Lecture 13 Restructuring (2) 词序调整
英语专业八级翻译指导词序调整
英语专业八级翻译指导:词序调整英译汉的翻译方法和技巧是建立在英汉两种语言的对比之上的。
这两种语言在词汇和句法方面的一些表达手段上各有其特点。
语序调整主要指词序、句序两方面的调整。
首先我们谈谈词序的调整，其次我们谈谈句序的调整。
一、定语位置的调整1．单词作定语英语中，单词作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词前，汉语中也大体如此。
有时英语中有后置的，但译成汉语时一般都前置。
something important（后置）重要的事情（前置），如果英语中名词前的定语过多，译文中则不宜完全前置，因为汉语不习惯在名词前用过多的定语。
a little，yellow，ragged beggar（前置），一个要饭的，身材矮小，面黄肌瘦，衣衫褴褛（后置）2．短语作定语英语中，修饰名词的短语一般放在名词之后，而汉语则反之，但间或也有放在后面的，视汉语习惯而定。
their attempt to cross the river（后置）他们渡江的企图（前置）the decimal system of counting（后置）十进制计算法（后置）二、状语位置的调整1．单词作状语英语中单词作状语修饰形容词或其他状语时，通常放在它所修饰的形容词或状语的前面，这一点与汉语相同。
He was very active in class．（前置）他在班上很活跃。
（前置）语中单词作状语修饰动词时，一般放在动词之后，而在汉语里则放在动词之前。
Modern science and technology are developing rapidly．（后置）现代科学技术正在迅速发展。
（前置）英语中表示程度的状语在修饰状语时可前置也可后置，而在汉语中一般都前置。
He is running fast enough（后置）他跑得够快的了。
（前置）2．短语作状语英语中短语状语可放在被修饰的动词之前或之后，译成汉语时则大多数放在被修饰的动词之前，但也有放在后面的。
翻译中的遣词用句
基本的翻译技巧一般包括1).Diction(选词用字); 2).Amplification(增益); 3).Omission(省略);4).Repetiton(重复);5).Conversion(转换); 6).Restructuring(词序调整); 7).Negation(正说反译，反说正译);8).Division(长句拆译).遣词用字是任何翻译工作者自始至终需面临的一个现实问题。
由于英汉分属不同的语系，所以在翻译时源语与译语之间往往没用相对固定的词义对应关系。
本期用对比的方式归纳了英汉词字层次上的五种对应情况：1.完全对等，2.多词同义，3.一词多义，4.词义交织，5.无对等词语。
词义辨析是遣词用字的前提。
本期从四个角度探讨了如何判断某一英语词语的准确含义，即1.根据构词法辨别词义；2.根据指代关系辨别词义；3.根据上下文或词的搭配辨别词义；4.根据不同学科或专业类型辨别词义。
在词义辨析的基础上，本期归纳了英语词语翻译的8种常用技巧：1.推演法，2.移植法，3.引伸法，4.替代法，5.释义法，6.合并法，7. 图形法和8.音译法。
1. Correspondence Between English and Chinese at Word Level----英汉词字层次上的五种对应情况In most cases there is no existing pattern for sentence translation, nor are there fixed rules for word transformation. Generally speaking, the correspondence between English and Chinese at word level may be categorized as follows:1) Word-for-word CorrespondenceThis is most evidently shown in proper nouns and technical terms.For example: Marxism = 马克思主义Aspirin ＝阿斯匹林2) One Word with Multiple Equivalents of the Same MeaningThis is a common case in translation.For example:犬：dog, hound, spaniel, mastiff, pointer, setter, retriever, terrier……3) One Word with Several Equivalents of Different MeaningThis is also very common in translation. For example:carry: 搬、运、送、提、拎、挑、担、抬、背、扛、搂、抱、端、举、夹、捧…..走：walk, saunter, amble, stride, trudge, trapes, shamble, prance, scamper, clump, tiptoe ….羊：sheep, goat, ram, ewe, lamb……4) Equivalents Interwoven with One Another5) Words Without EquivalentsIn this case, an explanation is given instead of an equivalent.For example:clock-watcher: 老是看钟等下班的人阴：(in Chinese thought) the soft inactive female principle or force in the world阳：(in Chinese thought) the strong active male principle or force in the world（目不识）丁: (not know one's) ABC2. Methods to Discriminate the Original Meaning of an English Word-----词义辨析Since English words are prone to various meanings, it is of vital importance for a translator to discern the right meaning of a given word. And the following are the major methods of discriminating word meaning suggested by some linguists.1) Judging from the Word FormationIn order to discriminate the original meaning of an English word, it is necessary for us to have a knowledge of English lexicology, and specifically, a knowledge of word formation, such as compounding, derivation, affixation, blending, acronym, clipping, etc. A good command of them will help to shed light on the correct meaning of some difficult words.For example, the word ""parabiospheric"", which consists of para-(outside) +bio-(biologic) +spheric (having the form of a sphere). After a brief analysis, we may safely put it into ""外生物层的"". Another more complicated instance, pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. This extremely long word seems appallingly complicated. However, an anatomic study of its composition enables us to get a clear understanding of its meaning: pneumono- (of lung) +ultra- (beyond) + micro (very small) + scopic- (of viewing or observing) + silico- (of silicon)+ volcano + coni- ( koni, of dust) + osis (forming the name of a disease). Even if we are not sure of the equivalent of this medical term, we may roughly get the right meaning of the long word: a kind of lung disease caused by extremely small silicon particles. And a look into some dictionary leads us to the definite answer: 硅酸盐沉着病，肺尘病（一种矿工易染的病）。
语序调整翻译法
英汉两者语言在词序上的差异
• 3）定语的词序差异： • 英语中，定语的位置灵活多变，可置于被修饰名 词之前或之后，还可同时置于被修饰词的之前和 之后。 • 汉语中，定语则通常只能位于被修饰的名词之前。 Traditional Chinese virtue • 例如排序差异： 中华传统美德 • 英：限定词 - 描绘词 - 大小新旧 - 颜色 - 类别 + 中 心名词 • 汉：邻属关系 - 时间处所 - 指示代词或量词 - 动词 性词语和主谓短语 - 形容词性词语 + 性质类别或 范围的名词、动词
• • • • • 一是扼要你出全句的轮廓； 二是要根据上下文和全句的内容领会要旨； 三是要辨清全句的主从结构； 四是要找出各句之间从属关系。 找出句子主句 找出主句中的主谓语,了解 中心思想 理清主句与从句,主要成分与次 要成分, 修饰与被修饰等各层次关系和内容 按照逻辑顺序把句子的各个部分内容串成 一个完整的话语。
例析1
• International countertrade (对等/对销/反向贸 易) is a practice whereby a supplier commits contractually – as a condition of sale – to reciprocate(回报) and undertake certain specified commercial initiatives(商务提案) that compensate and benefit the buyer. • 国际对销贸易，作为一种销售条件，是指供 应方以合同的方式 承诺对某些特别的、给购 买方以补偿和利益的商务提案予以回报和承 办的一种做法。
长句的翻译
长句翻译的要点
• 长句是指语法结构比较复杂、从句和修饰 语较多，包含的内容层次在一个以上的句 子 • 对于长句的翻译，有两点至关重要：一是 对原文的准确理解；二是在译文当中恰如 其分的表达。
Lecture_7_句序调整翻译
The librarians have compiled a card-index catalogue so that they can afford facilities for reference. 为便于参考起见，图书馆馆员们编制了索引目 录卡。 No matter how hard he tried, he failed at last. 不管他怎样努力，最后还是没有成功。
参考译文：
这次周年纪念会应该是一个老老实实地评估 我们过去的失误的时机，同时也应该是一个表 达我们有同样决心要做好今后工作的时机。这 样，我们就可免遭挫折，并可把这次周年纪念 变成一种鼓舞和成就。当我讲这番话时，我相 信---今天上午我们听到的发言也使我相信--我是代表联合国每一位真诚和严肃的代表讲话 的。
一、英汉词序差异
English sentence patterns: Minor—Major Near—Far Specific---General Weak---Strong 汉语一般把重要的、语气强的词语紧靠中心词，而英语恰 恰相反。 His address is 3612 Market Street，Philadelphia， PA. 19109，USA. 他的地址是美国宾夕法尼亚州费城市场街3612号，邮政 编码19104。 My uncle passed away in hospital at 2: 30 a. m. on September 12，1999. 我的伯父于1999年，月12日凌晨2点30分在医院逝世。 一定要分清敌我。 We must draw a clear distinction between ourselves and the enemy.
高中英语人教版必修二词汇词性转换
高中英语人教版必修二词汇词性转换【2020新版】英语人教版必修二词汇词性转换1.create--creativity--creative-creatively--creation--creator(v--n--adj--adv--n--n(人))创造--创造性--富有创造力的--创造性地说--创造物--创造者2.preserve--preservation--preserved (v--n--adj)保护，保存--保护，保存--可保存的，防腐的3.promote--promotion--promotional (v--n--adj)促进，促销--促进，推广--促销的；增进的4.apply--application（app）--applicant (v--n--n(人))申请，应用--申请，应用软件--申请者5.balance--balanced (n/v--adj)平衡--平衡的6.propose--proposal (v--n)发起--发起7.like--likely (prep/v--adj/adv)像，喜爱--大概的/地8.establish--XXX(v--n)树立，创建9.limit--limited--limitless (n/v--adj--adj)限定--有限的--无穷的10.contribute--contribution (v--n)贡献-贡献11.investigate--XXX(v--n)调查--调查12.conduct--conduction--conductor(v/n--n--n(人))组织，安排，传导--传导--指挥，售票员13.appear--appearance--disappear--disappearance(v--n--反v--n)出现-出现-消失-消失14.profession--professional--professor(n--adj/n--n(人))职业--专业的,专业人员--专家15.enter--entrance(v--n)进入--入口16.forgive--forgiveness(v--n)原谅--原谅17.digit--digital(n--adj)数字--数字的18.quality--qualify--qualified(n--v--adj)质量--达到标准，使有资格--有资格的19.tradition--traditional(n--adj)传统--传统的20.far--further--furthest(adj--比较级--最高级)远的--更进一步--最大程度21.history--historic (n--adj)历史--历史（性）的；有历史记载的pare--comparison--comparative (v--n--adj)比较--比较，对照--相对的23.identity--identify(n--v)身份--确认24.post--poster--postman (v--n--n(人))发布--海报--邮递员25.legal--legally--illegal--illegally(adj--adv--反adj--adv)正当的-正当地-不法的--不法地26.hunt--hunter (v--n(人))狩猎--猎人27.immediate--immediately(adj--adv)即刻的--立刻28.alarm--alarming--alarmed(v/n--adj--adj)惊骇/警报--使人震动的--忧郁害怕的29.rate--rating (n/v--n)速率/划分品级--品级，级别30.extinct--extinction(adj--n)已灭绝的--灭绝31.aware--awareness (adj--n)有……意识的--意识32.danger--endanger--dangerous--endangered (n--v--adj--adj)风险--使遭风险；危及--风险的--靠近灭尽的33.concern--concerned--concerning (v--adj--prep)关怀，涉及--关注的，忧虑的--有关的34.live--lively--living--alive(v--adj--adj--adj)居住--活泼的--居住的--在世的35.press--pressure (v--n)按压--压力36.reserve--reservation(v/n--n)保留，保护区--预定37.observe--observation(v--n)窥察，遵照---窥察38.beauty--beautify--beautiful-beautifully (n--v--adj--adv)美-美化-美丽的-美丽地39.effect--effective--effectively-efficiency(n--adj--adv--n)效果--有效的--有效地--有效性40.recover--recovery(v--n)康复--恢复41.remove--removal--remover(v--n--n(人))解雇，移开--革职，搬家--搬运工42.intend--intention(打算，打算--企图，打算)43.XXX(v--n)要挟44.exist--existence (v--n)存在，保存45.harmony--harmonious(n--adj)和谐--和谐的46.reduce-- reduction(v--n)削减47.neighbor--neighborhood(adj--n)临近的--附近48.emotion--emotional(n--adj)豪情--豪情的ual--usually--unusual(adj--adv--反adj)平日的--平日地--不寻常的50.blog--blogger(n/v--n(人))博客，写博客--博主51.chat--chatting(n/v--现在分词)闲聊52.convenient--convenience--inconvenient--inconvenience(adj--n反adj--n)方便的-方便-不方便的-不方便53.stick--stuck(v--adj)粘住--卡住的54.benefit--beneficial (n/v--adj)优点，获益---有优点的55.distance--distant(n--adj)远方--间隔远的56.inspire--inspiring--inspired--inspiration(v--adj--adj--n)激励，启发-鼓舞人心的-受到鼓舞的-激励，灵感57.access--accessible(n/v--adj)通道/进入--可进入的58.tough--toughly (adj--adv)坚强的，坚固的，艰难的--坚强地，能吃苦耐劳地，固执地59.function--functional(n/v--adj)功能，起作用--功能的60.account--accountable--accountant(n/v--adj--n(人))账目，解释--有责任的--会计61.theft--thief(n--n(人))偷窃--小偷62.rude--rudely--rudeness(adj--adv--n)卤莽的--卤莽地--卤莽63.particular--particularly(adj--adv)特定的--出格地64.embarrass--embarrassing--embarrassed--embarrassment(v--adj--adj--n)使尴尬--令人尴尬的--感到尴尬的--尴尬65.upset--upsetting (v/adj--adj)打翻，难过的--使人心烦意乱的66.define--definition(v--n)阐明；限定；给…下定义---定义，释义67.puzzle--puzzling--puzzled(v--adj--adj)使利诱--使人利诱的--感到利诱的68.defend--defence(v--n)防御，保卫69.surround--surrounding--surroundings(v--adj--n)围困--四周的--情况70.evident--evidence (adj--n)明显的--证据，证明71.achieve--achievement (v--n)完成--成就72.locate--located--location (v--adj--n)确定…的位置--位于的--位置73.announce--announcement--announcer(v--n--n(人))播送，公布--布告，启事--播送员74.approach--approaching (v/n--adj)靠近，办法--靠近的75.sure--ensure(adj--v)肯定的--确保76.generous--generously--generosity (adj--adv--n)慷慨的--慷慨地--慷慨77.eager--eagerly--eagerness(adj--adv--n)热切的，盼望的--渴望地，热切地--渴望，热心，热切。
基本的翻译技巧一般包括
基本的翻译技巧一般包括1).Diction(选词用字); 2).Amplification(增益); 3).Omission(省略);4).Repetiton(重复); 5).Conversion(转换); 6).Restructuring(词序调整); 7).Negation(正说反译，反说正译); 8).Division(长句拆译).遣词用字是任何翻译工作者自始至终需面临的一个现实问题。
由于英汉分属不同的语系，所以在翻译时源语与译语之间往往没用相对固定的词义对应关系。
本期用对比的方式归纳了英汉词字层次上的五种对应情况：1.完全对等，2.多词同义，3.一词多义，4.词义交织，5.无对等词语。
词义辨析是遣词用字的前提。
本期从四个角度探讨了如何判断某一英语词语的准确含义，即1.根据构词法辨别词义；2.根据指代关系辨别词义；3.根据上下文或词的搭配辨别词义；4.根据不同学科或专业类型辨别词义。
在词义辨析的基础上，本期归纳了英语词语翻译的8种常用技巧：1.推演法，2.移植法，3.引伸法，4.替代法，5.释义法，6.合并法，7. 图形法和8.音译法。
1. Correspondence Between English and Chinese at Word Level----英汉词字层次上的五种对应情况In most cases there is no existing pattern for sentence translation, nor are there fixed rules for word transfor mation. Generally speaking, the correspondence between English and Chinese at word level may be categori zed as follows:1) Word-for-word CorrespondenceThis is most evidently shown in proper nouns and technical terms.For example: Marxism = 马克思主义Aspirin ＝阿斯匹林2) One Word with Multiple Equivalents of the Same MeaningThis is a common case in translation.For example:犬：dog, hound, spaniel, mastiff, pointer, setter, retriever, terrier……3) One Word with Several Equivalents of Different MeaningThis is also very common in translation. For example:carry: 搬、运、送、提、拎、挑、担、抬、背、扛、搂、抱、端、举、夹、捧…..走：walk, saunter, amble, stride, trudge, trapes, shamble, prance, scamper, clump, tiptoe ….羊： sheep, goat, ram, ewe, lamb……4) Equivalents Interwoven with One Another5) Words Without EquivalentsIn this case, an explanation is given instead of an equivalent.For example:clock-watcher: 老是看钟等下班的人阴： (in Chinese thought) the soft inactive female principle or force in the world阳： (in Chinese thought) the strong active male principle or force in the world（目不识）丁: (not know one's) ABC2. Methods to Discriminate the Original Meaning of an English Word-----词义辨析Since English words are prone to various meanings, it is of vital importance for a translator to discern the rig ht meaning of a given word. And the following are the major methods of discriminating word meaning sugge sted by some linguists.1) Judging from the Word FormationIn order to discriminate the original meaning of an English word, it is necessary for us to have a knowledge of English lexicology, and specifically, a knowledge of word formation, such as compounding, derivation, af fixation, blending, acronym, clipping, etc. A good command of them will help to shed light on the correct me aning of some difficult words.For example, the word ""parabiospheric"", which consists of para-(outside) +bio-(biologic) +spheric (havingthe form of a sphere). After a brief analysis, we may safely put it into ""外生物层的"". Another more complicated instance, pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. This extremely lon g word seems appallingly complicated. However, an anatomic study of its composition enables us to get a cl ear understanding of its meaning: pneumono- (of lung) +ultra- (beyond) + micro (very small) + scopic- (of vi ewing or observing) + silico- (of silicon)+ volcano + coni- ( koni, of dust) + osis (forming the name of a dise ase). Even if we are not sure of the equivalent of this medical term, we may roughly get the right meaning of the long word: a kind of lung disease caused by extremely small silicon particles. And a look into some dicti onary leads us to the definite answer: 硅酸盐沉着病，肺尘病（一种矿工易染的病）。
词类转换词序调整
Conversion between parts Байду номын сангаасf speech
noun—verb • They went on strike in demand of a 40 percent wage increase. 译文：他们举行罢工，要求工资增加40%。 • The teacher gave a further explanation of the meaning of the sentence. 译文：老师进一步解释了那个句子的意思。
Conversion between parts of speech
adverb—verb • After a careful investigation they found the design behind. 译文：经过仔细地研究后，他们发现这个设 计落后了。 • Each time out was a happy experience. 译文：每次出游都很愉快。 • 今晚放映什么电影？ 译文：What film will be on this evening?
Conversion between parts of speech
prep—verb • Government of the people, by the people and for the people shall not perish from the earth. 译文：一个民有、民治、民享的政府永 远不会消失。
Different Thinking Patterns
English（外展螺旋式） 由点及面 由小到大 由近及远 Chinese（内旋式） 由面到点 由大到小 由远及近
由轻到重 由弱到强
由重到轻 由强到弱
Different Thinking Patterns
lecture翻译技巧八顺序和逆序法
1. The dockers were seen unloading the chemical fertilizer from S.S. “Apollo”.
2. The Finnish Trade Mission was given a warm welcome by their counterparts.
我们天天在教室里认真学习。
2. His address is 518 Wenhua Road, Guzan Town, PA626001, Kangding. 他的地址是康定县姑咱镇文化路518号，邮编编码 626001。
3. They were badly defeated at Luding in November, 1945. 他们于1945年11月在泸定附近大败。
+post-) both his two sisters (pre- + central + post-)
我的三位朋友 她的许多本书
Fourth, general principal for placing several attributive modifiers before noun in Chinese:
predeterminer + central determiner + postdeterminer
all the four teachers (pre- + central + post-) all your three books (pre- + central + post-) all these last few days (pre-+central+post-
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1． This tea –party was given by Mr. Smith, senior correspondent of The Times, London. 这个茶会是由伦敦《泰晤士报》的高级记者史 密斯先生举行的。 2． He would be a rash man who should venture to defy world public opinion and act arbitrarily. 如果有人敢于公然蔑视世界公众舆论而一意 孤行，那他一定是个卤莽之徒。
V.
Exercises
1． This tea –party was given by Mr. Smith, senior correspondent of The Times, London. 2． He would be a rash man who should venture to defy world public opinion and act arbitrarily. 3． I was all the more delighted when, as a result of the initiative of your government, it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly.
社会主义的现代化强国 a modern, powerful socialist country.
一位美国现代优秀作家 an outstanding contemporary American writer
各条战线上的先进工作者们 advanced workers from various fronts/from all walks of life 这是能想象得出的最好解决办法。 This is the best solution imaginable. 他真是一个活雷锋。 He is indeed a Lei Feng alive.
7. Signpost inversion （点题倒装）
By strategy is meant something wider. 战略的意义比较广。
8. Negative inversion （否定倒装）
Not a word did he say. 他只字未提
9. Metrical inversion （韵律倒装）
1. Interrogative inversion (疑 问倒装)
What did you do yesterday? 你昨天干什么来着？
2. Imperative inversion （命令倒装）
“Speak you, ”said Mr. Black, “Speak you, good fellow!” 布莱克先生叫道“说，说吧！伙计！”
3. Exclamatory inversion （惊叹倒装）
How dreadful is this place! 这地方好可怕啊！
4. Hypothetical inversion （假设倒装）
Had you come yesterday, you could have seen him here.
要是你昨天来了，你就会在这里看到他 的。
5. Balance inversion （平衡倒装）
Through a gap came an elaborately ray. 从一个空洞透出一束精心描绘的光线。
6.
Link inversion（衔接倒装）
On this depends the whole argument. 整个争论都以此为依据。
According to some linguistics, the English language possesses nine types of inversion so far as grammatical relations are concerned. Theses inversions include :
4． I believe strongly that it is in the interests of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European community. 5． Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may result in serious disease if certain important elements are missing.
5． Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may result in serious disease if certain important elements are missing. 如今人们知道，如果食物中缺少了某些 重要的成分，即使其中不含任何有害物 质，也会引起严重的疾病。
3． I was all the more delighted when, as a result of the initiative of your government, it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly. 由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样快的重提访 问之事，这使我感到特别高兴。 4． I believe strongly that it is in the interests of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European community. 我强烈地认为，英国应该继续是欧洲共同体中 一个积极而充满活力的成员，这是符合我国人 民利益的。
Lecture 13
Restructuring (2) 词序调整
Main contents of the lecture
I. types of inversion in English II. Restructuring in Chises
As pants the hart for cooling streams. (Normal order : As the hart pants for cooling streams ) 像公鹿渴望清凉的小溪一样。
II. Restructuring in ChineseEnglish Translation