英语词汇学(第八讲)PPT课件
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英语词汇学课件 Unit 8
三个角度：词义范围、词义褒贬、词义转移
8.2 Semantic broadening and narrowing
8.2.1 Semantic broadening 8.2.1.1 definition
semantic broadening (the widening/ extension/generalization of meaning) : the word takes on a wider, more general meaning than it had previously. E.g. the meaning of bird, formerly ‘young bird’, was extended, in the early history of English, to mean ‘bird’ in general. mill/journal/bonfire/butcher/companion
8.2.1.2 different types of broadening 从特指到泛指: sun “江” 、“河” 从具体到抽象: place, thing(a public assembly, Old English and Old Norse / an entity of any kind) circumstance 从术语到一般词语 allergic, feedback 从专有名词到普通名词 sandwich newton ampere
8.3.2 semantic degradation
the degradation/degeneration/pejoration of meaning: Change by which a word develops a less favorable sense.
英语词汇学课件Unit
Combining two or more words to create a new word, e.g., "eyewitness," "motherland."
Synthesis
Changing the form of a word to create a new word or expression, e.g., "run" to "ran," "walk" to "walk a walk."
Blending: Combining the sounds or parts of two words to create a new word, e.g., "smog," "break."
Prefixes and suffixes that are added to the beginning or end of words to modify their meanings or functions, e.g. "un -" in "unhappy," "- ness" in "happiness."
The rapid pace of technological advancement has greatly influenced the English vocabulary New terms related to technology, such as "cyberpunk" or "algorithm," have entered the language to describe these advancements
英语词汇学教程全套课件精选文档
The origin and evolution of words
The use and function of words in different contexts
The methods used in English vocabulary research include
The process of compiling and organizing a dictionary
Lexicography
The study of words and their relationships, patterns, and evolution over time
Lexicology
The study of word meaning and its relationship to other words and concepts
Originating from Latin, Greek and French
words that are commonly used and easy to understand
Basic words
words that are used in specific fields, such as technology, science and medicine
目录
CATALOGUE
The Application of English Lexicology in Language EducationResearch Resources and Prospects of English Lexicology
Introduction to English Lexicology
01
02
04
The use and function of words in different contexts
The methods used in English vocabulary research include
The process of compiling and organizing a dictionary
Lexicography
The study of words and their relationships, patterns, and evolution over time
Lexicology
The study of word meaning and its relationship to other words and concepts
Originating from Latin, Greek and French
words that are commonly used and easy to understand
Basic words
words that are used in specific fields, such as technology, science and medicine
目录
CATALOGUE
The Application of English Lexicology in Language EducationResearch Resources and Prospects of English Lexicology
Introduction to English Lexicology
01
02
04
Chapter 8 English Idioms 英语词汇学 教学课件
Stylistic Features
❖ A large proportion of idioms were first created by working people:
❖ in deep water, tide over, take the helm by seamen;
❖ kill two birds with on stone, if you run after two hares, you will catch neither used by hunters;
❖ Occasionally, we may find changes in constituents of idioms
❖ Replacement ❖ Addition or deletion ❖ position-shifting ❖ shortening ❖ dismembering.
First
❖ Strictly speaking, idioms are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meanings of individual elements.
Introduction
❖ for example: ❖ fly off the handle, put up with ❖ In a broad sense, idioms may include
Rhetorical Features
❖ Apart from the stylistic features, idioms manifest apparent rhetorical coloring in such respects as:
英语词汇学 第八章课件详细版.ppt
5
8.2 The Role of Context: 语境的作用
❖ 1.Elimination of Ambiguity. Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and homonymy. 消除歧义。由于词的多义词和 同音同形异义性，歧义现象经常出现。
❖ Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity. 语法结构也会引起歧义。
11
❖ 4) Synonymy.同义词关系 ❖ Synonyms or synonymous expressions
are frequently employed by authors to explain new words. 作家们频繁地使用同义词或同义词组来解释 新词 。
12
❖ 5) Antonymy.反义关系 ❖ Contrasting words or statements are also
6
8.2.2 Indication of Referents.限定所指
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8.2.3 Provision of Clues for Inferring Word-meaning 提供推断词义的线索
❖ In many cases, when a new word (thought to be) appears for the first time, the author generally manages to give hints which might help the readers to grasp the concept or understand the idea. 在很多情形中，当一个新词（所谓的）第一 次出现时，作者一般会想方设法提供一些可 能帮助读者抓住概念或理解观点的暗示。
8.2 The Role of Context: 语境的作用
❖ 1.Elimination of Ambiguity. Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and homonymy. 消除歧义。由于词的多义词和 同音同形异义性，歧义现象经常出现。
❖ Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity. 语法结构也会引起歧义。
11
❖ 4) Synonymy.同义词关系 ❖ Synonyms or synonymous expressions
are frequently employed by authors to explain new words. 作家们频繁地使用同义词或同义词组来解释 新词 。
12
❖ 5) Antonymy.反义关系 ❖ Contrasting words or statements are also
6
8.2.2 Indication of Referents.限定所指
7
8.2.3 Provision of Clues for Inferring Word-meaning 提供推断词义的线索
❖ In many cases, when a new word (thought to be) appears for the first time, the author generally manages to give hints which might help the readers to grasp the concept or understand the idea. 在很多情形中，当一个新词（所谓的）第一 次出现时，作者一般会想方设法提供一些可 能帮助读者抓住概念或理解观点的暗示。
英语词汇学教程课件第8章English Lexicology 8上
English Lexicology
Lecture Eight
Idioms, Multiword Verbs and Proverbs
Idioms, multiword verbs and proverbs constitute an important part of the English language. They are very common in spoken and written English. The general tendency of present-day English is towards more idiomatic usage.
noun and noun (e.g. bread and butter, part and parcel),
noun + prepositional phrase (e.g. a snake in the grass, a bull in a china shop),
as + as construction (e.g. as clear as crystal, as like as two peas),
Nautical life and military life are the source of when one's ship comes home, to be in the same boat as someone, to be in deep waters, to sail under false colors, to cross swords with someone, to fight a pitched battle, to fight a losing/winning battle.
Lecture Eight
Idioms, Multiword Verbs and Proverbs
Idioms, multiword verbs and proverbs constitute an important part of the English language. They are very common in spoken and written English. The general tendency of present-day English is towards more idiomatic usage.
noun and noun (e.g. bread and butter, part and parcel),
noun + prepositional phrase (e.g. a snake in the grass, a bull in a china shop),
as + as construction (e.g. as clear as crystal, as like as two peas),
Nautical life and military life are the source of when one's ship comes home, to be in the same boat as someone, to be in deep waters, to sail under false colors, to cross swords with someone, to fight a pitched battle, to fight a losing/winning battle.
词汇学及相关学科.ppt
Grammatical knowledge allows us to generate sentences.
If we want to express meanings, we need to have a store of words that we can select from when we wish to express these meanings under the control of grammatical rules.
What is linguistics then? Linguistics is the scientific study of
languages.
Lecture 1
Connection of Lexicology with Other Branches of Linguistics
语言学的主要内容
A /bull-ˋcalf is a young bull.
2. With grammar
Vocabulary and grammar are organically related to one another.
In learning a language, attention to grammar is as important as attention to vocabulary.
语义学（semantics），分析语言单位和所指内 容之间的关系。
语用学(pragmatics),分析语言符号和使用者之 间的关系，如何通过语言符号表达语言符号所 表达的以及语言符号之外的意义。
The nature and domain of lexicology
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins, meaning and uses of words.
If we want to express meanings, we need to have a store of words that we can select from when we wish to express these meanings under the control of grammatical rules.
What is linguistics then? Linguistics is the scientific study of
languages.
Lecture 1
Connection of Lexicology with Other Branches of Linguistics
语言学的主要内容
A /bull-ˋcalf is a young bull.
2. With grammar
Vocabulary and grammar are organically related to one another.
In learning a language, attention to grammar is as important as attention to vocabulary.
语义学（semantics），分析语言单位和所指内 容之间的关系。
语用学(pragmatics),分析语言符号和使用者之 间的关系，如何通过语言符号表达语言符号所 表达的以及语言符号之外的意义。
The nature and domain of lexicology
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins, meaning and uses of words.
英语词汇学PPT全
1.1.1.2 Characteristics of OE
1) OE Dialects 方言 2) OE Vocabulary 词汇 3) OE Spelling 拼写 4）OE Pronunciation 发音 5) OE Inflections 屈折形式 6）Loan Words 外来语
1) OE Dialects 方言
West Saxon西撒克逊语 Kentish肯特语 Mercian莫西亚语 Northumbrian北恩布瑞安语
2) OE Vocabulary 词汇
Compounding: for-(forbid, forget), in-, -ful, -dom, -
hood, -ship, - ness, -th, -ish.
sounds capable of a given grammatical use.
lexicon (词汇):
the vocabulary of person, language, or branch of knowledge,
eg. the size of the English lexicon
8. What is the difference between root antonyms and derivational antonyms?
9. State the vital role of context in determination of word meaning.
10. What are verb phrase idioms? What are their peculiar features?
denotative meaning polysemy Conversion derivation motivation Acronym back-formation radiation
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all the difficulties.
12
3) Fixed and partly fixed idioms a. A stitch in time saves nine. →一针及时，可省九针；及时处理，事半功倍 b. to come to a bad end
nasty, sticky, no good, untimely take forty winks have, enjoy
Specifically, it refers to a unit of language longer than a word (though often shorter than a sentence) and it plays a facilitative role in comprehension and production.
evening next month. →arrange; perform
9
2. The features of English idioms
1) Very short or rather long An Indian summer 小阳春 Forty winks 白天小睡 All good things come to an end. 天下没有不散的宴席
phrasal in form
3
Lexical chunks, also calld lexical phrases There are two subtypes of lexical
chunks, notably collocations and idioms.
4
Collocations in English
10
2) Take different structures A. irregular and illogical structure I am good friends with him. Diamond cut diamond. The devil take the hindmost. (irregular meaning, clear meaning)
11
B.regular structure, unclear meaning To have a bee in one’s bonnet [head] →to have a strange fixed idea about something. C.irregular structure, unclear meaning (to do) through thick and thin →through both good and bad times; in spite of
5
Example:
The doctor performed the operation while the committee was holding a discussion.
6
II. English Idioms
1.Definition An idiom is a fixed group of words or
2
Example: A: When did you leave the party? B: I got out of there as soon as they
ran out of food.
A few chunks sentential How do you do? The majority lexical in kind and
to spill the beans
8
Idioms and free phrases
blue sky, blue jacket blue moon I haven’t seen you in a blue moon. 我很久没见到你了。 We get up early yesterday. The students will get up an English
Collocation is the way in which words are used together.
Collocations are the words that tend to co-occur in a language---in grammatical patterns, compounds or fixed phrases.
English Lexicology
第八讲
The Idiomatic Aspect of English Word Combination
1
I. Chunks in English
Definition
In linguistics, a chunk is a unit of language that forms a syntactic or semantic unit but also has its internal structure.
a single word, or even a sentence, with a special meaning that cannot be guessed from its structure.
7
An idiom is a multi-word expression which functions as a single unit and whose meaning cannot be worked out from the sum of its separate parts. That is, it has a holistic meaning which cannot be retrieved from the individual meanings of the component words.
13
4) It has a special meaning. 5) It is relatively widely used. 6) They consist of obsolete（废弃） words. hither and thither---in all directions kith and kin--- friends and relations 7) They represent a semantic unit. make up one’s mind: decide look down on: depise
12
3) Fixed and partly fixed idioms a. A stitch in time saves nine. →一针及时，可省九针；及时处理，事半功倍 b. to come to a bad end
nasty, sticky, no good, untimely take forty winks have, enjoy
Specifically, it refers to a unit of language longer than a word (though often shorter than a sentence) and it plays a facilitative role in comprehension and production.
evening next month. →arrange; perform
9
2. The features of English idioms
1) Very short or rather long An Indian summer 小阳春 Forty winks 白天小睡 All good things come to an end. 天下没有不散的宴席
phrasal in form
3
Lexical chunks, also calld lexical phrases There are two subtypes of lexical
chunks, notably collocations and idioms.
4
Collocations in English
10
2) Take different structures A. irregular and illogical structure I am good friends with him. Diamond cut diamond. The devil take the hindmost. (irregular meaning, clear meaning)
11
B.regular structure, unclear meaning To have a bee in one’s bonnet [head] →to have a strange fixed idea about something. C.irregular structure, unclear meaning (to do) through thick and thin →through both good and bad times; in spite of
5
Example:
The doctor performed the operation while the committee was holding a discussion.
6
II. English Idioms
1.Definition An idiom is a fixed group of words or
2
Example: A: When did you leave the party? B: I got out of there as soon as they
ran out of food.
A few chunks sentential How do you do? The majority lexical in kind and
to spill the beans
8
Idioms and free phrases
blue sky, blue jacket blue moon I haven’t seen you in a blue moon. 我很久没见到你了。 We get up early yesterday. The students will get up an English
Collocation is the way in which words are used together.
Collocations are the words that tend to co-occur in a language---in grammatical patterns, compounds or fixed phrases.
English Lexicology
第八讲
The Idiomatic Aspect of English Word Combination
1
I. Chunks in English
Definition
In linguistics, a chunk is a unit of language that forms a syntactic or semantic unit but also has its internal structure.
a single word, or even a sentence, with a special meaning that cannot be guessed from its structure.
7
An idiom is a multi-word expression which functions as a single unit and whose meaning cannot be worked out from the sum of its separate parts. That is, it has a holistic meaning which cannot be retrieved from the individual meanings of the component words.
13
4) It has a special meaning. 5) It is relatively widely used. 6) They consist of obsolete（废弃） words. hither and thither---in all directions kith and kin--- friends and relations 7) They represent a semantic unit. make up one’s mind: decide look down on: depise