英语语言学课件Chapter 9 Phrases and Sentences
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Chapter9语言学-LanguageandliteraturePPT课件
ΔA chipped sill buttresses mother and daughter who are
the last mistresses of that black block which is condemned to stand, not crash.
8
❖ Find out the unusual use of language in the following paragraph:
9
❖ 2.1 What is ‘foregrounding’? ❖ 2.2 Devices of Foregrounding
2
1. Style and Stylistics
❖ Style: variation in the language use of an individual, such as formal/informal style
Literary style: ways of writing employed in literature and by individual writers; the way the mind of the author expresses itself in words
It deals with the close relationship between language and literature.
It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style.
6
The scope is sometimes narrowed to concentrate on the more striking features of literaபைடு நூலகம்y language, for instance, its ‘deviant’ and abnormal features, rather than the broader structures that are found in whole texts or discourses.
the last mistresses of that black block which is condemned to stand, not crash.
8
❖ Find out the unusual use of language in the following paragraph:
9
❖ 2.1 What is ‘foregrounding’? ❖ 2.2 Devices of Foregrounding
2
1. Style and Stylistics
❖ Style: variation in the language use of an individual, such as formal/informal style
Literary style: ways of writing employed in literature and by individual writers; the way the mind of the author expresses itself in words
It deals with the close relationship between language and literature.
It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style.
6
The scope is sometimes narrowed to concentrate on the more striking features of literaபைடு நூலகம்y language, for instance, its ‘deviant’ and abnormal features, rather than the broader structures that are found in whole texts or discourses.
语言学教程Chapter 9. Language and Literature
The term “foregrounding”
Definition Deviation of language involves all levels of language: vocabulary, sound, syntax, meaning, graphology,etc. Repetition is also a kind of deviation. Alliteration, parallism, and many figures of speech are the examples of foregrounding in literary language.
9.2 some general features of the literary language
Features of literary language are displayed in the following three aspects: 1. phonology 2. grammar 3. semantics Literay language differs from non-literary language in that the former is foregrounded in the above three aspects.
9.2.3 the analysis of literay language
Procedures we should follow when we analyze the grammatical structure and meaning of a literary text. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Chapter-9-English-Dictionary-英语词汇学-教学课件
❖ American desk dictionaries: Webster’s New World Dictionary , 2nd college Edition ( 1980), and Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary ( 1983).
Pocket dictionaries
Desk dictionaries
❖ Desk dictionaries are medium-sized ones containing words ranging from 50,000 to 150,000.
❖ British dictionaries: The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Ninth Edition (1996),Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 3rd Edition (1980), Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, New Edition ( 1987)
Specialized Dictionaries
❖ Special dictionaries concentrate on a particular area of language or knowledge, treating such diverse topics as etymology, synonyms, idioms, pronunciation, usages in language, and computer, engineering, literature and a variety of other subjects. These dictionaries may not be very large in size, yet each contains much more detailed information on the subject than you can find in a general unabridged one.
Pocket dictionaries
Desk dictionaries
❖ Desk dictionaries are medium-sized ones containing words ranging from 50,000 to 150,000.
❖ British dictionaries: The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Ninth Edition (1996),Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 3rd Edition (1980), Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, New Edition ( 1987)
Specialized Dictionaries
❖ Special dictionaries concentrate on a particular area of language or knowledge, treating such diverse topics as etymology, synonyms, idioms, pronunciation, usages in language, and computer, engineering, literature and a variety of other subjects. These dictionaries may not be very large in size, yet each contains much more detailed information on the subject than you can find in a general unabridged one.
语言学Chapter+9+Language+Acquisition
Nativist Input in a specific language triggers the LAD. Children discover basic structures of the language to be learned by “comparing” their innate knowledge of Language with the structure of the particular language.
6-12 week: cooing
6 months: babbling
Linguistic Stages
8-9 months: intonation patterns
1-1.5 years: one-word stage
2 years: two-word stage
2.5 years: telegraphic stage 3,4—11 years fluent speech with errors 12 years: fluent speech
2.5 Acquisition of Pragmatics
(1) Children fail to establish the Referents for pronouns. E.g. He hit me. (2) Children have difficulty with the shifting reference of these pronouns. E.g. You want to take a walk.
Vygovtsky’s Views
Behaviorist B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) Nativist Noam Chomsky (1928-)
语言学Chapter 9
diameter: four syllables / two feet trimeter: tetrameter pentameter hexameter heptameter octameter
Stress Iamb: unstressed + stressed Trochee: stressed + unstressed Anapest: unstressed (2) + stressed Dactyl: stressed + unstressed (2) Spondee: stressed (2) Pyrrhic: unstressed (2)
Couplets Quatrains Blank verse
Exercise O! lest the world should task you to recite What merit lived in me, that you should love After my death,—dear love, forget me quite, For you in me can nothing worthy prove; Unless you would devise some virtuous lie, To do more for me than mine own desert, And hang more praise upon deceased I Than niggard truth would willingly impart: O! lest your true love may seem false in this, That you for love speak well of me untrue, My name be buried where my body is, And live no more to shame nor me nor you. For I am sham'd by that which I bring forth, And so should you, to love things nothing worth.
Chapter9章PPT课件
Chapter 9 Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching
3 Various linguistic views and their significance in language learning and teaching (P354-57)
You are suggested to read the relevant part in our textbook to get a clear idea that different fields of linguistic study do contribute the language learning and teaching.
Who should be the center in the teaching-learning process? How should the learner’s errors be treated? What techniques should be adopted in the classroom?
Chapter 9 Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching
5.2.1 Grammar and language learning (P368-70)
Whether and how to include grammar in second language instruction is one of the major controversial questions raised by second language acquisition researchers.
4.2 Major factors in syllabus design (P358)
Unit_9 Grammar_and_sentence_structure
Your sentence:
___________________________________________ Learning to use the computer is not as difficult as you think. ___________ ( think, learning to use the computer, not difficult )
NEXT
NEXT
1. Model sentence:
Have you wondered if it is necessary to let him know his health condition?
Text sentence: Have you wondered if it will ever be possible to play video __________________________________________________ games and receive e-mails without sitting at a keyboard? ______________________________________________ Your sentence: Have you wondered if it is possible to sit in a car driven __________________________________________________ by a robot? _____________ ( possible, robot, car, driven )
use such a device. ______________________________ Your sentence: He gave us an example showing how the new ____________________________________________ word is used in a sentence. ________________________________
英语修辞学第九章ppt课件
Ⅲ Syntactic Figures of Speech
1. 松散句 (loose sentence) 2. 圆周句(periodic sentence) 3. 对偶句(antithesis)
Extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice; moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue. 4. 排比句(parallelism)
16. 换称(antonomasia) (来源：宗教，古代及当代的历史和文学，借代中的专 有名词则无须具有类似的起源）
Solomon tor;
Uncle Tom
17. 通感(synaesthesia)
And like music on the waters
Page 10
采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配 置好PP管及配 件，用 管件在 管材垂 直角切 断管材 ，边剪 边旋转 ，以保 证切口 面的圆 度，保 持熔接 部位干 净无污 物
5. 反复( rhetorical repetition) Happy, happy pair None but the brave, None but the brave, None but the brave deserves the fair. (连续反复） Like draws like. （首尾反复） We eat to live, not live to eat.（逆转反复） For glances beget ogles, ogles sighs, sighs wishes, wishes
22. 轭式搭配(zeugma) He ate a bun and a glass of milk. At noon Mrs. Turpin would get out of bed and humor, put
1. 松散句 (loose sentence) 2. 圆周句(periodic sentence) 3. 对偶句(antithesis)
Extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice; moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue. 4. 排比句(parallelism)
16. 换称(antonomasia) (来源：宗教，古代及当代的历史和文学，借代中的专 有名词则无须具有类似的起源）
Solomon tor;
Uncle Tom
17. 通感(synaesthesia)
And like music on the waters
Page 10
采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配 置好PP管及配 件，用 管件在 管材垂 直角切 断管材 ，边剪 边旋转 ，以保 证切口 面的圆 度，保 持熔接 部位干 净无污 物
5. 反复( rhetorical repetition) Happy, happy pair None but the brave, None but the brave, None but the brave deserves the fair. (连续反复） Like draws like. （首尾反复） We eat to live, not live to eat.（逆转反复） For glances beget ogles, ogles sighs, sighs wishes, wishes
22. 轭式搭配(zeugma) He ate a bun and a glass of milk. At noon Mrs. Turpin would get out of bed and humor, put
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P92
Immediate Constituent Analysis
Designed to show how small constituents (or components) in sentences go together to form larger constituents
Immediate constituents analysis
istic Grammar
Involves the study and analysis of the structures ofound in a L, usu. With the aim of establishing a description of the grammar of ENG, for example
Phrases and Sentences: Grammar
Linguistic expressions as sequences of sounds represented phonetically
Linguistic expressions as sequence of morphemes
With these descriptions, we could characterize all the words of a language in terms of their phonetic and morphological make-up
Structural Analysis
Main concern is to investigate the distribution of forms (e.g. morphemes) in a L
Method involves “test-frames” which can be sentences with empty slots in them
Distinct from grammar of Russian or French or any other L
Occupies many linguists since the conern is with the nature of L
The Parts of Speech
Page 88
Mental Grammar
A form of internal linguistic knowledge which operates in the production and recognition of appropriately stuctured expressions in that language
The identification of the ‘proper’ or ‘best’ structures to be used in a L
Of interest to a sociologist, has to do with people’s social attitudes and values
Her
Father
brought
A shotgun to the wedding
Labeled and bracketed sentences
Put brackets around each constituents, and then more brackets around each combination of constituents.
Never begin a sentence with and.
The Prescriptive Approach
Mary runs faster than me. Who did you see? He is the one that I can not put up with.
Captain Kirk’s infinitive
Traditional Grammar Categories
Number Agreement Person Tense Voice Gender: natural gender vs grammatical
gender
Traditional Analysis
Page 90
The Prescriptive Approach
Page 94 We can also label each constituents
with grammatical terms Hierarchical organization:
sentence > noun phrase > noun
It is of most interest to a psychologist since it deals with what goes on in people’s mind
Subconscious, not the result of teaching
Linguitic Etiquette
The Descriptive Approach
Well-established grammatical description of Latin does not apply to all Ls
Analysts collect samples of the L they are interested in and attempt to describe the regular structures of the L as it is used, not according to some view of how it should be used
Page grammar as a set of rules for the ‘proper’ use of a L sis till to be found today
Rules: You must not split an infinitive. You must not end a sentence with a preposition.
Immediate Constituent Analysis
Designed to show how small constituents (or components) in sentences go together to form larger constituents
Immediate constituents analysis
istic Grammar
Involves the study and analysis of the structures ofound in a L, usu. With the aim of establishing a description of the grammar of ENG, for example
Phrases and Sentences: Grammar
Linguistic expressions as sequences of sounds represented phonetically
Linguistic expressions as sequence of morphemes
With these descriptions, we could characterize all the words of a language in terms of their phonetic and morphological make-up
Structural Analysis
Main concern is to investigate the distribution of forms (e.g. morphemes) in a L
Method involves “test-frames” which can be sentences with empty slots in them
Distinct from grammar of Russian or French or any other L
Occupies many linguists since the conern is with the nature of L
The Parts of Speech
Page 88
Mental Grammar
A form of internal linguistic knowledge which operates in the production and recognition of appropriately stuctured expressions in that language
The identification of the ‘proper’ or ‘best’ structures to be used in a L
Of interest to a sociologist, has to do with people’s social attitudes and values
Her
Father
brought
A shotgun to the wedding
Labeled and bracketed sentences
Put brackets around each constituents, and then more brackets around each combination of constituents.
Never begin a sentence with and.
The Prescriptive Approach
Mary runs faster than me. Who did you see? He is the one that I can not put up with.
Captain Kirk’s infinitive
Traditional Grammar Categories
Number Agreement Person Tense Voice Gender: natural gender vs grammatical
gender
Traditional Analysis
Page 90
The Prescriptive Approach
Page 94 We can also label each constituents
with grammatical terms Hierarchical organization:
sentence > noun phrase > noun
It is of most interest to a psychologist since it deals with what goes on in people’s mind
Subconscious, not the result of teaching
Linguitic Etiquette
The Descriptive Approach
Well-established grammatical description of Latin does not apply to all Ls
Analysts collect samples of the L they are interested in and attempt to describe the regular structures of the L as it is used, not according to some view of how it should be used
Page grammar as a set of rules for the ‘proper’ use of a L sis till to be found today
Rules: You must not split an infinitive. You must not end a sentence with a preposition.