(word完整版)八年级下册英语笔记经典版
八年级下册第六单元英语笔记
八年级下册第六单元英语笔记一、重点单词。
1. collect.- 动词，意为“收集；采集”。
例如：I like to collect stamps.（我喜欢收集邮票。
）- 相关短语：collect litter（收集垃圾）；collect money（集资；筹款）。
2. hobby.- 名词，“业余爱好”。
复数形式为hobbies。
例如：Reading is my hobby.（阅读是我的爱好。
）3. skate.- 动词，“滑冰；溜冰”。
例如：He likes to skate in winter.（他喜欢在冬天滑冰。
）- 现在分词形式为skating，过去式为skated。
4. certain.- 形容词，“确实的；无疑的；（不提及细节时用）某事；某人；某种”。
例如：I'm certain that he will come.（我确定他会来。
）；For certain reasons, I can't go with you.（由于某些原因，我不能和你一起去。
）5. treasure.- 名词，“珠宝；财富；珍品”；也可作动词，“珍视；珍爱”。
例如：This painting is a real treasure.（这幅画是一件真正的珍品。
）；I treasure the memories of our time together.（我珍视我们在一起的时光。
）6. island.- 名词，“岛”。
例如：There is a beautiful island in the sea.（海里有一个美丽的岛。
）7. page.- 名词，“（书刊或纸张的）页；面；张”。
例如：Turn to page 10.（翻到第10页。
）8. hurry.- 动词，“匆忙；赶快”；名词，“匆忙；急忙”。
- 常用短语：hurry up（赶快；急忙（做某事））；in a hurry（匆忙地；急于）。
例如：Hurry up, or we'll be late.（快点，否则我们要迟到了。
英语笔记八年级下册
英语笔记八年级下册一、Unit 1 What's the matter?1. 重点单词。
- matter n.问题；事情。
例如：What's the matter?（怎么了？）- stomachache n.胃痛；腹痛。
have a stomachache（胃痛）- foot (复数feet) n.脚；足。
I hurt my foot.（我伤到我的脚了。
）- neck n.颈；脖子。
There is something wrong with his neck.（他的脖子有点问题。
）- fever n.发烧。
She has a fever.（她发烧了。
）- lie (lying, lay, lain) v.躺；平躺。
lie down（躺下）- rest v. n.放松；休息。
You should rest for a while.（你应该休息一会儿。
）- cough v. n.咳嗽。
He coughs a lot.（他咳嗽得很厉害。
）- X - ray n.X射线；X光。
The doctor asked me to take an X - ray.（医生让我去照X光。
）2. 重点短语。
- have a cold 感冒。
I have a cold, so I feel tired.（我感冒了，所以我感觉累。
）- have a toothache 牙痛。
He can't eat anything because he has a toothache.（他不能吃任何东西因为他牙痛。
）- take one's temperature 量体温。
The nurse took my temperature.（护士量了我的体温。
）- put some medicine on... 在……上敷药。
Put some medicine on the cut.（在伤口上敷药。
）- all weekend 整个周末。
人教版本初中八年级的的英语下册的笔记重点学习的记录版本.doc
dress + sb/oneself穿(动作) Will you dress the children
the answer(key) to the question问题答案
be dressed in +衣服(状态) The girl likes to dress in black .
We can’tgo out
because of the terrible weather.
注意：so(因此)为并列连词，不可与
because一起连用The weather is terrible, so we can’tgo out.
fall in love with =be in love with
He was lonely in a lonely island.住在荒凉的岛上，他感到很孤独。
even(甚至)如同much,so far, a little, a lot等词一样可饰形容词或副词比较级加强程度I can do it even better than him(he).
keep饲养；保持；保留probably > perhaps | maybe > possibly可能
many
more(较多的) + [可数复数]
much
more(较多的)+[不可数]
agree to sth同意(计划、办法、建议、条件) He agree to the plan.
agree to do sth同意做某事
I agree to meet him tomorrow.
agree with sb/意见/看法
on the phone
八年级下册英语复习笔记
八年级下册英语复习笔记复习英语的过程，不仅是一个巩固知识和技能的过程，同时，也是一个发展我们能力的过程。
这是店铺整理的八年级下册英语复习笔记，希望你能从中得到感悟!八年级下册英语复习笔记(一)1. work on doing sth. 致力于做某事2. as soon as ...... 一……就…....3. once upon a time 从前4. continue to do sth. 继续做某事5. make sth. happen 使某事发生6. try to do sth. 试图做某事7. the journey to sp. ......之旅8. tell the/a story 讲故事9. put on 穿上10. a little b it 有点儿11. keep doing sth. 坚持做某事12. give up 放弃13. instead of 代替;反而14. turn .. . into 变成15. get married 结婚16. the main character 主要人物;主人公17. at other times 在另外一些时候18. be able to 能;会19. come out (书、电影等)出版20. become interested in. • • 对……感兴趣21. walk to the other side 走到另一边去22. a fairy tale 一个神话故事23. the rest of the story 故事的其余部分24. leave sb. to do sth. 让某人做某事25. make a plan to do sth. 筹划/计划做某事26. go to sleep 去睡觉八年级下册英语复习笔记(二)1. lead sb. to sp. 把某人领到某地2. get lost 迷路3. change one’s plan 改变计划4. tell sb. to do sth. 叫某人做某事5. in the moonlight 在月光下6. find one’ s way home 找到某人回家的路7. the next day 第二天8. send sb. to sp. 派某人去某地9. as big as 与……一样大10. one of the oldest countries 最古老的国家之一11. feel free to do sth. 随意地做某事12. as far as I know 据我所知13. man-made objects 人造物体14. part of... ...... 的组成部分15. the highest mountain 最高的山脉16. in the world 在世界上17. any other mountain 其他任何一座山18. of all the salt lakes 在所有的咸水湖中19. run along 跨越… …20. freezing weather •冰冻的天气21. take in air 呼吸空气22. the first people to do sth. 第一个做某事的人23. in the face of difficulties 面临危险24. give up doing sth. 放弃做某事25. achieve one’ s dream 实现某人的梦想26. the forces of nature 自然界的力量27. reach the top 到达顶峰28. even though 虽然;尽管29. at birth 在出生的时候30. be awake 醒着31. run over with excitement 兴奋地跑过去32. walk into sb. 撞到某人33. fall over 摔倒34. take care of 照顾;照料35. every two years •每两年36. cut down the forests 砍伐林木37. endangered animals 濒危动物38. fewer and fewer pandas 大熊猫越来越少39. be in danger 处于危险之中40. the importance of saving these animals拯救这些动物的重要性八年级下册英语复习笔记(三)1. W hat do you th in k about/of.. . ?So what do you th ink about the story of Yu Gong?你觉得愚公的故事怎么样?2. It doesn’ t seem adj . to do sth ..I t doesn’ t seem very possible to move -a mountain.把一座山给移掉好像不太可能。
(完整版)八年级英语下册笔记
(完整版)八年级英语下册笔记Unit 1: My Vacation- Grammar: Past simple tense, past continuous tense- Listening: Listening to a conversation about vacation plans- Speaking: Discussing favorite vacation destinations- Reading: Reading an article about a popular tourist spot- Writing: Writing a diary entry about a vacation experienceUnit 2: Hobbies and Interests- Vocabulary: hobby, interest, collect, practice, skill- Grammar: Present continuous tense, present simple tense for routines and habits- Listening: Listening to a conversation about hobbies and interests - Speaking: Describing favorite hobbies and interests- Reading: Reading a passage about different hobbies- Writing: Writing a paragraph about a favorite hobbyUnit 3: Healthy Habits- Vocabulary: exercise, diet, balanced, unhealthy, nutritious- Grammar: Will for future predictions and plans- Listening: Listening to a conversation about healthy habits- Speaking: Discussing personal health habits- Reading: Reading an article about staying healthy- Writing: Writing a persuasive essay about the importance of exerciseUnit 4: Technology and Social Media- Vocabulary: device, internet, social media, privacy, cyberbullying - Listening: Listening to a conversation about technology addiction - Speaking: Discussing advantages and disadvantages of social media- Reading: Reading a passage about the impact of technology on society- Writing: Writing a blog post about the pros and cons of social mediaUnit 5: The Environment- Vocabulary: pollution, recycling, renewable, climate change, conservation- Grammar: Passive voice- Listening: Listening to a conversation about environmental issues - Speaking: Discussing ways to protect the environment- Reading: Reading an article about reducing plastic waste- Writing: Writing a letter to the local government about environmental concernsUnit 6: Jobs and Careers- Vocabulary: occupation, salary, entrepreneur, opportunity, resume - Grammar: Present perfect tense- Listening: Listening to a conversation about future career plans- Speaking: Talking about dream jobs and aspirations- Reading: Reading a passage about successful entrepreneurs- Writing: Writing a personal statement for a job applicationUnit 7: Cultural Differences- Vocabulary: tradition, custom, diversity, etiquette, stereotype- Grammar: Past perfect tense- Listening: Listening to a conversation about cultural customs- Speaking: Discussing cultural differences and similarities- Reading: Reading an article about world festivalsUnit 8: Teen Issues- Vocabulary: peer pressure, bullying, self-esteem, adolescence, addiction- Grammar: Reported speech- Listening: Listening to a conversation about teenage problems - Reading: Reading an advice column for teenagers- Writing: Writing a letter to a friend offering adviceUnit 9: Travel and Adventure- Vocabulary: explore, adventure, destination, tourist, challenge - Grammar: Conditional sentences (type 1 and type 2)- Listening: Listening to a conversation about travel experiences - Speaking: Describing an ideal adventure trip- Reading: Reading a travel blog about a thrilling hike- Writing: Writing a story about a memorable travel experience以上是八年级英语下册的笔记，每个单元涉及的词汇、语法、听力、口语、阅读和写作内容都有说明。
(完整word版)八年级下册英语_Unit3_第三单元笔记+练习
Unit 3what were you doing when the ufo arrived?【重难点分析】一. 过去进行时过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或者某段时间正在进行或发生的动作，常和表过去的时间状语连用。
过去进行时的构成：肯定形式：主语+was/were+V-ing否定形式：主语+was not (wasn't)/were not (weren't)+V-ing疑问形式：Was/Were+主语+V-ing。
基本用法：1.过去进行时表示过去某一段时间或某一时刻正在进行的动作。
点钟+yesterday 常与之连用的时间状语有：at that time/moment, (at) this time yesterday (last night/Sunday/week…), at+，when sb. did sth等时间状语从句。
(last night / Sunday…）如：What were you doing at 7p.m. yesterday? 昨天晚上七点你在干什么？I first met Mary three years ago. She was working at a radio shop at the time.我第一次遇到玛丽是在三年前，当时她在一家无线电商店工作。
I was cooking when she knocked at the door. 她敲门时我正在做饭。
2. when后通常用表示暂短性动词，while后通常用表示持续性动词，因此它所引导的状语从句中，谓语动词常用进行时态，如：When the car exploded I was walking past it.= While I was walking past the car it exploded.3.when用作并列连词时，主句常用进行时态，从句则用一般过去时，表示主句动作发生的过程中，另一个意想不到的动作发生了。
(完整版)新版人教版八年级下册unit1-8笔记整理(可编辑修改word版)
Unit1 笔记整理1、What’ s the matter with you?= What’s the trouble with you? = What’ s wrong with you?你怎么了？= What’s up? = What happens to sb.?2 、as a matter of fact= in fact 事实上, 实际上【拓展】matter 的用法It doesn’t matter 没关系（用来回答别人道歉时的用语）3、have a cold 受凉;感冒have a/an + 疾病名词“ 患…… 病” (cold/fever/cough)have a sore throat 患喉咙痛have a sore back 患背痛have a fever 发烧have a cold =catch a cold 患感冒have a stomachache 患胃痛have a toothache 患牙痛have a headache 患头痛have a backache 患背痛4、back n 背；背部at the back of......在 ..... 的后面go/come back 返回give back 归还5、hand in hand 手拉手V 交给；传递hand in 上交hand on 依次传递hand out 分发6、enough 的用法(1)adj.足够的，充分的修饰名词时，可放在名词之前或之后enough time，enough money(2)adv. “足够地，十分，相当”修饰adj./adv,必须放在adj./adv 后expensive enough(3)be +adj. +enough to do sth.足够……的去做某事He is strong enough to carry the box.7、drink some hot tea with honey. 喝一些加蜂蜜的热茶。
(完整word)新版仁爱八年级下册英语课堂笔记。
作者：凌小奇大池中学Unit 5Feeling HappyTopic1: Why all the smiling faces?1. How are you doing?=How are you? 你好吗？2 .invite sb. to do sth= ask sb. to do邀请某人做某事3. prepare for sth准备某事（准备时间较长思想上的准备）：prepare for the exam为某人准备…：prepare food for Lilyto do sh准备做…：I prepare to go hiking.4.say sth to sb.对某人说….：say thanks/hello/goodbye to Peter5.系动词+adj.系表结构①be (am/is/are/was/were)②感官v.(feel, look, sound, taste品尝，smell闻、嗅)③四变化(turn/become/go/ get) *turn侧指颜色变化④keep, make6. Why all the smiling faces?=Why do all of you have smiling faces?7. I went to buy tickets, but there was none left. (leave-left-left)=I went to buy tickets, but there were no tickets left.*注：none 后不能直接加n. all---none; both---neither.8. a ticket to/for…一张…的票the answer to the question问题的答案the key to the door/car/bike/… a way to…一种…的方式9. be+ adj. + 介词结构be proud of自豪，骄傲 e.g. The teacher is proud of his student.人+be pleased with+物 e.g. Jim is pleased with his new bike.物+be popular with+人受…的欢迎e.g. The book is popular with students.be worried about; be afraid of; be angry with; be bored with;be interested in; be nervous about; be famous for+sth/as+身份be satisfied with; be surprised at; be excited about/at sthbe strict with sb. be strict about/in sth10. set the table for sb.为某人摆餐具 e.g. I’m setting the table for guests.我希望一切顺利。
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Unit1小结 一、 单词：见单词表 二、 词形变换：Pollute( 名词) predict (名词 )few (比较级 ) fly ( 过去式)fall (过去式) pleasant (反义词 ) human (复数 ) possible ( 反义词)take (过去式) write (过去式)think (过去式) agree(反义词)三、 短语：Space station go skating be able to the World Cup come true in the future hundreds of in 100 years in the whole world on computers fall in love with dressmore casually live to be 200 yearsfree time near here fly rockets to the moon one dayOf course the head of be used by wake up For example over and over again far from四、 语法结构：1． 一般将来时态2． There will be=there is /are going to be3． Alone /lonely 4． One of the 形容词最高级+名词（复数）5． There be sb doing sth 6． 花费7． It ’s adj. for sb to do sth8． Agree with sb Unit2 总结笔记一、单词：见单词表 二、短语： Keep outa ticket to a ball game to one ’s surprise Not …until …talk on the phone 足够的钱和我的好朋友吵架过时的 发现 给他写一封信给她打电话你怎么了？ 和…..一样 说抱歉 为……而付钱，付….账 获得一份兼职工作向父母要些钱我不这样认为 和某人相处融洽 参加尽可能 抱怨，埋怨 邀请某人做某事和某人打架给我一些建议 从….到 太多压力 一方面 另一方面该做某事了找到时间把…和…做比较 三．词形变化: argue( 名词 ) surprise ( 形容词 ) fail ( 名词 ) until ( 同义词 ) push( 形容词 ) they( 反身代词 )free ( 名词 ) organize( 形容词 ) wrong( 过去式 ) can (过去式 ) fall (过去式 ) send(过去式 ) happy( 反义词 ) expensive ( 反义词 ) out of style ( 反义词 ) color ( 形容词 ) leave (过去式 ) fashion ( 形容词 ) 四、语法结构：1. 情态动词could 和should 的语法2. Why don ’t you =why not +动词原形When I grow up =when I am olderMy cousin is the same age as me.=My cousin is as old as me.I don’t know what to do.= I don’t know what I should do.3.Argue with sb argue about sth4.Enough 用法5.Borrow/lend , may be/ maybe6.Tell sb (not) to do sth,be angry with sb7.Look for / find/ find out8.Except/but/besides,forgot/left9.It’s time for sth= it’s time to dosth10.find it +形容词（for sb） to do sth.pare A with B/ compare A to B12.See sb doing sth13.Write sb a letter= write a letter tosb14.Could you please (not)do sth?Unit3 小结一、单词：见单词表二、词形变换：三、 1. Close( 形容词)2, hero (复数 )3, fly ( 名词) ( 过去式)4. hear (过去式)5. follow ( 形容词)6, kid (动名词 )7, usual (反义词 )8. Amaze ( 形容词)9. ride (过去式)10. see (过去式)11, climb ( 动名词)12, buy (过去式)13, take(过去式)14, meet(过去式)15, tell (过去式)16,mean(过去式)17,cut (过去式)18, get (过去式)19, talk (过去式)20, plane(同义词 )四、短语：barber shop get out take off train station run away come in hear about take placeWorld Trade Center in front of sleep late cut hair walk down callthe police shout atJump down cook dinner talk on the phone a very unusual experience think about at the doctor’s important eventsfor example in silence a national hero all over the world as usual to one’s surprise imagine doing sth what happened to sb? of course walk around by accident for the first time五、句子：What were you doing when the UFO arrived?The boy was walking down the street whenthe UFO landed.While the boy was walking down thestreet,the UFO landed.六、语法结构：1，过去进行时态2，When/while3，到达4，In (the) hospital , in/ on the tree,In (the)front of5，Follow sb to do sth, ask sb to do sth ,6，Be surprised to do sth7，Other/ another/the other/ others8，hear about(of)/ fromUnit4单元小结一、单词：见单词表二、词形变换：true( 反义词) （名词）mad (同义词 )health (形容词 )message ( 同义词)peace (同音词 )luck ( 形容词) ( 副词)poor (反义词 )semester (同义词 )thin (比较级 )eat ( 过去式)decide (名词 )own (名词 )dormitory ( 复数)start (同义词 )danger(形容词 )real ( 副词)different(名词)fortunately( 同义词) （反义词）whether( 同音词)三、短语：Have a surprise party First of all pass on be supposed to=should Do well in be in good health reportcard care for get over sealevel open up have a party take/have amessage have a flight in danger onFriday night end-of-year exams dobetter in be good at be better at getnervous have a big fight a bad habit open up one’s eyes between…and…both…and…sound like for now happen on not…anymore work onIn danger四、语法结构：1．直接引语变间接引语（时态，引导连词，主语）2．Bring…to… send…to…3．Forget to do sth/forget doing sth4．Take a message for sb=give a message to sb5. have a hard time with/doing sth6. decide (not) to do sth7. ing和ed结尾的形容词用法8．Find sth adj./find it adj. to do sthUnit5小结一、单词：见单词表二、词形变换：Organize(形容词)(名词)leave(过去式)take (反义词)visit(名词)video(复数)happen(过去式)party(复数) education(形容词)profession(形容词)danger(形容词)happy(比较级)fat(比较级)follow(形容词)luckily(同义词)real(副词)charity(复数)三、短语：1．拿走： 2.清除；打扫：3.在世界各地4.谋生：5.碰巧做某事：6.一直：7.移动电话： 8.怎么了？：9.踢足球： 10. 呆在家里：11．让……进入： 12. 看录象13.身份证： 14.上大学：15.因…而出名： 16.作为…而出名：17.专职足球选手： 18.实际上：19. 对……大叫： 20.受……欢迎：21.(音量)关小： 22.骑自行车23.关心；照顾： 24.听音乐25.没有时间做……： 26.当心；小心：27.赚许多钱 28.be late for 29.study for a test 30. Have a party 31. half the class 32. Wear jeans33.take part in34.Chlidren’s hospital35.Old People’s home 36.get an education四、语法结构：1.条件状语从句（主句和从句的时态）2.have a great time=have a good time=have fun=enjoy oneself3.a good time/place to do sth4.bring/take…to…5.提建议的句型6.make a living doing sth7.have difficult /hard time doing sth8.be against doing sth follow sb to do sth9.make/let sb do sth10.have a chance to do sthUnit6 小结一、单词：见单词表二、词形变化：collect (人)skate (人)run out of (同义词)Europe (人)Russia (人)Australia (人)foreign （名词）quite (同义词)certain(副词)hobby (复数)organize(形容词)talent (形容词)famous (同义词)west (形容词)probably(同义词)be (过去分词)much (最高级)teach (过去式)eat(过去式)more than(同义词)twelve(序数词)quick(副词)三、短语：run out ofby the waybe interested infar awaya pair of skatesraise money for charityin factthanks fora talent showwith a very colorful history in Russian stylemore thanfar fromhow longthe whole five hoursso faranyone elsein commonon my seventh birthdayas a reporterwin the first prizethe capital of四、语法结构1.现在完成进行时态（定义，句式，疑问句和答句）2.For/since 用法和转换3.Each/every4.The first /last/second to do sth5.All/whole， anyone/any one6.Three and a half years =three yearsand a half7.Finish doing sth8.Hundred /thousand/million9.Be welcomed by10.The +形容词比较级，The +形容词比较级，11.Be certain to do sthUnit7小结一、单词：见单词表二、词形变换：Waitress(反义词)actor(反义词)annoy(形容词)polite (副词) (反义词)behave(形容词)comfortable(反义词)drop (过去式)agree(反义词)bring(过去式)perhaps (同义词)break (过去式)careful (副词)dish (复数)return(同义词)三、短语：turn up not at all right awaydo the dishes get out of in a minutego to a movie make posters getannoyed try to do sth give back waitin line cut in line at firstkeep…down take care break the ruleput out pick up look terrible sleeplate be at a meeting feed thedog make posters no problem complain about give the wrong sizecan’t stand all the time do the samething a bit late the way to look upsocial behavior seem like be notallowed in public (places) close to drop litter四、语法结构：1.would you mind (not)doing sth?Could you please (not)do sth?/couldyou do sth,please?及答句2.turn on /off/up /down3.立刻，马上4.Return sth to sb=give sth back to sb5.Can’t stand doing sth6.Be /get annoyed with sb7.Sth happen to sb8.Try (not)to do sth, follow sb to dosth9.Allow (sb)to do sth10.Take care(not)to do sth\11.See sb doing sthUnit8小结一、单词：见单词表二、词形：boring(反义词)cheap(反义词)scarf (复数)person (形容词)give (过去式)gift (同义词)agree (反义词)mouse(复数)child (复数)trendy (最高级)noisy (名词)advantage(反义词)sleep(形容词)fall (过去式)leaf (复数)win (表人名词)feel (过去式)suggest(名词)month(复数)nearly (同义词)三、短语：too…to… take care of notfriendly enough a 6-year-old boy allday at night fall asleep giveaway someone else pay for ratherthan in different ways on stage as well as all age groups all overchina the winner of win the prize take an interest in make progress havefun with sth hear of find out on mysixth birthday keep such a pet makefriends with四、语法结构：1.提建议的句型及回答2.感叹句3.too…to…/so…that…/ not adj. enoughto do sth4. enough 用法5.话费6. so/such7. rather…than…8. encourage sb to do sthHave enough time to do sthGive sth to sb9. what do you think of…/how do youlike…Unit9小结一、单词：见单词表二、词形变换:1.especially（形容词）2. either（反义）3.see（过去分词）4. discover（同义短语）5.wonder（形容词）6. India（形容词）7. fox（复数）8. amusement（动词）9.wake(形容词)10.tour(表人)三、短语：an amusement park , hear of, all the time , on board , take lessons, all year round, have been to , have gone to , take a ride , in fact, for example , all over the world, take different routes, end up, welcome to , improve listening skills, three quarters , wake up , me neither , me too , an English-speaking country ,exchange student , such as , think about, be close to , far from, on the one hand, on the other hand.四、语法结构：1.现在完成时态（定义，句式构成，标志词和动词的过去分词）2.Have been to/have gone to3.See sb doing sth4.End up doing sth5.It is/was…that/who…6.Have problem/difficult doing sth7.What’s the population of…8.Whether…or…/either…or…/neither…or…9. a 形容词place to do stha good time to do sth/ the best time to do sth10.choose to do sthUnit10 小结一、单词：见单词表二、词形变换Cross (介词 )low(反义词 )slow (反义词 )baby (复数 )little (最高级 )review (动词 )sand (形容词 )real (副词 )swim (现在分词 )ever (反义词 )weather ( 同音词)me (反身代词 )easy(比较级 )see (过去分词 )go(过去分词 )三、短语：by noon every Saturday a littlehotlook through how big some of thegirls on Saturday night be friendly tosb feel like get along think of aholiday job be careful at this time at least I hope so/nothave a wonderful time thank-you note Something to drink/eat四、语法结构：1.反义疑问句2.How much is this pen?=how much does this pen cost?=what’s the price of this pen?3.what do you think of this movie?=how do you like this movie?4.feel like doing sth.have a hard time doing sth5.be careful(not)to do sth6.cross=go/walk across7.thanks for doing sth。