西安电子科技大学研究生专业英语阅读2009参考答案
西安电子科技大学专业英语阅读试卷
1这个设备消耗(consume)的能量比那个少得多。
（使用“设备”做主语的主谓宾结构）This device consumes much less energy than that one.2这条曲线画出了该电路的电流随外加电压的变化情况。
（名词短语）The curve draws the variation of the current in the circuit with the applied voltage.3空气吸收水蒸气(water vapor)的能力随空气温度的上升而提高。
（不定式）The ability of air to absorb water vapor enhances with the rise of air temperature.4本文介绍了一种新的测温方法，重点放在其基本原理上。
（with结构）This paper introduces a new method of measuring temperature, w ith emphasis on its basic principle.5频率被定义为某事发生的速率。
（定语从句）By frequency is meant the rate that something happens.6物体越热，其辐射(radiate) 的能量就越多，这一理论极为重要。
（同位语从句）The hotter the object, the more energy it radiates, an important theory.7英特网( Internet) 被叫做“一切网络之母”，它是连接200多个国家的一个国际网。
（分词短语）Called "the mother of all networks", the Internet is an international network connecting to more than 200 countries.8 在使用这个公式时，把哪一个平面(plane)看成1是没有关系的。
西安电子科技大学09年专业英语阅读考题
西安电子科技大学研究生课程考试试题考试科目: 研究生专业英语阅读课程代码：0821004考试日期：09 年月日考试时间：120 分钟答案请写在答题纸上。
Part one: Sentence Translation from Chinese to English (30%)1.这种现象称为收敛(convergence)，对它的研究构成了现代分析中重要的一章。
2.This phenomen is known as convergence,and its study form animportant chapter in modern analysis.3.二十世纪外太空探索的成就之一是人们意识到了外太空可能存在生命。
4.One of the achievement in outer space exploration in 20th century wasthe awareness that there may be exit life in outer space.5.尽管(as)没有经验，他却能设计出这样一个如此复杂的电路。
6.Inexperience as he is,he can design such a complex circuit.7.弹性(elasticity)被定义为一物体形变(deform)后恢复其原状的趋势(tendency)。
8.Elasticity is defined as the tendency of a body to return its originalstate after being deformed;9.由于计算机运算准确，速度高，它能够为人们节省很多时间和精力。
10.Accuracy in operation and high in speed ,computer can save people alot of time and energy;11.在这种情况下并不能保证(assurance / guarantee)该电路就调谐于(be tuned to)那个频率上。
西安电子科技大学研究生【专业英语】(科技英语)教材参考答案
V、练习参考答案练习1I、1、the（各项均为负。
)2、the; a （功率额定值是电阻器不会引起温度太大的上升而能安全地耗散的最大功率。
）3、an（这是均方根值伏特计。
）4、The; a（该设备的成功设计需要详细地了解性能指标。
）5、the; a; a（在氢原子的布尔模型中，一个电子绕一个质子以半径为R的圆周运转。
）6、the（电阻的单位是欧姆。
）7、an （这是一个h参数。
）8、/; /（图5－1画出了Oersted的实验。
）9、A; a; a（机器是能够传递力来完成某一确定目的的一种设备。
）10、/（水压机将在第14章加以考虑。
）11、the; the [/]（我们容易确定参数μ的值。
）12、/; the（根据式（2－1），我们得到以下的关系式。
）13、the; /（作者工作在位于阿林顿的得克萨斯大学。
）14、an（甚至当积分区间并不是无穷时，能够恰当地显示一个时函数的傅氏变换的仪器是多么重要啊！）II、1.Dr. Emmet graduated from Harvard University in 2001.2.Professor Li earned his Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering Xi’an University ofTechnology in 1988.3.Now we shall turn to the discussion of local area networks.4.5.或is its mass per unit volume.6.An increase in pressure always causes a decrease in volume.7.Fig. (2-5) shows what is expressed by Eq. (2-2).8.III、1.2.Finally, a broad stepped impedance transformer is designed by this method.3.4.5.练习21. This circuit consists of a battery, an inductor and a capacitor.2. Compute the electric fields at points a, b, and c.3. This satellite is used for communications between the United States and Great Britain, France and Italy.5. Chapters 6, 7, and 8 deal with transmission lines.II、1. Its error is six parts in 1012.2. This computer stores four times more information than that one (does).3. The demand for this kind of equipment in the near future will be 20 times what it is.4. The voltage across this component is a few tenths of a volt.5. Now its internal pressure is one third what it was.III、2. Unless otherwise stated, it is assumed that silicon transistors are used I CBO can be neglected.4. Figs. 1, 2, and 3 show this process in detail.练习3I、1. This new type of computer has many advantages over the general type.2. It is not difficult to solve this differential equation for the unknown quantity.3. Of these five new chapters, the first one deals with the basic principles of negative feedback.4. At this point/time, current differs in phase from voltage by 90o.5. By analyzing [By the analysis of] the parameters of the instrument, we can understand its performance.6. We will find out its average velocity over this distance.7. The science of electronics is too important in the world today.8. They solved this problem with great difficulty.II、1. For x＞1, there is no solution to this equation [this equation has no solution].2. Upon [On] substituting [substitution of] these values into [in] theequation, we obtained the following expression..3. This circuit is similar in operation to that of Fig. 1-10.4. This computer is very good in performance.5. These waves travel only in one direction.th of October.4. V6. Unless otherwise stated, it is assumed that silicon transistors are used I CBO can be neglected.7.练习4I、1. The force acts perpendicular to the surface of the table.2. The three coefficients here remains to be determined.3. The two equations below will be often (frequently) used in later chapters/in the chapters which follow.4. Here we use two metal balls 10 cm apart.5. The output remains/stays constant/unchanged/fixed/unaltered/the same.6. All the textbooks available discuss this problem.7. Accurate in operation and high in speed, computers have found wide applications.8. The answer to this problem looks correct.9. Two parallel wires a distance (of)δapart carry the current i.10. The problem now is how to measure the voltage across this component.11. These data will be sent to the computing center 2 kilometers away.12. Upon rearranging the equation above, we have [get, obtain] the following expression.13. These charges can interact with other charges present.14. Forces can be transmitted without contact, contrary to the common belief.15. This coefficient is typically 0.35.II、1. In this case, the input does not fall; nor [neither] does the output. […; the output does not fall, either.]but also on the size and temperature of the conductor.练习5I、k has the same unit as work (does).II、electrical engineering.III、R o.6. We must take the effect of temperature on [upon] semiconductors intoaccount.7. In this case, the variation of output with input is very small.8. This curve shows the dependence of distance on/upon speed.IV、练习6I、1. This image, it will be noticed, is a real image.2. This technical problem, we hope, will be solved soon.3. 210 is approximately 1000, a fact that we think is very useful in the study of digital electronics.4. A resistor of say 100 ohms should be used here.II、radars.III、1. In Section 1-2, the concept of force was introduced.2. As early as the 1940s, it was found that semiconductors are very useful.3. This result can also be arrived at in another way.4. At that time no use was made of this phenomenon/…, thisphenomenon was made no use of.5. This point will be dealt with in the next section.IV、1. This computer works than that one (does)/This computer is much better in performance than that one (is)..4. The greater the resistance, the longer time it takes for the capacitor to reach its maximum voltage/…, the longer time is required for the capacitor to reach its maximum voltage.)5. The current as small as 0.1 A cannot produce enough heat.V、或：We can determine the weight of the body easily.6. The results obtained values. […are in agreement with the experimental values.]练习7I、1. It will take a few months to design this kind of aircraft with the help of a computer.2. It is left as a problem to [for] the reader to show that this expression holds.3. The program to be executed is stored in this unit.4. This valley acts as the foundation on which to build the dam.5. In this laboratory there are many kinds of instrument for students to choose from.6. Let t0 equal/be equal to zero.7. The farther away the target (is), the longer time it takes for the echo to return.8. For the series to converge, x must be less than 1.9. We find this concept very difficult to understand.10. This method makes it much easier to detect targets.11. This factor will affect the ability of a computer to store information.12. We have to find out how large to make r so as for the series to converge.13. This is a pen to draw pictures with.14. Elasticity is the tendency of a body to return to its original condition after being deformed.15. Ordinary matter is said to be electrically neutral.16.This property makes it possible for metals to be made into any shape.17. This table is unfit for a student to do experiments on.18. Now we consider what path of integration to take.II、of impurities to练习8I、1. The amplifier amplifies the received signals.2. Moving molecules have kinetic energy.3. Speed equals distance divided by time.4. V oltage equals/is equal to current multiplied by resistance.5. The resistance of air increases with the increased/increasing/an increase in speed.8. This book, properly used, will be of great help to the reader.9. Flowing through a circuit, the current will lose part of its energy.10. Given/Knowing time and speed, we/one can find out distance.11. Having studied this chapter, the student will understand/will have understood the principle of a computer.12. The speed of light being extremely great, we cannot measure it by ordinary methods.13. Several comsats were launched, all of them (being) high-altitude satellites.14. Called “the mother of all networks,” the Internet is a widely used international network.15. This force can be resolved into two components, one (being) horizontal and the other vertical.II、1.Let us construct/draw a circle with the origin as the center and ofradius R.2.This parameter should be measured with E grounded.3. With no resistance in the circuit, the current will increase indefinitely.4. With this in view, we have written this book.5. This paper introduces a new design method/technique, with emphasis on its principle.III、1.Let us consider designing a computer.2.We refer to these components as being passive.3.This involves taking the Fourier transform.4.On/Upon rearranging the above equations, we obtain the following setof equations.5.In using this equation, it does not matter which plane is considered asIV、1.2.3.4.5.练习9I、1. The problem was not solved until a completely different method was introduced.2. Nearly 100 years passed before the existence/presence of subatomic particles was confirmed by experiment/experimentally.3. The year this device was invented, World War II broke out.4. Small as they are, atoms are made up of still smaller particles.II、1. The relation that voltage is the product of current and resistance applies to all the dc circuits.2. The discovery that magnetism can produce current is extremely important in the field of electricity.3. An equation is an algebraic statement that two algebraic expressions are equal.4. There is evidence that no life exists on the moon.5. The question now arises whether the algorithm is of practical use.6. In this case there is no guarantee that the series is convergent.7. There is a growing/increasing awareness that these techniques/methods are very useful.8. One of/Among the most noteworthy achievements at that time was the realization that light consists of electromagnetic waves.10. Besides/In addition that the properties of the material should be included in the analytical model, we must take other factors into account.III、1.These features make it difficult for electronic counter-measure systemsto intercept, analyze and jam this kind of signals.2. The existence of and the ability to control these phenomena make those devices possible.3. The variation of/in the number of the filter’s teeth has a greater effect on the performance of its passband than the variation of/in its dimensions.4. Scalar detection will result in the loss of some phase information.5. Fig. 6 shows the schematic diagram of measuring scatter parameters by the natural parameter transformation method.练习10I、1. Now it remains to be determined when the series converges.2. It is clear from Dubamel’s Theorem that this limit exists.3. It follows from Maxwell’s hypothesis that whenever there is a change in an electric field, a magnetic field is produced.4. It does not matter whether the magnet is moved in this case.5. Temperature determines in what direction the transfer of heat will take place.6. It is now a well-known fact that all matter consists of tiny particles.II、1. What a generator does is (to) change mechanical energy into electrical energy.2. What this chapter describes/What is described in this chapter is of great importance.3. Matter is what can occupy space.6. Magnitude, direction, and place of application are what we call the three elements of a force.7. These numbers constitute what is known as the real number system.8. In what follows, we shall acquaint ourselves with some basic concepts.III、1. An x-band wave-guide test system is shown in Fig.7. [或：Fig. 7 shows …].2. This method lowers the requirement for the hardware of a samplenetwork.3. On the basis of the above analysis of the decomposition of the polynomial, a novel configuration results. [或：The above analysis of the decomposition of the polynomial results in a novel configuration.]4. Finally, an analysis of packet loss probability is made by computer simulation.5. The sparse ratio of the resulting impedance matrix is as high as 40%.练习11I、1. The meter (that/which) we use to measure the voltage across a resistor is called a voltmeter.2. Computers are the most efficient assistants (that) man has ever had.3. Now this disease is no longer the serious problem (that) it once was.4. Radar can measure the time (that) it takes for the radio echo to return.5. We must calculate the distance (that/through which) the body is lifted.6. The direction (that/in which) a body moves is also very important.7. The number of times (that/by which) this particle vibrates per/a second is called/termed/named/known as/spoken of as/referred to as frequency.8. We equate these two ratios, from which the simplest formula follows/results.9. It is necessary to determine the time when/that/at which the y-component has decreased to zero.10.. The curve the y-coordinate of each point on which is zero is just the x-axis.II、1. The point at which the circle cuts the axis of reals is where α= ω.2. The force of gravity means the force with which the earth attracts a body.3. The surface of a picture tube upon which the electrons produce the picture is called the screen.4. The author would like to express thanks to the editors of the series of which this book is a part/to which this book belongs.5. This is a parallelogram of which the two given vectors are/form sides.6. The pressure is equal to the total force divided by the area over which it is exerted.7. The two elements of which water consists are hydrogen and oxygen.8. This depends on the efficiency with which electrons are produced.III、1. As the title indicates, this chapter will discuss nonlinear equations.2. As the name shows, a fluid is a substance which flows readily.3. This single force produces the same effect as is produced by those forces together.4. Now we are able to solve such differential equations as occur in physics.5. This function can be accomplished by using the full adder as was described in the previous section.6. These concepts enable us to understand a wide range of phenomena in electrostatics, or “static electricity,” as it is called.7. This current is, as predicted, very small,8. First let us consider the simplest circuit as shown on page 2.IV、1. This is a slightly higher value than we predicted.2. This reactor can produce more fuel than it consumes.3. Let us consider the case when the torque is zero.4. We must determine the values of currents and voltages after the switch closes.5. During the ten years since this book was first published, significant changes have taken place/have been seen in metal-making.V、of voice service.2. This paper presents a an 8098 microcontroller to series-communicate with a 386 personal computer.analysis is made of the effect of equalization parameters on equalization performance.]4. Each receiver channel in Fig. 1 contains an RF a an IF amplifier, an A/Detc.”的黑点重合在一起了）5. The larger the abnormal extent (is), the larger is the residual mismatch, with the curve going up.练习12I、1. be grounded;2. be carried;3. be raised;4. be;5. not try;6. be; be satisfied;7. be;8. be; was; have;10. were concentrated; 11. had been; 12. were moving; 13. is going to rain; 14. be; 15. leakII、1. Should anything abnormal happen, switch/turn off the power supply at once/immediately.2. Had electronic computers not been used, it would have taken them a long time to solve this problem.3. It is very important that all solutions (should) be checked in the original equation.6. We could also have used Theorem (6) to derive the result.7. The requirement that energy (should) be conserved must be satisfied.8. Everything here, be it a component or a device, is home-made.III、1. It was this scientist who/that discovered this phenomenon a century ago.medium.4. It is not clear yet under what conditions it is that this formula can be used.5. This property we call inertia.IV、1. The author is engaged in the teachingand recognition.2. Let P and Q be two Boolean permutations of the same order, and then their composition is a new Boolean permutation.3. Three algorithms are presented, which can remarkably reduce the time to raise the pen, thus raising the drawing efficiency.4. What this paper describes is of great interest to communications engineers.5. The minimum entropy technique for estimating the Doppler frequency rate is presented, which has the advantages over the classical techniques of high accuracy and a small amount of computation.练习13II、1. By electromagnetic force is meant the potential difference across the battery when there is no flow of current.2. In the table below/which follows are listed various parameters of familiar computers.3. An element cannot be decomposed, nor can it be broken up by chemical methods.4. Only when x = 8, does this equation hold/apply.5. Of particular importance/Especially important are the two concepts which follow.6. Such a set we call the mathematical system.7. Rarely does one know this function with precision.8. This interrelationship between electric and magnetic fields makes possible such things as the electromagnet and the electric motor.9. Not until 1818 was the diffraction of light interpreted/explained.10. By no means do electrons move from the positive terminal to the negative terminal in a wire.II、1. The effect of air resistance is discussed in Chapter 15, and the decrease in acceleration with altitude in Chapter 17.2. It is necessary to determine the charge on and the voltage across this capacitor.3. In this case, no standard is needed, but only a numerical convention.4. This voltage is greater than or equal to 0.4 volts.5. The cathode, when heated, emits electrons.6. Every body, whether accelerated or not, is considered (to be) in equilibrium.7. If necessary, the wire will be covered with some insulation.8. The transistor has its materials arranged p-n-p, hence the name pnp transistor.III、1. An initial analysis is made of the performance of the device.2. The magnetic field is the space around a magnet occupied by the magnetic lines of force.3. This leads to the battery voltage in the model of 500 mV.4. This graph shows the variation with frequency of the resistance of the resistor.5. This is responsible for the direct return to the atmosphere of more than half the water that falls on the land.6. The question now arises how these unknowns can be determined.7. It is necessary to determine the effect on the device of changing the ambient temperature.8. The assumption has been made that the pressure always remains constant during the test.IV、1. The simulation results show that both the schemes are easy to implement.2. The model and algorithm proposed in this paper are to a certain degree/extent superior in performance to the conventional BP algorithm.3. A new technique for estimating the frequency deviation is proposed which gives a high accuracy and requires a small amount of computation.4. Improvement of the accuracy of range alignment in ISAR imaging (by) using the super resolution technique5. Research on and the realization of DTMF in a Cipher Coder6. Analysis of the ability of a quartz flexibility accelerometer to resist bad environment练习14I、1.then; Next2.while3.of course4.However5.In general; while6.Hence7.In fact8.For instance9.but; However; namely [that is]10.InsteadII、It has been observed that bodies do not change their state of rest or motion until some other body forces them to do it. It is known form experiment that a body at rest tends to stay at rest unless a force is applied to make it move. A book lying on a table stays there unless a force is applied to move it. It is also known that any body, once (it is) in motion, will continue to move because of its inertia. To stop it a force must be applied by any other body.III、1. An analysis of the EMI spectrum at the input of the SMPS and its suppression2. Also, a quantitative expression for the effect of all these factors on the performance of the system3. This device can detect whether an IC functions properly or not/can detect the quality of an IC and4. In this way, the area of an antenna site may be reduced to one-third that of the conventional one.5. H and H’练习15I、Semiconductors are a substance whose conductivity lies/comes/is between that of conductors and that of non-conductors. Common examples are silicon and germanium./Silicon and germanium are intheir conductivity. Therefore/Thus/So/As a result, semiconductors are widely used for automaticallyII、ξ1 andη3.3. The features of this new algorithm are simplicity and objectivity.4. It deserves to be further studied which nonlinear function should be selected.5. The test of the system was conducted at a factory in Hong Kong with satisfactory results.练习16I、1．This paper presents a new temperature-measuring method, with emphasis on its basic principles.2. This point remains to be further studied.3. In the previous section, we dealt with the composition of a computer.4. It follows from this experiment that volume is inversely proportional to pressure.5. This statement has been verified.II、1. This new method has many advantages over those available/over the existing ones.2. The variation of pressure with temperature is obvious.3. We can determine the response of the device to frequency.4. This paper deals with the effect/influence/impact of EM waves on/upon human bodies.5. This paper presents initial researches on fluids.III、1. Two other parameters are also very important.2. This section introduces four additional/added kinds of instrument.3. A robot is a special kind of electronic device.4. We shall adopt a new set of parameters here.5. This technology has reached the advanced world level.6. Major theoretical developments in the 20th century are presented in this paper.IV、1. This cable has an approximate length of 20 meters/a length of approximately 20 meters.2. These pipes have an average length of slightly/a little/a bit under/less than 5 meters.3. Light has a speed through water of 224 million meters per second.4. Any other sea does not have as high a salt content as the Dead Sea (does).5. This force has a torque arm of zero.6. These forms have the advantage that it is easy to see how the results are affected by changing the angles.V、1. some distilled water2. the unknown substances3. man-made satellites4. amplitude-modulated signals5. chromium-plated steel6. the new racing cars7. freely falling bodies8. blue-lined paper9. an acute-angled triangle10. a wide-toothed sawVI、1. This method requires a much smaller amount of computation than that one (does).2. This device consumes much less energy that that one (does).3. We should use as simple a structure as possible.4. We have obtained satisfactory/satisfying results.5. Body A possesses more potential energy than body B.6. This fluorescent screen displays clearer pictures than that one.VII、1. …… because of fairly low conductivity of the skin.2. At temperatures greater than 80o C, …….3. At/For/With constant pressure, …….4. At/On/After the completion of all tests on the unit, …….5. For/With small values of ω, ……VIII、1. Operation beyond this hyperbola will result in diode power dissipation in excess of its maximum rating of 1W.2. Inclusion of the meter circuit in the feedback path minimizes the effects of diode nonlinearities on circuit performance.3. Differentiation of this equation gives the following expression.4. A temperature rise of 50o C/A rise in/of temperature by 50o C would damage the device.5. The large size of the resistor makes it possible to neglect it.6. Limited space allows only a brief discussion of quartz-crystal technology.IX、1. This fraction is rationalized by multiplying the numerator and denominator by the complex conjugate.2. The addition of two complex numbers is accomplished by separately adding the real and imaginary parts.3. The/Its solution is accomplished by first finding out I1.4. These three parameters are related by the following equation.5. V is related to t by Eq. (1–1).X、This paper presents a new design method, with emphasis on the guidelines of thought for its derivation. It has many advantages over those available [the existing ones]. Finally [Lastly], Its application is illustrated with an example.XI、1. Fig. 3 shows a transmission line with a length of I and a characteristic impedance of 500 Ω.2. Although there are many ways to produce random numbers, the procedure for producing them is quite complicated.3. As is known, when one reads a Chinese character, he or she does not consider every detail in it.4. The Hash algorithm is a scheme by which data of any length can be compressed into data of a fixed length.5. The number of times this value occurs in the observations is given in the first column.练习17I、1. （略）2. David J. Minot attended the University of California, Berkeley, CA. from 1994 – 1998. He earned the BS degree in botany there in 1998, and the M. Eng. Degree in electrical engineering from the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada in 2000. Since 2004 he has been working towards the Ph.D. degree in computer science at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.In 1998 he served as a teaching assistant at the University of California. From 2000 to 2001 he was with the Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania. His research interests concentrate on the development of software.II、This device can identify whether an IC functions properly or not and it can determine the type of an unknown chip. It can test as many as more than 700 kinds of IC. It is characterized by easy operation, high testing speed and great portability. Its price is only about one-third that of the imported product of its kind/the same kind.III、1. It is important how the transmitting antenna pattern is determined./What is important is how to determine the transmitting antenna pattern.2. δandδe can be obtained from Eqs. (3) and (4).3. There are two factors controlling the diffusive signal process: (1) the diffusive signal, which can bea brightness signal or a motion-matching signal; (2) the position of the diffusive signal, which determines where the diffusive process starts.4. The following concept is one of the basic principles on which the neural system is based.5. A method to increase the accuracy of range alignment by applying the forward-backward linear prediction is presented.练习18I、1. Frequency is defined as the rate at which something occurs./By frequency is meant the rate at which something happens.2. A thermometer is an instrument for measuring temperature.3. Elasticity is defined as the tendency of an object to return to its original state after being deformed./By elasticity is meant the tendency ….4. An isosceles triangle is a triangle/one having two equal sides/having two sides equal in length/with two sides equal in length.5. An electron is a particle with a mass of 9.107×10– 18 gram.II、The wavelet theory has so unique an advantage that it has found wide applications in many fields of engineering. Since this is the development and improvement of the Fourier analysis, it can, in principle, be used [A development and improvement of the Fourier analysis, this theory can, in principle, be used] where the traditional Fourier analysis is applicable. What is more, better results may be obtained on account of the fact that this theory overcomes the shortcomings of the Fourier analysis.III、1. This method imposes few limitations on the kinds of engineering drawings.2. Because of the great difference in characteristic between these symbols, they are processed in different ways.3. For these reasons, it is desirable for a computer to separate the text from the image.4. These variations are so small that they can be neglected/so small as to be neglected.。
电子科技大学中山学院化生系专业英语
一、A rgument1.meat is high in iron. On the basis of the study and the well-established link2.“Our school cafeteria should make changes in the lunches that it serves in orderto improve the health of our students. Several teachers and I have observed thatstudents who eat these meals tend to eat the main course and the dessert, butseldom finish the vegetable portion. This pattern means that students aremissing the vital nutritional benefits of fruits and vegetables, which are typicallyrich in vitamins and minerals. Therefore, the school cafeteria should serve largerfruit and vegetable portions along with smaller main course and dessert portions.This change will be effective because, according to research conducted at the3.“The decline in the numbers of amphibians(两栖爬行动物) worldwide clearlyindicates the global pollution of water and air. Two studies of amphibians inYosemite National Park in California confirm my conclusion. In 1915 there sevenspecies of amphibians in the park, and there were abundant numbers of eachspecies. However, in 1992 there were only four species of amphibians observedin the park, and the numbers of each species were drastically reduced. Thedecline in Yosemite has been blamed on the introduction of trout（鳟鱼）intothe park’s waters, which began in 1920 (trout are known to eat amphibian eggs).4.2,000 people who had had a heart attack revealed that 158 of them said theyhad eaten a heavy meal within 24 hours before their heart attack, and 25 ofthem said they had eaten a heavy meal within 2 hours before their heart attack.Eating and digesting food release hormones into the bloodstream and temporarily increases heart rate and blood pressure slightly. Both of these things5.suffer 9 times more chronic fatigue and 31 times more chronic depression thando people living on the continent of Asia. Interestingly, Asians, on average, eat 20grams of soy per day, whereas North Americans eat virtually none. It turns out6.“The proportion of children in the United States who are overweight is greater now than ever before. Obesity rates among children have been increasing since the 1970’s, suburbs are typically driven everywhere. Thus the increase in childhood obesity is probably due mainly to the suburbanization of America and the associated decrease7. The following appeared in a health magazine.8. 9. should be very profitable. Many analysts believe that in ten years Phamaceuticals, which makes Xenon, the best-selling drug treatment forprofitable pharmaceutical company will be Perkins new drug called Xylan, which clinical studies show is proferred over Xenon by10.and incentives and reduce the number of hours they must work.12.solve.13.1、2、参加Easy Read course14.exercise? Of those who responded1、2、二、S 1.Simple Chemical Transformation of Lignocellulosic Biomass into Furans for Fuels and Joseph B. Binder† and Ronald T. Raines*,†,‡Abstract: Lignocellulosic biomass is a plentiful and renewable resource for fuels and chemicals. Despite this potential, nearly all renewable fuels and chemicals are now produced from edible resources, such as starch, sugars, and oils; the challenges imposed by notoriously recalcitrant and heterogeneous lignocellulosic feedstocks have made their production from nonfood biomass inefficient and uneconomical. 2，5-二甲基呋喃羟甲基糠醛批注 [刘文利3]: 木质纤维批注 [刘文利4]: 顽固的批注 [刘文利5]: 不同种类的批注 [刘文利6]: 饲料3.protease-resistant PrP, and the capability of serially transmitting the disease; these findings confirmed that the mice succumbed to prion disease. Thus, as postulated by the prion hypothesis, the infectivity in mammalian prion disease results from an altered conformation of PrP.4.An abstract often consists of five parts:1. why the experiment was conducted2. the problem being addressed;3. what methods were used to solve the problem;4. the major results obtained5. and the overall conclusions from the experiment5. A friend knows you are studying molecule biology and therefore an expert on cloning,so he asks you to clone a cat for him. He suggests several cell types from which you could take the nucleus for the experiment. Match the cell types with your reactionsii) “Okay. Not a bad place to start.” _____________iii) “Terrific! That will maximize our chance of success!” _____________iv) “Are you kidding? I couldn’t even do the experiment with that.” _____________ v) “Hm…. I can try, but we’ll probably end up with one sick cat.” _____________b) What will you transfer the nucleus into?c) What are the two key characteristics of a stem cell? 1) 2)d) Which cells in the diagram below are stem cells? ________________e) Which cell in the diagram above would you most want to use to obtain a nucleus for the cloning experiment above? Explain briefly.f) What is the difference between embryonic stem cells and stem cells from adults? Reference Answersi) “Forget it. I could do the transfer but we’d never get a viable clone.”________C___ haploid.ii) “Okay. Not a bad place to start.” ________D_____iii) “Terrific! That will maximize our chance of success!” _______A______iv) “Are you kidding? I couldn’t even do the experiment with that.” _____E________ No nucleus.v) “Hm…. I can try, but we’ll probably end up with one sick cat.”_______B______Missing Variability of antibody types.b) What will you transfer the nucleus into? enucleated eggc) What are the two key characteristics of a stem cell?1) Self-renewing.2) Can differentiate into other cell types.d) Which cells in the diagram below are stem cells? __________A, D_______e) Which cell in the diagram above would you most want to use to obtain a nucleus for the cloning experiment above? Explain briefly. A-most pluripotientf) What is the difference between embryonic stem cells and stem cells from adults? Embryonic stem cells are more pluripotent.三、V ocabularay1.Then why call him God?”----------------------Epicurus(Greek Greek philosopher, BC 341-270) 1.actin肌动蛋白basal body 基体cilia 纤毛flagella 鞭毛microfilament 微丝microtubule 微管myosin 肌球蛋白2.3.4.填图ⅠⅡ123 45 6781 64 2(2) (4)单词解释: Autoinductioninitiation codonside reaction四、T ranslation1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.elements produced by monopolized patents with prosperous marketing.新开发（develope）的系列(series)产品包括有药品、滋补保健品（nourishing health food）、饮料（beverage）和化妆品（cosmetic）等，含有根据独占（monopolize）专利（patent）生产的高效成份（effective elements），市场前景十分乐观。
西安电子科技大学非英语专业硕士研究生英语教学改革规定
西安电子科技大学非英语专业硕士研究生英语教学改革规定（2009年5月修订）为了保证和提高硕士研究生英语教学质量，针对入学硕士研究生英语水平参差不齐的情况，贯彻分类培养的原则，学校对硕士研究生的英语教学进行改革。
具体实施办法如下：一、指导思想硕士研究生英语基础课程（0821001）贯彻分类培养的原则，实行目标考核。
二、具体办法硕士研究生入学后一周内，根据入学英语考试成绩，且国家英语六级成绩合格（五年内有效），可申请免修基础英语课程（0821001）。
免修条件如下：1．推荐免试入学的硕士研究生申请免修基础英语课程须满足：国家英语六级成绩合格。
2．参加全国统一考试被录取的硕士研究生申请免修基础英语课程须满足：⑴入学英语（考试科目代码201）成绩在被录取考生的前25%（具体分值入学前研究生院网站公布）；⑵国家英语六级成绩合格。
凡符合免修基础英语课程条件的硕士研究生新生，入学报到后持《硕士研究生英语基础课程免修申请表》（研究生院网站下载）和英语六级成绩单原件到各学院研究生管理办公室登记。
学院负责审核、汇总，第二周星期五前报研究生院培养办公室。
不符合免修条件或未申请的硕士研究生修完第一学期英语基础Ⅰ课程后，参加期末的英语基础Ⅰ课程考试，成绩达到70分（含70分）者免修英语基础Ⅱ课程但须参加陕西省非英语专业硕士生英语水平统一测试；未达到70分者继续修完英语基础Ⅱ课程，参加第二学期期末的英语基础Ⅱ课程考试。
三、适用学生范围英语教学改革适用学生范围：全国统招硕士研究生。
四、硕士研究生学位英语学分硕士研究生学位英语包括英语基础、听力和口语课程，英语听力和口语课程一般不得免修。
所有课程考核全部通过后方可取得学位英语学分。
五、硕士研究生学位英语课程成绩1．免修英语基础Ⅰ、Ⅱ课程的硕士研究生，英语基础Ⅰ、Ⅱ课程成绩登记为80分，学位英语成绩登记为“免修”，但学位英语成绩不计入学位平均成绩。
2．第一学期英语基础Ⅰ课程考试70分（含70分）以上免修英语基础Ⅱ课程的硕士研究生，英语基础Ⅱ课程成绩登记为80分，学位英语成绩由英语基础Ⅰ课程成绩和陕西省非英语专业硕士生外国语水平统一测试成绩构成（各占50％），总成绩为最终学位英语成绩；3．学完英语基础Ⅰ、Ⅱ课程（都必须通过）的硕士生学位英语成绩由英语基础Ⅰ、Ⅱ课程成绩构成（各占50％），总成绩为最终学位英语成绩。
电气专业英语
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Exercises
请做课后练习
练习参考答案请参阅本书附录1
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Notes
[3] Circuit diagrams had to be designed, electrical components specified and installed, and wiring lists created. 本句是英语常见的动词省略现象。本句的前半句谓语是 完整的：had to be designed。后面两个部分，分别以 electrical components以及wiring lists做主语，谓语部分的 had to be被省略。这句话补充完整应该是Circuit diagrams had be to designed, electrical components had to be specified and installed, and wiring lists had to be created.
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New Words And Phrases
brick [brik] n. 砖, 砖块, 砖形物(如茶砖,冰砖等) I/O point 输入/输出点 depend on 依靠, 依赖 counting [5kauntiN] 计数器 timing [5taimiN] 计时器，定时器 data comparison 数据比较器 PG 编程器（编程设备） STEP 7 一种PLC编程语言 protocol [5prEutEkCl] n. 协议 baud rate [5bC:d reit] n.波特率
大学生英语作文中粘连句和不完整句的分析与对策
大学生英语作文中粘连句和不完整句的分析与对策黄中山【摘要】以107名非英语专业本科生第一学期英语期末考试作文为语料,运用错误分析法对作文中出现的粘连句和不完整句进行统计和分析.数据显示,在这些学生的英语作文中,粘连句和不完整句分别占到所造句子总数的12.62%和7.17%,直接影响到意义的表达和文章的可读性.在粘连句中,以逗号误接句为主;在不完整句中,则以从属词不完整句为主.句子分析表明,大学生英语作文中出现的粘连句和不完整句与学生在写作过程中运用汉语思维和对英语基本句型不了解有因果关系.【期刊名称】《右江民族医学院学报》【年(卷),期】2014(036)001【总页数】3页(P137-139)【关键词】大学生;英语作文;错误分析法;粘连句;不完整句【作者】黄中山【作者单位】右江民族医学院,广西,百色,533000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】G642在最近几年的大学英语四级考试中，部分地区学生的作文平均得分只有4～6分（总分15分），写作能力整体低下［1］。
为了找到问题的根源，很多教师和研究人员从不同角度对此进行了分析和研究。
有人从母语写作能力入手，认为母语写作能力不强是造成大学生英语写作能力低下的根本原因，如马文惠等［2］和王立非［3］。
也有人从大学生的英语遣词造句着手，分析学生的遣词造句能力对英语写作能力的影响，如勒丹宁［4］、王海涛［5］、崔妍［6］和闫宝华［7］。
其中崔妍对蒙古族非英语专业大学生的英语作文进行了分析，发现蒙古语和汉语都对蒙古族学生的英语写作构成干扰，而这些干扰主要表现在句法方面。
笔者运用错误分析理论（error analysis）对部分大学生英语作文中常见的两种错误句型，即粘连句和不完整句，进行分析，解释大学生出现这些错误的原因，并试图找到帮助这些学生提高英语写作能力的方法。
1 对象与方法1.1 研究对象本次研究随意抽取右江民族医学院非英语专业大一年级的两个自然班为研究对象，对两个班第一学期的期末考试英语写作部分进行分析。
西安电子科技大学研究生专业英语文献翻译大作业样例
A Simple Circular-to-Rectangular Waveguide TransitionEric L. Holzman, Senior Member, IEEEAbstract —We describe a novel one-step 11T E -mode circular waveguide to 10T E -mode rectangular waveguide transition. The primary advantage of this device over existing transitions is its ease of fabrication. We have incorporated our transition into a number of waveguide components operating at V-band. The transition’s measured return loss exceeds 15 dB over a 12% bandwidth c entered near 60 GHz.Index Terms —Circular waveguides, rectangular waveguides, waveguide junctions, waveguide transitions, waveguides.Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION①TRANSITIONS between metal electromagnetic waveguides of different cross sections are probably nearly as old as waveguides themselves. ②In particular, horn and reflector antennas often use circular waveguide feeds but require more standard rectangular waveguide for connection to the rest of the microwave system. ③A variety of methods exist for transforming between a circular waveguide propagating the 11T E mode and a rectangular waveguide propagating the mode. A gradualtransition, in which the rectangular cross section is transformed continuously over the length of the transition into a circular cross section, provides very low insertion loss and high return loss over a broad bandwidth, but is relatively long. ④The bandwidth of a stepped transition, in which the rectangular waveguide is matched to the circular waveguide via one or more intermediate structures of constant cross section, increases with the number of steps [1]–[5]. We also can butt the rectangular and circularwaveguides directly together with an iris at the junction for matching [6]. ⑤All these structures require a significant amount of precision machining, especially in the millimeter-wave bands, where the waveguide dimensions are small.We describe a simple, easy-to-implement, one-step transition for dominant mode circular to rectangular waveguide. ⑥The transition requires a single machining operation to fabricate. Our design appears to be novel.Ⅱ. CONCEPT⑦Fig. 1 shows a conventional one-step circular-to-rectangular waveguide transition, much like that described in [5]. Typically, the step is the output of the component with the circular waveguide. ⑧The circular waveguide has a diameter that is greater than the height of standard rectangular waveguide if we are to operate at least 10% above the 11T E mode cutoff frequency. ⑨Thus, to machine a one-step transition out of a block of metal, the circular waveguide is drilled from one end a precisely controlled depth, leaving exactly enough distance to machine the transition step from the other end of the block.Ourtransition, shownin Fig. 2, is much simpler to fabricate. We drill the circular waveguide completely through the metal block fromeitherside. Then we machine the transition slot to the desired end of the block in a single operation. ⑩This transitioncan even be addedasan“after-thought” to structures that were created without one.⑪Because the circular waveguide diameter is greater than the step height, the transition cross-sectional structure is a complex shape, perturbed by the circular waveguide as shown in Fig. 2(b). However, with available three-dimensional(3-D) numericalelec- tromagnetic simulators and optimizers, we easily can select the transition length and cross-sectional dimensions for the optimum impedance match and lowest insertion loss.The transition in Fig. 2 is sized to operate from 57 to 64 GHz.⑫ For this frequency range, we use WR-15 rectangular waveguide,0.148 in wide and 0.074 in high with aT E mode cutoff frequency of 39.9 GHz. ⑬Full radius WR-15 waveguide, shown in 10Fig. 2(a), is easier to machine, and its width of 164 mils makes it electrically equivalent to the standard waveguide. Our transition will operate with either waveguide. The circular waveguide has aT E mode cutoff frequency of 49.1 GHz.11⑭The next higher order mode, theT M mode, cuts off at 64.1 GHz.01Ⅲ. PERFORMANCEWe have built many of the V-band transitions shown in Fig. 2 and used them on horn antennas, transmitters, and receivers. Fig. 3 shows a photograph of an actual transition. We used computer simulation technology’s (CST) microwave studio to de- sign and analyze the transition, and the predicted and measured input match are shown in Fig. 4. In addition, the predicted performance of a conventional one-step transition (see Fig. 1) is shown for comparison. We measured the transition’s return loss with a WR-15 scalar analyzer. The test fixture consisted of a well-matched circular waveguide horn with the transition machined at its input. We loaded the horn with a crude taper made from foam absorber. The transition’s measured return loss is greater than 15 dB over a 12% bandwidth centered near 60 GHz. The frequency shift of the return loss maximum and overall decrease in return loss are caused by our imperfect V-band load.⑮To understand the impact of machining tolerances better, we performed some tolerance analyses with our simulation software. We observed a roughly 200-MHz change in passband center frequency per 0.001-in change in slot height. The center frequency changed about half as much per 0.001-in change in slot width. In both cases, there was essentially no change to the depth of the return loss null at the band center. ⑯The most sensitive dimension is the depth of the slot, which shifts the passband about 250 MHz higher per 0.001-in decrease.Because higher order rectangular waveguide modes are above cutoff within the slot transition, and the circular waveguideT M propagates above 64 GHz, we01performed simulations to study E- and H-plane misalignment of the WR-15 waveguide relative to the slot transition and circular waveguide, which were kept perfectly aligned. Misalignment along the H-plane (width of slot) slightly perturbs the center frequency of the passband, about 70 MHz increase per 0.001-in offset. Mis-alignment in the E-plane is more deleterious, with the primary effect being the occurance of a low return loss resonance at 59.3 GHz. WR-15 waveguides are precision aligned with dowel pins, and with these in place we observed no resonance in our measurement (see Fig. 4). However, when we removed the dowel pins and intentionally misaligned the transition and WR-15 test waveguide, we measured the resonance in the return loss at 58.9 GHz.Ⅳ.CONCLUSIONWe have described a novel, single-step, simple to fabricate circular waveguide to rectangular waveguide transition. The transition has the same bandwidth as a conventional single-step transition. It requires a single machining operation to construct and can be added as an “after-thought” to structures that were created without a transition.REFERENCES[1]G. Spinner and L. Treczka, “Waveguide transition,” U.S. Patent 3 686 589, Aug. 22, 1972.[2]M. Schneider, “Coupling for two electromagnetic waveguides with dif- ferent cross-sectional shapes,” U.S. Patent 5 886 588, Mar. 23, 1999.[3]S. Stuchly and A. Kraszewski, “Wide-band rectangular to circular wave- guide mode and impedance transformer,” IEEE Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 379–380, May 1965.[4]U. Rosenberg, J. Bornemann, and K. Rambabu, “Analysis and design offlange-integrated rectangular-to-circular waveguide transformers for splashplate antenna feeds,” in Proc. 32nd Eur. Microwave Conf., Milan, Italy, Sep. 2002, pp. 601–604.[5]M. Mongiardo and C. Tomassoni, “Modal analysis of discontinuities between elliptical waveguides,” IEEE Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 597–605, Apr. 2000.[6]C. Fischer, “Radar rotary joint,” U.S. Patent 4 654 613, Mar. 31, 1987.一、语言点①as old as比较级，表示和...一样老②介词for表目的，the rest of...表示剩余的...③propagating动名词作定语修饰前面的waveguide④in which引导的定语从句，说明前面的transition⑤where引导的定语从句，进一步说明前面的东西⑥machining动名词作定语，介词to表目的⑦much like that described in作插入语补充说明，that代词指代前面的东西⑧greater than...比较级用法，表示比...大⑨leaving distance动名词短语作状语，后面的to不定式表目的⑩that引导的定语从句⑪ as shown...如...所示，shown过去分词表示被动⑫介词for表示因为...⑬shown过去分词作定语，表被动⑭theT M mode同位语说明前面的mode01⑮ to不定式表目的⑯the depth of... 表示...的深度二、翻译：1、④The bandwidth of a stepped transition, in which the rectangular waveguide is matched to the circular waveguide via one or more intermediate structures of constant cross section, increases with the number of steps.当矩形波导通过一个或多个等截面中间结构与圆波导匹配时，阶跃过渡的带宽随阶跃次数的增加而增加。
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Part one:
1）The phenomenon is called convergence, and its study forms an important chapter in modern analysis.
2）One of the achievements in outer space exploration in the 20th century was the awareness that there might be life in the space.
3) Inexperienced as he is, he is able to design so complicated a circuit.
4) Elasticity is defined as the tendency of a body to return its original state after being
reformed.
5) Accurate in operation and high in speed, computers are able to save a lot of time and human labor.
6) In this case there is no assurance/guarantee that this circuit is tuned to that
frequency.
7) Over the ten years since this book was published, significant changes have been
seen in electronics.
8) To visit these records, all users need to do is launch the browser to pay a visit to the
websites.
9) None of the ordinary windows can withstand so large a force.
No ordinary windows can withstand so large a force.
10) The distance of the earth from the moon is as great as 240,000 miles.
11) It is necessary to determined under what condition it is that this equation is true.
12) The most fundamental operation in physics, the process of measurement will be
discussed briefly in this chapter.
13) For this series to converge, x must be less than 1.
14) Upon substituting these values into/in Eq.(1-5), we have the following result
15) Sending a signal from one place to another is what is called transmission.
Part two:
1. The Atlantic was so dangerous for the Americans to send enough men and war materials across.
2. Only if the force is known as a function of time can this integral be evaluated.
3. By power is meant the speed, or rate, of doing work.
4. (On) Being heated, the air in the bottle expands / will expand.
5. The introduction to the ability of the refrigerator to freeze is made.
6. This paper describes the properties of and the algorithm for this type of problem.
7. The resistance of a conductor depends not only on the material of which the conductor is made, but also on the size and temperature of the conductor.
8. Engineers are busy in designing a new type of computer.
9. Distance equals speed multiplied by time.
10. This is due in part to the fact that earth is not spherical.
11. Many of the principles of a receiver apply also to a transmitter.
12. The rate at which work is done is referred to as power.
(The rate of doing work is referred to as power.)
13. This demand is difficult to meet at the temperature of 40℃.
14. This is so small a signal that it cannot make transistor Q4 conduct.
15. The voltage across the resistor is a few tenths of a volt.
Part three:
Translation:
1）在影像内容的创造和分配方面，这个时代的数字多媒体带来许多优势。
但拷贝和编辑的容易性也方便了未经授权使用、占有和误传。
2）已经为各种应用开发了许多种类的水印。
水印可以是有形的也可以是无形的。
通过观察容易检测到有形的水印，然而为观测者设计成透明标志的无形的水印用信号处理技术才能检测到。
3）不可见或透明的标志使用人类视觉系统的特性来最小化水印图像中知觉失真。
4)由于数字影像容易修改,所以一个安全认证系统在显示没有篡改发生的情
况下是有用的。
此时图像的可信度可能会受到质疑。
5)后来,一个收件人通过检查数据的摘要(可能修改了)和以验证算法决定数
据是否是真实的来验证签名。
Answers：
1.Content providers embed the watermark into an image.
2. A robust mark is designed to resist attacks that attempt to remove or destroy the
mark. Such attacks include lossy compression, filtering, and geometric scaling.
3.Fragile marks are not suited for enforcing copyright ownership of digital images;
an attacker would attempt to destroy the embedded mark and fragile marks are, by definition, easily destroyed.
4.global positioning system (GPS)
5.no additional information is necessary for authenticity verification.fragile
watermarking can determine which areas of a marked image have been altered and which areas have not, as well as estimate the nature of the alterations. Summary:。