CrossCulturalCommunicationUnit跨文化交际
Cross Cultural Communication Unit 跨文化交际
CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future
• Control the major
of communication that they
institutions within the
have learned.
culture such as: church, gov., • Can be based on race,
education, military, mass
– This is called Globalization.
– Globalization has greatly increased the economic strength of many nations and bring people together from different cultures. However, it could resulting more competition for natural resources, international conflicts and security, environmental issues, and world health issues.
• Communication has a consequence
CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future
• Defining Communication: it's a dynamic process in which people attempts to share their internal states with other people through the use of symbols.
Cross-cultural-communication跨文化沟通
GlobalLeabharlann riseHowever, with globalization, especially the increase of global trade, it is unavoidable that different cultures will meet, conflict, and blend together. People from different culture find it is difficult to communicate not only due to language barriers, but also are affected by culture styles.Thus the same words can mean different things to people from different cultures, even when they speak the "same" language. When the languages are different, and translation has to be used to communicate, the potential for misunderstandings increases.The study of cross-cultural communication is a global research area. As a result, cultural differences in the study of crosscultural communication can already be found.
Orientation
Cross-cultural communication endeavours to bring together such relatively unrelated areas as cultural anthropology and established areas of communication. Its core is to establish and understand how people from different cultures communicate with each other. Its charge is to also produce some guidelines with which people from different cultures can better communicate with each other.The study of languages other than one's own can serve not only to help one understand what we as humans have in common, but also to assist in the understanding of the diversity which underlines our languages' methods of constructing and organizing knowledge.
跨文化交际 Cross-cultural Communication
Becoming more and more popular
Common in written Chinese, increasingly heard Commonly used
A respectful term of address to known or 先生 (mister/ sir) unknown learned persons, usu. males 老师 (teacher) A respectful term of address to a learned or professional person, who is not necessarily a teacher, used to either male or female, if to a known person, often used with the surname
跨文化交际crossculturalcommunication道客巴巴
跨文化交际
Cross-cultural Communication
Unit 3 What’s in a Name?
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Unit 3. What’s in a Name?
Objectives:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Recognize the terms used to describe English personal names Distinguish between full and short forms of given names Discuss the origin of Chinese and English names Associate certain personal names with their national background Apply linguistic theory to analyzing differences between male and female names Use different strategies to avoid biased language Apply English names, titles and kin terms in an appropriate way Display familiarity with the names of a number of different nationalities
跨文化交际学
跨文化交际学(Intercultural Communication又称Cross-cultural Communication)是一门新兴的边缘学科。
跨文化交际学(Intercultural Communication又称Cross-cultural Communication)是一门新兴的边缘学科。
跨文化交际既指不同民族不同语言之间的交际，也指不同民族同一语言之间的交际。
也有人认为跨文化交际是泛指一切在语言与文化背景有差异的人们之间的交际。
如果从对比语言学角度出发，则认为跨文化交际学主要还是研究不同民族在跨文化语言交际和非语言交际方面的问题，分析社会习俗、价值观念、文化传统对交际的影响及可能造成的障碍，研究交际原则与方式及通过外语教学传授异文化知识的途径与方法⋯。
四、结论跨文化交际的过程既涉及文化的规约也涉及语言的规约。
不同的文化要求不同的行为，这是一种文化规约；不同文化背景的人们都各自有一套说话规约或习惯，这是语言的规约。
在跨文化的交际中，人们总是习惯于用自己的说话方式来解释对方的话语。
这就可能对对方的话语做出不正确的推论”。
因此，在跨文化交际时，交谈双方一旦发现谈话方式上的差异，则应主动采取非语言交际这一措施来防止发生交际故障和冲突。
而在跨文化言语交际中由于我们缺乏敏感，常常容易忽视非语言交际这一重要方面。
所以，我们在进行交际时，应开始逐步的认识到非语言交际的重要性，也要越来越重视对于非语言交际的研究。
总之，我们应在不断的实践中对非语言交际的特点和功能加以认识，以帮助我们达到更好的交流效果，在跨文化交往中避免交际故障。
通过对各文化肢体语言差异性的研究，我们能更好地理解交际对象，或者他们话语中可能有的言外之意。
所以这种研究可以降低误解的机率，能使我们更有效顺畅地开展跨文化交际。
并且，对各文化环境语言差异性的研究可以帮我们建立起目标文化的整套概念，了解为什么他们有这样、那样的举动，什么能说得过去，什么无法容忍。
cross-culturalcommunication跨文化交流(1)
Cross-Cultural Communication: Definition, Strategies & ExamplesCross-cultural communication is imperative for companies that have a diverse workforce and participate in the global economy. It is important for employees to understand the factors that are part of an effective, diverse workforce.Cross-Cultural CommunicationCross-cultural communication has become strategically important to companies due to the growth of global business, technology and the Internet.Understanding cross-cultural communication is important for any company that has a diverse workforce or plans on conducting global business. This type of communication involves an understanding of how people from different cultures speak, communicate and perceive the world around them.Cross-cultural communication in an organization deals with understanding different business customs, beliefs and communication strategies. Language differences, high-context vs.low-context cultures, nonverbal differences and power distance are major factors that can affectcross-cultural communication.Let's take a look at howcross-cultural differences can cause potential issues within an organization.Jack is a manager at a New Mexico-based retail conglomerate. He has flown to Japan to discuss a potential partnership with a local Japanese company. His business contact, Yamato, is his counterpart within the Japanese company. Jack has never been to Japan before, and he's not familiar with their cultural norms. Let's look at some of the ways that a lack of cultural understanding can create a barrier for business success by examining how Jack handles his meeting with Yamato.High- Vs. Low-Context CultureThe concept of high- andlow-context culture relates to how an employee's thoughts, opinions, feelings and upbringing affect how they act within a given culture. North America and Western Europe aregenerally considered tohave low-context cultures. This means that businesses in these places have direct, individualistic employees who tend to base decisions on facts. This type of businessperson wants specifics noted in contracts and may have issues with trust.High-context cultures are the opposite in that trust is the most important part of business dealings. There are areas in the Middle East, Asia and Africa that can be considered high context. Organizations that havehigh-context cultures are collectivist and focus on interpersonal relationships. Individuals fromhigh-context cultures might be interested in getting to know the person they are conducting business with in order to get a gut feeling on decisionmaking. They may also be more concerned about business teams and group success rather than individual achievement.Jack and Yamato ran into some difficulties during their business negotiations. Jack spoke quickly and profusely because he wanted to seal the deal as soon as possible. However, Yamato wanted to get to know Jack, and he felt that Jack spoke too much. Yamato also felt that Jack was only concerned with completing the deal for his own self-interest and was not concerned with the overall good of the company. Jack's nonverbal cues did not help the negotiations either.Nonverbal DifferencesGestures and eye contact are two areas of nonverbalcommunication that are utilized differently across cultures. Companies must train employees in the correct way to handle nonverbal communication as to not offend other cultures. For example, American workers tend to wave their hand and use a finger to point when giving nonverbal direction. Extreme gesturing is considered rude in some cultures. While pointing may be considered appropriate in some contexts in the United States, Yamato would never use a finger to point towards another person because that gesture is considered rude in Japan. Instead, he might gesture with an open hand, with his palm facing up, toward the person.Eye contact is another form of nonverbal communication. In the U.S.,eye contact is a good thing and is seen as a reflection of honesty and straightforwardness. However, in some Asian and Middle Eastern cultures, prolonged eye contact can be seen as rude or aggressive in many situations. Women may need to avoid it altogether because lingering eye contact can be viewed as a sign of sexual interest. During their meeting, Jack felt that Yamato was not listening to his talking points because Yamato was not looking Jack in the eyes. However, Yamato did not want Jack to think he was rude, so he avoided looking directly into Jack's eyes during his speech.Language DifferencesThe biggest issue dealing with cross-cultural communication is the difficulty created by language barriers.For example, Jack does not speak Japanese, so he is concerned with his ability to communicate effectively with Yamato. There are some strategies that Jack can use to help establish a rapport with Yamato. Jack can explain himself without words by using emotions, facial expressions and other nonverbal cues. He can also use drawings and ask for an interpreter.Additionally, companies that have to deal with cross-cultural communication can hire employees with proficiency in other languages. Fortunately for Jack and Yamato, they both had excellent translators who communicated their words. The next cross-cultural issue regards how individuals deal with power distance.Power DistancePower distance relates to how power is distributed within an organization. Typically, American companies utilize a low power distance and have more informal hierarchies that allow for interaction between executives and their subordinates. Managers ask for feedback from employees and will even socialize with subordinates. Companies with high power distance are typically very hierarchical in nature and have severe differences in authority. Some Japanese companies may utilize this power structure.。
CrossCulturalCommunicationUnit14跨文化交际精品PPT课件
– This is called Globalization.
– Globalization has greatly increased the economic strength of many nations and bring people together from different cultures. However, it could resulting more competition for natural resources, international conflicts and security, environmental issues, and world health issues.
CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future
第12单元 跨文化技巧 Cross-cultural Communication
（1）非语言交际包括使用语言之外的一切传递信息的方 式，其形式多种多样，如：姿态动作、目光接触、面部表 情、身体距离、衣着打扮、空间利用、触碰行为、声音暗 示，甚至没有表情和动作都可以构成非语言交际的有效方 式。
（2）译员应提高语言功底和口头表达能力。熟悉其语言的文化背 景，理解语言的雅俗、诙谐、夸张、婉转等修辞上的特征。注意表达 上的言之有序、词能达意、严于流畅，保证语言层面的正确性，注重 语言使用的灵活性和多变性。
（3）译员要熟练掌握源语和译入语的转换模式，了解原语和目的 语的语言概念完全对应、部分对应及其完全不对应的情况下该如何翻 译，提高语言表达的高效率。
（1）译员应设身处地体味说话人的情感，将自己代入对方的心境， 以引起共鸣。
（2）译员要承认并尊重母语文化与异文化之间存在的差异，克服 民族中心意识，抛弃有关性别、民族和文化等方面错误甚至歧视性的 态度和看法。
（3）译员要关注跨文化交际中异文化使用者及其现实的交际场景 ，注意对方的言语和非言语表达，理解对方自然的情感反应。
1 口译中的文化差异 Cultural Differences in Interpreting
2 口译中的文化障碍 Cultural Barriers in Interpreting
3 跨文化口译的原则 Principles of Cross-culture Interpreting
4 培养跨文化意识 The Development of Cross-culture Awareness
5 口译中跨文化非语言交际 Non-verbal Cross-culture Interpreting
Cross-Cultural Communication Unit 1-4 跨文化交际(课堂PPT)
15
CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future
Dominant Culture
Co-Cultures
• It's the one in power -
• They are numerous.
control.
• Distinct and unique
• Meanwhile, aging population in more developed countries – Could bring more communication issues between older generations and younger generations (this can be treated as co-culture).
ethnic background, age, sex,
media, monetary systems,
or other factors.
etc.
16
17
• We learn our culture through proverbs
– Offer an important set of instructions
Our goal in this class is to answer some of the following questions: • Why do we often uncomfortable when encountering people who are different from yourself? • Why do people from different cultures behave in ways that seem strange to you? • How do cultural differences influence communication? • Which cultural differences are important and which are inconsequential? • Why is it difficult to understand and appreciate cultural difference?
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• Control the major
of communication that they
institutions within the
have learned.
culture such as: church, gov., • Can be based on race,
education, military, mass
• Culture is integrated
• Culture is Ethnocentric
• Culture is adaptive
CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future
• Defining Culture: it's a set of human-made objectives and subjective elements that
• Principles of Communication:
a) It is a dynamic process
b) It is symbolic
c) It is contextual (situations) d) it is self-reflective
e) we learn to communicate f) it has a consequence
• At the core of any culture's deep structure are its social organizations (or social institutions).
➢Lessons about life and ways for living that life ➢It's based on cooperation
• Meanwhile, aging population in more developed countries
– Could bring more communication issues between older generations and younger generations (this can be treated as co-culture).
IntercuItural communication involves interaction between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are
distinct enough to alter the communication event.
CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future
Dominant Culture
Co-Cultures
• It's the one in power -
• They are numerous.
control.
• Distinct and unique patterns
– This is called Globalization.
– Globalization has greatly increased the economic strength of many nations and bring people together from different cultures. However, it could resulting more competition for natural resources, international conflicts and security, environmental issues, and world health issues.
• No Direct Mind-to-Mind Contact
• We can only Infer
• We seek to define the world
• Communication is self-Reflective
• The Brain is an open system - we learn to communicate
• In order to study cross-cultural communication, we must pay attention to the following:
a) Each individual are unique. b) Stereotyping. c) Objectivity. d) Communication is not a Cure-all.
Our goal in this class is to answer some of the following questions: • Why do we often uncomfortable when encountering people who are different from yourself? • Why do people from different cultures behave in ways that seem strange to you? • How do cultural differences influence communication? • Which cultural differences are important and which are inconsequential? • Why is it difficult to understand and appreciate cultural difference?
• Subjective elements include: values, beliefs, attitudes, orientations, and underlying assumptions prevalent among people in the society.
• Basic functions of Culture: adapt to a particular ecology, and includes the knowledge that people need to have in order to function in their own social environment.
• Functions of Communication:
a) Gather information about other people
b) Fulfill interpersonal needs
c) Establishes personal identities
d) Influence others
• We learned our culture through mass media
• Culture is transmitted from generation to generation
• Culture is based on symbols
• Culture is subjected to change
ethnic background, age, sex,
media, monetary systems,
or other factors.
etc.
• We learn our culture through proverbs
– Offer an important set of instructions
• Communication has a consequence
CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future
• Defining Communication: it's a dynamic process in which people attempts to share their internal states with other people through the use of symbols.
• Elements include: History, Regligion, Values, Social organizations, and Language.
CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future
• We learn our culture from folk tales, legends, and myths.
The Epic of Gilgamesh (Sumerian)
Wencheng
• We learn our culture through art
– Art is a symbolic way of communicating (pics taken from The Corning Museum of Glass)
CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future
• Culture is – Transmitted from generation to generation – Learned – Shared – Based on symbols – Dynamic – An intergrated system
– increased the probability of survival
– satisfaction for the participants in an ecological niche
– share with those who could communicate with each other and lived in the same time and place.