微观经济学(曼昆)案例分析练习题
曼昆微观经济学习题.doc
1. Describe some of the trade-offs faced by each ofthe following:a. a family deciding whether to buy a new carb. a member of Congress deciding how muchto spend on national parksc. a company president deciding whether toopen a new factoryd. a professor deciding how much to preparefor classe. a recent college graduate deciding whetherto go to graduate school2. You are trying to decide whether to take avacation. Most of the costs of the vacation (airfare,hotel, and forgone wages) are measured indollars, but the benefits of the vacation are psychological. How can you compare the benefitsto the costs?3. You were planning to spend Saturday workingat your part-time job, but a friend asks you togo skiing. What is the true cost of going skiing?Now suppose you had been planning to spendthe day studying at the library. What is the costof going skiing in this case? Explain.4. You win $100 in a basketball pool. You havea choice between spending the money now orputting it away for a year in a bank accountthat pays 5 percent interest. What is the opportunitycost of spending the $100 now?5. The company that you manage has invested$5 million in developing a new product, but thedevelopment is not quite finished. At a recentmeeting, your salespeople report that the introductionof competing products has reducedthe expected sales of your new product to$3 million. If it would cost $1 million to finish development and make the product, shouldyou go ahead and do so? What is the most thatyou should pay to complete development?6. The Social Security system provides income forpeople over age 65. If a recipient of SocialSecurity decides to work and earn someincome, the amount he or she receives in SocialSecurity benefits is typically reduced.a. How does the provision of Social Securityaffect people’s incentive to save whileworking?b. How does the reduction in benefits associated with higher earnings affect people’sincentive to work past age 65?7. A 1996 bill reforming the federal government’s antipoverty programs limited many welfarerecipients to only two years of benefits.a. How does this change affect the incentivesfor working?b. How might this change represent a trade-off between equality and efficiency?8. Your roommate is a better cook than you are,but you can clean more quickly than yourroommate can. If your roommate did all thecooking and you did all the cleaning, wouldyour chores take you more or less time than ifyou divided each task evenly? Give a similar example of how specialization and trade canmake two countries both better off.9. Explain whether each of the following government activities is motivated by a concern aboutequality or a concern about efficiency. In thecase of efficiency, discuss the type of market failure involved.a. regulating cable TV pricesb. providing some poor people with vouchersthat can be used to buy foodc. prohibiting smoking in public placesd. breaking up Standard Oil (which onceowned 90 percent of all oil refineries) into several smaller companiese. imposing higher personal income tax rateson people with higher incomesf. instituting laws against driving while intoxicated10. Discuss each of the following statements from the standpoints of equality and efficiency.a. “Everyone in society should be guaranteedthe best healthcare possible.”b. “When workers are laid off, they should beable to collect unemployment benefits untilthey find a new job.”11. In what ways is your standard of living different from that of your parents or grandparentswhen they were your age? Why have thesechanges occurred?12. Suppose Americans decide to save more oftheir incomes. If banks lend this extra saving to businesses, which use the funds to build new factories, how might this lead to faster growthin productivity? Who do you suppose benefitsfrom the higher productivity? Is society gettinga free lunch?13. In 2010, President Barack Obama and Congress enacted a healthcare reform bill in the United States. Two goals of the bill were to providemore Americans with health insurance (via subsidies for lower-income households financedby taxes on higher-income households) andto reduce the cost of healthcare (via variousreforms in how healthcare is provided).a. How do these goals relate to equality and efficiency?b. How might healthcare reform increase productivity in the United States?c. How might healthcare reform decrease productivity in the United States?14. During the Revolutionary War, the American colonies could not raise enough tax revenueto fully fund the war effort; to make up this difference, the colonies decided to print more money. Printing money to cover expendituresis sometimes referred to as an “inflation tax.”Who do you think is being “taxed” when moremoney is printed? Why?15. Imagine that you are a policymaker trying to decide whether to reduce the rate of inflation.To make an intelligent decision, what wouldyou need to know about inflation, unemployment,and the trade-off between them?16. A policymaker is deciding how to finance the construction of a new airport. He can eitherpay for it by increasing citizens’ taxes or by printing more money. What are some of theshort-run and long-run consequences of eachoption?1. Draw a circular-flow diagram. Identify theparts of the model that correspond to the flowof goods and services and the flow of dollarsfor each of the following activities.a. Selena pays a storekeeper $1 for a quart of milk.b. Stuart earns $4.50 per hour working at a fastfood restaurant.c. Shanna spends $30 to get a haircut.d. Sally earns $10,000 from her 10 percent ownershipof Acme Industrial.2. Imagine a society that produces military goods and consumer goods, which we’ll call “guns”and “butter.”a. Draw a production possibilities frontier for guns and butter. Using the concept of opportunity cost, explain why it most likely has abowed-out shape.b. Show a point that is impossible for the economy to achieve. Show a point that is feasiblebut inefficient.c. Imagine that the society has two political parties, called the Hawks (who want astrong military) and the Doves (who want asmaller military). Show a point on your production possibilities frontier that the Hawksmight choose and a point the Doves mightchoose.d. Imagine that an aggressive neighboringcountry reduces the size of its military. As a result, both the Hawks and the Doves reducetheir desired production of guns by the same amount. Which party would get the bigger“peace dividend,” measured by the increasein butter production? Explain.3. The first principle of economics discussed in Chapter 1 is that people face trade-offs. Usea production possibilities frontier to illustrate society’s trade-off between two “goods”—aclean environment and the quantity of industrial output. What do you suppose determinesthe shape and position of the frontier? Showwhat happens to the frontier if engineersdevelop a new way of producing electricitythat emits fewer pollutants.4. An economy consists of three workers: Larry, Moe, and Curly. Each works ten hours a dayand can produce two services: mowing lawnsand washing cars. In an hour, Larry can eithermow one lawn or wash one car; Moe can eithermow one lawn or wash two cars; and Curlycan either mow two lawns or wash one car.a. Calculate how much of each service is produced under the following circumstances,which we label A, B, C, and D:• All three spend all their time mowinglawns. (A)• All three spend all their time washingcars. (B)• All three spend half their time on eachactivity. (C)• Larry spends half his time on each activity, while Moe only washes cars and Curlyonly mows lawns. (D)b. Graph the production possibilities frontierfor this economy. Using your answers topart (a), identify points A, B, C, and D onyour graph.c. Explain why the production possibilitiesfrontier has the shape it does.d. Are any of the allocations calculated in part(a) inefficient? Explain.5. Classify the following topics as relating to microeconomics or macroeconomics.a. a family’s decision about how much incometo saveb. the effect of government regulations on auto emissionsc. the impact of higher national saving on economic growthd. a firm’s decision about how many workersto hiree. the relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the quantity of money6. Classify each of the following statements as positive or normative. Explain.a. Society faces a short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment.b. A reduction in the rate of money growth will reduce the rate of inflation.c. The Federal Reserve should reduce the rateof money growth.d. Society ought to require welfare recipients to look for jobs.e. Lower tax rates encourage more work andmore saving.7. If you were president, would you be more interested in your economic advisers’ positive views or their normative views? Why?1. Maria can read 20 pages of economics in an hour. She can also read 50 pages of sociology in an hour. She spends 5 hours per day studying.a. Draw Maria’s production possibilities frontier for reading economics and sociology.b. What is Maria’s opportunity cost of reading 100 pages of sociology?2. American and Japanese workers can each produce 4 cars a year. An American worker canproduce 10 tons of grain a year, whereas a Japanese worker can produce 5 tons of grain a year. To keep things simple, assume that each country has 100 million workers.a. For this situation, construct a table analogous to the table in Figure 1.b. Graph the production possibilities frontier of the American and Japanese economies.c. For the United States, what is the opportunity cost of a car? Of grain? For Japan, what is the opportunity cost of a car? Of grain? Put this information in a table analogous to Table 1.d. Which country has an absolute advantage in producing cars? In producing grain?e. Which country has a comparative advantagein producing cars? In producing grain?f. Without trade, half of each country’s workers produce cars and half produce grain. What quantities of cars and grain does each country produce?g. Starting from a position without trade, givean example in which trade makes each countrybetter off.3. Pat and Kris are roommates. They spend mostof their time studying (of course), but they leave some time for their favorite activities: making pizza and brewing root beer. Pat takes 4 hoursto brew a gallon of root beer and 2 hours tomake a pizza. Kris takes 6 hours to brew a gallonof root beer and 4 hours to make a pizza.a. What is each roommate’s opportunity costof making a pizza? Who has the absoluteadvantage in making pizza? Who has thecomparative advantage in making pizza?b. If Pat and Kris trade foods with each other,who will trade away pizza in exchange forroot beer?c. The price of pizza can be expressed in termsof gallons of root beer. What is the highestprice at which pizza can be traded thatwould make both roommates better off?What is the lowest price? Explain.4. Suppose that there are 10 million workers in Canada and that each of these workers can produce either 2 cars or 30 bushels of wheat in a year.a. What is the opportunity cost of producing acar in Canada? What is the opportunity costof producing a bushel of wheat in Canada?Explain the relationship between the opportunity costs of the two goods.b. Draw Canada’s production possibilities frontier. If Canada chooses to consume 10 millioncars, how much wheat can it consume withouttrade? Label this point on the production possibilities frontier.c. Now suppose that the United States offers tobuy 10 million cars from Canada in exchangefor 20 bushels of wheat per car. If Canadacontinues to consume 10 million cars, howmuch wheat does this deal allow Canada to consume? Label this point on your diagram.Should Canada accept the deal?5. England and Scotland both produce scones and sweaters. Suppose that an English worker can produce 50 scones per hour or 1 sweater perhour. Suppose that a Scottish worker can produce40 scones per hour or 2 sweaters per hour.a. Which country has the absolute advantage inthe production of each good? Which countryhas the comparative advantage?b. If England and Scotland decide to trade,which commodity will Scotland trade toEngland? Explain.c. If a Scottish worker could produce only 1sweater per hour, would Scotland still gainfrom trade? Would England still gain fromtrade? Explain.6. The following table describes the production possibilities of two cities in the country of Baseballia:Pairs of Red Socks Pairs of White Socksper Worker per Hour per Worker per HourBoston 3 3Chicago 2 1a. Without trade, what is the price of whitesocks (in terms of red socks) in Boston? Whatis the price in Chicago?b. Which city has an absolute advantage in theproduction of each color sock? Which city hasa comparative advantage in the production ofeach color sock?c. If the cities trade with each other, which colorsock will each export?d. What is the range of prices at which trade canoccur?7. Suppose that in a year an American workercan produce 100 shirts or 20 computers, whilea Chinese worker can produce 100 shirts or10 computers.a. Graph the production possibilities curve forthe two countries. Suppose that without tradethe workers in each country spend half theirtime producing each good. Identify this pointin your graph.b. If these countries were open to trade, whichcountry would export shirts? Give a specificnumerical example and show it on yourgraph. Which country would benefit fromtrade? Explain.c. Explain at what price of computers (in termsof shirts) the two countries might trade.d. Suppose that China catches up withAmerican productivity so that a Chineseworker can produce 100 shirts or 20 computers.What pattern of trade would youpredict now? How does this advancein Chinese productivity affect the economicwell-being of the citizens of the twocountries?8. An average worker in Brazil can produce anounce of soybeans in 20 minutes and an ounceof coffee in 60 minutes, while an average workerin Peru can produce an ounce of soybeans in50 minutes and an ounce of coffee in 75 minutes.a. Who has the absolute advantage in coffee?Explain.b. Who has the comparative advantage in coffee? Explain.c. If the two countries specialize and tradewith each other, who will import coffee?Explain.d. Assume that the two countries trade and thatthe country importing coffee trades 2 ouncesof soybeans for 1 ounce of coffee. Explain whyboth countries will benefit from this trade.9. Are the following statements true or false?Explain in each case.a. “Two countries can achieve gains from tradeeven if one of the countries has an absolute advantage in the production of all goods.”b. “Certain very talented people have a comparative advantage in everything they do.”c. “If a certain trade is good for one person, it can’t be good for the other one.”d. “If a certain trade is good for one person, it is always good for the other one.”e. “If trade is good for a country, it must begood for everyone in the country.”10. The United States exports corn and aircraft to the rest of the world, and it imports oil and clothing from the rest of the world. Do you think this pattern of trade is consistent with the principle of comparative advantage? Why or why not?11. Bill and Hillary produce food and clothing. Inan hour, Bill can produce 1 unit of food or 1 unitof clothing, while Hillary can produce 2 unitsof food or 3 units of clothing. They each work10 hours a day.a. Who has an absolute advantage in producingfood? Who has an absolute advantage in producing clothing? Explain.b. Who has a comparative advantage in producing food? Who has a comparative advantagein producing clothing? Explain.c. Draw the production possibilities frontierfor the household (that is, Bill and Hillary together) assuming that each spends thesame number of hours each day as the otherproducing food and clothing.d. Hillary suggests, instead, that she specializein making clothing. That is, she will do all the clothing production for the family; however, ifall her time is devoted to clothing and they still want more, then Bill can help with clothing production. What does the household production possibilities frontier look like now?e. Bill suggests that Hillary specialize in producing food. That is, Hillary will do all the food production for the family; however, if all hertime is devoted to food and they still wantmore, then Bill can help with food production.What does the household production possibilities frontier look like under Bill’s proposal?f. Comparing your answers to parts c, d, and e,which allocation of time makes the mostsense? Relate your answer to the theory of comparative advantage.1. Explain each of the following statements using supply-and-demand diagrams.a. “When a cold snap hits Florida, the price of orange juice rises in supermarkets throughoutthe country.”b. “When the weather turns warm in NewEngland every summer, the price of hotelrooms in Caribbean resorts plummets.”c. “When a war breaks out in the Middle East,the price of gasoline rises, and the price of aused Cadillac falls.”2. “An increase in the demand for notebooksraisesthe quantity of notebooks demanded butnot the quantity supplied.” Is this statement true or false? Explain.3. Consider the market for minivans. For eachof the events listed here, identify which of the determinants of demand or supply are affected. Also indicate whether demand or supplyincreases or decreases. Then draw a diagramto show the effect on the price and quantity of minivans.a. People decide to have more children.b. A strike by steelworkers raises steel prices.c. Engineers develop new automated machineryfor the production of minivans.d. The price of sports utility vehicles rises.e. A stock-market crash lowers people’s wealth.4. Consider the markets for DVDs, TV screens,and tickets at movie theaters.a. For each pair, identify whether they are complementsor substitutes:• DVDs and TV screens• DVDs and movie tickets• TV screens and movie ticketsb. Suppose a technological advance reduces the cost of manufacturing TV screens. Draw adiagram to show what happens in the marketfor TV screens.c. Draw two more diagrams to show how thechange in the market for TV screens affectsthe markets for DVDs and movie tickets.5. Over the past 30 years, technological advances have reduced the cost of computer chips. Howdo you think this has affected the marketfor computers? For computer software? For typewriters?6. Using supply-and-demand diagrams, show the effect of the following events on the market for sweatshirts.a. A hurricane in South Carolina damages the cotton crop.b. The price of leather jackets falls.c. All colleges require morning exercise inappropriate attire.d. New knitting machines are invented.7. A survey shows an increase in drug use byyoung people. In the ensuing debate, twohypotheses are proposed:• Reduced police efforts have increased the availability of drugs on the street.• Cutbacks in education efforts havedecreased awareness of the dangers of drug addiction.a Use supply-and-demand diagrams to showhow each of these hypotheses could lead toan increase in quantity of drugs consumed.b How could information on what has happenedto the price of drugs help us to distinguish between these explanations?8. Suppose that in the year 2015 the number ofbirths is temporarily high. How does this babyboom affect the price of babysitting services in 2020 and 2030? (Hint: 5-year-olds need babysitters, whereas 15-year-olds can be babysitters.)9. Ketchup is a complement (as well as a condiment) for hot dogs. If the price of hot dogs rises,what happens to the market for ketchup? For tomatoes? For tomato juice? For orange juice?10. The market for pizza has the following demand and supply schedules:Price Quantity Demanded Quantity Supplied$4 135 pizzas 26 pizzas5 104 536 81 817 68 988 53 1109 39 121a. Graph the demand and supply curves. Whatis the equilibrium price and quantity in this market?b. If the actual price in this market were abovethe equilibrium price, what would drive themarket toward the equilibrium?c. If the actual price in this market were belowthe equilibrium price, what would drive themarket toward the equilibrium?11. Consider the following events: Scientists revealthat consumption of oranges decreases the riskof diabetes, and at the same time, farmers usea new fertilizer that makes orange trees more productive. Illustrate and explain what effect these changes have on the equilibrium price and quantity of oranges.12. Because bagels and cream cheese are often eaten together, they are complements.a. We observe that both the equilibrium price of cream cheese and the equilibrium quantity ofbagels have risen. What could be responsiblefor this pattern—a fall in the price of flouror a fall in the price of milk? Illustrate and explain your answer.b. Suppose instead that the equilibriumprice of cream cheese has risen but theequilibrium quantity of bagels has fallen.What could be responsible for this pattern—a rise in the price of flour or a rise in theprice of milk? Illustrate and explain your answer.13. Suppose that the price of basketball tickets at your college is determined by market forces. Currently, the demand and supply schedulesare as follows:Price Quantity Demanded Quantity Supplied$ 4 10,000 tickets 8,000 tickets8 8,000 8,00012 6,000 8,00016 4,000 8,00020 2,000 8,000a. Draw the demand and supply curves. Whatis unusual about this supply curve? Whymight this be true?b. What are the equilibrium price and quantityof tickets?c. Your college plans to increase total enrollment next year by 5,000 students. Theadditional students will have the following demand schedule:Price Quantity Demanded$ 4 4,000 tickets8 3,00012 2,00016 1,00020 0Now add the old demand schedule and thedemand schedule for the new students tocalculate the new demand schedule for theentire college. What will be the new equilibrium price and quantity?14. Market research has revealed the following information about the market for chocolate bars:The demand schedule can be represented bythe equation Q D = 1,600 – 300P, where Q D is the quantity demanded and P is the price. The supply schedule can be represented by the equationQ S = 1,400 + 700P, where Q S is the quantity supplied. Calculate the equilibrium price and quantityin the market for chocolate bars.1. For each of the following pairs of goods, which good would you expect to have more elasticdemand and why?a. required textbooks or mystery novelsb. Beethoven recordings or classical musicrecordings in generalc. subway rides during the next six months orsubway rides during the next five yearsd. root beer or water2. Suppose that business travelers and vacationers have the following demand for airline ticketsfrom New York to Boston:Quantity Demanded Quantity DemandedPrice (business travelers) (vacationers)$150 2,100 tickets 1,000 tickets200 2,000 800250 1,900 600300 1,800 400a. As the price of tickets rises from $200 to$250, what is the price elasticity of demandfor (i) business travelers and (ii) vacationers? (Use the midpoint method in yourcalculations.)b. Why might vacationers have a differentelasticity from business travelers?3. Suppose the price elasticity of demand forheating oil is 0.2 in the short run and 0.7 in the long run.a. if the price of heating oil rises from $1.80to $2.20 per gallon, what happens to thequantity of heating oil demanded in the shortrun? In the long run? (Use the midpointmethod in your calculations.)b. Why might this elasticity depend on the time horizon?4. A price change causes the quantity demandedof a good to decrease by 30 percent, whilethe total revenue of that good increases by15 percent. Is the demand curve elastic or inelastic? Explain.5. The equilibrium price of coffee mugs rose sharply last month, but the equilibrium quantity wasthe same as ever. Three people tried to explainthe situation. Which explanations could beright? Explain your logic.Billy: Demand increased, but supply wastotally inelastic.Marian: Supply increased, but so diddemand.Valerie: Supply decreased, but demand wastotally inelastic.6. Suppose that your demand schedule for DVDsis as follows:Quantity Demanded Quantity DemandedPrice (income = $10,000) (income = $12,000)$ 8 40 DVDs 50 DVDs10 32 4512 24 3014 16 2016 8 12a. Use the midpoint method to calculate yourprice elasticity of demand as the price ofDVDs increases from $8 to $10 if (i) yourincome is $10,000 and (ii) your income is$12,000.b. Calculate your income elasticity of demandas your income increases from $10,000 to$12,000 if (i) the price is $12 and (ii) the price is $16.7. You have the following information about goodX and good Y:• Income elasticity of demand for good X: –3• Cross-price elasticity of demand for good Xwith respect to the price of good Y: 2Would an increase in income and a decrease inthe price of good Y unambiguously decreasethe demand for good X? Why or why not?8. Maria has decided always to spend one-third of her income on clothing.a. What is her income elasticity of clothing demand?b. What is her price elasticity of clothing demand?c. If Maria’s tastes change and she decidesto spend only one-fourth of her incomeon clothing, how does her demand curvechange? What is her income elasticity andprice elasticity now?9. The New York Times reported (Feb. 17, 1996) that subway ridership declined after a fare increase: “There were nearly four million fewer ridersin December 1995, the first full month after the price of a token increased 25 cents to $1.50, than in the previous December, a 4.3 percent decline.”a. Use these data to estimate the price elasticity of demand for subway rides.b. According to your estimate, what happensto the Transit Authority’s revenue when thefare rises?c. Why might your estimate of the elasticity be unreliable?10. Two drivers—Tom and Jerry—each drive up toa gas station. Before looking at the price, each places an order. Tom says, “I’d like 10 gallonsof gas.” Jerry says, “I’d like $10 worth of gas.”What is each driver’s price elasticity of demand?11. Consider public policy aimed at smoking.a. Studies indicate that the price elasticity of demand for cigarettes is about 0.4. If a packof cigarettes currently costs $2 and thegovernmentwants to reduce smoking by20 percent, by how much should it increasethe price?b. If the government permanently increasesthe price of cigarettes, will the policy have a。
曼昆《经济学原理》第6版-微观经济学分册-课后习题答案-第10章
第十章外部性复习题1．举出一个负外部性的例子和一个正外部性的例子。
答：负外部性的例子：化工厂排放的化学废气，污染了环境，但它却不必承担污染的全部成本。
正外部性的例子：在临街的自家院子里种花，既美化了自己家的环境，又使邻居和路人可以欣赏到美丽的花，具有正外部性。
2．用供求图解释企业生产过程中发生的负外部性的影响。
图10－1 存在负外部性的供求图答：生产中的外部性使该物品的社会成本大于私人成本，生产该物品的社会最适量小于其均衡数量，即市场量。
3．专利制用什么方法帮助社会解决了一个外部性问题?答：专利制利用法律法规的形式规定专利发明者可以在一定时期排他性的使用自己的发明的权利，激励发明者更多地进行新技术研究，科技发明的正外部性内在化。
4．什么是矫正税？为什么就保护环境免受污染的方法而言，经济学家对矫正税的偏好大于管制？用于纠正负外部性影响的税收被称为矫正税。
这种税也被称为庇古税。
作为解决污染的方法，经济学家对矫正税的偏爱通常大于管制，因为税收可以以较低的社会成本减少污染。
首先是因为税收减少污染更有效率。
矫正税实际上规定了污染权的价格，并把污染权分配给那些减少污染成本最高的工厂。
无论环境保护机构选择的污染水平是多少，它都可以通过税收以最低的总成本达到这个目标。
其次，矫正税对环境更有利。
在管制政策下，企业被动地减少污染，一旦达到了管制的要求，它就没有理由再减少排污。
税收激励工厂主动减少污染，以尽力减少不得不为此支付的税收量。
5．列出不用政府干预时也可以解决外部性引起的问题的一些方法。
答：私人解决外部性所引起的问题的方法有：(1)用道德规范和社会约束来解决；(2)慈善行为；(3)通过依靠有关各方的私利来解决外部性问题；(4)利益各方签订合约。
6．设想你与一个吸烟者同住一间房，但你不吸烟。
根据科斯定理，什么因素决定了你的室友是否在房间里吸烟?这个结果有效率吗?你和你室友如何达成这种解决方法?答：根据科斯定理，如果我被迫吸烟所承受的成本大于我的室友吸烟所获得的收益，我的室友就不应该在房间里吸烟。
曼昆微观经济学习题
曼昆微观经济学习题1. Describe some of the trade-offs faced by each of the following:a. a family deciding whether to buy a new carb. a member of Congress deciding how much to spend on national parksc. a company president deciding whether to open a new factoryd. a professor deciding how much to prepare for classe. a recent college graduate deciding whether to go to graduate school2. You are trying to decide whether to take a vacation. Most of the costs of the vacation (airfare, hotel, and forgone wages) are measured indollars, but the benefits of the vacation are psychological. How can you compare the benefits to the costs?3. You were planning to spend Saturday working at your part-time job, buta friend asks you to go skiing. What is the true cost of going skiing? Now suppose you had been planning to spend the day studying at the library. Whatis the cost of going skiing in this case? Explain.4. You win $100 in a basketball pool. You have a choice between spending the money now or putting it away for a year in a bank account that pays 5 percent interest. What is the opportunity cost of spending the $100 now?5. The company that you manage has invested $5 million in developing a new product, but the development is not quite finished. At a recent meeting, your salespeople report that the introduction of competing products has reduced the expected sales of your new product to $3 million. If it would cost $1 million to finish development and make the product, should you go ahead and do so? What is the most that you should pay to complete development?6. The Social Security system provides income for people over age 65. If a recipient of Social Security decides to work and earn some income, the amount he or she receives in Social Security benefits is typically reduced. a. How does the provision of Social Securityaffect people‘s incentive to save while working?b. How does the reduction in benefits associated with higher earnings affect people‘s incentive to work past age 65?7. A 1996 bill reforming the federal government‘s antipoverty programs limited many welfare recipients to only two years of benefits. a. How doesthis change affect the incentives for working?b. How might this change represent a trade-off between equality and efficiency?8. Your roommate is a better cook than you are, but you can clean more quickly than your roommate can. If your roommate did all the cooking and you did all the cleaning, would your chores take you more or less time than if you divided each task evenly? Give a similar example of how specialization and trade can make two countries both better off.9. Explain whether each of the following government activities is motivated by a concern about equality or a concern about efficiency. In the case of efficiency, discuss the type of market failure involved.a. regulating cable TV pricesb. providing some poor people with vouchers that can be used to buy foodc. prohibiting smoking in public placesd. breaking up Standard Oil (which once owned 90 percent of all oil refineries) into several smaller companiese. imposing higher personal income tax rates on people with higher incomesf. instituting laws against driving while intoxicated10. Discuss each of the following statements from the standpoints of equality and efficiency. a. �DEveryone in society should be guaranteed the best healthcare possible.‖b. �DWhen workers are laid off, they should be able to collect unemployment benefits until they find a new job.‖11. In what ways is your standard of living differentfrom that of your parents or grandparents when they were your age? Why have these changes occurred?12. Suppose Americans decide to save more of their incomes. If banks lend this extra saving to businesses, which use the funds to build new factories, how might this lead to faster growth in productivity? Who do you suppose benefits from the higher productivity? Is society getting a free lunch?13. In 2021, President Barack Obama and Congress enacted a healthcare reform bill in the United States. Two goals of the bill were to provide more Americans with health insurance (via subsidies for lower-income households financed by taxes on higher-income households) and to reduce the cost of healthcare (via various reforms in how healthcare is provided). a. How do these goals relate to equality and efficiency?b. How might healthcare reform increase productivity in the United States?c. How might healthcare reform decrease productivity in the United States?14. During the Revolutionary War, the American colonies could not raise enough tax revenue to fully fund the war effort; to make up this difference, the colonies decided to print more money. Printing money to cover expenditures is sometimes referred to as an �Dinflation tax.‖ Who do you think is being �Dtaxed‖ when more money is printed? Why?15. Imagine that you are a policymaker trying to decide whether to reduce the rate of inflation. To make an intelligent decision, what would you need to know about inflation, unemployment, and the trade-off between them?16. A policymaker is deciding how to finance the construction of a new airport. He can either pay for it by increasing citizens‘ taxes or byprinting more money. What are some of the short-run and long-run consequences of each option?1. Draw a circular-flow diagram. Identify the parts of the model that correspond to the flow of goods and services and the flow of dollars for each of the following activities. a. Selena pays a storekeeper $1 for a quart of milk.b. Stuart earns $4.50 per hour working at a fastfood restaurant.c. Shanna spends $30 to get a haircut.d. Sally earns $10,000 from her 10 percent ownership of Acme Industrial.2. Imagine a society that produces military goods and consumer goods, which we‘ll call �Dguns‖ and �Dbutter.‖a. Draw a production possibilities frontier for guns and butter. Using the concept of opportunity cost, explain why it most likely has a bowed-out shape.b. Show a point that is impossible for the economy to achieve. Show apoint that is feasible but inefficient.c. Imagine that the society has two political parties, called the Hawks (who want a strong military) and the Doves (who want a smaller military). Show a point on your production possibilities frontier that the Hawks might choose and a point the Doves might choose.d. Imagine that an aggressive neighboring country reduces the size of its military. As a result, both the Hawks and the Doves reduce their desired production of guns by the same amount. Which party would get the bigger�Dpeace dividend,‖ measured by the increase in butter production? Explain.3. The first principle of economics discussed in Chapter 1 is that people face trade-offs. Use a production possibilities frontier to illustratesociety‘s trade-off between two �Dgoods‖―a clean environment and the quantity of industrial output. What do you suppose determines the shape and position of the frontier? Show what happens to the frontier if engineersdevelop a new way of producing electricity that emits fewer pollutants.4. An economy consists of three workers: Larry, Moe, and Curly. Each works ten hours a day and can produce two services: mowing lawns and washing cars.In an hour, Larry can either mow one lawn or wash one car; Moe can either mow one lawn or wash two cars; and Curly can either mow two lawns or wash one car.a. Calculate how much of each service is produced under the following circumstances, which we label A, B, C, and D: ? All three spend all their time mowing lawns. (A)All three spend all their time washing cars. (B)All three spend half their time on each activity. (C)Larry spends half his time on each activity, while Moe only washes cars and Curly only mows lawns. (D)b. Graph the production possibilities frontier for this economy. Usingyour answers to part (a), identify points A, B, C, and D on your graph.c. Explain why the production possibilities frontier has the shape it does.d. Are any of the allocations calculated in part (a) inefficient? Explain.5. Classify the following topics as relating to microeconomics or macroeconomics. a. a family‘s decision about how much income to saveb. the effect of government regulations on auto emissionsc. the impact of higher national saving on economic growthd. a firm‘s decision about how many workers to hiree. the relationship between the inflation rate and changes in the quantity of money 6. Classify each of the following statements as positive or normative. Explain.a. Society faces a short-run trade-off between感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
(最新整理)微观经济学案例分析题
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第 1 页共4 页分析题集锦1、据估算，美国的边际消费倾向现在约为0.68，中国的边际消费倾向约为0。
48.也许这种估算不一定十分准确,但是一个不争的事实是，中国的边际消费倾向低于美国.为什么中美边际消费倾向有这种差别呢?一些人认为，这种差别在于中美两国的消费观念不同，美国人崇尚享受，今天敢花明天的钱，中国人有节俭的传统,一分钱要瓣成两半花。
但在经济学家看来，这并不是最重要的。
消费观念属于伦理道德范畴，由经济基础决定,不同的消费观来自不同的经济基础。
还要用经济与制度因素来解释中美边际消费倾向的这种差别。
美国是一个成熟的市场经济国家，经济总体上是稳定的;美国的社会保障体系较为完善，覆盖面广而且水平较高.而我国正在从计划经济转向市场经济，社会保障体系还没有完全建立起来。
讨论题：1.从这个案例当中你可以得出什么结论？2.如果要提高我国的边际消费倾向，我们应该从哪几个方面入手？答案要点：边际消费倾向是指增加的消费在增加的收入中所占的比例。
中美边际消费倾向之比较说明我国边际消费倾向明显的低于美国. （2分)我认为存在以下的原因：首先来看收入。
美国是一个成熟的市场经济国家,尽管也经常发生经济周期性波动,但经济总体上是稳定的。
经济的稳定决定了收入的稳定性。
当收入稳定时，人们就敢于消费,甚至敢于借贷消费了.中国是一个转型中的国家,正在从计划经济转向市场经济，尽管经济增长速度快，但就每个人而言有下岗的危险，收入并不稳定。
曼昆微观经济学试题库
第一章经济学十大原理1.1人们如何做出决策【题型】：名词解释1、【试题正文】经济学【参考答案及评分标准】：研究社会如何管理其稀缺资源（2分）。
2、【试题正文】机会成本【参考答案及评分标准】：得到某种东西所放弃的东西（2分）。
【题型】：简答题3、【试题正文】空气是稀缺的吗?清新的空气是稀缺的吗?【参考答案及评分标准】：不,为了得到它，你不必放弃任何东西。
（３分）是的，在得到它(汽车排污设备等)而不放弃什么东西的情况下，你想要多少就可以有多少。
（2分）4、【试题正文】把你工资的一部分储蓄起来的机会成本是什么?【参考答案及评分标准】：你可以享受你为之支付了的东西(现期消费)。
（５分）5、【试题正文】水是生命所必需的。
钻石并不是。
增加一杯水的边际利益大于还是小于增加一克拉钻石的边际利益?为什么？【参考答案及评分标准】：一杯水的边际利益通常很低，因为我们所拥有的水是如此之多，以至于增加一杯水的价值很少（３分）。
钻石的情况正好相反。
（2分）6、【试题正文】你的汽车需要修理。
你已经为修理变速器花了500美元，但它仍然不能正常运行。
你“似乎”能以2000美元的价格出卖你的汽车。
如果你的汽车可以修理好，你可以卖2500美元。
再花300美元保证可以修好你的汽车。
你应该修理你的汽车吗?为什么?【参考答案及评分标准】：是的（１分），因为修理汽车的边际利益是2500美元一2000美元=500美元（2分），而边际成本是300美元（１分）。
原来修理付的钱是无关的（１分）。
7、【试题正文】为什么你认为气囊所减少的汽车车祸的死亡小于你所希望的?【参考答案及评分标准】：一次车祸的成本是低的。
这改变了激励，使人们开车更快，而且车祸更多。
（５分）8、【试题正文】如果我们更多地储蓄，并用储蓄构建更多的物质资本，生产率就会提高，而且，我们将提高未来的生活水平。
未来增长的机会成本是什么?【参考答案及评分标准】：我们必须放弃今天的消费。
（2分）【题型】：判断正误题9、【试题正文】当经济学家说“天下没有免费的午餐”时，他们是指所有经济决策都涉及到权衡取舍。
曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》第6版课后习题详解(1~2章)
曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》第 6 版课后习题详解第一篇导言第1章经济学十大原理一、看法题1.稀缺性稀缺性是指在给定的时间内，相对于人的需求而言，经济资源的供应老是不足的，也就是资源的有限性与人类的欲念无穷性之间的矛盾。
2.经济学经济学是研究如何将稀缺的资源有效地配置给互相竞争的用途，以令人类的欲念获取最大限度知足的科学。
此中微观经济学是以单个经济主体为研究对象，研究单个经济主风光对既定资源拘束时如何进行选择的科学；宏观经济学则以整个公民经济为研究对象，主要着眼于经济总量的研究。
3.效率效率是指人们在实践活动中的产出与投入比值或许是效益与成本比值，比值大效率高，比值小效率低。
它与产出或利润大小成正比，与投入或成本成反比。
4.同等同等是指人与人的利益关系及利益关系的原则、制度、做法、行为等都符合社会发展的需要，即经济成就在社会成员中公正分派的特征。
它是一个历史范围，按其所产生的社会历史条件和社会性质的不一样而不一样，不存在永久的公正；它也是一个客观范围，只管在不一样的社会形态中内涵不一样对其的理解不一样，但都是社会存在的反应，拥有客观性。
5.时机成本时机成本是指将一种资源用于某种用途，而未用于其余用途所放弃的最大预期利润。
其存在的前提条件是：①资源是稀缺的；②资源拥有多种用途；③资源的投向不受限制。
6.理性人理性人是指系统而有目的地尽最大努力去实现其目标的人，是经济研究中所假定的、在必定条件下拥有典型理性行为的经济活动主体。
7.边沿改动边沿改动是指对行动计划的细小增量调整。
8.激励激励是指惹起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。
9.市场经济市场经济是指由家庭和公司在市场上的互相交易决定资源配置的经济，而资源配置本质上就是决定社会生产什么、生产多少、如何生产以及为谁生产的过程。
10.产权产权是指个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力，也能够理解为人们对其所交易东西的所有权，即人们在交易活动中使自己或别人在经济利益上得益或受损的权利。
曼昆《经济学原理》（微观）第五版测试题库（14）（1）
曼昆《经济学原理》（微观）第五版测试题库（14）（1）Chapter 14Firms in Competitive MarketsTRUE/FALSE1. For a firm operating in a perfectly competitive industry, total revenue, marginal revenue, and average revenue are all equal.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Average revenue | Marginal rev-enueMSC: Interpretive2. For a firm operating in a perfectly competitive industry, marginal reve-nue and average revenue are equal.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Average revenue | Marginal rev-enueMSC: Interpretive3. If a firm notices that its average revenue equals the current market price, that firm must be participating in a competitive market.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Average revenueMSC: Interpretive4. A profit-maximizing firm in a competitive market will increase produc-tion when average revenue exceeds marginal cost. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Average revenueMSC: Interpretive5. Because there are many buyers and sellers in a perfectly competitive market, no one seller can influence the market price. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 14-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Competitive marketsMSC: Definitional6. Firms operating in perfectly competitive markets try to maximize prof-its.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximization929MSC: Applicative7. In competitive markets, firms that raise their prices are typically re-warded with larger profits.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Competitive marketsMSC: Interpretive8. When an individual firm in a competitive market increases its produc-tion, it is likely that the market price will fall. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Competitive marketsMSC: Interpretive9. In a competitive market, firms are unable to differentiate their product from that of other producers.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 14-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Competitive marketsMSC: Interpretive10. Firms in a competitive market are said to be price takers because there are many sellers in the market and the goods offered by the firms are very similar if not identical.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Competitive marketsMSC: Interpretive11. A firm's incentive to compare marginal revenue and marginal cost is an application of the principle that rational people think at the margin. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Interpretive12. By comparing the marginal revenue and marginal cost from each unit produced, a firm in a competitive market can determine the profit-maximizing level of production.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Interpretiveword⽂档可⾃由复制编辑Chapter 14/Firms in Competitive Markets 931 13. Firms operating in perfectly competitive markets produce an output level where marginal revenue equals marginal cost.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Marginal revenueMSC: Applicative14. A firm is currently producing 100 units of output per day. The man-ager reports to the owner that producing the 100th unit costs the firm $5. The firm can sell the 100th unit for $4.75. The firm should continue to pro-duce 100 units in order to maximize its profits (or minimize its losses). ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Analytical15. A firm is currently producing 100 units of output per day. The man-ager reports to the owner that producing the 100th unit costs the firm $5. The firm can sell the 100th unit for $5. The firm should continue to produce 100 units in order to maximize its profits (or minimize its losses).ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Analytical16. A firm is currently producing 100 units of output per day. The man-ager reports to the owner that producing the 100th unit costs the firm $5. The firm can sell the unit for $6. The firm should produce more than 100 units in order to maximize its profits (or minimize its losses).ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Analytical17. A dairy farmer must be able to calculate sunk costs in order to deter-mine how much revenue the farm receives for the typical gallon of milk. ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Sunk costs MSC: I nterpretive18. Because nothing can be done about sunk costs, they are irrelevant to decisions about business strategy.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Sunk costs MSC: I nterpretive19. A miniature golf course is a good example of where fixed costs be-come relevant to the decision of when to open and when to close for the season.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Sunk costs MSC: I nterpretive20. A popular resort restaurant will maximize profits if it chooses to stay open during the less-crowded “off season” when its total revenues exceed its variable costs.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Sunk costs MSC: I nterpretive21. All firms maximize profits by producing an output level where marginal revenue equals marginal cost; for firms operating in perfectly competitive in-dustries, maximizing profits also means producing an output level where price equals marginal cost.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Interpretive22. A firm operating in a perfectly competitive industry will continue to op-erate in the short run but earn losses if the market price is less than that firm’s average total cost but greater than the firm’s average variable cost. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Supply curveMSC: Interpretive23. A firm operating in a perfectly competitive industry will continue to op-erate in the short run but earn losses if the market price is less than that firm’s average variable co st.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Supply curveMSC: Interpretive24. A firm operating in a perfectly competitive industry will shut down in the short run but earn losses if the market price is less than that firm’s aver-age variable cost.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Supply curveMSC: Interpretiveword⽂档可⾃由复制编辑Chapter 14/Firms in Competitive Markets 933 25. In the short run, a firm should exit the industry if its marginal cost ex-ceeds its marginal revenue.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Supply curveMSC: Interpretive26. In making a short-run profit-maximizing production decision, the firm must consider both fixed and variable cost. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Interpretive27. A firm will shut down in the short run if revenue is not sufficient to cov-er its variable costs of production.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Shut down MSC: I nterpretive28. Suppose a firm is considering producing zero units of output. We call this shutting down in the short run and exiting an industry in the long run. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Shut down MSC: I nterpretive29. Suppose a firm is considering producing zero units of output. We call this exiting an industry in the short run and shutting down in the long run. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Shut down MSC: I nterpretive30. A firm will shut down in the short run if revenue is not sufficient to cov-er all of its fixed costs of production.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Shut down MSC: I nterpretive31. The supply curve of a firm in a competitive market is the average va-riable cost curve above the minimum of marginal cost.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Supply curveMSC: Interpretive32. When a profit-maximizing firm in a competitive market experiences rising prices, it will respond with an increase in production.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Interpretive33. The marginal firm in a competitive market will earn zero economic profit in the long run.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Economic profitMSC: Interpretive34. A profit-maximizing firm in a competitive market will earn zero ac-counting profits in the long run.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Accounting profitMSC: Interpretive35. In the long run, when price is less than average total cost for all possi-ble levels of production, a firm in a competitive market will choose to exit (or not enter) the market.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Interpretive36. In the long run, when price is greater than average total cost, some firms in a competitive market will choose to enter the market.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Interpretive37. In the long run, a firm should exit the industry if its total costs exceed its total revenues.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Interpretive38. When a resource used in the production of a good sold in a competi-tive market is available in only limited quantities, the long-run supply curve is likely to be upward sloping.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Supply curveMSC: Interpretiveword⽂档可⾃由复制编辑Chapter 14/Firms in Competitive Markets 935 39. A firm operating in a perfectly competitive industry will continue to op-erate if it earns zero economic profits because it is likely to be earning posi-tive accounting profits.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Competitive marketsMSC: Interpretive40. A firm operating in a perfectly competitive industry will shut down in the short run if its economic profits fall to zero because it is likely to be earn-ing negative accounting profits.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Competitive marketsMSC: Interpretive41. A firm operating in a perfectly competitive market may earn positive, negative, or zero economic profit in the long run. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Long-run supply curveMSC: Interpretive42. A firm operating in a perfectly competitive market may earn positive, negative, or zero economic profit in the short run. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Long-run supply curveMSC: Interpretive43. A firm operating in a perfectly competitive market earns zero economic profit in the long run but remains in business because the firm’s revenues cover the business owners’ opportunity costs.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Zero-profit conditionMSC: Interpretive44. A competitive market will typically experience entry and exit until ac-counting profits are zero.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Zero-profit conditionMSC: Interpretive45. The long-run equilibrium in a competitive market characterized by firms with identical costs is generally characterized by firms operating at effi-cient scale.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Zero-profit conditionMSC: Interpretive46. In the long run, a competitive market with 1,000 identical firms will ex-perience an equilibrium price equal to the minimum of each firm's average total cost.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Zero-profit conditionMSC: Interpretive47. In a long-run equilibrium where firms have identical costs, it is possible that some firms in a competitive market are making a positive economic prof-it.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Zero-profit conditionMSC: Interpretive48. When economic profits are zero in equilibrium, the firm's revenue must be sufficient to cover all opportunity costs. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Zero-profit conditionMSC: Interpretive49. The short-run supply curve in a competitive market must be more elastic than the long-run supply curve.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Supply curveMSC: Interpretive50. The long-run supply curve in a competitive market is more elastic than the short-run supply curve.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Supply curveMSC: InterpretiveSHORT ANSWERword⽂档可⾃由复制编辑Chapter 14/Firms in Competitive Markets 937 1. Describe the difference between average revenue and marginal reve-nue. Why are both of these revenue measures important to a prof-it-maximizing firm?ANS:Average revenue is total revenue divided by the quantity of output. Marginal revenue is the change in total revenue from the sale of each additional unit of output. Marginal revenue is used to determine the profit-maximizing level of production, and average revenue is used to help determine the level of profits. Note that for all firms, price equals average revenue because AR=(PxQ)/Q=P. But only for a firm operating in a perfectly competitive industry does price al-so equal marginal revenue.DIF: 2 REF: 14-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Perfect competitionTOP: Price MSC: D efinitional2. List and describe the characteristics of a perfectly competitive market. ANS:There are many buyers and sellers in the market. The goods offered by the various sellers are largely the same. Firms can freely enter or exit the market. DIF: 2 REF: 14-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Perfect competitionTOP: Competitive markets MSC: D efinitional3. Why would a firm in a perfectly competitive market always choose to set its price equal to the current market price? If a firm set its price below the current market price, what effect would this have on the market?ANS:The firm could not sell any more of its product at a lower price than it could sell at the market price. As a result, it would needlessly forgo revenue if it set a price below the market price. If the firm set a higher price, it would not sell anything at all because a competitive market has many sellers who would supply the product at the market price.DIF: 2 REF: 14-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Perfect competitionTOP: Profit maximization MSC: A nalytical4. Use a graph to demonstrate the circumstances that would prevail in a competitive market where firms are earning economic profits. Can this sce-nario be maintained in the long run? Explain your answer.ANS:In a competitive market where firms are earning economic profits, new firms will have an incentive to enter the market. This entry will expand the number of firms, increase the quantity of the good supplied, and drive down pricesword ⽂档可⾃由复制编辑 and profits. Entry will cease once firms are producing the output level where price equals the minimum of the average total cost curve, meaning that eachfirm earns zero economic profits in the long run.DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximization MSC: A nalytical5. Explain how a firm in a competitive market identifies the prof-it-maximizing level of production. When should the firm raise production, and when should the firm lower production? ANS:The firm selects the level of output at which marginal revenue is equal tomarginal cost. If MR > MC, profit will increase if the firm increases Q. If MR < MC, profit will increase if the firm decreases Q. DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximization MSC: A nalytical6. News reports from the western United States occasionally report inci-dents of cattle ranchers slaughtering a large number of newborn calves and burying them in mass graves rather than transporting them to markets. As-suming that this is rational behavior by profit-maximizing "firms," explain what economic factors may influence such behavior.ANS:If the selling price is not sufficient to cover the variable cost of sending the calves to market, this (potentially emotionally upsetting) behavior makes economic sense.DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximization MSC: A nalytical。
微观经济学练习题答案(曼昆)
微观经济学部分练习题参考答案第一单元：经济学概述、供求与局部均衡练习题一、单选题1。
说“资源是稀缺的”是指BA世界上大多数人生活在贫困中 B。
相对于资源的需求而言,资源总是不足的C。
资源必须保留给下一代 D.世界上资源最终将由于生产更多的物品和劳务而消耗光2.经济物品是指DA。
有用的物品 B.稀缺的物品 C。
要用钱购买的物品 D。
有用且稀缺的物品3。
经济学可定义为CA。
政府对市场制度的干预 B。
企业取得利润的活动C.研究如何最合理地配置稀缺资源于诸多用途 D。
人们靠收入生活4.从经济学的观点看,资源配置问题说明的是CA.人们的需要是多方面的且是无止境的 B。
资源的供给是有限的C。
一种资源有许多可供选择的用途，但有一种利用效果最佳 D.以上说法都对5.下列命题中那一个不是实证经济学命题 CA.昨日中国人民银行宣布把存款基准利率降低0。
25％ B。
2011年失业率超过8％C。
个人所得税对中等收入家庭是不公平的 D。
个人所得税的起征点提高了6。
某人有10万元资金，可供选择的用途及各种用途能获得的收入是:开饭店获利3万元，炒股票获利3.5万元，进行期货投机获利4万元。
该人选择期货投机的机会成本为AA.13.5万元B.20。
5万元C.14万元D.13万元7.保持所有其他因素不变，某种商品的价格下降，将导致CA.需求增加 B。
需求减少 C。
需求量增加 D.需求量减少8。
在某种物品价格上升的百分比既定时,引起需求量减少最大的情况是CA.价格上升后时间长B.这种物品的支出在收入中占的比例大C。
很容易得到替代品 D。
以上全对9。
如果某种物品小幅度降价会引起需求量大幅度变动，那么，该物品BA。
需求缺乏弹性 B.需求富有弹性 C。
需求单位弹性 D.需求价格弹性接近于零10.一条垂直的需求曲线所表示的是DA。
单位弹性 B.无限弹性 C。
富有弹性 D.需求的价格弹性为零11.下面哪一种物品的需求价格弹性最大BA。
大米 B。
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微观经济学（曼昆）案例分析练习题
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1、假设我们有以下自行车的市场供给与需求表：
a．画出自行车的供给曲线和需求曲线。
b．自行车的均衡价格是多少?
c．自行车的均衡数量是多少?
d．如果自行车的价格是100美元，存在过剩还是短缺?有多少单位过剩或短缺?这将引起价格上升还是下降？
e．如果自行车的价格是400美元，存在过剩还是短缺?有多少单位过剩或短缺?这将引起价格上升还是下降?
f.假设自行车市场的工会为增加工资而谈判。
此外，再假设这个事件增加了生产成本，使自行车制造不利，而且，在每种自行车价格时减少了自行车供给量20辆。
在图4_2中画出新的供给曲线以及原来的供给和需求曲线。
自行车市场新的均衡价格和数量是多少?
【参考答案】：
a．
b ．300美元。
c ．50辆自行车。
d ．短缺，70—30=40单位，价格将上升。
e ．过剩，60—40=20单位，价格将下降。
f.均衡价格为400美元，均衡数量为40辆自行车。
2、假设《每日新闻》估计，如果它把自己报纸的价格从1美元提高到1．5美元，那么订
户数就将从5万下降到4万。
a ．当用中点法计算弹性时，《每日新闻》的需求价格弹性是多少?
b ．使用中点法的好处是什么?
c ．如果《每日新闻》只关心总收益最大化，它应该把报纸的价格从1美元提高到1．5美元吗?为什么该提价或不该提价? 【参考答案】：
a ．(10000／45000)／(0.50美元/1.25美元)=0.56。
b ．用中点法的好处是，无论你从价格为1美元开始上升到1.5美元，还是从1.5美元开始下降到1美元，弹性的值是相同的。
c ．应该提价。
因为需求价格弹性小于1(缺乏弹性)，价格上升将增加总收益。
3、对下列每一对物品，你预期哪一种物品更富有供给弹性?为什么?
a ．电视；海滩的地产
b．下一周的原油；明年的原油
c．凡·高的油画；凡·高同一张油画的印刷品
【参考答案】：
a．电视，因为电视价格上升可以引起电视生产增加，而海滩地产是固定的。
b．明年的原油，因为在明年增加石油生产比在下周增加石油生产会更容易。
c．凡·高画的印刷品，因为价格上升就可以更多地印刷，而原作的数量是固定的。
4、乔有一个小造船厂。
他可以每年制造10艘船，并以每艘2．5万美元的价值出售这些船。
建造10艘船的原料(玻璃钢、木头，油漆等)是15万美元。
乔为了生产船而投资于工厂和设备40万美元。
他自己的储蓄20万美元，并以10％的利息借款20万美元(假设乔也可以以l 0％的利息把他的钱贷出去)。
乔可以在与之竞争的船厂工作，每年收入7万美元。
a．乔在一年中可以赚到的总收益是多少?
b．在生产10艘船时，乔引起的显性成本是多少?
c．生产1 0艘船的总机合成本(显性与隐性)是多少?
d．乔的会计利润值是多少?
e．乔的经济利润值是多少?
f．乔经营他的船厂真的有利吗?解释之。
【参考答案】：
a．10×2．5万美元=25万美元。
b．15万美元+(20万美元×0．1)=17万美元。
c．15万美元+(40万美元×0．1)+7万美元=26万美元。
d．25万美元一17万美元=8万美元。
e．25万美元一26万美元=一1万美元。
f不对。
乔如果到竞争对手的工厂工作而不经营自己的工厂，他可以赚到7万美元加他20万美元金融资本10％的利息共计9万美元，而他的工厂每年只赚8万美元会计利润，因此他为经营自己的工厂(没有规模经济)要付出1万美元的代价。
5、假设生活在首都机场的公民对平静与安全的评价是30亿美元。
a．如果民航公司使飞机无噪音的成本是40亿美元(民航公司对噪音的评价为40亿美元)，政府规定必须消除噪音是有效率的吗?为什么?
b．如果民航公司使飞机无噪音的成本是20亿美元，政府规定飞机必须消除噪音是有效率的吗?为什么？
c．假设没有交易成本，再假设人们有权要求宁静。
如果航空公司使其飞机无噪音的成本
是20亿美元，私人解决这个问题的方法是什么?
d．假设没有交易成本，再假设民航公司有权想制造多少噪音就制造多少噪音。
如果民航公司使其飞机无噪音的成本是20亿美元，私人解决这个问题的方法是什么?
e．比较你对c和d的答案。
有什么相似，有什么不同吗?你能从这种比较中得出一般性规律吗?
【参考答案】：
a．无效率，因为纠正外部性的成本大于受影响各方对它的评价。
b．有效率，因为对安静的评价大于飞机消除噪音的成本。
c．民航公司可以花20亿美元并使飞机噪音减弱，或者用30亿美元购买制造噪音的权利，因此，民航公司将选择用20亿美元使飞机消除噪音。
d．受影响的公民必须至少支付20亿美元，而且，愿意支付到30亿美元，以使民航公司消除飞机的噪音。
e．相似：无论原来的产权是什么，飞机必须消除噪音，因为这是有效率的。
差别：如果公民有安静权，公民受益，而民航公司受损。
如果民航公司有制造噪音权，民航公司受益，而公民受损。
6、假设有4个企业，每个企业都希望把1桶化学废物倒入河中。
企业1生产的产品的社会评价高，并以高价格出售，它愿意为倒1桶废物支付800万美元。
企业2生产的产品的价值略低一些，只愿意为倒1桶废物支付600万美元。
以类似的方式，假设企业3愿意为倒1桶废物支付400万美元，企业4只愿意支付200万美元。
a．在图10-2中画出污染权的需求。
b．假设环境保护署(EPA)估算出河流中安全的污染水平是3桶废物。
它应该把庇古税定为多少?
c．假设环境保护署(EPA)估算出河流中安全的污染水平是3桶废物。
它应该配置多少可交易的污染许可证?将以多高的价格交易许可证?
d．比较b和c。
在每种情况下倾倒多少桶废物?在每种情况下为污染支付的价格是多少?与另一种方法相比，一种把外部性内在化的方法的优点是什么?
【参考答案】：
a．参看图10-5。
b．每桶400万美元。
c．应该出售3张许可证。
这些许可证将以每个许可证400万美元的价格交易。
d．3桶。
每桶400万美元。
是的，在污染许可证可交易时，管制者不需要为了把污染目标定在3桶上而了解这个市场上污染需求的任何一件事，而且，污染许可证最初的配置对有效的解决并没有影响。
7、a．图15-2代表哪一种类型市场：完全竞争、垄断，还是自然垄断?试解释之。
b．假设企业要使利润最大，说明图15-2中的这家企业盈利还是亏损。
c．假设政府管制者为了提高这个市场的效率，迫使这家企业的价格等于其边际成本。
在图15—3中，说明这家企业盈利还是亏损。
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d．在长期中，能为了提高效率而迫使这家企业收取的价格等于边际成本吗?试解释之。
【参考答案】：
a．自然垄断，因为在可以满足整个市场的产量时，ATC仍然在下降。
b．看图15-7。
c．看图15-8。
d．不是（2分）。
如果平均总成本下降，边际成本必定低于平均总成本。
如果强迫收取的价格等于边际成本，这个企业将有亏损。
它将简单地退出市场，这就消除了与这个市场相关的所有剩余。
/。