糖尿病英文定义
• Gestational diabetes
Type 1 diabetes
• Previously known as IDDM(Insulin dependent diabetes) • Ketosis prone:Usually diagnosed in younger age group(<30 years) (Peak incidence 11-13 yr) • Prevalence highly variable but approximately 0.20% with an incidence of 15-20 per 100000 population aged less than 21 • Seasonal variation- with lowest rate in spring and summer
• Type 2 (may range from
predominantly insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency to a predominantly secretory defect with or without insulin resistance)
The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of multiple aetiology characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both
• Genetics • Environmental factor Viruses Chemical agents • Autoimmune Auto-antibodies: islet cell cytoplasm antibody (ICCA) islet cell surface antibody (ICSA) glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody GADA(64KD) Insulin antibody (IAA)
• Type 1 (beta–cell destruction,
usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency) : Autoimmune: Idiopathic
• Other specific types
Genetic defects of beta–cell function • • • • • • Genetic defects in insulin action Diseases of the exocrine pancreas Endocrinopathies Drug– or chemical–induced Infections Uncommon forms of immune– mediated diabetes Other genetic syndromes sometimes associated with diabetes
Type 1 diabetes
• This presentation is the end point of recent and continuing beta cell function resulting in near total loss of Insulin production • Hypபைடு நூலகம்rglycaemia itself begets further beta cell destruction as treatment with insulin often results in a “honeymoon” period when the patient can often manage without insulin
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus
• • • • • • • definition types symptoms diagnosis Laboratory findings treatment complications
Definition-WHO (4/2000)
Diabetes Mellitus
• • • • • • • definition types symptoms diagnosis Laboratory findings treatment complications
Aetiological Classification of Disorders of Glycaemia
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
• Immune-mediated type 1 diabetes acute LADA latent autoimmune diabetes in adults • Idiopathic type 1 diabetes mellitus
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Definition
• A metabolic condition characterised by high plasma glucose levels and chronic vascular complications • A vascular disease affecting small and large arteries with coexistent metabolic disturbance particularly high plasma glucose levels
糖尿病定义名词解释
糖尿病定义名词解释糖尿病（Diabetes Mellitus）是一种慢性代谢性疾病，其特征为高血糖（高血糖是指血液中的葡萄糖浓度超过正常范围）和胰岛功能异常。
本文将对糖尿病相关术语进行解释，以帮助读者更好地理解这一疾病。
1. 高血糖：高血糖是糖尿病的主要特征之一，指血糖浓度超过正常范围。
正常情况下，饮食中的碳水化合物被消化后，血液中的胰岛素会调节葡萄糖的摄入和利用，使血糖维持在较稳定的水平。
而在糖尿病中，由于胰岛素分泌不足或组织对胰岛素反应不佳，导致血液中的葡萄糖无法被有效吸收和利用，从而导致血糖升高。
2. 胰岛素：胰岛素是由胰腺分泌的一种激素，对调节血糖非常重要。
胰岛素能够促进葡萄糖进入细胞，从而降低血糖浓度。
糖尿病中，由于胰岛素分泌不足或作用异常，使得葡萄糖无法被有效利用，血糖持续升高。
3. 胰岛素抵抗：胰岛素抵抗是指细胞对胰岛素的反应性降低，导致胰岛素在细胞内的作用减弱。
胰岛素抵抗是第2型糖尿病的主要特征之一。
这种抵抗使得葡萄糖无法被顺利转运至细胞内，从而导致血糖升高。
4. 代谢综合征：代谢综合征是一种与糖尿病相关的代谢性疾病群，包括高血压、血脂异常、胰岛素抵抗、肥胖等症状。
这些症状常常并存，相互影响而导致糖尿病的发生和发展。
5. 三大症状：经典的糖尿病三大症状包括多饮（多尿）、多食（多食无厌）、多尿（尿频）。
由于血糖升高以及肾脏对尿液的处理出现问题，导致患者频繁饮水、排尿增多，食量也明显增加。
6. 低血糖：低血糖指血糖浓度降低到低于正常范围。
对于糖尿病患者来说，低血糖可能是由于胰岛素过量注射、饮食不当或过度运动等原因造成。
低血糖可引起头晕、出汗、心悸等症状，如果不及时处理，甚至可能导致昏迷。
7. 血糖监测：血糖监测是糖尿病患者管理和控制血糖的重要手段之一。
通过测量血液中的葡萄糖浓度，患者可以了解自己的血糖水平，并根据测量结果调整饮食、运动和药物治疗，以维持血糖在正常范围内。
以上是对糖尿病相关术语的定义和解释。
糖尿病
糖尿病疾病常识英文名称：diabetes mellitus, DM别称：消渴症临床症状：多饮、多食、多尿、乏力并发疾病：肾盂肾炎、膀胱炎、糖尿病酮症酸中毒好发人群：肥胖者、长期高糖、高脂饮食者、直系亲属有糖尿病病史者就诊指南就诊科室：内分泌科治疗周期：需要终身间歇性治疗常用药品：磺酰脲类、二甲双胍、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂、胰岛素增敏常用检查：尿糖测定、口服葡萄糖耐量试验、糖化血红蛋白测定是否医保：是概览定义糖尿病是一组由多病因引起以慢性高血糖为特征的代谢性疾病，是由于膜岛素分泌和（或）利用缺陷所引起。
长期碳水化合物以及脂肪、蛋白质代谢紊乱可引起多系统损害，导致眼、肾、神经、心脏、血管等组织器官慢性进行性病变、功能减退及衰竭；病情严重或应激时可发生急性严重代谢紊乱，如糖尿病酣症酸中毒（DKA）、高渗高血糖综合征。
流行病学糖尿病是常见病、多发病，目前在全球范围内，糖尿病的患病率与发病率极攀升。
1.以2型糖尿病为例，2013年全国调查中2型糖尿病患病率为10.4%，男性高于女性（11.1%比9.6%）。
2.各民族间的糖尿病患病率存在较大差异：满族15.0%、汉族14.7%、维吾尔族12.2%、壮族12.0%、回族10.6%、藏族4.3%。
3.未诊断糖尿病比例较高。
2013年全国调查中，未诊断的糖尿病患者占总数的63%。
4.肥胖和超重人群糖尿病患病率显著增加，肥胖人群糖尿病患病率升高了2倍。
2013年按体质指数（BMI）分层显示，BMI<25 kg/m^2者糖尿病患病率为7.8%、25 kg/m2≤BMI<30 kg/m^2者患病率为15.4%，BMI≥30 kg/m^2者患病率为21.2%。
疾病分类我国目前采用WHO1999年的病因学分型体系，将糖尿病分为以下四大类：1.1型糖尿病：胰岛B细胞破坏，导致胰岛素绝对缺乏。
又分为免疫介导性和特发性（无自身免疫证据）。
2.2型糖尿病：以胰岛素抵抗为主伴胰岛素进行性分泌不足和以胰岛素进行性分泌不足为主伴胰岛素抵抗。
糖尿病常见名词解释
糖尿病常见名词解释糖尿病是一种全球性流行病，患者需要长期服药和进行生活方式调整以维持血糖水平的稳定。
在糖尿病的管理和治疗过程中，涉及到许多专业术语和名词。
为了更好地理解和应对糖尿病，本文将解释一些常见的糖尿病名词。
1. 糖尿病糖尿病（Diabetes）是指由于胰岛素分泌不足或胰岛素作用障碍所导致的一组以高血糖为主要特征的疾病。
糖尿病主要分为一型糖尿病和二型糖尿病，其中一型糖尿病多发生在儿童和青少年，二型糖尿病多发生在成年人。
2. 胰岛素胰岛素（Insulin）是一种由胰腺产生的激素，主要功能是调节血糖水平。
它能促进细胞对葡萄糖的摄取和利用，降低血糖浓度。
胰岛素缺乏或作用障碍会导致血糖升高，是糖尿病的主要发病机制之一。
3. 血糖血糖（Blood Glucose）是指在人体血液中循环的葡萄糖（一种简单的碳水化合物）的浓度。
血糖水平受多种因素影响，包括饮食、胰岛素分泌和胰岛素作用等，正常人的空腹血糖一般维持在4.0-6.1mmol/L之间。
4. 高血糖高血糖（Hyperglycemia）指的是血糖浓度持续超过正常范围的状态。
在糖尿病患者中，高血糖可能由胰岛素分泌不足、胰岛素作用障碍或饮食、锻炼等因素引起。
5. 低血糖低血糖（Hypoglycemia）指的是血糖浓度过低的状态。
低血糖常见于正在使用胰岛素治疗的糖尿病患者，或者在饮食不规律、过量运动等情况下。
6. 糖化血红蛋白糖化血红蛋白（Glycosylated Hemoglobin），通常简称为HbA1c，是一种通过血液测试来评估患者血糖控制程度的指标。
HbA1c的值能够反映出过去2-3个月内平均血糖水平的高低。
7. 胰岛素抵抗胰岛素抵抗（Insulin Resistance）是指细胞对胰岛素的反应降低的状态。
胰岛素抵抗是二型糖尿病的主要发病机制之一，它导致胰岛素无法正常调节血糖，使血糖水平升高。
8. 糖尿病并发症糖尿病患者长期高血糖状态下，容易出现一系列并发症，包括心血管疾病、糖尿病肾病、糖尿病视网膜病变等。
糖尿病科普介绍文案
糖尿病科普介绍文案英文回答：What is Diabetes?Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects how your body turns food into energy. There are two main types of diabetes: type 1 and type 2.Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which your body's immune system attacks and destroys the cells in your pancreas that make insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps glucose, or sugar, get from your blood into your cells. Without insulin, your blood sugar levels can get too high.Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes. It occurs when your body does not make enough insulin or does not use insulin well. This can also cause your blood sugar levels to get too high.Symptoms of Diabetes.The symptoms of diabetes can vary depending on the type of diabetes you have. However, some common symptoms include:Increased thirst.Frequent urination.Unexplained weight loss.Fatigue.Blurred vision.Slow-healing sores.Frequent infections.Risk Factors for Diabetes.There are a number of risk factors for diabetes,including:Family history of diabetes.Obesity.Physical inactivity.Age (over 45)。
糖尿病英文简介
Diabetes mellitusDiabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseas es in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications. Acute complications ca n include diabetic ketoacidosis（酮症酸中毒）, nonketotic hyperosmolar coma（高糖昏迷）, or death. Serious long-term complications include heart disease, stroke, chronic kidney f ailure, foot ulcers, and damage to the eyes.Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced.There are three main types of diab etes mellitus:Type 1 DM results from the pancreas's failure to produce enough insulin.Type 2 DM begins with insulin resistanceGestational diabetes is the third main form and occurs when pregnant women without a previous history of diabetes develop high blood-sugar levels.Prevention and treatment involve maintaining a healthy diet, regular physical exercise, a normal body weight, and avoiding use of tobacco. Control of blood pressure and maintai ning proper foot care are important for people with the disease. Type 1 DM must be m anaged with insulin injections.Type 2 DM may be treated with medications with or witho ut insulin.Insulin and some oral medications can cause low blood sugar.Weight loss surger y in those with obesity is sometimes an effective measure in those with type 2 DM.Gest ational diabetes usually resolves after the birth of the baby.。
糖尿病简介英文版
糖尿病简介英文版Diabetes Mellitus: An OverviewIntroduction:Diabetes Mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels. It affects millions of individuals worldwide and poses a significant healthcare challenge. In this article, we will provide a comprehensive overview of diabetes, its types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management.Types of Diabetes:There are three main types of diabetes: type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes.1. Type 1 Diabetes:Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes, typically occurs in children and young adults. It is an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Individuals with type 1 diabetes require lifelong insulin therapy.2. Type 2 Diabetes:Type 2 diabetes, the most common form, occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or fails to produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar levels effectively. It is often associated with obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and poor dietary habits. Initially, it can be managed with lifestyle modifications, including a healthy diet, regular exercise, and possibly oral medications. In severe cases, insulin therapy may be required.3. Gestational Diabetes:Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy and usually resolves after childbirth. It occurs when hormonal changes during pregnancy lead to insulin resistance. If left uncontrolled, it can pose risks for both the mother and the baby. Proper monitoring and management are crucial to prevent complications.Causes of Diabetes:The causes of diabetes vary depending on the type:1. Type 1 Diabetes:The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Certain genes make individuals more susceptible to developing type 1 diabetes, and environmental triggers, such as viral infections, may initiate the autoimmune response.2. Type 2 Diabetes:Type 2 diabetes is primarily attributed to lifestyle factors, including obesity, physical inactivity, unhealthy eating habits, and genetic predisposition. Excessive body weight and abdominal fat accumulation increase insulin resistance, leading to elevated blood sugar levels.3. Gestational Diabetes:The hormonal changes during pregnancy are the main cause of gestational diabetes. These hormones can obstruct the action of insulin, resulting in high blood sugar levels.Symptoms of Diabetes:The symptoms of diabetes can vary, but some common signs include:1. Frequent urination2. Excessive thirst3. Unexplained weight loss4. Fatigue5. Blurred vision6. Slow healing of wounds7. Tingling sensation or numbness in the hands and feetDiagnosis of Diabetes:Diabetes can be diagnosed through various tests, including:1. Fasting Plasma Glucose Test: Measures blood sugar levels after fasting for at least 8 hours.2. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: Measures blood sugar levels before and 2 hours after consuming a glucose-rich drink.3. Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Test: Measures average blood sugar levels over the past three months.Management of Diabetes:Diabetes management aims to keep blood sugar levels within the target range to prevent complications. It primarily involves:1. Healthy Eating: A well-balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats is essential. Avoiding sugary foods and drinks helps control blood sugar levels.2. Regular Exercise: Engaging in physical activity for at least 150 minutes per week helps improve insulin sensitivity and regulate blood sugar levels.3. Medications: Depending on the type and severity of diabetes, oral medications, injectable drugs, or insulin may be prescribed to manage blood sugar levels effectively.4. Regular Monitoring: Regular monitoring of blood sugar levels and periodic check-ups with healthcare professionals are crucial for adjusting treatment plans and preventing complications.Conclusion:Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition requiring lifelong management. Understanding the types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management strategies is crucial in effectively controlling blood sugar levels and preventing complications. By adopting a healthy lifestyle and working closely with healthcare professionals, individuals with diabetes can lead fulfilling lives and minimize the risks associated with the disease.。
糖尿病英文简介
Diabetes mellitusDiabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseas es in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications. Acute complications ca n include diabetic ketoacidosis(酮症酸中毒), nonketotic hyperosmolar coma(高糖昏迷), or death. Serious long-term complications include heart disease, stroke, chronic kidney f ailure, foot ulcers, and damage to the eyes.Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced.There are three main types of diab etes mellitus:Type 1 DM results from the pancreas's failure to produce enough insulin.Type 2 DM begins with insulin resistanceGestational diabetes is the third main form and occurs when pregnant women without a previous history of diabetes develop highblood-sugar levels.Prevention and treatment involve maintaining a healthy diet,regular physical exercise, a normal body weight, and avoiding use of tobacco. Control of blood pressure and maintai ning proper foot care are important for people with the disease. Type 1 DM must be m anaged withinsulin injections.Type 2 DM may be treated with medications with or witho ut insulin.Insulin and some oral medications can cause low blood sugar.Weight loss surger y in those with obesity is sometimes an effective measure in those with type 2 DM.Gest ational diabetes usually resolves after the birth of the baby.。
糖尿病英文版资料讲解
few
less then type 2 DM leading cause of death
low or lack
usually + insulin dependence
FPG FPG
(mmol/L)
DM
7.0
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱIFG
IG
6.1
T
NGT
IGT
7.8 11.1
糖尿病英文版资料讲解
75gOGTT 2hPG
(mmol/L)
Comparison of type 1 and type 2 DM
Usual age of onset Mode of onset weight
symptoms
Other specific types Gestational diabetes**
糖尿病英文版资料讲解
Other specific types
Genetic defects of beta-cell function Genetic defects in insulin action Diseases of the exocrine pancreas Endocrinopathies Drug- or chemical-induced Infections Uncommon forms of immune-
Type 2 DM：amyloidosis of pancreas
糖尿病
糖尿病概述糖尿病是个历史悠久的慢性代谢性疾病，有文字记载的历史已有上千年。
但对糖尿病病因的了解和治疗上有实质上的进展还不到一百年。
胰岛素的发现对改变糖尿病患者的命运及揭示糖尿病的病因及相关影响因素意义重大。
糖尿病（diabetes mellitus）定义：由于胰岛素分泌不足和/或胰岛素作用缺陷;导致糖、脂肪和蛋白质代谢障碍;以慢性高血糖为特征的代谢性疾病。
临床特点主要有:口渴、多尿多饮、多食、视物模糊和体重减轻;长期发展可产生严重的大血管和微血管并发症;导致多种器官特别是眼、肾、神经、心血管出现功能异常甚至衰竭;病情严重或应激状态时出现急性代谢紊乱,如糖尿病酮症酸中毒、高渗昏迷等。
胰岛素的合成与分泌ß细胞最初生成胰岛素原，后经分泌小泡运送到细胞膜，由胞吐作用经细胞膜释放入血。
释放过程中脱去一段C肽，形成A、B链结构的胰岛素。
血液中内生胰岛素和C肽比例是对等的。
胰岛素的结构胰岛素的两个肽链分别为21个氨基酸组成的A链和30个氨基酸组成的B链，氨基酸排列有种属差异。
猪胰岛素与人胰岛素仅在B链第30位氨基酸上有所不同，牛胰岛素在A链上还有两个氨基酸不同。
糖的代谢和胰岛素--在正常的人体中增加的血糖会促使胰脏产生胰岛素；--胰岛素通过以下机理降低血糖:允许血糖进入脂肪细胞和肌肉细胞, 以便以能量的形式正常代谢血糖;阻止由肝脏或是肌肉中的糖元分解进入血液糖尿病时，由于没有足够的胰岛素：葡萄糖不能进入脂肪细胞和肌肉细胞；细胞得不到能量，促进肝脏和肌肉分解更多的糖元进入血液,进一步提高了血糖水平；细胞还有可能转而依赖于其它形式的能源，如脂肪分解成脂肪酸，并在肝脏中进一步分解成酮酸等;蛋白质分解成氨基酸。
肝脏会连续产生葡萄糖。
病因学分类1型糖尿病自身免疫性1型糖尿病特发性糖尿病2型糖尿病3其他特殊类型糖尿病B细胞功能遗传性缺陷胰岛素作用遗传性缺陷胰腺外分泌疾病内分泌疾病药物或化学品所致糖尿病感染免疫介导的罕见类型伴糖尿病的遗传综合征4妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）病因学分类--1型糖尿病病因学特点：胰岛B细胞破坏，胰岛素绝对缺乏，呈酮症酸中毒倾向。
糖尿病的名词解释
糖尿病的名词解释糖尿病（Diabetes Mellitus）是一种慢性疾病，主要表现为血糖水平异常升高，由于胰岛素分泌不足或机体对胰岛素的反应减弱而引起。
糖尿病是全球范围内十分常见的疾病，对个体的健康产生了严重影响。
糖尿病可分为不同类型，包括1型糖尿病、2型糖尿病以及妊娠期糖尿病等。
不同类型的糖尿病由于机体生理和代谢的不同，治疗方法和预防措施也有所差异。
1型糖尿病，亦称为胰岛素依赖型糖尿病，是由于胰岛β细胞受损或破坏导致胰岛素分泌大幅度减少或完全停止。
这种类型的糖尿病多在年轻人中发生，患者通常需要每天注射胰岛素以维持正常的血糖水平。
2型糖尿病是最常见的糖尿病类型，占所有糖尿病患者的绝大多数。
这种类型的糖尿病通常发生于40岁以上的成年人，并且和肥胖以及生活方式有密切关联。
2型糖尿病发生时，胰岛素的分泌通常不受影响，但机体对胰岛素的敏感性降低，导致血糖无法正常利用。
妊娠期糖尿病发生于妊娠期间，通常在妊娠后半程或妊娠晚期开始，并在分娩后恢复正常。
这种类型的糖尿病可能对胎儿和妇女的健康带来一些特定的风险，因此需要特别的关注和管理。
糖尿病的主要症状包括口渴、多尿、体重下降、疲劳、视力模糊、伤口愈合缓慢等。
高血糖对身体的损害涉及多个器官系统，包括心血管、神经和肾脏等。
如果未经适当控制，糖尿病可能导致严重的并发症，例如心血管疾病、肾脏疾病、失明以及下肢溃疡等。
为了确诊糖尿病，医生通常会对患者进行多次血糖检测。
这些检测通常包括空腹血糖、餐后血糖和糖化血红蛋白等指标。
除此之外，还可以通过糖耐量试验进一步评估胰岛素的分泌功能。
治疗糖尿病的方法主要包括改变生活方式、药物治疗以及胰岛素注射。
改变生活方式包括适量运动、合理饮食、戒烟限酒以及保持健康体重等，可以有效地控制糖尿病的发展。
对于需要药物治疗的患者，有多种药物可选择，如口服降糖药和注射胰岛素。
对1型糖尿病患者来说，注射胰岛素是控制血糖的必要手段。
预防糖尿病的关键在于健康的生活方式。