上海海洋大学专业英语期末翻译
06上外英汉互译部分
06上外英汉互译部分一：汉译英部分（75分）We boarded a steam launch to Guangzhou and left Hongkong at ten o’clock.As the boat started to move, my friend Hong called me outside the cabin. The moment I stepped out I heard him yelling："Look! Hongkong’s night view is marvelous, you can’t miss it".Outside on the deck I leaned against the railing, watching Hongkong receding from us.The sea was dark, so was the sky. There scattered some stars in the heavens but most of them not quite bright while Hongkong in the distance made a constellation of stars.Over the mountains, on the streets and buildings were lights, each resembling a star, yet in my naked eyes they outshone stars. Myriads of lights dotted here and there constituted a mountain of stars, shining with a spectacle of brilliance.Tranquility and peace reigned the night. Not a sound could be heard from cross the water as though Hongkong closed its big mouth. However, when I gazed at that starry mountain I felt as if those countless lights were whispering with each other. The ship was moving and so were the lights, together with the lamplights on the running trolley buses and cars on the opposite streets. I saw them turning dim and bright now and then just like children winkling or frolicking or chatting with each other. My visual and auditory senses blending, I was almost listening with my eyes. The star-studded mountain was no dumb; instead, they were busy with performing a magnificent symphony...I was almost lost in reverie.Presumably the ship was swinging around. The star-lit mountain retreated smaller and smaller, yet in my eyes there were shining with an expanse of golden rays and lingering on a touching melody.Slowly the ship sailed into the heart of mountains (I could not distinguish whether they were mountains or islands), for Hongkong was gone unseen. Lightless on the sea, our ship was enveloped by the pitch darkness. The mountain of stars disappeared like a vague dream. Standing lost there, I wished to find the mountain back yet there was noting in sight. Outside the air was cool, but the blowing wind was too much for my head, so I walked back to the crowded and noisy cabin, a completely different world. As I set my foot in to the cabin, I couldn’t help asking myself: was it only a mirage that I saw just now?06上外英汉部分I. Translate the following into English (75分)我们搭小火轮去广州。
大一下学期基英期末翻译题总结
大一下学期基英期末翻译题总结Unit11) It is wrong to raise our children the way we grow flowers in the greenhouse.We must expose them to all social problems because very soon they will be dealing with them as responsible citizens.2) As time goes on we are inevitably going to get more and more involved ininternational affairs. And conflicts are sure to occur because there always exist different views and interests between nations.3) We are proud of our accomplishments, and we have reason to be. But we mustnever become arrogant. Otherwise we will lose our friends.4) Information is now easily available. An average computer can store theinformation of a small library5) That construction company is not qualified to handle the project. They do nothave any legal document to certify that they have the necessary expertise. We must find a company that specializes in building theatres.6) These think tanks do not make decisions. They are out to generate new ideasand penetrating analyses that will be extremely useful for decision makers. 7) The growth of GDP is not everything. Our country cannot be said to have beenmodernized unless the quality of our people’s lives is really improved.8) Poor as we were in many ways at that time, we were still quite happy aschildren, for there was clean air, clean water, a lot of fish, crabs and eels in the rivers, lakes, and ponds; and a lot of flowers, trees and birds in the fields.9) Give absolute power to some individual or any particular group of people, andthat person or group are sure to abuse that power because, just as Lord Acton says, “Power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely.”10) Traditionally in our country school education was always said to be moreimportant and useful compared with all other pursuits.Unit31) Health care must be available to all citizens regardless of their differences.We cannot justify the policy that denies the care to the large population living in the country.2) They claim to have discovered a universal law which applies to all nations.3) I often made a fool of myself when I was living with my uncle onhis farm. When asked to get rid of the weed in the rice fields, for example,I often failed to tell apart the weed and the rice seedlings.4) Why go there today? I’d much rather we st ay until the snow ceases.5) Rice requires large quantities of water and many scientists warn us thateven if we use our water sparingly, the day will inevitably come when we will be fighting over limited supplies of water resources.6) There has been quite a noticeable change in recent years. We no longerlean on export for economic growth. We now tend to put more emphasis on home consumption.7) Today’s tendency is to give little kids too many tests and exams until theyare no good for anything but taking exams.8) It is pointless to force professors to publish a fixed number of papersannually regardless of their quality. Besides, this is a demand even Einstein would not have been able to meet.Unit41)The fact that he was able to avoid the seemingly inevitable crash madehim a national hero.2)Of the four students who risked their lives to try to drag the drowningchildren to shore, two never returned.3)The Japanese are known for their long life span. They believe they owethis to their eating habits/composition of their diet, which contains a lot of fish products.4)I know Harris. I couldn’t imagine a man like him making such stupidremarks.5)After testing her loyalty many times, he was now going to give her themost dangerous task.6)I hear that Lincoln delivered an extremely powerful speech on thatoccasion. Whatever did he actually say?7)That this time they must be ready to challenge death was clear toeverybody. But no one regretted this move.8)As accidents go/As far as accidents are concerned, there was nothingout of the ordinary: a crazy young man drives a car on a university campus and kills a young woman student. What is unusual is the fact that the man dares to challenge the people who want to take him to court because his father is a local police officer.9)Every time/Whenever we decide on a financial policy, we have to makea clear distinction between short-term interests and long-term interests.10)Although it was early October, people could already be seen drivingacross the frozen river.Unit51）The government will have to decide when and how to put brakes on the economy before it speeds out of control.2）Why waste money building an airport in the middle of nowhere? We must not ignore the fact that what people here need most is clean water and clean air.3）They thought they might take a different route on their return trip so as to explore the great canyon in Tibet.4）She traveled around the world and came back home quite a changed person, educated and greatly revitalized.5）There is no easy fix for our social problems. We should explore all possibilities and move one step at a time.6）All old traditions die a slow and lingering death. Customs and habits that have taken so long to form can’t be expected to disappear overnight. 7）Madam Chang was considered a pioneer who advocated combining classic Chinese music with Western music.8）I was so stunned when I heard the news, that for quite some time I didn’t know what to say.9）The soldiers are learning how to survive in the wilderness.10）I’ll go there with you if you insist. But really I won’t be much help to you.Unit81) If it hadn’t been for one man’s courage and wisdom, the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone could never have succeeded. This man was the first mayor of the city.2) ---- Sorry I cut you off just now. You were saying…---- I was saying that it is not easy to break down the resistance of those conservatives. But we must go at them step by step.3) The government knows only too well that it cannot increase taxes atwill without hurting home consumption. But to shift the emphasisfrom export to domestic consumption takes time.4) Even with all these home appliances, it is impossible to do away with/ eliminate our domestic labor completely.5) Our town must have looked this way three hundred years ago. Manyold buildings were about to fall in ruins. Some of our leaders wanted to tear them down and put up new tall buildings in their place. But due to lack of money, the plan had to be abandoned. Looking back that was actually a blessing. Today our town has become a tourist attraction.6) Ironically, sometimes, the more we increase production, the more wedecrease profit.7) This project has occupied too much of my time. I could not launch anew project even if I wanted to.8) To tell the truth, I’m more worried about social stagn ation thaneconomic slowdown. Of course, you may not share my view.9) Sadly enough, not everyone realizes that if we do not improve oureducational standards, we will lag behind other countries for ever.Unit9`1)Mr. Lin has always concerned himself with the desertification problem. Ifully agree with him that this is a serious concern as regards our environment protection.2)The spokesman of our government expressed our deep concern for thetwo Chinese engineers who were recently taken hostage by the pirates.3)It is hard to visualize how we can protect the dam from enemy attack.4)Freedom of religion means not only that people can pursue differentfaiths. It also means that they have the right not to have any religion.5)We teachers usually meet once every week to compare notes about ourteaching.6)The situation of this area is very delicate. No country should be allowedto do anything to threaten the precarious balance.7)To be adequate as a translator, we must have a good command of boththe foreign language and Chinese. And I consider myself terribly inadequate in this respect.8)However we differ in our opinion, we must face the challenge together.9)The way I define a good education is that, when you get through it, younot only know how to make a living, but you also know how to live.。
期末考试翻译整理
词级等值翻译but‖said he,impressively ―be not disturbed by that—remain tranquil—give yourselves no uneasiness—their dust rises far before us,you shall see it fade and disappear far behind us.Right you tranquil,leave all to me—I am the king of drivers.Behold!‖– a Tramp Abroad不过，别烦恼、别急噪、别发毛。
别看他们现在尘埃滚滚走在我们前头，管叫他们不久将望尘莫及落在我们后头。
放宽心，我担保。
我本是车夫王嘛！‖他这番话说得我们来了劲头We sat down to study and enjoy this singular spectacle.—A Tramp Abroad我们坐下来欣赏玩味这别具一格的景色。
This paper is our passport to the gallows.But there’s no backing out now.If we don’t hang together, we shall most assuredly hang separately.‖—1776这文件就是我们上绞刑架的护照。
退路是没有啦！如果我们不在一起缠着，就必然将分开吊着As the last man signs,the sound of the tolling Liberty Bell in the belfry above become almost deafening.但最后一个人签名时，钟楼上自由子钟悠扬的钟声越敲越响，几乎震耳欲聋。
His discourse became lost in fantastic digression(希特勒的谈话越说越远，越说越离奇，最后不知说到哪里去了The house detective’s piggy eyes surveyed her sardonically from his gross jowled face.His gaze move on to sweep the spacious,well-appointed room,encompassing the Duke who face them uncertainly,his back to a window.—Blackmail旅馆侦探那张下巴嘟噜的脸上那对猪样的眼睛讥讽地打量着她，接着向这宽敞的设备齐全的房间扫视一圈，最后目光围绕背朝窗户，心神不定地面对着他们的公爵打转。
上外考研翻硕MTI翻译必备英汉词汇二
上外考研翻硕MTI翻译必备英汉词汇互译之二餐桌转盘Lazy Susan残奥会Paralympic Games仓储式超市stockroom-style supermarket藏书票book labels identifying a collector (or collection)舱外航天服extra vehicular activity suits (Chinese only spent 4 years in developing its own EV A (extra vehicular activity) suits. Putting on the suit will take about 14 hours. 我国用4年时间研制出了自己的舱外航天服。
航天服的拆包、组装、测试、穿着，整个过程要持续14个小时。
)参照国际通行做法follow standard international practices操办make arrangements草根工业grass root industry (refers to village and township enterprises which take root among farmers and grow like wold grass)草药herbal medicine操纵比赛game-rigging (The Ministry of Public Security set up a special task force to investigate alleged game-rigging in September 2006, when rumors of under-table deals and fixing ran rife. 2006年9月，有关幕后交易和非法操纵的流言四起，为此公安部设立了一支特别工作组，负责调查此事。
)操纵股票市场manipulate the stock market操作系统operating system侧记sidelights层层转包和违法分包multi-level contracting and illegal sub-contracting 茶道sado差额拨款balance allocation差额投票differentail voting差额选举competitive election查房make/go the rounds of the wards查封close down插杠子poke one's nose into someone's businesses茶话会tea forum; tea party插件plug-in unit茶艺tea ceremony插嘴interrupt; chip in拆东墙补西墙rob Peter to pay Paul差旅费expenses for business trips拆迁补偿费compensation for demolition拆迁费用removal expense拆迁户households or units relocated due to building demolition拆台let someone down; cut the ground from under someone's feet禅dhyana产假maternity leave产粮大省granary province产品更新换代upgrade of products产品构成product composition产品积压overstocked products; accumulation of inventories; stock pile; excessive inventory产品结构product mix产品科技含量technological element of a product产品生命周期分析LCA (Life Cycle Analysis)产权划转和产权变动the transfer of and changes in property rights of enterprises产权明晰、权责明确、政企分开、科学管理"clearly established ownership, well defined power and responsibility, separation of enterprise from administration, and scientific management "产权制度、产权关系property relations; property order产权转让transference of title of property搀水股票water-down stocks -- ordinary stocks that can be bought by persons inside a stock company or a business at a cost lower than their face value产销两旺both production and marketing thrive产销直接挂钩directly link production with marketing产业不景气industrial depression产业的升级换代upgrading of industies产业结构升级upgrading of an industrial structure产业升级upgrade industries产业政策industrial policy掺杂兑假mix in fake or inferior components唱对台戏put on a rival show长二捆LM-2E偿付能力solvency唱高调mouth high-sounding words常规裁军conventional disarmament常规武器conventional weapon长江后浪推前浪, 一代更比一代强As in the Yangtze River, the waves behind ride on the ones before: The new generation excels the old. 长江三峡和黄河小浪底水利枢纽工程the key water projects at the Three Gorges on the Yangtze River and at Xiaolangdi on the Yellow River长江三角洲Yangtze River delta长江中下游the middle and lower reaches of Changjiang River唱名表决roll-call vote场内交易人floor trader长跑a long-distance running敞蓬轿车open-topped limousine长期共存、互相监督、肝胆相照、荣辱与共"long-term coexistence,mutual supervision, sincere treatment with each other and the sharing of weal or woe "长期国债long-term government bonds常设国际法庭permanent international tribunal唱双簧play a duet----collaborate; echo each other畅通工程Smooth Traffic Project长途电话long-distance calls场外证券市场over-the-counter market常委会standing committee常务董事managing director; executive director常务理事executive member of the council长线产品product in excessive supply畅销货best selling lines (All these articles are best selling lines. 所有这些产品都是我们的畅销货。
大学英语期末考试音译汉
大学英语期末考试音译汉In the middle and late 20th century, the rapid development of science and technology witnessed the birth of high technology, represented by the Internet. But at the same time various high-tech crimes, as represented by cybercrime, also arouse, constituting a potential threat to the healthy development of society. How to prevent and reduce high-tech crimes has become a common concern. China is facing a similar situation. To avoid or reduce losses caused by high-tech crimes, we should keep alert in our daily lives, so as not to be deceived.<译文>20世纪中后期，随着科学技术的迅速发展，以网络技术为代表的高科技相继问世。
但与此同时，以网络犯罪为代表的各种高科技犯罪也开始出现，对社会的健康发展带来潜在的威胁。
如何预防和减少高科技犯罪已成为受到普遍关注的问题。
中国也面临着同样的问题。
为避免或减少由此带来的损失，在日常生活中，我们应该提高警惕，避免上当受骗。
With the increasingly fierce competition in the job market, Chinese college students are attaching more and more importance to internships. Every year, a lot of senior students take part in internships which may help them find out whether what they have made the right choice of career and have a clear idea of what they are going to do in their target job and what the job demands; it also helps students learn skills and cultivate their abilities. Taking internships is an effective way to secure a good job. In recruiting new staff, companies tend to prefer applicantswith relevant internship experience. Some companies will give preference to those who have done an internship in their companies.<译文>随着就业市场竞争的日益激烈，中国大学生越来越重视实习。
涉海英语课后翻译(中国海洋大学版本)
Unit 1 An Overview of Ocean and OceanographyText AThe ocean, as an indispensable part of our world, buffers our weather, and provides us with food and many of modern medicines. However, we just ignored (didn’t give enough attention to) the connectivity between the ocean and human sphere. Only until recently, have the team led by marine conservation biologist Dr. Wallace J. Nichols started to explore the connection between human minds and the ocean from multidisciplinary perspectives. They put forward a new research field— neuroconservation, which led to a revolution in marine science.Dr. Wally Broecker, a famous oceanographer, called the phenomenon of deep water circulation “Ocean Conveyor Belt”. This statement is an oversimplification of a complex pr ocess. Dr. Susan Lozier from Duke University overwhelmed the idea about ocean overturning after considering/weighing different pieces of evidence. Whatever the outcome would be, there is no doubt that the ocean holds our planet tightly. We have to abandon the old notion and try to protect the ocean from a new perspective.Text BOceanography (or marine science) is the study about natural ocean phenomena, its nature and law of variation as well as the knowledge related to the development and exploitation about the ocean. Human beings acquired knowledge about the oceans in pre-historic times. Through centuries’ efforts, based on experiments and observations, scientists furthered knowledge about the oceans with various methods, such as echo sounding, depth dredging. The use of modern devices such as submarines, satellites and large-scale computers reflected that modern technology played a significant role in the development of marine science. Many nations, organizations and research institutes were devoted to the study of marine science. Marine science covers a wide range of fundamental studies in marine physics, marine chemistry, marine biology, and marine geology. The science also applies to the exploitation of marine resources as well as maritime military actions. The ocean and the atmosphere are closely interdependent and related. Therefore, the study of the ocean also helps better understand global climate changes.Unit 2 Marine BiologyText AThe ocean is the cradle of life. Therefore, the study of marine ecology is not only conducive to the survival of the conservation of biological environment, and is directly related to the development and utilization of marine living resources. Ocean researchers find that marine microbes play an important role in maintaining the oxygen and carbon dioxide balance in the Earth's atmosphere; sunscreens made of algae can be used in skin care industry; a natural mechanism for iron fertilization is helpful to solve iron deficiency; mass catching of fish for obtaining oil poses risks for extinction of the overfished species; untreated wastewater or sewage which flow into the sea transmits human pathogen to marine corals. These are path-breaking findings in marine science. Researchers are going on various marine biology issues such as oil spills in marine water, ability of some marine species to change their sex and synthesis of renewable energy source. If it is feasible to obtain biofuel from seaweed in the future, it will be a priceless contribution for solving energy crisis of human beings.Text BChlorophyll is the most important pigment related to photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is actually present in all photosynthetic organisms. In 1899, an Italian scientist developed a simple but accurate method of determining chlorophyll levels. Since 1950s, scientists have quantified chlorophyll by collecting and analyzing water samples to measure concentrations of chlorophyll pigment. Starting in the 1970s, we have also used satellite measurements of the intensity of the ocean's green color to do the same with much greater spatial coverage. Scientists in the modern era have determined the specific quantitative relationship between the depth and the amount of chlorophyll with laboratory analysis of water from the same column. Thus it can be seen that we have more than 100 years of chlorophyll data in the ocean, which is no small feat.Unit 3 Marine PollutionText AThe sea is suffering. The evidence abounds. It becomes acid, making marine life difficult. The dearth of some species will disrupt the food chain, which will in turn destabilize the entire ecosystem. The coral reefs, as the rainforests of the sea, are affected by overfishing, overheating, ocean acidification, etc. Most of them are therefore gravely endangered. Global warming causes oceans to warm up and glaciers to melt, which will raise the sea level and endanger the inhabitants of coastal areas. Humans inflict too many stresses on marine ecosystem, which may permanently change the ocean. For humans, each of these changes is a catastrophe. It is not wise for us to sit back or take it for minor distractions. Conversely, it is high time we did something to put matters right. Fishing subsidies should be abolished and fishing quotas be made transferable in some cases. We must develop effective strategies before it may be too late.Text BSince the start of industrial revolution, humans have released the staggering volumes of CO2. The air and the water constantly exchange gases, so a large proportion of CO2 ends up in the sea，which triggers ocean acidification. For life on land this process is a boon. The oceans remove CO2 from the atmosphere, which mitigates the process of global warming. But for life in the sea the picture looks different. By changing the basic chemistry of seawater, acidification is likely to alter the availability of key nutrients, let more sunlight penetrate the sea surface, reduce the water's ability to absorb and muffle low-frequency sound, and interfere with reproduction in some species and with the ability of others to form shells and stony skeletons of calcium carbonate. The acid sea becomes so caustic that many marine organisms get pushed beyond their limits and can not survive. Consequently, a wide array of marine species will be missing. The acidification that has occurred so far is probably irreversible. Humans, who are the cause of the ocean acidification, if not taking effective measures, will be victims.Unit 4 Climate VariabilityText ASome scientists think climate change needs a more radical approach, i.e. fiddling with the earth. It is an intriguing idea. Tinkering with the atmosphere or the oceans on a large scale would be highly risky and extraordinarily complex. One of the ideas, which has been widely touted in the past, is, perversely, to increase pollution in the atmosphere. The disadvantage is the unknown knock-on effects. But the alternative, getting the world’s population to give up fossil fuels, is proving exceedingly hard. Even its advocates think geo-engineering is not to be approached lightly. Nor, though, is it something to be ignored completely. Global warming is such a threat that all the options deserve to be explored. Geo-engineering, as it has come to be known, may be a way of buying time for the transition to a low-carbon economy to take place in an orderly manner.Text BOne idea is to dump iron in the oceans to promote huge blooms of phytoplankton—tiny algae that consume carbon dioxide as they grow. This approach has received a lot of interest. While the theory of iron fertiliz ation seems sound, the practice may be tricky: the team’s results suggest that geo-engineers have overestimated the amount of carbon removed per tonne of iron by between 15 and 50 times. Then there are the side-effects. Any geo-engineering project would necessarily be enormous, and would therefore cause plenty of disruption to ecosystems. Plans to suck carbon from the air by growing trees conflict with the need to grow crops. Creating gigantic algal blooms risks using up all the oxygen in large parts of the ocean, killing anything else that lives there. When it comes to the environment, there are no perfect answers.Unit 5 Marine DisastersText AMarine waters teem with microscopic life. Some of them create potent toxins and some of them do harm by accumulating. The algae causing harm is called Harmful Algal Blooms. It not only has impact on health of human beings (such as some known and even unknown diseases), but on wild life as well. In fact, more than 50% of the unusual marine mortality events are now associated with HABs. It is another societal concern that HABs have profound influence on ecosystem. Sometimes, the impact works from bottom up (such as affecting predators and grazing), and sometimes from bottom-up (such as affecting plankton). In spite of the precautions, the socioeconomic impact is substantial. Many millions of dollars are spent annually addressing the HAB-related problems. The money on public health accounts for the largest part, followed by commercial fisheries and tourism.Text BSeismologists have long known that some marine earthquakes generate fierce tsunamis and some do not. The problem is deciding which is which. A new tsunamis-prediction system is under development. It makes an instant estimate of an earthquake’s depth th rough selecting date of propagating speed when rupture occurred in the rock. And thus it can predict the risk of creating a big tsunami. The researchers tried their system out and analyzed many earthquake and predicted some tsunamis successfully. But unfortunately, it was not attached to local alarms and it still caused devastating tolls and loss. In the near future, the system will be hooked up to alarms around the world. If the new system works at that time, the government will have evacuation plans in place ahead of time.Unit 6 Marine Resources ExploitationText ATidal power is not only one of green energy, but also its potential is vast. But compared to Denmark and Sweden, the British government’s exploitation is not satisfying. But now things s eem to be changing. The project of the British government could provide an enormous boost. It will build three barrages and two tidal lagoons on the river Severn which has the second highest tidal range in the world. Unlike wind or wave power and alike, tidal power is predictable. Additionally, the project is so large that it can supply around 5% of Britain’s electricity every year. But environmentalists are opposed to it on the grounds that the barrages may interfere with the birds and fish stock near the river Severn. Meanwhile, the project will require too much taxpayer’s money and it operates at a higher cost compared with wind power. Where will the project go? The government may well approve it considering creating more job opportunities. And at that time, it will be a long-lasting monument for tidal power.Text BThe wave of technical advances is enabling oil companies to plumb the depth and detect oil. It’s easier said than done. The physical challenges are daunting enough. With heavy drill strings, big platform, giant drill ships and the pressure of miles of water overhead, oil companies have to work under adverse conditions. Deepwater oil drilling is an industry with extremely high stakes and small margin for error, so it seems to be vitally important for oil companies to know the geological formations before they drill. With marine seismic survey, oil companies can only identify some typically oil-bearing formations which are relatively easy to access. But for the patterns formed by the commingled salt and rock, more accurate data must be acquired. Pass the salt and determine the pressure, temperature, vibration and electrical receptivity of the well when they drill. The new technologies have conquered these previously unfathomable problems, one after another. Oil is being found in ever harder-to-reach places, which is an incentive to “know before you drill”.。
专业英语期末翻译
《光电专业英语》期末翻译专业班级学生姓名学号二0一五年六月目录1. 文献翻译 (1)1.1英文原文 (1)1.2中文译文 (2)1.3文献附录 (4)2. 科技论文摘要 (8)3. 扩写摘要 (9)1.文献翻译1.1英文原文Advantages of Holographic Laser ProjectionLow Speckle Contrast: One of the huge advantages of LBO’s technology is the ability to substantially reduce laser speckle, a phenomenon that makes the image “sparkle” due to scattering of coherent light from an optically rough projection surface and subsequent interference at the retina. The ability to reduce speckle is important because, not only do users find the artifact very unpleasant, it also severely impacts the perceived image quality and effective resolution.Although there have been several demonstrations of speckle reduction in the literature, thus far only LBO has demonstrated the possibility for speckle reduction within the projection optics of a miniature laser projector.As has been shown previously, several methods can be combined in the LBO projector in order to reduce speckle. The first results from the method of image generation and display used in the LBO system. Since N phase-independent sub-frames per video frame are shown within the eye’s integration period, then the eye acts to add N independent speckle patterns on an intensity basis, and the contrast of the low-frequency components of the speckle in the field V xy falls as N1/2. Evidently, some speckle reduction is inherent in LBO’s multiple holograms per video frame approach to image display.Additional methods can be combined to further reduce the speckle contrast because N cannot be increased indefinitely. Several methods have been demonstrated to remove speckle, but each require that the operation is performed multiple times per laser dwell period. This is straightforward in LBO’s system because the laser modulation frequency is low and all pixels are formed simultaneously. In addition, the intermediate image plane formed between L1and L2in Fig. 3 makes it simple to embed a speckle-reduction mechanism in the projector optics. The high laser modulation frequency and lack of an image plane make time-varying speckle reduction techniques difficult to implement in a scanned-beam system, as experts in the field have noted. These restrictions dictate that speckle in a scanned-beam projector can only be acceptably suppressed by using potentially costly custom diffusing screens, thereby limiting the utility of such systems in CE applications.A demonstration of the efficacy of LBO’s combined speckle reducti on techniques is shown in Fig. 4; note that laser speckle is substantially reduced in the projected image, without significant loss of focal depth or resolution.High Brightness and Efficiency: It has previously been shown that, due to the phase-modulating approach to image formation, a holographic display can project significantly brighter images than imaging and scanned-beam systems when displaying video and photo content. In addition, because the image pixels are formed using an expanded beam which has an extremely wide projection angle, it is possible to make a holographic laser projection system much brighter than a scanned-beam display for the equivalent laser safety classification.The same combination of laser and phase-modulating hologram provides a highly power-efficient method of projection since, unlike imaging displays, no light is blocked in the system. Furthermore, the phase-modulating nature of the microdisplay means that it is not necessary to continuously illuminate the microdisplay; the lasers are modulated in accordance with the frame brightness, thereby only utilizing the power required to illuminate “on” pixels in the same way as a scanned-beam system.Although LBO’s p rojection technology carries the overhead of hologram computation, the overall system efficiency is expected to be comparable to that of scanned-beam systems.This is principally due to the low frequency at which the lasers are modulated in LBO’s system; si nce gray scale is formed by the hologram and because the phase-modulating microdisplay directs a fixed proportion of light onto the image, it is only necessary to modulate the laser sources with respect to average video-frame brightness.This necessitates a laser modulation frequency on the order of 1 kHz, allowing efficient digital modulation schemes to be used for each color.This is significantly more efficient than the method typically employed by scanned-beam projectors, where the pixel-by-pixel method of image formation requires the lasers to be switched at high currents and frequencies of tens of MHz using complex and power-hungry circuitry. Furthermore, limitations in green-laser switching speed also necessitate that the laser is inefficiently analog modulated above and below threshold to render gray scale.1.2中文译文全息激光投影的优点低散斑对比度：LBO技术的巨大优势之一是能够大大减少激光散斑，一种由来自光学粗糙投影面的相干光的散射和随后在视网膜处的干涉而导致的图像"闪烁"现象。
上klu海英语高考卷中译英试题
上海英语高考卷中译英试题上海卷20011.我们的祖国从来没像今天这样强大。
（Never…）2.我们将作进一步的讨论，然后再做出最终结论。
（before）3.据说那个湖底发现了一个古城的遗迹。
（discover）4.这个地区的经济发展很快，可是某些市民的素质还不尽如人意。
（quality）5.他们应从这事中吸取教训；玩火者必自焚。
（burn）分析指导1.参考译文: Never before has our country been so powerful as it is today.分析：本句子重点测试否定词never位于句首时候句子应倒装。
上海卷经常在语法中出现not, little, hardly, no, never 等否定词位于句首，句子部分倒装的考题。
考生应注意倒装后句子的词序，这是考试的热点。
2.参考译文：We will have a further discussion before we draw/ make a final conclusion.分析：对条件句中主句将来时，从句现在时的考察是本题测试的重点。
Farther, further的区别。
3.参考译文：It‟s said that the site of an ancient city has been discovered at the bottom of thelake.分析：It‟s said that (据说)是本题测试的重点，从句用了被动时态，如用主动时态，即：It‟s said that people have discovered an ancient city at the bottom of the lake. 也会得分。
4.参考译文：Although the economy in the area is developing rapidly, the qualities of somecitizens are still not satisfactory.分析：although 引导让步状语从句，决定了本题对复合句的考察。
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Analog computers are analog devices.That is,they have continuous states rather than discrete numbered states.An analog computer can represent fractional or irrational values exactly, with no round-off.Analog computers are almost never used outside of experimental settings.模拟计算机是模拟设备。
也就是说，他们是连续状态而不是离散的有限状态。
一个模拟计算机可以精确代表小数或无理数，没有舍入。
模拟计算机几乎从不被使用在实验设置以外。
A processor typically contains an arithmetic/logic unit(ALU),control unit(including processor flags,flag register,or status register),internal buses,and sometimes special function units(the most common special function unit being a floating point unit for floating point arithmetic).一个处理器通常包含一个算术/逻辑单元（运算器），控制单元(包括处理器标志，标志寄存器，或状态寄存器)，内部总线，有时特殊功能单元(最常见的特殊功能单元作为一个浮点单元用于浮点运算)。
CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer.Mainframe computers and minicomputers were CISC processors,with manufacturers competing to offer the most useful instruction sets.Many of the first two generations of microprocessors were also CISC.CISC代表复杂指令集计算机。
大型计算机和小型计算机是CISC处理器，与制造商竞争提供最有用的指令集。
微处理器的前两代中许多也是CISC。
Lesson2Supercomputer is a broad term for one of the fastest computers currently available. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense mounts of mathematical calculations(number crunching).超级计算机是一个广泛的术语，因为它是目前可用的最快的计算机之一。
超级计算机是非常昂贵的，并且它被用于需要大量的数学计算（数字运算）的专门应用。
It is a midsize computer.In the past decade,the distinction between large minicomputers and small mainframes has blurred,however,as has the distinction between small minicomputers and workstation.But in general,a minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting up to200users simultaneously.它是一个中型计算机。
在过去的十年中，大的小型机和小的大型机之间的区别已经模糊，然而，有小的小型机和工作站之间的区别。
但在一般情况下，一个小型机是一个能够同时支持多达200个用户的多处理系统。
Workstations generally come with a large,high-resolution graphics screen,a large amount of RAM,built-in network support,and a graphical user interface.Most workstations also have a mass storage device such as disk drive,but a special type of workstation,called a diskless workstation,comes without a disk drive.工作站一般都配有一个大的，高分辨率的图形屏幕，大量的内存，内置网络支持以及一个图形用户界面。
大多数工作站也有一个大容量存储设备如磁盘驱动器，但是一种特殊类型的工作站，被称为无盘工作站，是不带磁盘驱动器的。
Most desktop displays use liquid crystal display(LCD)or cathode ray tube(CRT)technology, while nearly all portable computing devices such as laptops incorporate LCD technology.大多数桌面显示使用液晶显示器(LCD)或阴极射线管(CRT)技术，而几乎所有便携式计算设备如笔记本电脑包含LCD技术。
For widescreen LCD monitors,the aspect ratio is16:9(or sometimes16:10or 15:9).Widescreen LCD displays are useful for viewing DVD movies in widescreen format, playing games and displaying multiple widows side by side.High definition television (HDTV)also uses a widescreen aspect ratio.对于宽屏液晶显示器来说，屏幕高宽比是16:9，(或有时为16:10或15:9)。
宽屏液晶显示器对于用宽屏格式观看DVD电影，玩游戏和并排显示多个窗口是有用的。
高清晰度电视(HDTV)也使用一个宽屏高宽比。
For LCD monitors,screen size is measured diagonally from the inside of the bevel edge.The measurement does not include the casing as indicated in the image below.对于液晶显示器来说，屏幕尺寸是从斜面边缘的内侧对角测量的。
而测量不包括下面的图像显示的外壳。
Lesson4Single-user,single task—As the name implies,this operating system is designed to manage the computer so that one user can effectively do one thing at a time.The Palm OS for Palm handheld computer is a good example of a modern single-user,single-task operating system..单用户，单任务。
顾名思义，这个操作系统被设计来管理计算机，以便一个用户可以有效地在一个时间做一件事。
用于掌上电脑的Palm OS是一个现代化的单用户单任务操作系统的一个很好的例子。
Single-user,multi-tasking—This is the type of operating system most people use on their desktop and laptop computers today.Microsoft’s Windows and Apple’s MacOS platforms are both examples of operating systems that will let a single user have several programs in operating at the same time.单用户，多任务。
这是如今大多数人在他们的台式机和笔记本电脑上使用的操作系统类型。
微软的Windows和苹果的MacOS的平台是两个可以让一个单用户在同时操作几个节目的操作系统的例子。
Multi-user—A multi-user operating system allows many different users to take advantage of the computer’s resources simultaneously.The operating system must make sure that the requirements of the various users are balanced,and that each of the programs they are using has sufficient and separate resources so that a problem with one user doesn’t affect the entire community of users.多用户。
一个多用户操作系统允许许多不同的用户同时利用计算机的资源。
操作系统必须确保各用户的需求是平衡的，并且他们正在使用的每个程序具有充分和独立的资源，以便一个用户的一个问题不会影响用户的整个社区。
Agile software development processes are built on the foundation of iterative development. To that foundation they add a lighter more people-centric viewpoint than traditional approaches.Agile processes use feedback,rather than planning,as their primary control mechanism.敏捷软件开发过程是建立在迭代开发的基础上的。