语法讲义
《语法讲义》读书笔记

《语法讲义》读书笔记“语法”二字听起来就颇有难度,小学开始学英语语法,到大学两年学了现代汉语和词汇学,虽仍有种种困惑,但小有收获。
大三年级有幸跟随老师学习《现代汉语语法学》,让我对这一课程的内容有了更清楚的认识,汉语语法也由朦胧逐渐清晰明了起来。
结合本学期所学,拜读了朱德熙先生的《语法讲义》,其内容对我之语法学的理解很有帮助。
本篇读书笔记,将结合黄廖本《现代汉语》、朱德熙先生的《语法问答》及吕叔湘先生的《汉语语法分析问题》两本小册子谈一谈浅薄的几点收获。
一、总体分析这本书是朱德熙先生1961至1962年在北京大学讲授现代汉语语法的讲义,至今已五十余年,却仍是汉语方向同学应必读的一本书。
先生是从物理专业转入语言研究的,作为一名重要的语法学家,他既有理科生的逻辑思维,又有文科生扎实的知识功底。
本书总体上是总分结构,最主要的两部分是词类和结构。
据我所读所感,内容上最突出的特点第一就是每一部分的讲解都非常仔细,每一章都划分为四至十九个小节不等,大部分知识在课上已经接触过,但是也有一部分是初次会面,例如系位构造、系位组合等。
第二,书中具体词语的辨析和讲解占据了相当一部分,比如“别人和人家”、“大家和大伙儿”、“跟和同”等,都进行了详解。
第三,书中常有组与组之间的对比,有时是相近的两组,比如讲存现宾语时对列举的A、B两组进行了对比,或者是变形对比,讲性质形容词和状态形容词时,把性质形容词做变形,换成跟它对应的状态形容词,从而得出二者的不同。
二、收获通读全书后,发现书中有一些观点是熟知的,但是也有一些不太了解或者是内容相同,其概念和归属有了一些变化,在这里谈几点思考的问题。
①粘合式结构和组合式结构我发现书中有三处提到了粘合式结构和组合式结构,分别在述宾结构、述补结构和偏正结构,于是我把这三处放在一起研究了一下。
总的来说,粘合式就是前后两部分直接粘附,而组合式有的会加上“的”“得”或补语等。
述宾结构就是述语是单独的动词,宾语时单独的名词,二者直接粘合。
语法讲义的笔记(自己总结的 未完)

第二章 词的构造
1、句法和词法
句法研究的是句子的内部构造,以词为基本单位,词法研究的是词的内部构造,以语素作为基本单位。
2、合成词的构造方法有重叠、附加和复合三类。
在研究重叠式的时候,应该注意以下几个方面:重叠式的结构类型和语音特征(重音、变调);基式好重叠式的语法功能的异同;重叠式的语法意义。
6、不及物动词只能接准宾语,及物动词除了能带准宾语外,还能带真宾语。有的动词能兼带两种,但意义不同,如他笑你和他笑了。及物动词也不是一定要带着宾语,只有一小部分后头经常带宾语,如散步的散,结婚的结,它们在下列两种情况下也可以不带宾语,一是在回答的时候,一是原来的宾语仍在句子里,不过已转化为其他成分,如,他是去年结的婚。
词语与语素可以通过替换或扩展来区别。但不能一概而论,如我们把“理发”看成词,把扩展以后的格式(理了个发,理不理发)看成词组。洗澡、睡觉、散步、跳舞、上当、吃亏等等跟理发的情形相同。看见、说完、记住、染红、放下、穿上都能有限度的扩展,即插入“得”或“不”,因此我们把它们当作词组看待。
3、词组
5、动词和形容词有一部分可以重叠。有点形容词除了可以按照形容词的方式重叠以外,还可以按照动词的重叠方式重叠。如高高兴兴---高兴高兴,热热闹闹----热闹热闹。这些词兼属形容词和动词(不及物动词)两类。形容词重叠以后不受“很”修饰,因为形容词重叠之后本身就包含量的意义,所以不能用表示量的程度副词修饰它。
第四章 体词
第五章 谓词
1、谓词包括形容词和动词两类。
2、动词和形容词的区别:前边能不能加“很”,后边能不能带宾语。凡受“很”修饰而不能带宾语的是形容词,凡不受“很”修饰或能带宾语的是动词。
3、有的词带宾语时候是动词,不带宾语的时候是形容词,如委屈、端正、死。
英语语法讲义

四级语法讲义一:时态:所谓的"时态",就是时间+状态。
谓语动词的时态见下表:1.主动形式2.被动形式CET-4 常考的三种时态:过去完成时;将来完成时;(现在/过去)完成进行时。
时间状语从句当中的时态:一般过去时 所有的过去 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成一.非谓语动词一.不定式:一)不定式的常考形式:1) 一般形式:He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.语法功能: 表示与谓语动词同步发生2) 完成形式:He pretended not to have seen me. 被动形式:The book is said to have been translated into many languages.语法功能:表示发生在谓语动词之前 二)不定式常考的考点:1)不定式做定语----将要发生过去 现在 将来 过去将来 一般 diddowill/shall do should/would do进行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing /完成had donehave/has donewill/shall have doneshould/would have done 用于虚拟语气完成进行 had been doing have/has been doing //过去现在将来过去将来 一般 was/were given am/is/are givenwill/shall be givenshould/would be given进行 was/were being givenam/is/are being given//完成had been givenhave/has been givenwill/shall have been given should/would have been given完成进行 / //2)不定式做状语----目的3)不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe.三)不定式的省略1)感官动词see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel+ do表示动作的完整性,真实性;+ doing表示动作的连续性,进行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。
现代汉语讲义(第四章语法)

(五)语助词 助词表示某种特定的附加语法意义, 语气词主要表示句子的语气。
1.助词:黏着在词或短语上面,表示附 加意义,附着在后面的一律读轻声。 助词的分类:结构助词、时态助词、 其他助词。
2.语气词:一般用于句末表示语气,永 远黏着、后附、轻声。也可用于句中,主 要用在主语后。 语气词的分类:表陈述、疑问、祈使、 感叹语气四类。
二、单句
1.主谓句 (1)动词性谓语句 可分为动词谓语句、述宾谓语句、述 补谓语句、连谓谓语句、兼语谓语句、 主谓谓语句。 (2)形容词性谓语句 形容词谓语句、形补谓语句。 (3)名词性谓语句 名词谓语句、数量谓语句、定心谓语 句。
2.非主谓句。 (1)名词性非主谓句 (2)动词性非主谓句 (3)形容词性非主谓句 (4)特殊非主谓句
3.偏正词组:前面的成份(修饰语)修饰 限定后面的成份(中心语)。可分为体词性 的和谓词性的两类。 修饰语是定语的称为定心词组,是名词性 词组。 修饰语是状语的称为状心词组,是谓词性 词组。
4.述补词组:补充与被补充的关系。 根据带不带结构助词“得”可分为:(1) 数量补语:量词结构作补语,不能带“得” ;(2)情态补语:补语说明动作或有关事务 的状态,必须带“得”;(3)结果补语:补 语表示动作的结果,可由形容词或动词充当 ,不带“得”;(4)趋向补语:补语表示动 作的趋向,不带“得”;(5)可能补语:补 语表示可能性或不可能性,由结果补语和趋 向补语中间插入“得/不”;(6)程度补语 :补语表示程度,由副词构成。
三、存现句 存现句的类别。
四、把字句 把字句的特点。
五、被字句 被字句的特点及变体。
第八节 句类系统
句类是按照句子的语气功能划分出 来的类型系统。
一、陈述句 语气词及否定形式。
高考英语一轮复习语法总结讲义

一、时态、语态时态、语态需要掌握的要点:1.表达将来时的形式:(1)在时间、条件、让步从句中,一般现在时代替将来时,但要注意区别从句的类型,如:I’ll tell him when you will ring again. 我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。
(宾语从句)比较:I’ll tell him when you ring again.你再打电话时我告诉他。
(状语从句)(2)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that从句中,谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时,如:See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didn’t know the answer to last time.(include 不能用will include或其他形式) 2.完成时是时态测试的重点,注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语:(1)by/between/up to/till +过去时间、since、by the time/when +表示过去发生情况的从句,主句用过去完成时。
如:We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.(表示1919年时已发生的情况) (2)by +将来时间、by the time/ when +谓语动词是一般现在时的从句,主句用将来完成时。
如:By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.(3)by now、since +过去时间、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具体数字)years/days/months,主句用现在完成时,如:The changes that had taken place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.但在it is +具体时间since/before这一句型中,主句更多的时候不用完成时。
初中英语语法精讲讲义(完整版)

(内部资料) 2018.1目录第一讲名词第二讲冠词第三讲代词第四讲数词第五讲介词第六讲形容词和副词第七讲连词第八讲情态动词第九讲非谓语动词第十讲时态第十一讲被动语态第十二讲祈使句、倒装句、反意疑问句和感叹句第十三讲宾语从句第十四讲定语从句第十五讲状语从句第十六讲主谓一致第十七讲情景交际第十八讲词义辨析附录I 重点短语概述一、概述语法是研究词形变化和句子结构的科学,研究词形变化的部分成为词法(名词的数、格,动词的时态、语态),研究句子结构的部分称为句法(句子成分、语序,句子种类)。
二、英语词类词类英语作用在句中成分例词1名词n.表示人或物的名称主、宾、表、定、同位mother, son 2形容词adj.表示人或物的特征定、表、补、状big, small 3数词num.表示数目或顺序主、宾、nine, first 4代词pron.代替名词,数词主语宾语定语he, him, his 5动词v.表示动作或状态谓come, write 6副词adv.表示动作特征或性状特征状、表very, slowly 7冠词art.用在名词前说明其意义不做成分a, an, the8介词prep.用在名代前说明它与别的词之间的关系不做成分for, from, to 9连词conj.用来连接词与词或句与句不做成分and, but, if 10感叹词interj.表示说话时的感情或口气不做成分oh, ow三、句子成分句子中有两个最重要最基本的成分,主语和谓语。
除了主语和谓语,句子有时还有其他成分,宾语、定语、状语、表语等。
主语:一般位于句首,说明所要讲述的对象或主体,表示要说的“谁”或“什么”,一般由名词、代词或名词性的词类、短语或从句充当。
We often practise speaking English after class.Your father’s car is new.Watching English films is a good way to learn English.谓语:位于主语之后,说明主语的情况(动作或状态)---“做什么”“是什么”“怎么样”。
语法讲义( 冠词)

语法课讲义(一)一学习目标1 不定冠词和定冠词的功能2 零冠词的几种情况二知识要点1 冠词在数量上只有3个,分类如下:不定冠词(a/an)冠词定冠词(the):冠词不是单用词,其后必须跟名词,中间可加修饰词。
三具体应用不定冠词1位置单数可数名词前2 方法a+辅音音素an+元音音素功能1 表示“一”这个数量概念a book 一本书 a chair 一把椅子 a university 一所大学an orange 一个橙子an hour 一个小时an egg 一个鸡蛋2 表示“每一”这个频率概念I go to school five days a week. She usually cleans her house twice a week. The pork is 20 yuan a kilo.3 使抽象内容具体化have a cold=catch a cold 感冒have a good time 玩得开心不定冠词的常用短语a knife and fork 一副刀叉want a go 试一下as a result 因此in a word 总之take a break 休息一会儿all of a sudden 突然as a matter of fact 事实上have a swim 游泳take a walk = go for a walk 散步定冠词定冠词的功能与使用1 上文提到过的人或物再次提到There is a man. The man has a hen. The hen gives him a golden egg every day. This is a yo-yo and the yo-yo is Tom’s.2 特指双方都明白的人或物Look at the blackboard. The girl in pink is my sister.in the east in the south in the west in the northon the right on the leftin the past at the present in the future3 宇宙间“独一无二”的天体名称之前the sky the moon the sun the earth the world4 the 加姓的复数代表某某一家人,永远都当复数看The Whites are watching TV now.Mr. Kings often visit their neighbor on weekend.5 the 用在乐器名称前play the guitar play the piano play violin6 the加形容词代表一类人或事物通常谓语动词用复数the old 老人the young 年轻人the poor 穷人The old need our help and care. 老人需要我们的帮助和关怀。
初中英语语法讲义

名词含义:表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念等的名称的词。
注:1.专有名词是指人、地方、团体、机构等特有的名称。
第一个字母必须大写。
专有名词前一般不加冠词。
2、有普通名词构成的专有名词前要用定冠词“the”,但它不大写。
3、有些不可数名词有时表示为具体的东西时,则变为可数名词,而且意思上也有了变化。
Eg : beer ----a beer 一杯啤酒work--- a work 工厂,著作glass---a glass 一个玻璃杯room 空间---a room 一个房间二、 名词的数:表示可以计算数目的人或物称为可数名词。
可数名词有单、复数两种形式:可数名词的单数形式要在名词前加 “a 或an”;复数形式是在名词后加 “-s 或-es”。
名词复数形式有规则变化和不规则变化两种12. 可数名词复数的不规则变化① 改变单数名词中的元音字母eg. man--men, woman—women, tooth—teeth, foot—feet, mouse--mice② 单复数同形eg. Chinese-Chinese, deer-deer, fish-fish, sheep-sheep,③ 由man 和woman构成的合成词, 每个名词都要变复数eg. a man doctor— men doctors, a woman teacher--women teachers 注: 有些名词表示一种物体具有不可分割的相同的两部分,在使用时只有复数形式eg. trousers, clothes, glasses, shorts, etc;有些名词从形式上看是复数, 实际上是单数(其后的谓语动词要用单数).eg. maths , physics, politics, news3. 不可数名词:表示不能计算数目的人或物,称为不可数名词。
他们前面不能用a/an,没有复数形式。
物质名词和抽象名词都属于不可数名词。
不可数名词一般只有单数形式, 但有其特殊用法:(1)同一个词,变成复数形式, 意义不同。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
英语句子成分与词性句子构成的成分共分为八种:主语,谓语,宾语,表语,定语,补语,状语和同位语。
1.主语:是全句述说的对象。
一般位于句首,除了there be结构,疑问句和倒装句中。
Walls have ears.To see is to believe.Smoking is not allowed in public places.Whether or not they will come depends on the weather.2.谓语:说明主语的情况,永远只能由动词(实义动词或系动词)组成。
助动词或情态动词加其他动词的适当形式也构成谓语动词。
Actions speak louder than words.The chance may never come again.Tom was very sick at heart.Mary has been working at the dress store since 1994.3.表语:系动词之后的成分,表示主语的身份,特征和状态。
常见的系动词有:be, appear, become, feel, get, go, grow, keep, look, prove, remain, seem, sound, smell, stay, taste, turn等。
My father is a professor.Who’s that? It’s me.The match became very exciting.The story of my life may be of help to others.His plan is to seek work in the city.My first idea was that you should hide your feelings.4.宾语:表示动作的对象,是动作的承受者。
跟在及物动词或不及物动词+介词之后。
She covered her face with her hands.We haven’t seen her for a long time.Do you mind opening the window?Give me four please!He wants to dream a nice dream.We need to know what others are doing.5.定语:修饰名词的成分。
They are woman worker.Tom’s father didn’t write home until yesterday.Equal pay for equal work should be introduced.You haven’t kept your promise to write us often.Those who want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here.6.补语:补充说明宾语或主语的性质和状态。
宾语补足语They elected me captain of the team.We found everything there in good order.I should advise you not to miss the chance.主语补足语The price is expected to rise in the near future.Some goods are left unsold.She was elected director of public relations.7.状语:可以修饰动词,形容词,副词或者全句。
表示地点,时间,原因,目的,结果,条件,让步,程度,方式,伴随情况等。
These products are selling quickly.She sat there doing nothing.We’ll send a car over to fetch you.8.同位语:用来补充说明另一个名词(短语)或代词的具体内容或情况。
We should make full use of today, the hope of tomorrow.People, old and young, came out to greet the distinguished guests.We two like the saying: money talks.9.插入语:对一句话的附加说明,常用逗号或破折号与其他成分隔开,在语法上不影响其他成分。
True, it would be too bad.To be frank, I don’t quite agree with you.Judging by his clothes, he may be an artist.That, in my opinion, is only one of the minor issue.关于比较等级1.原级比较表示双方程度相等用as+原级+as (和…一样)He is as busy as before.We should send you the data as soon as possible.表示双方程度不相等用not so (as) +原级+as (和…不一样,不如…那样)It is not so (as) cold today as yesterday.He didn’t make as much progress as he had expected.2.比较级比较级可用much, far, a lot, a great deal, a little, a bit等词与词组修饰The new method is much more efficient than the old one.She ran a little (bit) faster than her younger brother.关于倍数的表达Kids are twice as troublesome as pets.Americans eat more than twice as many vegetable today as they did in 1950.We have produced three times as much grain as compared with last year. Practice:改错1.School violence is most serious problem, especial in public school.-----School violence is the most serious problem, especially in public school s. 2. Students are not enough mature so they are vulnerable to social evils.基本时态1.一般现在时表示现在,目前存在的状态,性质或经常发生的动作。
谓语动词:am, is, are或do,does常用时间词:always, usually, sometimes, seldom, everyday等。
2.一般过去时表示过去的动作和状态。
谓语动词:was, were, did常用时间词:yesterday, two days ago, last week, in 1996, during the night, in ancient times等。
※在it is high (about) time (that) …句型中,表示“该……的时候了”,从句的谓语动词通常用一般过去时。
It is high time that the government and common people joined hand in hand to protect the deteriorating environment.3.一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或状态。
谓语动词:will/shall do, be going to do, be about to do,常用的时间词:tomorrow, tonight, by then, in the near future, next spring等。
4.现在完成时谓语动词:have/has +过去分词常用的时间词:already(肯定),yet(否定),recently, till now, so far, ever, never等a.过去发生并已经完成的动作,对现在造成了影响。
Till now I have read many novels.Long-distance education has basically covered the whole country so far.b.过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态,也许还有可能持续下去。
She has lived in Nanchang since 1980.The computer has gradually been used in libraries and hospitals.5.过去完成时谓语动词:had +过去分词常和by, before等词组成的短语和从句连用。
People had imagined what the surface of the moon looked like before Neil Armstrong first stepped onto the planet.Radio had been the most important communication tool before TV was invented.英语句子种类:简单句,并列句,复合句1.简单句(simple sentence)五种基本句型:SV, SVO, SVOC, SVOiOd, SVPSubject=主语Verbal phrase=谓语部分Object=宾语(Oi=间接宾语,Od=直接宾语)Complement=补语Predicative=表语一.主+动(S+V)1. Crime does not pay.2. Without gun, the suicide rate will go down.二.主+动+宾(S+V+O)1.Media violence affect children’s mental health.2.Frequent physical punishment contributes to a child’s later crimes.三.主+动+宾+补(S+V+O+C)1.Gambling may turn an ordinary man crazy.(形容词作补语)2. A lot of women consider luxury goods a life necessity.(名词作补语)3.The internet enables users to access violence easily.(不定式作补语)四.主+动+间宾/人+直宾/物(S+V+Oi+Od)1.Gambling could bring us a substantial increase in crime.munity service offers wrongdoers an opportunity to correct their misconduct.3.Violent scenes on mass media present children a bad example.五.主+动(系动词)+表(S+V+P)常见的系动词有:appear, be, become, feel, grow, go, look, prove, remain, smell, sound, turn.1.Death penalty is a deterrent to violent crime.(名词作表语)2.The penalties for criminals should be severe.3.The suggestion of community service sounds convincing and considerate.2.并列句(compound sentence)意义延伸并列连词:1. Child abuse is a crime and law enforcement have a legal duty to stop it.2. Students should not only learn academic knowledge but also do volunteer work in communities.3. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.选择并列连词:1.Heavy penalties should be imposed on traffic violators or they may not abide bytraffic laws.2.I must work much harder, otherwise I can not catch up with the other classmates.转折并列连词:1.Some offenders are good in nature but they go astray under some negativeinfluence.2.Some kill people only to defend themselves while others are trigger-happy.3.Wise men love truth, whereas fools shun it.因果并列连词:1.Owning a gun is illegal in most countries for it is considered dangerous.另外, 副词连接的并列句:1.Internet access is very useful for looking up information; however, a student is highly likely to find indecent materials on the internet.2.In many countries, minors can have access to sexual materials; therefore, providing the children with moral guidance is the best solution.3.Murderers are not humans; hence, they cannot be treated as humans.3.复合句(complex sentence)比较:a. We cannot apply knowledge in the books to practice,and then we cannot handle real problems in society.b. Because we cannot apply knowledge in the books to practice,we cannot handle real problems in society.C. Our teacher had left, the heated discussion then ended.D. When Our teacher had left, the heated discussion then ended.复合句包括:名词性从句,定语从句,状语从句。