广告语言的比较可以从以下几个方面进行。
中美广告语言在文化内涵的表达上存在差异。
中美两国的文化背景不同，因此广告语言所传递的文化内涵也不同。
在中文广告中常常使用成语、典故等文化符号，以引起消费者的共鸣和好感。
而在英文广告中，往往使用直接明了的表达方式，更注重产品本身的特点和功能。
中美广告语言在讲述方式上存在差异。
中文广告通常善于使用修辞手法，如夸张、反问、对比等，以增强广告语言的艺术感和吸引力。
而英文广告则更注重表达的简洁、明了和直接，以把重点放在产品本身。
中美广告语言在语言风格上存在差异。
中文广告语言的风格多样，有的广告语言采用大量的形容词和修饰词，使广告语言更具有感染力和诱惑力。
而英文广告则更注重利用简洁的语言表达，使广告更具有冲击力。
中美广告语言在高低语境视域下存在一定的差异。
在高语境视域下，中美广告语言的差异主要体现在文化内涵的表达、讲述方式和语言风格上。
而在低语境视域下，中美广告语言的差异主要体现在信息传递的方式、情感表达和形象塑造上。
通过对中美广告语言的比较，可以更好地了解不同国家广告语言的特点和风格，从而更有效地进行广告创作和传播。
中美跨文化交际中的高低语境文化对比研究_英语论文
---------------------------------------------------------------范文最新推荐------------------------------------------------------ 中美跨文化交际中的高低语境文化对比研究_英语论文论文以中国和美国作为高低语境文化的代表，以霍尔高低语境文化理论为基础，尝试分析高低语境文化的特征和差异形成的原因，即修辞方式及文化心理、价值观、文学文本中的跨文化交际原则。
并通过三个具体案例分析两国文化之间的差异和可能出现的冲突和误解现象来对以上原因进行解释说明。
以此试图给英语学习者顺利进行跨文化交流提供一些建议，减少跨文化交流中的文化休克和误解现象。
6639关键词跨文化交流高语境文化低语境文化误解外文摘要Title Contrastive Studies on High-Context and Low-Context Cultures between Chinese and Americans’ Intercultural Communication1 / 15AbstractBased on the concept of high-context and low-context cultures put forward by Edward Hall, this paper takes Chinese culture and American culture as representatives of high-context cultures and low-context cultures, aiming to analyze the differences of communication styles of these two cultures. It proclaims the probable culture conflicts that appear in the communication between these two cultures via case studies and tries to find out the reasons why these differences come into being, i.e. rhetoric styles, culture psychology, view of value, and principles of literary allusions. It is expected to provide suggestions for English learners on intercultural communication, reduce culture shock phenomenon, and promote smooth and friendly intercultural communication.Keywordsintercultural communicationhigh-context cultureslow-context culturesmisunderstandingTable of Contents---------------------------------------------------------------范文最新推荐------------------------------------------------------ 1Introduction... ..….11.1The Purpose of the Thesis….….11.2Structure of the ThesisChapter one begins with the introduction which talks about the research objective and method, and then introduces the structure of the paper.Chapter two is a brief review of studies on intercultural communication, and introduction of concepts of context. Different linguists have different idea about context, Halliday (1975) pided context into elements while Hall3 / 15(1976) regarded context as the whole environment of communication. This paper adopts Hall’s perspective.Chapter three is the introduction of the pision of cultures and intercultural communication: high-context culture and low-context culture, then introduces the differences between high-context and low-context cultures and some reasons that might cause those differences.Chapter four exemplifies the differences between high-context and low-context cultures via case study, and then tries to analyze the reasons for the differences.Last chapter serves as a conclusion. It points out the results of the paper, its significance and limitation.---------------------------------------------------------------范文最新推荐------------------------------------------------------2Literature Review2.1 A Brief History of Intercultural CommunicationThe publishing of The Silent Language written by Edward Hall in 1959 is regarded as a start of intercultural communication researches. Intercultural communication can be defined as communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event (Porter, Samovar & Stefani, 2011). Intercultural communication can take place either between people from different countries, for example communication between Chinese and Americans, or between people from the same country, for example communication between American white men and native Indians (Hu Wenzhong, 2002). In academics, intercultural communication involves both communication between people from different nations that speak different5 / 15languages and have different cultural traditions, and communication between people from different nations that speak the same language but have different cultural traditions. Wang Zongyan said in Self-Conscious and Intercultural Communication published in 1993 that successful communication happens when you talk to others and others understand what you said, and communication failure happens when others cannot understand what you said.3High-context and Low-context Communication3.1 Definition of High-context and Low-context CommunicationHall (1976) pided cultures into two categories: high-context cultures and low-context cultures. A high-context communication or message is one in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the---------------------------------------------------------------范文最新推荐------------------------------------------------------message. A low-context communication is just the opposite;i.e., the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code. He maintains that although all cultures contain some characteristics of both high and low variables, most can be placed along a scale showing their ranking on this particular dimension (see Table 1). Table 1 shows clearly that Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and Native Americans are representatives of high-context cultures; German, Swiss, and American are representatives of low-context cultures.In high-context cultures, people are very homogeneous with regard to experiences, information networks, and the like. High-context cultures, because of tradition and history, change very little over time. These are cultures in which consistent responses to the environment. “As a result,” Hall (1990) says, “for most normal transactions in daily life they do not require, nor do they expect, much in-depth, background information.” Meaning, therefore, is not necessarily contained in words.7 / 15In high-context cultures, information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. Meaning is also silence. Meaning is also conveyed through status (age, sex, education, family background, title, and affiliations) and through an inpidual’s informal friends and associates. In high-context cultures, so much information is available in the environment that it is unnecessary to verbalize everything. For instance, statements of affection, such as “I love you,” are rare because the message is conveyed by the context (Porter, Samovar & Stefani, 2011).In addition to differences in nonverbal communication, there are other manifestations of high-context and low-context cultures that influence communication, including:1.Whether the way of expression speakers use is vague---------------------------------------------------------------范文最新推荐------------------------------------------------------ and causes difficulties for listeners.2.Whether the message form can explain reference of one communication specifically.3.Whether the message form can explain communicative intention accurately.4.Whether the message form can provide nonliteral meaning.5.Whether the message form can provide meaning beyond words, i.e., deep meaning. (Gu Jiazu, 2000)3.2Reasons that Cause Differences Between High-context and Low-context CommunicationAlthough ways people communicate are complicated, the most important way is verbal language. There’re9 / 15plenty elements that can influence communication between people, including rhetoric styles, culture psychology, view of value, and principles of literary allusions (Zheng Lixin & Gu Jiazu, 1993).3.2.1Rhetoric Styles and Cultural PsychologyThere used to be a lot of similarities between Chinese and western rhetoric styles, especially in times before Qin dynasty, which mainly appeared in the similar origin of Chinese and western rhetoric. The contention of a hundred schools of thought in Warring States period and the eloquence in Old Greek times are similar in essence. Any people who enjoyed fame used to lead their students and express their own opinions in public (Zhu Shaohou, 1982). As time goes by, westerners inherited and developed western rhetoric standard established by Aristotle, which attached importance to eloquence and promoted debates; While Chinese regarded Confucianism as the only noble theory according to Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty’s---------------------------------------------------------------范文最新推荐------------------------------------------------------decision for thousands of years of feudalism society. It changed not only Chinese rhetoric styles, but also Chinese characteristics, and even the deep structure of the whole nation’s culture. Chinese people become introverted and restrained under the influence of Confucianism, which is just the opposite to the extroverted and open characteristics that westerners share. The difference in characteristics between two nations causes difficulties in intercultural communication (Gu Jiazu, 2000).Considering from the aspect of intercultural communication, although there’re a lot of differences between Chinese and western culture, they are equal after all. There is no chance for one culture to replace another, or one culture is superior to another and forces others to draw close. Therefore, intercultural communication must be based on the principle of equality,11 / 15i.e. speakers must try to understand others in others’ shoes (Gu Jiazu, 2000).4Contrastive Studies on High-Context and Low-Context Cultures between Chinese and Americans4.1 Case OnePeople from American always complain about not knowing how to communicate with Chinese people and difficult to understand the deep meanings beyond Chinese people’s words. The case below is about a business talk between an American trade agent, George, and a Chinese trade manager, Mr. Li who makes George confused.Finding an Interested Buyer---------------------------------------------------------------范文最新推荐------------------------------------------------------George Hall was in Beijing attending a trade fair and looking for an opportunity to do business in China. He had been very successful in his business dealings in the US and prided himself on his ability “to get things moving.” His first day was going well. He looked around at the displays of sporting equipment to get some idea of whom he might approach. He was sure that his products, tennis rackets with an unusual new design, would arouse some interest. On the second day he approached the company which he felt would be most responsive to his products. He introduced himself to the general manager, a Mr. Li. Since he had read that Chinese find getting down to business immediately too abrupt and rude, he began a casual conversation, eventually leading up to the topic of his products and suggesting how Mr. Li’s company might benefit from using them. George then suggested that he could arrange to get together with Mr. Li and provide more specifics and documentation on his products. Mr. Li responded in fairly good English, “That would be interesting.”13 / 15The reason that Chinese people talk vaguely and not refuse clearly is a matter of saving face. Chinese people, as people of high-context culture, take it for granted that everyone shares high intelligence and good logicality, so that others can understand their aims through their unfinished sentences or get some deep meanings of sentences that seems not related to the topic.The concept of saving face is a matter of cultural psychology. It comes out of the concept of a Confucian doctrine: moderation, which instructs people not to make things extreme and try to keep a neutral attitude towards things happen around. Confucian doctrines teach people to think more and speak less so as to avoid making mistakes. Therefore, Chinese people are restricted with their every word and action, and use vague words when talking.---------------------------------------------------------------范文最新推荐------------------------------------------------------However, American people, as people of low-context culture, have been respecting inpiduals who can use plain words that everyone can understand to convince others for centuries. They think that the clearer messages are delivered, the easier messages can be understood and accepted.In conclusion, the first reason that causes difference between high-context cultures and low-context cultures is rhetoric styles and cultural psychology, which is the product of different education and worships in history. Different education and worships make different national characteristics, which lead to different ways of talking and acting. 中美跨文化交际中的高低语境文化对比研究(6):15 / 15。
《高低语境文化理论下的口译员能力研究》范文
《高低语境文化理论下的口译员能力研究》篇一一、引言随着全球化进程的加速，跨文化交流日益频繁，口译作为沟通的桥梁，其重要性愈发凸显。
高低语境文化理论为理解不同文化背景下的交流提供了重要视角。
本文旨在探讨高低语境文化理论下，口译员所需具备的能力及其重要性。
二、高低语境文化理论概述高低语境文化理论是由美国文化学家爱德华·霍尔提出，用于描述不同文化在信息传递和解读方面的差异。
高语境文化指信息大多隐含在交流过程中，语言仅是表达的一部分，而非核心；低语境文化则更注重语言的直接性和明确性，信息大多直接通过语言表达。
了解这一理论对于口译员在跨文化交流中准确传递信息具有重要意义。
三、高低语境文化下的口译员能力要求1. 语言能力：无论在高语境或低语境文化中，口译员的首要任务是准确无误地传达信息。
因此，他们必须具备流利的双语能力，包括听、说、读、写四个方面。
2. 文化敏感度：口译员需要具备对高低语境文化的敏感度，能够根据不同的文化背景调整自己的翻译策略。
在高语境文化中，他们需要捕捉隐含的信息；在低语境文化中，他们需要注重语言的直接性和明确性。
3. 快速学习能力：口译工作常常面临时间紧迫、信息量大的情况，口译员需要具备快速学习的能力，以便在短时间内理解并准确翻译陌生领域的专业知识。
4. 心理素质：口译员需要在高压环境下保持冷静，具备应对突发情况的心理素质。
他们需要具备良好的情绪调控能力和抗压能力，以保证翻译的准确性。
5. 跨文化交际能力：口译员不仅是语言的翻译者，也是文化的传播者。
他们需要了解不同文化间的差异，尊重并包容不同的价值观和思维方式。
四、口译员能力培养策略1. 强化语言基础：通过系统学习语言知识，提高口译员的听、说、读、写能力。
2. 提升文化敏感度：通过学习不同文化的历史、传统、价值观等，增强口译员对高低语境文化的敏感度。
3. 加强实践训练：通过模拟实际场景的口译训练，提高口译员的实战能力和心理素质。
高低语境文化下跨文化交际策略探析
高低语境文化下跨文化交际策略探析摘要：本文围绕跨文化交际中高语境和低语境文化的渊源及差异进行分析，并通过剖析高低语境差异时人们的交际应对策略，总结归纳，以此帮助交际者在不同文化的交际中能够顺利进行。
关键词：跨文化交际、高低语境文化、应对策略一、引言高语境文化和低语境文化由美国人类学家爱德华·霍尔 (E.T.H all)首次提出。
其观点如下：在高语境文化中传递信息时，所使用的信息量要远低于低语境文化。
受不同背景文化影响，人们在沟通和交流的过程中势必会产生语言、思维及价值观的碰撞点，而这也客观的导致了跨文化交际中时而出现的局部冲突和交流障碍。
故而，只有渗透文化肌理，结构化剖析内部逻辑，掌握交流过程中产生冲突和障碍的客观因素，才能总结出与之相对的应对方案，从而切实提高交际者的跨文化交际能力。
二、高语境文化与低语境文化产生的渊源高语境文化可追溯到孔子的儒家学说。
众所周知，中国人的民族性格强调内敛，谨慎且拥护和谐。
同理，在一脉相承的儒家文化中，少言、寡言、慎言也备受世代推崇。
而相反，在国人的既定文化范畴中，巧言，多言则成了负面的表现，是不值得称道的[1]。
中国作为一个典型的高语境文化国家，思维方式的特定性决定了人们在传达信息时所依赖的因素更为复杂。
而西方人崇尚个人主义，这就使得他们的思想意识受约束和规范影响较小。
再者。
西方文化追求效率与公平，其最终关注的是利益而并非人与人之间的情感，上述原因都导致他们在长期的发展过程中倾斜于低语境文化的塑造。
三、高低语境下思维方式及交际方式的差异“没有语言的人类文化不可思议”[2]，高低语境文化的差异导致人们在交流中存在思维方式的差异,同时因为两者所处的环境、历史不同，致使所具备的特点也大相径庭。
（一）解决问题及自我调节的方式不同在处理个人问题时，高语境文化和低语境文化表现差异极为明显。
在高语境文化的国家，人们通过委婉、间接的方式，尽可能的避免直面冲突。
但在低语境文化的国家，但凡遇到持有不同观点的交流碰撞，人们更愿意以直接的方式论述的自己观点。
高语境与低语境交际中的隔阂及其传播策略
高语境与低语境交际中的隔阂及其传播策略1.引言高语境与低语境是两种不同的文化交际模式，它们在交流方式、信息传达和理解上存在着差异。
本文将探讨高语境与低语境交际的隔阂问题，并提出相应的传播策略。
2.高语境交际高语境交际是指依赖于非语言因素，如身体语言、声调、上下文等辅助信息，使得交际双方能够理解对方意图的一种交际方式。
在高语境交际中，信息的传递主要依靠暗示、隐喻和固定的文化符号等方式。
2.1高语境交际的特点高语境交际具有以下特点：-文化依赖性高：高语境交际在传达信息时常需要双方共享相同的文化背景和价值观，否则交流难以顺利进行。
-非言辞因素重要：身体语言、表情和声调等非言辞因素在高语境交际中起到至关重要的作用，它们可以帮助交际双方更好地理解对方表达的含义。
-高度暗示性：高语境交际通常使用暗示、间接的表达方式，需要交际双方有较高的沟通能力和敏感度。
2.2高语境交际中的隔阂由于高语境交际的特殊性，与低语境交际相比，高语境交际往往存在着一定的隔阂问题：-理解难度大：高语境交际依赖于非言辞因素，对于不同文化背景的人而言，理解起来可能存在困难。
-意外误解：由于高度暗示性和间接性，高语境交际容易导致意外误解，使得交流双方将同一信息理解为不同的含义。
-多样性挑战：随着全球化进程的推进，人们在交际中经常面临来自不同文化背景的人，高语境交际的特点使得跨文化交流更加困难。
3.低语境交际低语境交际是指依赖于直接、明确的语言表达进行沟通的一种交际方式。
在低语境交际中，信息的传递主要依靠言辞的表述和文字的准确性。
3.1低语境交际的特点低语境交际具有以下特点：-言辞直接性：低语境交际强调直接、明确的语言表达，注重用词准确，信息传达更直截了当。
-文化独立性：低语境交际相对独立于文化背景，交流双方并不需要共享相同的文化知识。
-传达明确：通过清晰的语言表达，低语境交际可以更准确地传达信息，减少理解误差。
3.2低语境交际中的隔阂虽然低语境交际相对较直接和明确，但仍存在一些隔阂问题：-文化差异：尽管低语境交际相对独立于文化背景，但跨文化交际仍存在一定的难度，因为在表达方式和语言习惯上，不同文化可能存在差异。
简析高低语境的影响及在跨文化交际过程中的应对措施
学术论坛/ A c a d e m i c F o r u m简析高低语境的影响及在跨文化交际过程中的应对措施罗莉(云南师范大学，云南昆明650500)摘要：目前，在全球化不断深化的过程中，跨文化交际的行为更是随时随地都在发生。
众所周知，顺利的跨国交流对我们 个人而言非常的重要，可以减少在交流过程中因为一些障碍所带来的尴尬和矛盾，而对于国与国之间来说更是重要，顺利 无障碍的交流可以减少国家间的矛盾、战争，促进交流与合作，实现在和平与发展的时代大背景下的互利共赢。
然而，在 跨文化交际的过程中往往会因为各种各样的原因，导致跨文化交际不能顺利的进行甚至导致交际的失败。
笔者在本文中着 重的分析高低语境因素所带来的影响，并针对这一因素提出一些措施，以此来克服在跨文化交际过程中因为高低语境影响 带来的交际障碍，促进跨文化交际顺利地进行。
关键词：高低语境；影响；跨文化交际在对高低语境影响进行分析时笔者想对什么是语境什么 是高低语境，进行简单的概括和总结。
语境：语境是指语言 交际环境，它包括语言因素和非语言因素马林诺夫斯基提出 语境分为两大类，分别为“情景语境”和“文化语境”。
情 景语境通常指言语活动发生的场合、地点、时间，交际的方 式、话题、意图、内容等，参与者的相互关系，社会地位和 说话的正式程度等。
文化语境通常指和言语交际活动相关的 社会文化背景。
高低语境：在1976年，由霍尔在《超越文化》中提出，高语境就是指绝大部分信息或存在于物质语境中，或内化于交际者个人，很少出现在编码的信息中，相反，低 语境就是指大量信息都要编码清晰的信息来传递。
1高低语境的影响1.1对交际的影响(1 )表达方式：含蓄与直接。
在高语境文化的影响下，人们的往往不直接地表达自己的意图而是通过大量的话语暗 示，让听话者自己感受说话者的真实意图，形成在交流过程 中出现弦外之音，如：中国、曰本、韩国等国家就是较明显 的高语境国家，所以会形成东方人含蓄的印象，而在跨文化 交际中，低语境文化下的人则会认为前者避重就轻，甚至是 虚伪。
跨文化交际场景下英语口语会话的高低语境有机分析
跨文化交际场景下英语口语会话的高低语境有机分析
在跨文化交际场景下，英语口语会话可以分为高低语境。
高低语境是指在口语交际中使用的语言信息的数量和密度的不同程度。
高语境口语会话依赖于非语言因素，如肢体语言、面部表情和语速等，以及语言之间的背景知识和对上下文的依赖。
低语境口语会话则更加依赖直接的语言表达，有较少的非语言信息和上下文的依赖。
在高语境口语会话中，讲话者经常使用隐喻、暗示和间接表达来传达信息。
他们依赖于非语言因素和上下文信息，通过暗示和间接表达来传递更多的含义。
当一个英语母语者对某人的某种行为表示不满时，可能会说：“你真的很有创造力”，这实际上是在说对方的行为是愚蠢的，而不是表达赞赏。
这种间接的表达方式需要对背景知识和文化差异的理解。
高语境口语会话还包括许多非语言元素，如肢体语言、面部表情和语调。
这些非语言元素对于理解和准确传达信息非常重要。
在跨文化交际场景下，理解和应用高低语境口语会话是非常重要的。
不同的文化背景和语言习惯会影响人们在口语交际中使用的语言风格和表达方式。
在与他人交流时，了解对方所使用的高低语境和语言风格，以及适当地调整自己的表达方式，可以帮助建立良好的跨文化交际关系。
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1 High context culture（高语境文化）：
Cultures in which less has to be said or written because more of the meaning is in the
physical environment or already shared by people are labeled high context.（在高语境
文化中，在人们交际时，有较多的信息量或者蕴涵在社会文化环境和情景中，或
者内化于交际者的心中；相对地讲，明显的语码则负载较少的信息量。这也意味
着，在强交际环境文化的人们对微妙的环境提示较为敏感。）
2 Low context culture（低语境文化）：
Cultures in which little of the meaning is determined by the context because the
message is encoded in the explicit code are labeled low context. （在低语境文化中，
交际过程中所产生的信息量的大部分由显性的语码负载，相对地讲，只有少量的
信息蕴涵在隐性的环境和情景中。这也意味着，在低语境文化中的人们习惯用语
言本身的力量来进行交际。）
3General Introduction to High-context and Low-context Cultures Anthropologist
Edward T. Hall’s theory of high- and low-context culture helps us better understand the
powerful effect culture has on communication. A key factor in his theory is context.
This relates to the framework, background, and surrounding circumstances in which
communication or an event takes place.
High-context cultures (including much of the Middle East, Asia, Africa, and South
America) are relational, collectivist, intuitive, and contemplative. This means that
people in these cultures emphasize interpersonal relationships. Developing trust is an
important first step to any business transaction. According to Hall, these cultures are
collectivist, preferring group harmony and consensus to individual achievement. And
people in these cultures are less governed by reason than by intuition or feelings. Words
are not so important as context, which might include the speaker’s tone of voice, facial
expression, gestures, posture—and even the person’s family history and status.
A Japanese manager explained his culture’s communication style to an
American: ―We are a homogeneous people and don’t have to speak as much as you do
here. When we say one word, we understand ten, but here you have to say ten to
understand one. High-context communication tends to be more indirect and more
formal. Flowery language, humility, and elaborate apologies are typical.
Low-context cultures (including North America and much of Western Europe) are
logical, linear, individualistic, and action-oriented. People from low-context cultures
value logic, facts, and directness. Solving a problem means lining up the facts and
evaluating one after another. Decisions are based on fact rather than intuition.
Discussions end with actions. And communicators are expected to be straightforward,
concise, and efficient in telling what action is expected. To be absolutely clear, they
strive to use precise words and intend them to be taken literally. Explicit contracts
conclude negotiations. This is very different from communicators in high-context
cultures who depend less on language precision and legal documents. High-context
business people may even distrust contracts and be offended by the lack of trust they
suggest.
3 Cross-cultural tips
不同语境文化的三个语言表达特点：
（一）言外之意
我们首先注意到是言语中传情达意成分的多寡。此处的传意成分不同于信息量：
如果说信息量是指言语所传递的信息多寡的话，那么传意成分则偏重于信息背后
的―意，即那一点点的言外之意。
（二）长话短听
其次是言语交际中的用语量大小。人们可能会以为，低语境文化的言语交际全靠
话语的字面意义来传递信息，因此人们在交际时就不得不使用更多的词语、更长
的句子。其实不然。正如我们在前面所提到的，来自低语境文化的人倾向于使用
传意成分高的词语，在遣词用字方面讲求精确、直接、不拐弯抹角，每一个词都
能起到其实际的传意效果，因此他们的用语量并不大。 反观高语境文化。由于人
们使用的是传意成分偏低的言语表达方式，词语附带的理解价值也就相对较低，
因此人们可能得讲上好几个回合，兼用婉曲、双关甚至反语，才能间接勾勒出其
言的理解背景。
（三）―面子问题
再者，对社会地位和面子问题的考虑，也是高语境文化中不可或缺的重要部分。 对
于来自低语境文化的美国人、德国人来说，直接提出质问和提出异议，是解决问
题的最佳方式。在他们看来，直接是对事不对人，因此不存在尊重与否的问题。