老子_无为而治_与_以人为本_思想

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道德经对现代企业管理的启示

道德经对现代企业管理的启示

道德经对现代企业管理的启示
《道德经》是中国古代哲学家老子的著作,也是道家哲学的经典之一。

虽然它主要探讨的是哲学和宗教问题,但是其中的一些思想对现代企业管理也有启示。

以下是一些启示:
1. 无为而治:《道德经》中强调“无为而治”,即领导者不应过度干预员工的工作,而是要给他们自由和空间去发挥自己的能力。

这种领导风格可以激发员工的创新精神和工作热情。

2. 以人为本:老子强调“道法自然”,主张人的行为应顺应自然规律。

在企业管理中,这可以理解为管理者应尊重员工的人性,关注他们的需求和感受,以人为本,而不是只看重效益和利润。

3. 和谐共生:《道德经》中提倡“和而不同”,主张在差异中寻找和谐。

在企业管理中,这意味着要尊重和接纳不同的意见和观点,通过沟通和协商达成共识,实现团队的和谐共生。

4. 谦逊低调:老子主张“大音希声,大象无形”,提倡谦逊低调的处世态度。

对于企业领导者来说,这意味着要保持谦虚谨慎,不骄不躁,以身作则,赢得员工的尊重和信任。

5. 持续学习:《道德经》中强调“学无止境”,主张持续学习和自
我提升。

对于企业来说,这意味着要注重员工的培训和发展,鼓励他们不断学习和进步,以适应不断变化的市场环境。

总的来说,《道德经》的思想可以帮助我们更好地理解和实践现代企业管理,提升企业的竞争力和影响力。

中国历史上的重要思想家与哲学流派

中国历史上的重要思想家与哲学流派

中国历史上的重要思想家与哲学流派中国作为一个拥有悠久历史的文明古国,孕育了许多重要的思想家和哲学流派。

这些思想家们以其独特的见解和理论、丰富的思想体系,对中国历史产生了深远的影响。

本文将介绍几位中国历史上的重要思想家以及他们所代表的哲学流派。

1. 孔子:中国古代最有影响力的思想家之一,儒家学派的创始人。

孔子提出了“仁爱”、“中庸”以及“修身齐家治国平天下”的核心思想,强调道德的根本作用。

他主张人们应该以仁爱为核心来处理人际关系,实践中庸之道以平衡个人与社会、天道与人道的关系。

2. 孟子:孟子是儒家学派的重要代表人物,他继承了孔子的思想并加以发展。

孟子强调人的本性善良,并认为人们应该注重培养自己的德行和修养。

他提出了“以人为本”的思想,主张君主应该关注人民的疾苦,为人民谋福祉。

3. 老子:老子是道家学派的创始人,他提出了“无为而治”的思想,主张顺应自然、放下私欲,达到心无杂念、无为而治的境界。

他认为万物皆由“道”所生,主张回归于自然,追求心灵的宁静与平和。

4. 庄子:庄子是道家学派的代表人物,他以幽默的语言和寓言故事阐述了他的哲学思想。

庄子主张“自由自在”、“无为而无不为”,强调人的自由意志和追求心灵自由的重要性。

他提倡“逍遥游”,通过悟道而达到境界超脱世俗的境地。

5. 荀子:荀子是战国时期的重要思想家,他是儒家学派的代表人物之一。

荀子强调人性本恶,主张通过教育和外力的感化来达到道德修养。

他提出了“性恶论”和“性善论”之争,对于人性的本质及其修养的问题进行了独特的思考。

除了以上几位重要的思想家,中国历史上还有其他哲学流派,如墨家、法家和名家等。

墨家崇尚兼爱,主张素质平等和公平正义;法家则强调严刑峻法,以法治社会;名家则注重辩论和言辞的艺术。

这些思想家和哲学流派在不同历史时期和社会背景下,提出了各自独特的理论和观点,对于中国文化和社会的发展产生了积极的影响。

总结而言,中国历史上的重要思想家和哲学流派对于塑造中国文化和社会具有重要的作用。

《道德经》里的领导思想

《道德经》里的领导思想

中国非常重视领导的作用,道家学派的创始人老子,虽然没有提出“领导思想”一词,但翻看《道德经》一书,其大量论述都属于今天的领导思想范畴,至今仍发出灿烂的光芒、具有重要的现实指导意义。

笔者从领导学的视角对老子的领导思想进行了探讨,并挖掘其现实意义,以期能“执古之道,以御今之有”。

一、《道德经》领导思想的基本观点(一)以人为本老子领导思想的基本出发点就是“以人为本”,认为人具有非常丰富的潜能和智慧,并希望领导者能够认识到人才的宝贵,“以人为本”,尊重人、理解人、关心人和爱护人,这和我们今天的科学发展观是一脉相承的。

他说:“故道大,天大,地大,人亦大。

域中有四大,而人居其一焉。

”(《道德经》第二十五章,以下仅注章节)人是与道、天、地同等重要,只要充分发挥下属的主观能动性,遵循事物发展的规律,给予适当的指导、协调和激励,就可以达到“无为而治”的目标。

中国式领导讲究的是合适、适当,领导者要了解下属,尊重下属,根据每个员工的性格和特长给予计划工作,进行激励,不可蛮干、硬干,这样就可轻松地做领导,达到事半功倍的效果。

(二)顺其自然老子认为,领导者应具有大的胸襟,做领导该做的工作,把具体事情交给下属去做。

为此,他把领导者分为四类:“太上,下知有之。

其次,亲而誉之。

其次,畏之;其次,侮之。

”(第十七章)这里,老子把领导者分为四类:第一类是最好的领导者,是“下知有之”,下属只知道他们的存在,但不觉得受他们统治,受他们限制,个人的才能能够得到充分的发挥和展示;第二类是次一等的,“亲而誉之”,大家会赞誉他们,知道他们做了些利于工作的事情,并希望进一步亲近他们,得到更多的帮助和指导;第三类是再次一等的,“畏之”,下属害怕他们,有什么事也不敢跟他们说;第四类是最差的,“侮之”,即下属看不起他们。

为什么第一类领导者的领导效果如此好呢?“悠兮其贵言。

功成事遂,百姓皆谓我自然。

”(第十七章)即他们对人很平和,很少发号施令,等到大功告成,百姓都认为:都是我们自己做的啊!二、领导者的品质素养(一)人格魅力老子认为,优秀的领导者要具有一定的人格魅力,他说:“古之善为道者,微妙玄通,深不可识。

《老子》的管理思想及其现代意义

《老子》的管理思想及其现代意义
永恒的启示[ 2 ]
二 、以人 为本 的管 理 思想
义: 其一 , 老子认为“ 为无为 , 则无不治” 以“ 。 无为” 的态度 处理事务, 其治理就没有不上轨道的。其二 , 顺应客观势
态。 尊重 自然规律 , 不乱为 , 不妄为 。 老子认为万事万物都
有 自己的运行 目的和发展方向,无须外 力妄加干预。因 此. 最好的管理就是不管理 , 遵循事物发展的本来规律 , 正所谓 “ 道常无为而无不为。侯王若能守之 ,万物将 自 化。 ( ”第三十七章) 其三, 管理者不要事必躬亲 , 应该顺乎 自然 , 舍得让下属放开手脚去做好工作 。 天地不仁 , “ 以万 物为刍狗 , 圣人不仁 , 以百姓为刍狗 。” 第五章 ) ( 如能这 样, 更能使 下属发挥 自己的潜能 , 实现 自我约束 , 自我管
而民 自化 , 我好静而 民 自正 , 我无事而民 白富 , 我无欲而
收稿 日期 :06 0 一8 20- 3 l
作者简介 : 琳(9 1 )女 , 韩 18 , 陕西西乡人 , 硕士研究生 , 研究方向: 道教与宗教管N;t  ̄康乐(9 9 , , l 17一)男 安徽泗县人 , 硕士研 究生 , 研究方r : u 道教与宗教管理。 j
作妄为。 所谓“ 无为”并非“ , 不为”而是不要“ , 强为”是为 ,
了更好地实施看似“ 无为” 实却 “ 有为” 的事 , 为了实践 是
“ 。 为” 它是一种更为高明的管理策略 , 因为“ 强为” 往往劳
而无功 , 结果适得其反 。“ 无为而治” 包含i个方面的意
代已受到企业 界的重视 , “ 如 无为”“ 、清静” 等警句箴言被
关键词 :老 子》 管理 思 想 ; 代 意 义 《 ; 现

浅谈现代管理中的“无为而治”

浅谈现代管理中的“无为而治”

浅谈现代管理中的“无为而治”摘要:老子的《道德经》蕴涵着丰富的管理智慧,尤其是其“无为而治”的道治思想、以人为本的管理理念、及以柔克刚的企业生存之道,对企业管理有重要启示。

本文主要浅谈道家思想中“无为而治”对现代企业管理有怎样的影响,以及对企业管理提出的要求。

关键词:道家、无为而治、管理前言作为一名管理人员,如何做好管理岗工作,是需要不断学习和探索的过程。

在学习过程中,中国的传统文化思想对管理工作也有着十分重要的指导作用。

随着现代经济转型为知识经济和管理科学的发展,西方传统管理思想忽视人的价值这一缺陷越来越明显,它在管理过程中缺乏对人的主体性的重视,阻碍了企业的发展。

道家管理伦理思想可以作为这一弊病的有效良方,特别是“无为而治”这一思想,更加重视人的本体存在价值和意义,所蕴涵的管理思想是真正的人本管理思想,它对人的个体价值和个人自由予以了更多的关注。

道家思想从“道法自然”的角度出发,推崇人和社会的自然状态,批判人的异化物对人的限制,肯定了人对自由平等的追求,是具有真正人道主义精神内涵的。

正文一、“无为”思想的管理背景所谓“无为”是不妄为、不乱来的意思。

把“无为”思想运用到社会和企业管理上,就是说领导者的行为要顺应自然、社会发展的规律,并按照规律去制定相应的法律、制度,不轻易变更;人们在这样的法律、制度下,尽情发挥自己的聪明才干,努力去做,这才是真正的“无为”。

“无为”思想是道家学说的精髓,是老子管理思想的核心,是道家管理思想的主旋律,也是道家学说提供给我们的为人、处世、办企业,乃至治国、兴邦、治世的一个基本原则。

真正理解了“无为”思想,也就把握了道家思想的要领大旨。

二、管理中的“无为”之道随着对企业文化的不断深入探索,企业中个人的存在价值越来越凸显重要地位。

在现代管理中,只有强调以人为中心的管理,即塑造正确的人的理想观念,价值取向和行为准则,组织管理中其他具体的问题才可以迎刃而解。

同时,在管理过程中要时刻遵循经济发展规律、社会发展规律,不得和规律背道而驰,要重视协调统一和分工协作,通过不断的融合协调,去解决管理中存在的问题。

老子无为而治与以人为本思想(LaoTzuInactionandpeople-oriented)

老子无为而治与以人为本思想(LaoTzuInactionandpeople-oriented)

老子无为而治与以人为本思想(Lao Tzu Inaction andpeople-oriented)Lao Tzu "Inaction" and "people-oriented"[quotations from Lao Zi]The sage does nothing but teaches. All things are how but not only for the students but don't have, and not rely, accomplishes and occupies, is not to go.The sage deals with the world in the manner of inaction, and implements the method of "teaching by body" and "teaching by word". Such things will not go for natural growth and who is a founding first, students without appropriate fan reproduction, do not think oneself can be accomplished without your credit. Because of no credit, so merit forever.The saint who says: I do nothing but people from me, but people from being quiet, I have something for me to rich people, and the people from the park.The king with the nature, people's natural genesis; King quiet, people naturally correct; the king does not disturb the people, people naturally become rich; the king is not greed, natural and simple people.The sage in the world, Xi Xi yan. People are the eyes and ears of children all saints.The king has a cautious mind and a simple and honest mind. Thepeople are very concerned about the king's words and actions, so the king should treat the people as his own children.The natural world has nothing to do with it, but the world governs it.Conform to the laws of nature without selfish motives, the world is peaceful."Inaction" is the essence of natural anti avoidance"Inaction" is put forward and Lao Tzu advocating country policy. What is meant by "Inaction"? People have always had a different understanding of it. Probably because the word "Inaction" is too easy to give the impression of being passive and inactive, it has been misunderstood and criticized since twentieth Century.In Lao Zi's political philosophy, "Inaction" is a philosophical word with profound meaning and great wisdom. Inaction is neither the "doing nothing", nor the western scholars' "no action"". Joseph Needham, an expert in world history of science, believes that the real meaning of "Inaction" should be "avoiding the act of resisting nature."". It should be said that Joseph Needham's understanding is relatively scientific and basically approaches Lao Tzu's original intention.As a matter of fact, Lao Tzu speaks very clearly: "Tao, often inaction, and without exception.". If the king can keep it, everything will change itself. And to make, I will take the town of husband will not desire unknown talent." It means that "Tao"often does not do anything deliberately, but everything succeeds because of conforming to nature. Wang Houruo can live by this principle and everything will grow naturally. When nature grows and desires sprout, I teach it with the true simplicity of the tao. The character can make it not greed.Lao Tzu also made it clear to the positive rule, the odd military forces, with nothing from the world of thought, namely by means of governance work in just ways country, with the method of military war, with the method of conforming to nature does not disturb the people ampang. He believes that more people will ban the world poverty; more weapon people, more countries dizzy; people thought the more chaos, evil things more easily; act more guarded, thieves will be more.In the light of the elaboration of Lao Tzu's "Inaction", as a "no action" term in political philosophy, Lao Tzu regards it as a policy of keeping the country in order." Wuwei ", is mainly aimed at the requirements and the abuse of rulers restricted power, against the wishes of the masses against the people's behavior; the promulgation of the law, that at random system; or continuity not inconstant in policy, policy. Lao Tzu advocated that all decrees and policies should be promulgated with the "heart of the people as the heart" and "the autonomy of the people" (that is, nature)".In the twenty-nine chapter of Lao Zi, I said, "go to the saints, go to luxury, go to Thailand."." It is said that their good leaders to remove extreme excesses, luxury, practice. Obviously, this is Lao Tzu "Inaction" meaning and essence. Therefore, when Sima Qian evaluated Taoism, he said, Taoismpropaganda does nothing,The actual is all, the Taoist diction makes people difficult to understand, but the idea is easy to perform, the method is to conform to the natural principle, people's Government of people of the monarch program, can do it, the thought and the cause will be indelible.This kind of political wisdom which fully respects public opinion, believes in the masses and relies on the masses, coincides with the idea of "putting people first and building a harmonious society" put forward today. The political wisdom of "Inaction" originated in China more than 2000 years ago, and Lao Tzu's thought is indeed great and advanced.The "Inaction" and "Huainanzi now"Lao Tzu "Inaction" thought, played an important role in the history of China.The early Western Han Dynasty, Huang Di, Lao Tzu academic thought has been widely used in social and political practice, and achieved positive results, resulting in Chinese history first "spirit" -- "Wenjingzhizhi", it can be said that this is a successful practice of Huang Lao thought to govern a country.From the Han Emperor Liu Bang, 50 years of time, in the "Wuwei" under the guidance of the Qin Dynasty, the first abolition of tyranny, the implementation of tax cuts or the reduced corvee and taxes, Huimin policy, agriculture, water conservancy establishment, development of agricultural production, so thatall people live in memories.Emperor Liu Heng is personally Lao Tzu "Inaction" thought to actively advocate and practitioner. Main manifestation:First, abolish the law of libel (court). He ascended the throne to his officials and said, I received the order after all, first think of what I have no fault, and I see shortcomings thinks, asking everyone to tell me. Then, made some suggestions in the ordered "copper and the criticism of the" tiger "bamboo to match", send to the country Princedoms and gaugrafen, advocate the subjects directly to the emperor or the court advice.Second, treatment of sinners, not implicate subordinates and family members. There is an example that best illustrates the problem. The king Liu Xingju heard the emperor to check the deployment of generation to counterattack the Huns in the preparation, to rebel, to mobilize the army was going to attack Xingyang. The emperor ordered the insurgency. In the eve of the insurgency, the emperor issued an edict: where in the imperial army did not have to counter insurgency anyway, and led the surrender or give cities, should be forgiven, to restore their original position.Third, the abolition of corporal punishment. The emperor abolished political meat originated from a criminal officials girl a letter addressed to him. The Taicang public order crime Chunyu the penalty, he was arrested and escorted to Changan prison, ready to perform corporal punishment. His little daughter Ti Ying with his father came to Changan, a letter to the court said: "my father is in the state of an official, onall know that he is honest, now broke the law, the punishment. But what I am sad about is that when a man dies, he cannot come back to life and cannot recover after his death. Although he wants to mend himself, he will not give his way out. Therefore, I would like to be when the government confiscated slaves, my father arrived for the penalty, he start with a clean slate."The letter was sent to Ti Ying Wen there, the emperor moved to her filial piety, so under the edict said: "today's criminal law has three kinds of corporal punishment (punishment, tattoo, castration, and etc.) crimes still occur, the root of where?I am very ashamed of the fact that my virtue is so shallow that education is unknown, which leads the people on the road to crime. A punishment makes prisoners limb fracture, skin damage, life can not be restored, this is how painful and unethical practices! Corporal punishment should be abolished!" Before it was abolished corporal punishment.Fourth, set an example, diligence and frugality, frugality and simplicity. According to "historical records of his chronicles tenth" records, the emperor Liu Heng in the 23 year of the palaces, gardens, horses, dogs and royal clothing appliances, has been added to what. He was going to build an open platform, called a craftsman calculation, spend nearly 100 pounds of gold. The emperor said: "100 pounds of gold equivalent to 10 middle-income family fortune. I enjoyed the palace where the emperor left me,Not afraid of the conservative and the first emperor often Jiangshan humiliation, but also the construction of what the open platform!"He often wore linen clothes, even his beloved lady Shen, clothes are not allowed to mop the floor, the curtains are not as simple, embroidery, to set an example to the people of the world.The emperor before his death under the edict said: "all the world is born, not dead. Death is the common sense between heaven and earth. What is there to be particularly sad about? Now dead people spend burial, that made bankrupt, stressed that in mourning, damage to the body. I strongly disapprove of this practice." Immediately the Dahir: from the date of arrival of the edict suspended for 3 days to remove the mourning cry. No wife married women, worship, drinking, eating meat. Shall handle the funeral and mourning cry offering people, are not bare foot. Don't be more than 3 inches wide. When the funeral procession, do not train Chen and weapons, do not mobilize men and women to the palace to cry. The Palace should cry, as long as the cry in the morning and evening 15, Libi stopped.In Chinese thousands of years of feudal society, such as Wendi Liu Heng open-minded, kind, quiet, inaction, thrift, self denial of the emperor, there are a few people? Very rare, commendable.No, the people's heart for the heartHow to achieve the "Inaction"? I put forward a set of effective measures and measures. Those in power should "take the heart of the people as the heart" and keep themselves quiet and not materialized.Lao Tzu proposed, the most ideal rulers, that is their best rulers to "Saint constant mood, the people's heart for the heart......." That is to say, the best rulers are selfish, and their hearts are the hearts of the people. Those who are in power are cautious, simple and honest. The people are very concerned about the words and deeds of the ruling people, so the rulers should treat the people as their children. In our present words, do we serve the people wholeheartedly? Is it right for the people, for the people, for the people? That is, asking the government for the people, asking for the people, and asking the people They can put people as their own children, this is a good parent!Lao Tzu believes that their best rulers (i.e. SAGE) is the implementation of the policy of inaction. Therefore, first of all to eradicate such desires, not selfish and power to a quiet, calm heart, the world will be peaceful nature.As the only county history specimens "in Henan County of Neixiang, there are many" Edmonton "antithetical couplet, its connotation reflects the more prominent Lao Tzu" to make the mind of the people loving thoughts. A pair of antithetical couplet yanei County of Neixiang is the most famous three couplets hanging in the hall:An official is not proud, a lost official does not disgrace, do not say a useless official, the place depends entirely on an official;People eat rice, people wear clothes, Murdoch people bullied, he is also the people.This couplet expounds profoundly the dialectical relation between the officials and the people. Through textual research, this pair of antithetical couplet is the Qing emperor Kangxi high Yiyong (Zhejiang Jiaxing) in Neixiang for nine years during the period of writing. According to "Neixiang tongkao" records, high Yiyong served in Neixiang County, the mainland is barren, hungry very much, high Yiyong that asked people suffering, and make it widely cultivated, opened more than 40 hectares of planting, farming, farming years around refugee return, solve the problem of food and clothing of the people of Neixiang county. After the departure of Gao Yiyong, the local people made "benevolent" monument in front of instrument.The Lao Tzu rulers are divided into four categories: one, the wisest rulers, people do not feel his presence; in two, the better, people close to praise him; in three, poor people who fear him; in four, the most poor people who abuse him. Therefore, lack of integrity, there will be no confidence in the psychological. This is mainly from Lao Tzu's view that man is as important as Tao, Tian, and earth, and he proposes to establish a harmonious society of human nature and human centered. He said, "the road is big, big, big and big.". There are four major areas in the world, while the human settlement is one of them. Man, law, earth, law and heaven,Days France Road, imitation of nature".What the government advocates, what is against, what to praise, what to criticize, not only the personal hobby, but also will affect the whole social mood. Therefore, Lao Tzu proposed: theking should follow the "road" Wuwei, starts from oneself, do not advocate wealth, so that people do not fight desperately; do not cherish the rare valuables, so that people do not steal; humble covet desire, make people not be disturbed. Therefore, the saints govern the people, and they must think of ways and measures to purify people's minds, to live safely, to have strong bodies, and to be weak willed.Kings to "humble", our ancestors had, do not bully people. Lao Tzu believed that the river and the sea were the places where many rivers were located, because they were in a low position.A wise king must be humble to the people. In order to lead a good people, we must put our interests in the interests of the people, and the people of the world are willing to support him rather than loathe him. Because he does not contend with the world, so no one can argue with him.The ruling power, like cooking a small fishLao Tzu believes that to make the country stable and quiet, not decree frequency, or inconstant in policy. He said figuratively, "govern the country like a fried fish, and do not stir it often.". It is said that policymakers not to bother harsh government disturb people, and to adhere to the "quiet and inaction" thought, in his words, is "road to the world"."Governing the country, like cooking a small fish is thousands of years of experience and lessons Chinese dynasties rise and fall of the summary. Chinese history "three golden age" of history (Western Han Dynasty Tang Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, flourishing age of Kangxi and Qianlong) confirms thecorrectness of the above Lao Tzu. Specifically, there are several common characteristics:First, there is a strong sense of urgency and chaos. The new rulers in a timely manner earnestly draw lessons from the collapse of the former, mind set, now finally realized by the chaos to bring order out of chaos, to dodge. The Western Han Dynasty in the Qin Dynasty ruins of a feudal dynasty, after more than 170 years after the "rehabilitation" to achieve prosperity, died from the Han Emperor throne to Emperor Xuan of Han, for 130 years. The Tang Dynasty, after the end of the Sui Dynasty chaos, re emerged to peace. Meanwhile, it has gone through the winding road for nearly a hundred years. From Tang Taizong to the throne "rebellion broke out, for 128 years. The Qing Central Plains, destroy the Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong two a peasant army, against the forces of Nanming, after spending nearly 20 years, after nearly 70 years, by the end of the chaos to order. Kangxi and Qianlong extended from 1662 to 1795, for 133 years.Two is political clarity, policy stability, loose legal system. The "three flourishing years" all have stable policies and loose legal system, thus stabilizing the political situation of the whole country. The Han emperor is democracy, encourage liegeman voice Xiazhao to repeal the "defamation crime court" and "fallacy of crime". "Zhenguan" period, Tang Taizong take the initiative to seek advice, advice, and harmonious relations between cause encourage the free airing of views, the establishment of various systems and regulations; full respect for the majority of public opinion, Tang Taizong also took the initiative for the former officials of the old and the children vindication miscarriages of justice. The emperor Kangxi by theRoyal gate and discuss state affairs, showing a generation of painstaking treatment and promote good governance style, the highest ruling group.The three is economic prosperity, ". The "three great years" all put economic development in the first place. The Western Han Dynasty changed the predicament flourishing economic depression in the early Han Dynasty, the emergence of the "capital of the 100 million Taicang money tired, full of millet on the outside, corruption can not eat.". The Tang Dynasty is left a lot of peace and prosperity, cultural prosperity of the story. Kangxi and Qianlong period, agriculture and the development of the commodity economy reached the highest level of China's feudal society. The Qianlong period, China population accounted for 1/3 of the world economy, the proportion of the world reaches up to 51%, long-term foreign trade surplus.The four is internal and external ideological opening. The important reason why the "three great years" can maintain a longer period of prosperity is that the leading group members are broad-minded and emancipate their minds. Dare to absorb foreign ideological and cultural. Zhenguan period,Inbound and outbound Chinese foreigners are not too strict restrictions on foreign nationals nor national discrimination neither flatter, demeanour everywhere.Lao Tzu believes that countries should achieve political inaction, in addition to make people honest and generous, is to cherish the people, cherish the people in power savings, thepower savings is in good time while no what cannot be overcome, master this can be said to grasp the national governance principle, countries can long period of stability. To achieve the "Inaction", policymakers should be good at play everyone's expertise, cherish talent, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the people. There is no such thing as useless or useless. Therefore, "saints" are often good at saving people who have not been abandoned; often saving things without being abandoned. The good man is not a teacher, not a good fortune. Do not respect their teachers, do not cherish their wealth, although think that he is very smart, is actually very confused. This is the profound essence of the truth.。

老子的思想主张 主要思想是什么

老子的思想主张主要思想是什么
老子思想核心是朴素的辩证法。

在政治上,老子主张无为而治、不言之教。

在权术上,老子讲究物极必反之理。

在修身方面,老子是道家性命双修的始祖,讲究虚心实腹、不与人争的修持。

老子的思想主张
1老子的思想主张是什么
老子认为世界上的任何事物都是相比较而存在的。

美丑、善恶、有无、难易、长短都是相互依存的,有此才有彼,有是才有非,有善才有恶。

表面看来,正相反对的两个方面是相互对立的,而实际上又是相互包含、相互渗透的。

老子的思想体系可以说是以形而上的道为根本依据,以“道法自然”为宗旨,以自然无为为纲纪,以依道修身为中介,以治国安民、实现社会和谐和人生理想为归宿的理论大厦。

关于社会人生和谐及人与自然和谐的思想,以及关于自然无为和依道治国的思想,是老子思想最重要的组成部分。

2老子关于“和”的思想与实现和谐的途径
一般认为老子追求的最高境界是与道合一或“同于道”,然而道是最高的和谐体,因而归根结底老子追求的最终价值和最高境界是“和”或和谐。

“和”或“和谐”是我国传统文化的重要理念和价值取向。

我们看到,先秦其他各家的学说均以社会政治生活为论述的中心,其中的和谐思想局限于构建人与人和人与社会的理想化关系,
而老子及道家的和谐思想则在论域上作了进一步拓展,在人与人和人与社会的关系和谐之外,又多论及个人的身心和谐、人与自然的和谐以及国际关系的和谐,从而构成了社会和谐理论的完整系统。

一般认为老子追求的最高境界是与道合一或“同于道”,然而道是最高的和谐体,因而归根结底老子追求的最终价值和最高境界是“和”或和谐。

在这种意义上可以说老子哲学是和谐哲学。

中国古代的历史思想与价值观

中国古代的历史思想与价值观中国古代的历史思想与价值观是我国传统文化宝库中一颗颗璀璨的明珠。

这些思想和价值观贯穿了中华民族的发展进程,并对中国人民的价值观念、道德标准、政治制度等方面产生了深远的影响。

本文将从儒家思想、道家思想和墨家思想三个方面来介绍中国古代的历史思想与价值观。

一、儒家思想儒家思想是中国古代最有影响力的思想体系之一。

儒家思想以孔子为代表,强调人的教育和修养,主张以仁爱、礼制和孝道为核心的道德标准。

儒家思想注重塑造人的道德品质,讲究君子行为的规范和社会秩序的维护。

在儒家思想中,孔子提出了“仁者爱人”,强调人际关系的和谐与伦理道德的重要性。

他认为,人应该追求完善的品德和高尚的道德境界,通过修身齐家治国平天下来实现社会的和谐与稳定。

另外,孟子在儒家思想的基础上进一步发展了“以人为本”的思想。

他强调人性本善,并提出了“爱人心”、“恻隐之心”的概念,主张通过培养仁爱之心来改造社会和个人。

二、道家思想道家思想是古代中国的另一种重要思想流派。

道家思想以老子和庄子为代表,强调个人修炼和追求自由自在的生活态度。

道家思想主张“道法自然”,追求人与自然的和谐统一。

在道家思想中,老子提出了“无为而治”、“无为而无不为”的理念。

他认为,个人要学会顺应自然规律,不追求功名利禄,追求内心的平静与自由。

庄子的思想更加突出了“虚无缥缈”的特点,他通过寓言和警示故事来表达自己的思想观点,强调人要摆脱世俗的束缚,追求内心的自在和自由。

三、墨家思想墨家思想是中国古代的一种重要学派,主要由墨子和墨子弟子所创立。

墨子的思想注重实用主义和公平正义,强调爱和兼容并包的道德原则。

墨家思想主张“兼爱”和“非攻”,强调人应该以实际行动来帮助和关爱他人,反对战争和暴力行为。

墨子提倡以天下为己任,追求社会和谐与公平。

墨子的思想对后来的儒家思想和法家思想都有一定的影响,尤其是他提出的“兼爱”观念对中国传统文化和社会关系产生了深远的影响。

总结:中国古代的历史思想与价值观是中国文化的重要组成部分,它们体现了中国古代人民对世界和人生的思考和理解。

中国的主流管理思想

中国的主流管理思想
关于中国的主流管理思想,也是众说纷纭,从我的角度来看,大致分为三种。

一、人治
人治以儒家为代表,孔孟为代表人,认为“人之初,性本善”,主张仁者爱人,注重修身齐家治国平天下。

儒家思想源远流长,在企业中注重以人为本,加强德行与礼仪的企业文化建设,而今也涌现出诸多的儒商。

二、法治
法治思想,古代韩非子在理论上颇有建树,商鞅在实践中推动了秦国的发展壮大。

法治强调用法律制度来约束人性中的恶,企业通常也会建立自己的规章制度,来维持企业的规范发展,但制度的使用要防止“过犹不及”。

三、无为而治
道家强调“无为而治”,倒也不是告诉我们啥也别干,注重“道法自然”,管理要以一种无声无息的自然方式展开。

最后实现“治大国若烹小鲜。

”企业在发展成熟阶段,各方面正常运转,大家各司其职,便会呈现出健康向上的状态。

从企业的实践情况来看,三种管理思想各有用武之地,甚至交融使用。

在不同发展阶段也会有所侧重,比如企业创业期使用“人治“,到百八十人光靠兄弟情义肯定不行,就要建立规范的“法治”,当企业文化与制度建设完善后,步入良性稳健发展阶段,就可以采用“无为而治”。

《老子》的理想人格与人生实践

《老子》的理想人格与人生实践
根据《老子》的思想,其理想人格可以概括为无为而治、谦虚和自然,而人生实践则强调追求心灵的宁静和内在的真实自我。

理想人格:
1. 无为而治:《老子》主张无为而治,即以无为的心态面对世界,不去过度干预,而是顺应自然的规律,保持生活的平衡和秩序。

2. 谦虚:《老子》强调谦虚,主张不自大、不傲慢,而是以谦逊的态度对待他人和自我,不争功名利禄,追求心灵的平静。

3. 自然:《老子》强调顺应自然,认为人应该像自然界一样平和、自然,不受外界的干扰和欲望的困扰,保持内心的宁静和清净。

人生实践:
1. 追求内在的真实:《老子》认为人生应当追求内在的真实自我,不受外界条件的影响,不随波逐流,从内心出发,诚实而真实地生活。

2. 寻求心灵的宁静:《老子》主张追求内心的宁静和寂静,通过无为而得的心态,舒展心灵,排除外界干扰,保持内在的平静和稳定。

3. 善于保养自己:《老子》提倡养生之道,主张善待自己的身体和心灵,保持健康、均衡的生活方式,获得身心的平衡与协调。

总之,《老子》的理想人格与人生实践强调无为而治、谦虚和自然,追求心灵的宁静和内在的真实自我。

通过顺应自然、保
持谦虚和内在修养,人们可以获得内心的平和和真正意义上的自由。

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新华日报/2010年/4月/14日/第B07版讲坛老子“无为而治”与“以人为本”思想主讲人中国军事科学院军史研究部主任刘庭华本报记者仲崇山编辑整理【核心提示】“无为而治”是老子思想学说精华所在,其本意是顺应自然,遵循民意,天人合一,对当政者而言,要避免极端、奢侈、过度的做法,要以民心为心。

这与今天我们所提倡的“以人为本,建立和谐社会”思想不谋而合。

【坛主小传】刘庭华,江西南康市人,历任军事科学院军事历史研究部研究室主任,战略研究部研究员、博士生导师等。

中国孙子兵法学会、抗日战争史学会常务理事和书法家协会会员,现为中宣部“马克思主义理论和建设”工程课题组核心成员。

【老子语录】圣人处无为之事,行不言之教。

万物作焉而不为始,生而不有,为而不恃,功成而弗居,是以不去。

圣人以无为的态度来处理世事,实行身教重于言教的方法。

这样万物就会自然生长而不去争谁是创始第一,蕃生繁衍而不据为私有,有所作为而不自恃己能,大功告成而不自己居功。

正因为不居功,所以功绩永存。

故圣人云:我无为而民自化,我好静而民自正,我无事为而民富,我无欲而民自朴。

君王顺应自然,人民就自然化育;君王好静,人民就自然端正;君王廉政不搅扰民众,人民自然就富足;君王不贪欲,人民就自然朴实。

圣人之在天下,歙歙焉。

百姓皆注其耳目,圣人皆孩子。

君王心怀天下,小心谨慎,浑厚质朴。

百姓都非常关注君王的一言一行,所以,君王应该把百姓当作自己的孩子一样来看待。

顺物自然而无容私焉,而天下治矣。

顺应自然规律而没有私心,天下自然就太平了。

“无为而治”的实质是避免反自然“无为而治”,是老子提出并崇尚的治国安邦方针政策。

“无为”本意是什么呢?人们历来就对其有不同的理解。

大概是因为“无为”这个词表面上太容易给人一种消极、无所作为的错觉,从20世纪开始,它就常常受到误解和批评。

在老子的政治哲学中,“无为”是一个涵盖着深刻意义和博大智慧的哲学词汇。

无为,既不是中国某些哲学史专家认为的“什么也不做”,也不是西方学者理解的“没有行动”。

世界著名科学史专家李约瑟认为,“无为”的真正含意应该是“避免反自然的行为”。

应该说,李约瑟的理解比较科学,基本逼近老子的本意。

其实,老子讲得很清楚:“道,常无为,而无不为。

侯王若能守之,万物将自化。

化而欲作,吾将镇之以无名之朴,夫亦将无欲。

”意思是说:道,常常是不去刻意做什么,但事情却因为顺应自然去做而无不成功。

王侯若能遵守这个原则,万物就会自然成长。

自然成长而至欲望萌发时,我就用道的真朴来教育它。

道的真朴能使它不会起贪欲。

老子还明确提出“以正治国,以奇用兵,以无事取天下”的思想,即用光明正大的方法治理国家,用诡奇的方法用兵打仗,用顺应自然不搅扰人民的方法安邦。

他认为,天下的禁令越多,人民就越贫困;人民的利器越多,国家就越昏乱;人民思想越乱,邪恶的事情就越容易滋生;法令越多越森严,盗贼就会越多。

综合《老子》“无为”的思想阐述来看,作为政治哲学上的“无为”名词,老子完全把它作为治国安邦的方针政策而提出来的。

”无为”,主要是针对并要求统治者限制和约束权力的滥用,反对实行违背人民群众意愿的行为;动辄随意颁布这个法令、那个制度;或朝令夕改,不讲政策的连续性。

老子提倡,一切法令、政策的颁布都要“以百姓心为心”、“任百姓的自化(即自然)”。

《老子・二十九章》中说:“是以圣人去甚,去奢,去泰。

”意思是说,德才优秀的领导者要去除极端、奢侈、过度的行为做法。

很明显,这就是老子“无为而治”的本意和实质。

所以,司马迁评价道家学术时说,道家宣传无为,实际乃无不为,道家的文辞使人难理解,但其主张是容易施行的,其方法是以顺应自然为原则,顺天应人是国君治国理民的纲领,能做到它,其思想和事业就可以不可磨灭。

这种充分尊重民意,相信群众和依靠群众的政治智慧,与我们今天提出的“以人为本,建立和谐社会”的主张不谋而合。

“无为”的政治智慧产生在2000多年以前的中国,老子的思想的确是伟大的,超前的。

“无为而治”与“文景盛世”老子“无为而治”的思想,在中国历史上发挥过重要作用。

西汉初期,黄帝、老子的学术思想被广泛运用于社会政治实践,取得了积极的成效,因而出现了中国历史上的第一个“盛世”——“文景之治”,可以说这是黄老思想治国安邦的一次成功实践。

从汉高祖刘邦起,50余年的时间,在“无为”思想的指导下,首先废除秦朝的苛政,施行轻徭薄赋,或减免税赋的惠民政策,重农抑商,兴办水利,发展农业生产,从而使天下百姓感怀,安居乐业。

文帝刘恒是身体力行老子“无为而治”思想的积极倡导者和努力践行者。

主要体现:第一,废除“诽谤”(朝廷)罪的法律。

他一登基便对群臣说:各地接到我的诏令后,首先想一想我有没有什么过失,以及我所见所思的不足之处,要求大家告诉我。

接着,下令制作专门进言献策的“铜制虎符”和批评朝廷的“竹制使符”,发到全国各地的封国和郡守,提倡臣民直接给皇帝或朝廷提建议或意见。

第二,处治罪人时,不株连部属和家属。

有一个例子最能说明问题。

济北王刘兴居听说文帝前往代地检查部署反击匈奴入侵的准备工作,便乘机反叛,调动军队打算袭击荥阳。

文帝即下令平叛。

在平叛前夕,文帝下诏:凡在朝廷平叛大军未到以前就反正的,以及率领投诚或者献出城邑的,一律加以赦免,恢复他们原有的官职。

第三,废除肉刑。

文帝废除肉政起源于一个犯罪官员的姑娘写给他的一封信。

齐国的太仓令淳于公犯罪该受罚,他被逮捕解送到长安关押,准备执行肉刑。

他的小女儿缇萦跟父亲来到长安,向朝廷上书说:“我父亲在齐国做官时,上下都知道他廉洁奉公,如今犯了法,该受刑罚。

但我所悲伤的是,人死之后不能复生,受刑之后不能复原,虽然自己想改过自新,但又不给出路。

因此,我愿意被没收官府当奴婢,抵赎我父亲该受的刑罚,使他改过自新。

”缇萦的书信被送到了文帝那里,文帝为她的孝心所感动,于是下诏书说:“如今的刑法有三种肉刑(杖刑、刺字、宫刑等),而违法犯罪的仍然不断发生,这根源在哪里呢?主要是因为我的德行浅薄以致教化不明,从而使百姓走上犯罪的道路,我感到非常惭愧。

一运用刑罚就使得犯人肢体断裂,皮肉损坏,终身不能复原,这是多么令人痛苦和不道德的做法呀!应该废除肉刑!”以前的肉刑就这样被废除了。

第四,以身作则勤俭、节约、朴素。

据《史记・孝文本纪第十》记载,文帝刘恒在位23年,宫室、园林、狗马、服饰和御用器具等,一直没有增添什么。

文帝曾打算建造一个露天平台,召来工匠一计算,要花费将近100斤黄金。

文帝说:“100斤黄金相当于10户中等人家的家产。

我享受着先帝留下的皇宫,时常害怕不能保守社稷江山而使先帝蒙受耻辱,还要建造露天平台干什么呢!”文帝经常穿着粗布衣服,就连他所宠爱的慎夫人,穿的衣服也不准长到拖地,制的帷帐也不得绣花,以示俭朴,给天下人做出榜样。

文帝在临终前下诏书说:“天下万物出生后,没有不死的。

死是天地之间的常理,有什么值得特别哀痛的呢?现在死了人花钱厚葬,以致弄得倾家荡产,强调服丧,以致损害了身体。

我很不赞成这种做法。

”立即诏令全国:从诏令到达之日起哭吊3天就除去丧服。

不要禁止娶妻嫁女、祭祀、饮酒、吃肉。

应当办理丧事、服丧哭祭的人,都不要赤脚踏地。

孝带不要超过3寸宽。

送葬时不要陈列车驾和兵器,不要发动男女百姓到宫殿来哭吊。

宫中应当哭的人,只要在早晚各哭15声,礼毕就停止。

在中国几千年封建社会里,像文帝刘恒这样心胸宽广、厚道、清静、无为、节俭、克己的皇帝,有几人?十分罕见,难能可贵。

无为而治,以百姓之心为心怎样才能达到“无为而治”呢?老子提出了一套有效的办法和措施。

当政者要“以百姓之心为心”,保持自身清静、不为物化。

老子提出,最理想的当政者,也就是德才最好的当政者要“圣人恒无心,以百姓之心为心。

……”意思是说,最好的当政者,是没有私心的,是以百姓的心为自己的心。

当政者心怀天下,小心谨慎,浑厚质朴。

百姓都非常关注当政者的一言一行,所以,当政者应该把百姓当作自己的孩子一样来看待。

用我们现在的话来说,不就是全心全意为人民服务吗?不就是权为民所用、情为民所系、利为民所谋吗?不就是问政于民、问需于民、问计于民吗?当官的能把老百姓当作自己的孩子,这就是好“父母官”啊!老子认为,德才最好的当政者(即圣人)就是实行“无为之治”的方针。

为此,首先要没有私心,根绝私欲,这样当政者的心才能宁静、冷静,天下就会自然安定太平。

作为“全国县衙惟一的历史标本”的河南内乡县,有许多“爱民”的对联,其内涵比较突出地体现了老子的“以百姓之心为心”的爱民思想。

内乡县衙内最有名的一副对联是悬挂在三堂的楹联:得一官不荣,失一官不辱,勿说一官无用,地方全靠一官;吃百姓之饭,穿百姓之衣,莫道百姓可欺,自己也是百姓。

这副对联深刻地阐述了官与民的辩证关系。

经考证,这副对联是清康熙年间高以永(浙江嘉兴人)在内乡任职九年期间所撰写。

据《内乡通考》记载,高以永在内乡任职时,县内地多荒芜,饥民甚多,高以永即问民疾苦,并令其广开垦,开地40余顷,植农桑,流民四处返回耕种,数年间解决了内乡县老百姓的温饱问题。

高以永离任后,当地老百姓立“德政”碑于仪门前。

老子把当政者分为四类:一、最高明的当政者,人民感觉不到他的存在;二、比较好的当政者,人民亲近赞美他;三、差的当政者,人民畏惧他;四、最差的当政者,人民侮骂他。

所以,诚信不足,就会有不信任的心理。

这主要源于老子把人看作与道、天、地一样重要,并提出要建立天人合一,以人为本的和谐社会。

他说:“道大,天大,地大,人亦大。

域中有四大,而人居其一焉。

人法地,地法天,天法道,道法自然”。

当政者提倡什么,反对什么;表扬什么,批评什么,不但是个人的爱好问题,而且势必会影响整个社会风气。

因而,老子提出:君王应该效法“道”的无为,从自身做起,不要崇尚财富,使民众不去拼命争夺;不珍爱难得的贵重物品,使民众不去偷盗;不显耀可贪的欲望,使民众不被搅乱。

所以圣人治理民众,要想办法和措施净化人们的思想,生活安饱,体魄强壮,意志柔弱。

君王要“谦下”,先民后己,不要欺压百姓。

老子认为,江海之所以能成为众多河流归往的地方,是因为它处在下流的位置。

高明的君王,必须对人民谦下。

要领导好人民,必须把自己的利益放在人民的利益之后,天下人民乐于拥戴他而不厌恶他。

因为他不与人相争,所以天下没有人能和他争。

治大国,若烹小鲜老子认为,要使国家安定、清静,不能政令频出,或者朝令夕改。

他打比喻说:治理国家,如同煎小鱼一样,不要经常翻搅。

这是说当政者不要以烦苛政务扰乱民众,而要坚守“清静、无为”的思想,用他的话来说,也就是“以道莅天下”。

“治大国,若烹小鲜”是中国几千年朝代更替兴亡的经验教训总结。

中国历史上“三大盛世”的历史(西汉盛世、大唐盛世和清代的康乾盛世)印证了老子上述话的正确性。

具体讲有以下几个共同特点:一是有强烈的忧患意识,承乱勃兴。

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