英美文学英语专业八级

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英语专八英美文学作品及作者简介

英语专八英美文学作品及作者简介☆英国文学名家名著《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）是英国盎格鲁·撒克逊时期的一首英雄史诗，古英语文学的最高成就，同时标志着英国文学的开始。

史诗的第一部分讲述瑞典青年王子贝奥武甫来到丹麦，帮助丹麦国王赫罗斯加杀死了12年来常来进行夜袭的巨妖格伦德尔及他的母亲；第二部分简述了贝奥武甫继承王位，平安统治50年。

后来，他的国土被一条喷火巨龙蹂躏，老当益壮的贝奥武甫与火龙交战，杀死火龙，自己也受了致命伤。

杰弗里·乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer ，1340-1400)是英国文学之父亲和前最杰出的作家。

主要作品有《坎特伯雷故事集》等。

作品的主要特点是主题、题材、风格、笔调的多样性及描写人对生活的追求的复杂性。

他的代表作品是《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）不仅描绘了31位朝圣者的各个社会阶层，而且也反映了他们各自叙述故事的不同风格，读者广泛，对后世影响很大。

威廉·莎士比亚(William Shakespeare ，1564-1616)是文艺复兴时期英国著名的剧作家和诗人。

他创作了大量的作品，其中包括喜剧、悲剧和历史剧。

他的剧本至今仍在许多国家上演，并为人们所普遍阅读。

莎上比亚的作品文才横溢，创造的喜、怒、哀、乐场面使人印象深刻，历久难忘。

主要作品有四大悲剧：《奥赛罗》(Othello)、《哈姆雷特》（Hamlet）、《麦克白》(Macbeth),《李尔王》(King Lear)；四大喜剧：《仲夏夜之梦》(A Midsummer Night’s Dream)、《威尼斯商人》(The Merchant of Venice)、《无事生非》(Much Ado about Nothing)和《皆大欢喜》(As You Like It)等。

此外，历史剧《亨利六世》(Henry VI)三部曲，爱情悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）也都很受欢迎。

专八(英美文学)

Introduction to English-speaking Countries第一章英国The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland，简称“UK（联合王国）”。

Ⅰ、Scotland（苏格兰地区）Glasgow（格拉斯哥）——第一大城市,Clyde（克莱德河）流经此地。

Edinburgh（爱丁堡）——第二大城市，为苏格兰自治政府所在地，历史悠久，素有“Northern Athens（北方雅典）”之美誉。

Nevis（尼维斯山）——英国最高山，1343米。

Hadrian’s Wall（哈德良城墙）——位于苏格兰南部，公元2世纪初由Ancient Roman Emperor Hadrian 为防御北方Celt（克尔特人）各部落的入侵而建，该土墙从东部的Tyne（泰恩河）到西部的Soleway Firth （索尔维海湾）横跨73英里，为苏格兰和南部的英格兰地区分界。

Lake District（湖泊区）——位于英格兰西北海岸，靠近苏格兰，边界方圆2300平方公里。

湖区拥有英格兰最高峰Scafell Pike（斯科菲峰）和英格兰最大的湖Lake Windermere（温德米尔湖）。

Cadbury（坎伯里山脉）横贯湖区，把湖区分为南、北、西三区，湖区北部最大的城镇是Keswick（凯斯维克）。

Ⅱ、England（英格兰地区）英国四个行政区中最大的一个，位于大不列颠岛东南部，地是比较平坦，Pennies（奔宁山脉）纵贯其间，是英格兰的“Chine（脊骨）”。

London(伦敦)——横跨The Thames River（泰晤士河），距离The Thames River入海口88公里。

伦敦是全国政治中心。

Palace of Westminster（威斯敏斯特宫）是The British Parliament（英国议会）的House of Lords and House of Commons（上、下两院）的活动场所，故又称为“Parliament Assembly （议会大厅）”。

英语八级英美文学整理

美国文学第一阶段独立革命之前（十七世纪中期之前）（before the revolution of independence）第一节美国本土文学（美国印第安传统文学）印第安传统文学的主要内容和形式：在各种典仪上咏颂的祝词，在劳作中吟唱的歌曲，时代交口相传的部落神话故事和英雄故事，刻写在山河岩壁上的象形史诗。

第二节北美殖民时期文学（十六世纪末-----十七世纪中）（colonial settlement）这一时期的文学作品主要是一些英国的殖民地官员或者传道士、冒险家们以日记或游记等形式记录的新大陆的风土人情、自然景色和民间生活等。

John Smith 约翰·史密斯《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》A True Relation of Virginia（被认为是美国文学史上的“第一部作品”）第三节请教思想的表述（Puritanism）他们的作品主要是以传布清教主义思想的布道文为主第二阶段独立革命时期（十七世纪中期-------十八世纪末）（around the revolution of independence）独立革命前后的美国文学，标志着北美文学产生后的第一次大转折该期文学特色：充满浓烈的政治性和思辨性。

主题多为爱国主义及对于独立民主自由的热切呼唤。

Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林《穷查理历书》Poor Richard’s Almanac《自传》The AutobiographyThomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩《常识》Common Sense 《美国危机》The America Crisis《人的权利》Rights of Human《理性时代》The Age of ReasonPhilip Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺（18世纪最杰出的美国诗人，被誉为“the poet of the American revolution）《英国囚船》The British Prison Ship 《美国的荣耀蒸蒸日上》The Rising Glory of America《印第安人殡葬地》（lyric）The Indian Burying Ground 《野金银花》The Wild Honey Suckle第三阶段浪漫主义时期（18世纪末---19世纪中后期）（American Romanticism）该时期主题多为传统文化与现代文明之间的冲突、“对久远与遥远故事的兴趣”以及对死亡、潜意识的剖析等。

(完整版)TEM8英语专八英美文学

英国文学 (English Literature )一、Old and Medieval English Literature 中古英语文学(8 世纪-14 世纪)1) The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period古英语时期(449-1066)A.Pagan poetry (异教诗歌): Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》 - 最早的诗歌；长诗 (3000 行) heroism & fatalism & Christian qualitiesthe folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; 善恶有报B.Religious poetry: Caedmon (凯德蒙 610-680) : 《赞美诗》( Anthem) ,大多取材余《圣经》 (Bible )故事。

Cynewulf (基涅武甫 9C): 《十字架之梦》 ( Dream of the Rood)C.Anglo-Saxon prose : Venerable Bede (673-735) 《英吉利人教会史》 (Historian Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum )Alfred the Great (848-901)Father of English Prose 《盎格鲁 -撒克逊编年史》 ( Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ) 2) The Medieval Period 中世纪(1066-ca.1485 / 1500):Cavalier literature 骑士文学A. Romance 中世纪传奇故事(1200-1500): the Middle Ages; 英雄诗歌Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 《高文爵士与绿色骑士》 : Celtic legend; verse-romance; 2530 lines Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400): the father of English poetry; Heroic couplet( 英雄双韵体 )The Canterbury Tales; The Parliament of Fowls ；The Book of the DuchessThe House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰罗曼史》William Langland (朗兰 1332-1400)： The Vision of Piers Plowman 《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》B. English ballads ( 15th C) Thomas Malory (1395-1471) : Morte d ' Arthu《r亚瑟王之死》 - 圆桌骑士二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴(1500-1660) :人文主义 humanism; 十四行诗 Sonnets; 无韵诗 Blank verse; 戏剧 Drama; 斯宾塞诗体 Spenserian ；University Wits 大学才子派1)诗歌a.Thomas Wyatt ( 怀亚特 1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literatureb.Sir Philip Sidney (雪尼爵士 1554-1586) ：代表了当时的理想 - “the complete man ”Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》 Astrophel and Stella 《爱星者与星》 ;Arcadia 《阿卡狄亚》 : a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern worldc. Edmund Spenser （斯宾塞 1552-1599 ）: the poets ' poetThe Shepherd Calendar《牧人日历》； Amoretti《爱情小唱》The Faerie Queen《仙后》： long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the SpenserianStanza Spenserian Stanza（斯宾塞诗体）: Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic（抑扬格）pentameter（五步诗）, and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter（六步诗） line.2）散文a.Thomas More （莫尔 1478-1535）: 欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人 Utopia《乌托邦》 : More 与海员的对话b.John Lyly （黎里 1553-160，散文家，剧作家 & 小说家）： Eupheus《尤菲绮斯》Euphuism（夸饰文体）: Abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations（头韵） and other artificial prosodic（韵律） means.The use of odd similes（明喻） and comparisonsc. Francis Bacon （培根 1561-1626）：Essays（论说文集）： Of Studies, Of Love, Of Beauty: the first true English prose classicPhilosophical : New Instrument《新工具》 New Atlantis 《新大溪岛》 Advancement of Learning《学术的推进》 Professionals : Maxims of the Law 《法律格言》3）戏剧a. Christopher Marlowe : University Wits 大学才子派First made blank verse（无韵诗：不押韵的五步诗） the principle instrument of English drama The Jew of Malta 《马耳他的犹太人》The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus 《浮士德博士的悲剧》：根据德国民间故事书写成 ; 完善了无韵体诗。

英语专业八级英美文学重点

英美文学重点（１）Old English 450-1066 <Beowulf>Medieval English 1066 - middle 14th centuryGeoffrey Chaucer - the father of English poetry<The Canterbury Tales> first time to use ’heroic couplet’The Renaissance - rebirth or revivalHumanism - the essence of the Renaissance, the dignity of human being & the importance of the present lifeEdmund Spenser - the poets’ poet <The Faerie Queene>Christopher Marlowe - University Wits, the pioneer of English dramaBlank verse, hyperbole夸张<Dr. Faustus> the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness<The Passionate Shepherd to His Love> pastoral lifeWilliam Shakespeare - above all writers in the past and in the present timeFour tragedies - Hamlet, Othello, King Lear & Macbeth<Sonnet 18> eternal or immortal beauty<The Merchant of Venice> to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, to expose the insatiable greed and brutality <Hamlet> hesitate between fact and fiction, language and action, too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger To be, or not to be - to live on in this world or to die; to suffer or to take action Soliloquy or monologue - fully reveal the inner conflict of the characters Francis Bacon - brevity, compactness & powerfulness, hisessays is an important landmark in the development of English proseInductive method 归纳法in place of deductive method 演绎法<Of Studies> uses and benefits of study - studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Studies perfect nature, and are perfected by experience. Different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies - studies and experience are complementary 互补to each other. The correct attitude to reading books - to weigh and consider. How studies exert influence over human character - reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.John DonneMetaphysical poetry - break away from love poetry, a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moodsConceits, syllogism 三段论<The Sun Rising> the busy sun is always ready to interfere with other things and everywhere<Death, Be Not Proud> whatever you are, you can not escape from death. When you are living, you are always in the shadow of death. Death only lasts a moment, our life after death is eternal. The more pleasure the death gives people, not only the pleasure of the rest & the sleep, because ’whom the gods love die young’. Though death is usually considered powerful, it actually provides a rest for a man’s body and a birth for his soul.John Milton<Paradise Lost> the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf. The conflict is between human love and spiritual duty. In heaven, Satan led a rebellion against God with his unconquerable will.<Paradise Regained><Samson Agonistes> the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English.Neoclassicism - a revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion抑制情感& accuracyEnlightenment - a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & scienceGothic novel - mystery, horror & castlesJohn Bunyan<The Vanity Fair> from <The Pilgrim’s Progress>, a religious allegory, pursue the truthAlexander Pope<An Essay on Criticism> a poem written in heroic couplets, criticize the present poem lack of true taste & call on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance, ’true wit’ is best set in a plain (simple & clear) style.Daniel Defoe - the first writer study of the lower-class people<Robinson Crusoe>, praise the human labor and the Puritan fortitude 清教徒坚韧Jonathan Swift - a master satiristIn his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawedProper words in proper places<A Modest Proposal><Gulliver’s Travels>, four parts - Lilliput, Brobdingnag, Flying Island & HouyhnhnmHenry Fielding - Father of English novel, Prose HomerComic epic in prose<The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling>Samuel Johnson - first combine an English dictionary, last neoclassicist enlightener<A Dictionary of the English Language><To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield>Richard Brinsley Sheridan - the only important English dramatist of the 18th century<The Rivals> and <The School for Scandal> are regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.Thomas Gray---------------英美文学重点（２）<To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield>Richard Brinsley Sheridan - the only important English dramatist of the 18th century<The Rivals> and <The School for Scandal> are regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.Thomas GrayThe Graveyard School <Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard>Romantic - emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplaceThe romantic period began with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s <Lyrical Ballads>William Blake -engraver雕刻家<The Chimney Sweeper> from <Songs of Innocence> a happy and innocence world from children’s eye<The Chimney Sweeper> from <Songs of Experience> a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy 忧郁的tone from men eyes Childhood, paradoxes, a pairing of opposites<The Tyger>William Wordsworth - the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, simple, spontaneous, worshipper of nature’Lake Poets’ - William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge & Robert SoutheyHe defines the poet as a ’man speaking to men’, and poetryas ’the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in ’emotion recollected in tranquillity’.<I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud> the poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils 水仙and poet’s philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.<Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802> the sonnet describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London, silent, bright, glittering, smokeless & mildly. It is so touching a sight that the poet expressed his religion piety 虔诚for nature.<She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways><The Solitary Reaper> thanks to poet’s rich imaginati on, the mass of associations, this commonplace happening becomes a striking event, the poet succeeds in making the reader’s share his emotion. The poem also shows the poet’s passionate love of nature.Samuel Taylor Coleridge - supernatural, remotePoet can be divided into two groups - the demonic (supernatural) & the conversationalThe demonic group includes 3 masterpieces - <The Rime of the Ancient Mariner>,<Chrisabel>, <Kubla Khan> George Gordon Byron ’Byronic hero’ is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles. Such a hero appears first in <Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage>.<Song for the Luddites> ’will die fighting, or live free’ the Luddites destroyed the machines in their protest against unemployment. The poet’s great sympathy of the workers in their struggle against the capitalists is clearly shown.<The Isles of Greece> from <Don Juan> (the masterpiece of Byron, a long satirical poem), song by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan and Haidee. ’Fill high the bowl with Samian wine’?Percy Bysshe Shelley<Men of England><Ode to the West Wind> terza rima, destructive-constructive potential, hopeful, ’I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!’, ’If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?’John Keats4 great odes - <Ode on Melancholy>, <Ode on a Grecian Urn>, <Ode to a Nightingale>,<Ode to Psyche><Ode on a Grecian Urn> the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience 短暂of human passion, ’Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeter’, ’Beauty is truth, truth beauty’Jane Austen<Pride and Prejudice>The Victorian PeriodDarwin’s <The Origin of Species> and <The Descent of Man> shook the traditional faith, everything is created by GodUtilitarianism 功利主义was widely accepted and practiced Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common peopleCharles Dickens - one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian AgeCharacter-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his worksA mingling of humor and pathos 悲伤<A Tale of Two Cities><Oliver Twist>The Bronte Sisters - Charlotte, Emily & AnneEmily, a rather reserved and simple girl, was very much a child of nature.<Jane Eyre><Wuthering Heights>Alfred Tennyson - invents dramatic monologue, Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人, a real artist-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<Break, Break, Break> the death of his best friend, his sadness feeling are contrasted with the carefree, innocent joys of the children and the unfeeling movement of the ship and the sea waves<Crossing the Bar> we can feel his fearlessness towards death, his faith in God and an afterlife. ’Crossing the bar’ means leaving this world and entering the next world<Ulysses> not endure the peaceful commonplace everyday life, old as he is, he persuades his old followers to go with him and to set sail again to pursue a new world and new knowledge, dramatic monologue, ’Myself not least, but honour’d of them all’ means I am not the least important, buthonoured by all of themRobert Browning - the most original poet, who improve and mature the dramatic monologue<The Ring and the Book> his masterpiece<My Last Duchess> this dramatic monologue is the duke’s speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage, the duke is a self-conceited, cruel and tyrannical man<Meeting at Night><Parting at Morning>George Eliot:As a woman of exceptional 特有的intelligence and life experience, she shows a particular concern for the destiny of women<Middlemarch> a sharp contrast is set between the cold, lifeless, dull house and Dorothea who is full of youthful life and vigorThomas Hardy - both a naturalistic and a critical realist writerLocal-colored,Wessex, ’novels of character and environment’<Tess of the D’Urbervilles> experience is as to intensity, and not as to durationAmerican Romantic PeriodStarted with W ashington Irving’s <The Sketch Book> and ended with Whitman’s <Leaves of Grass>, also called ’the American Renaissance’Free expression of emotion, escapes from society, and return to nature New England TranscendentalismWashington Irving - father of the American short stories, the American GoldsmithPerfected the best classic style that American literature ever producedFirst novel <A History of New York><The Sketch Book> contains German folk tales <Rip Van >, <The Legend of Sleepy Hollow>Ralph Waldo Emerson - the spokesman of New England Transcendentalism movement<The American Scholar>, <Self - Reliance>, <The Over-Soul><The Poet> a reflection upon the aesthetic problems in terms of the present state of literature in America<Experience> a discussion about the conflict between idealism and ordinary lifeAmerican Puritanism, European Romanticism, intuitive knowledge, over-soul, individual, nature<Nature> is regarded as the Bible of New England TranscendentalismNathaniel HawthorneInterior of the heart, there is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life, but circumstances may rouse it to activity<The Scarlet Letter><Young Goodman Brown>Walt WhitmanOpenness, freedom, individualismI - me, my nation (society), Free verse, Envelope structure, Catalogue (Listing)A new ideal, a new world, a new life-style<There Was a Child Went Forth> how a child is greatly influenced by his growing environments<Cavalry Crossing a Ford> a scene of the American Civil War, all the movements described in this picture are frozen.<Song of Myself> Whitman is a man bubbling with energy and laden with ideas, spontaneous expression of his original ideasHerman Melville - a master of allegory and symbolism, like Hawthorne<Moby-Dick> the first American prose epic, Ishmael both as a character and a narrator, the captain, Ahab is a monomaniacRealistic period - the Gilded Age, the poor poorer and the rich richer, people’s attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existenceLocal colorism, social Darwinism, bestiality, beyond man’s controlMark Twain - the true father of American literatureLocal colorist, vernacular, simple sentence, ’the damned human race’ Th e Gilded Age3 boyhood books <Life on the Mississippi>, <The Adventures of Tom Sawyer>,<Adventures of Huckleberry Finn><Adventures of Huckleberry Finn> Huck’s inner conflict about whether or not he should write a letter to tell Miss Watson where Jim is.Henry James - international theme, psychological realistStream of consciousness, interior monologue, free association<Daisy Miller> the narrator is an American expatriate, named Winterbourne. Daisy is the most innocent girl. The clash is between two different cultures.Emily DickinsonBased on her own experiences, her sorrows and joys<This is my letter to the World> express Dickinson’s anxiety about her communication with the outside world.<I heard a Fly buzz - when I died - > description of a moment of death<I like to see it lap the Miles> Dickinson makes the train part of nature by animalizing it, like a horse.<Because I could not stop for Death - > personify death and immortality so as to make her message strongly feltTheodore Dreiser - America’s literary naturalists Case history including everything Determinism (heredity biological & environment), survival of the fittest, the jungle law Trilogy of Desire - <The Financier>, <The Titan>, <The Stoic> <Sister Carrie> ’who shall cas t the first stone?’The modern period - the second American Renaissance, the expatriate movement, the Lost Generation, a transformation from order to disorderSeize the day, enjoy the present, spiritual wasteland, collective unconscious, psychoanalysisImagist movement, Jazz AgeEzra Pound - a leading spokesman of the ’Imagist Movement’<The Cantos><In a Station of the Metro> Pound attempts to produce the emotion he felt when he walked down into a Paris subway station and suddenly saw a number of faces in the dim light. To capture the emotions, Pound uses the image of petals on wet, black boughs.<The River - Merchant’s Wife: A Letter><A Pact> agreement with Whitman’s free verseRobert Lee Frost - four times awarded Pulitzer Prize, pastoral life and scene<After Apple-Picking><The Road Not Taken><Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening>Eugene O’Neill - founder of the American drama, won the Pulitzer Prize four times<The Hairy Ape>F. Scott Fitzgerald - spokesman of the Jazz Age, Dollar Decade, 1920sA double vision of the Jazz Age, both an insider and an outsiderAmerican Dream<The Great Gatsby>Ernest Hemingway - awarded the Nobel PrizeIceberg style, Code hero, the lost generation, grace under pressure<Indian Camp> from <In Our Time> birth and death coexistWilliam Faulkner - awarded a Nobel PrizeSouth, imprisonment in the pastStream of consciousness, multiple points of viewYoknapatawpha Country<A Rose for Emily> Emily is regarded as the symbol of tradition and theold way of life. Thus her death is like the falling of a monument.最常考作家Emily Dickinson F. Scott Fitzgerald Henry James Mark TwainNathaniel Hawthorne Thomas Hardy Washington Irving William Shakespeare 次常考作家Alexander Pope Charles Dickens Daniel Defoe Emily Bronte Eugene O’Neill Ezra Pound Heminway Jane Austen John Keats John MiltonMelville Percy Bysshe Shelly Robert Browning Theodore DreiserWhitman William Faulkner William Wordsworth一般作家Charlotte Bronte Emerson Enlightenment Francis Bacon Henry Fielding James Joyce John Bunyan Jonathan Swift Robert FrostSamuel Johnson Samuel Taylor Coleridge William Blake。

英语专八英美文学常识汇总

3专八人文知识:英国地理概况the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea.英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。

the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters.迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。

"the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain.1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。

gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands.盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。

the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.英格兰脊梁：指的是山脉的背脊。

lead ore: british lead ores have been worked since pre-roman times. it contains silver.铅矿：自前罗马时代开始，英国的铅矿就被开发了。

英国文学和美国文学(八级)

教学能力是影响文化教育质量的关键因素，需要加强对教师的培训和提高教师的专业水平。
03 学校餐饮与文化教育的融合
学校餐饮与文化教育的融合
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04 学校餐饮与文化教育融合的挑战与解决方案
面临的挑战
缺乏专业知识和经验
学校餐饮人员可能缺乏将餐饮与文化教育相结合的专业知识和经验，难以提供有深度和内涵的餐饮服务。
学校餐饮与文化教育融合的发展趋势
多元化融合
学校餐饮将与更多文化元素融合，不仅限于地域文化，还包括艺术、科技等领域，为学生提供更
丰富多样的饮食体验。
技术创新
随着科技的发展，智能餐饮系统、个性化营养配餐等技术将进一步应用于学校餐饮领域，提升餐
饮服务的效率和个性化程度。
健康导向
在健康意识日益增强的背景下，学校餐饮将更加注重营养均衡和健康饮食理念的推广，培养学生
学校餐饮的现状与挑战
现状
随着健康饮食和绿色生活的理念普及，学校餐饮也在逐步改进，注重食物的营养价值和口味。
挑战
如何确保食物安全与卫生、满足不同学生的口味需求、控制成本等是学校餐饮面临的挑战。
02 文化教育在学校中的地位
文化教育的定义与特点
定义
文化教育是一种以传承和弘扬文化为主要目的的教育方式，它通过传授知识、技能和价值观来培养个体对文化的理解和认同。
良好的饮食习惯。
对未来的展望与期待
1 2 3
提升教育质量
通过学校餐饮与文化教育的融合，可以丰富学生的学习体验，提高教育质量，培养具有综合素质的人才。
促进文化交流
学校餐饮成为文化交流的平台，有助于增进学生对不同文化的了解和认同，促进文化多样性和包容性。

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英美文学1. William Faulkner is the author of ______.A. Far From the Modeling CrowdB. Sound and FuryC. For Whom the Bell TollsD. Scarlet Letter1. Robert Frost is a famous ______.A. novelistB. playwrightC. poetD. literary critic3. The Old Man and the Sea is one of the great works by ______A. Jack LondonB. Charles DickensC. Samuel Coleridge DEmest Hemingway4. Which of the following poets is different from the others?A. John Donne.B. John Keats.C. Lord Byron.D. Percy Bysshe Shelley.5. Which of the following is not written by William Shakespeare?A. Othello.B. The Tragical History of Dr. Faustus.C. Romeo and Juliet.D. The Twelfth Night.6. Beowulf narrates a story taking place in ______.A. the MediterraneanB. Northern EuropeC. EnglandD. Scandinavia7. ______ refers to some contrast or discrepancy between appearance and reality.A. AllegoryB. ConflictC. IronyD. Flashback8. William Wordsworth is an English _____.A. poetB. novelistC. playwrightD. critic9. The great transcendental work by Henry David Thoreau is ______.A. NatureB. WaldenC. ExperienceD. Essays10. James Joyce is the author of all the following novels EXCEPT ______.A. DublinersB. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young ManC. Jude the ObscureD. Ulysses11. The Bronte Sisters published the following famous novels EXCEPT ______.A. The Tenant of Wildfell HallB. Jane EyreC. Wuthering HeightsD. Agnes Grey12. In which novel can "Yahoo" be found?A. John Bunyan' s Pilgrim' s Progress.B. Edmund Spencer' s The Faerie Queen.C. Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels.D. Henry Fielding's Tom Jones.13. The Victorian Age was largely an age of ______, eminently represented by Dickens and Thackeray.A. pessimismB. naturalismC. modernismD. critical realism14. Mark Twain shaped the world' s view of America and made a combination of ______ andserious literature.A. American folk humorB. funny jokesC. English folkloreD. American values15. Who was the first American to achieve an international literary reputation after the Revolutionary War?A. Fennimore Cooper.B. Nathaniel Hawthorn.C. Walt Whitman.D. Washington Irving.16. Paradise Lost is a masterpiece by ______.A. Christopher MarlowB. John MiltonC. William ShakespeareD. Ben Jonson17. Have a Dream is addressed by ______.A. Abraham LincolnB. John F. KennedyC. Martin Luther KingD. Ralph Waldo Emerson18. Which of the following is NOT a poem by Emily Dickinson?A. This is my letter to the world.B. heard a fly buzz — when I died.C. This is just to say.D. Because I could not stop/or death.19. Eugene 0' Neil is an American ______.A. novelistB. playwrightC. poetD. essayist20. The Romantic Age in England came to an end with the death of ______.A. Jane AustinB. Walter ScottC. Samuel Taylor ColeridgeD. William Wordsworth21. In the works of such aesthetics as ______ and Walter Pater, the theory of "art for art's sake" is advocated.A. Oscar WildeB. Mrs. GaskellC. Alexander PopeD. Charles Lamb22. Works by ______ are characterized by stream-of-consciousness.A. George EliotB. Jane AustenC. Emily BronteD. Virginia Woolf23. Who of the followings is a playwright of the "theater of absurd" ?A. John Osbom.B. Wystan Hugh Auden.C. Bernard Shaw.D. Samuel Beckett.24. The period from 1865—1914 has been referred to as the ______ in the literary history of the United States.A. Age of RealismB. Age of ClassicalismC. Age of RomanticismD. Age of Renaissance25. With "Collected Poems" , ______won the second Pulitzer Prize.A. Ezra PondB. e. e. cummingsC. Robert FrostD. William Cullen Bryant26. ______ belongs to the second period in Shakespeare' s three stages of writing career.A. The Merchant of VeniceB. Love' s Labor LostC. HamletD. The Tempest27. Grass is a poem written by ______.A. Walt WhitmanB. Carl SandburgC. Langston HughesD. Alien Ginsberg28. William Makepeace Thackeray' s most famous work is ______.A. The School for ScandalB. Past and PresentC. Major BarbaraD. Vanity Fair29. Dover Beach is written by ______.A. Robert BrowningB. Alfred TennysonC. Mathew ArnoldD. Dylan Thomas30. The period of Old English literature refers to ______.A. about 450 — 1066B. 14th century — mid-17th centuryC. 14th century — mid-ISA centuryD. 16th century — mid-18th century31. Moby Dick is the most important work by ______.A. Jack LondonB. Herman MelvilleC. Sinclair LewisD. Ralph Ellison32. 0. Henry earned his fame mainly for his ______.A. novelsB. poemsC. short storiesD. dramas33. Francis Bacon' s ______ is a great essay on education.A. The Advancement of LearningB. The Importance of Being EarnestC. The New AtlanticD. The Learned Reading upon the Statute of Uses34. ______ is NOT a novel of Francis Scott Fitzgerald.A. Tender Is the NightB. Anna ChristieC. The Beautiful and DammedD. The Great Gatsby35. The American literature in modem period is divided into two parts by the event ofA. the expatriate movementB. the Great DepressionC. the First World WarD. the Second World War36. Which of the following novels does NOT belong to Dreiser' s Trilogy of DesirefA. The Titan.B. The Financier.C. The "Genius".D. The Stoic.37. The followings are all Dickens' works EXCEPT______.A. Oliver TwistB. Moll FlandersC. Great ExpectationsD. Bleak House38. It is generally regarded that Keats' s most important and mature poems are in the form ofA. odeB. elegyC. epicD. sonnet39. The 1954 Nobel Prize for literature was awarded to ______ for his "mastery of the artof modem narration".A. William FaulknerB. John SteinbeckC. Saul BellowD. Ernest Hemingway40. Sister Carrie is a masterpiece of ______ work.A. romanticB. classicC. neo-classicD. naturalistic41. Who is the father of English poetry?A. Shakespeare.B. Edmund Spencer.C. John Milton.D. Geoffrey Chaucer.42. The Octopus is written by ______.A. Frank NorrisB. Sherwood AndersonC. Willa GatherD. Stephen Crane43. James Baldwin' s most famous short story is ______.A. A Rose/or EmilyB. The Story of an HowC. Sonny's BluesD. A Clean, Well-lighted Place44. John Galsworthy won the 1932 Nobel Price for his work ______.A. UlyssesB. Hard. TimesC. The Forsyte SagaD. Jude the Obscure45. Which of the following poems is NOT written by George Gordon Byron?A. She Walks in Beauty.B. The Solitary Reaper.C. When We Two Parted.D. Childe Harold's Pilgrimage.46.______wrote several novels with the name of "Rabbit".A. Arthur MillerB. Thomas PynchonC. John UpdikeD. Wallace Stevens47. The Road Not Taken is a poem written by ______.A. Robert FrostB. LongfellowC. Ezra PondD. Carl Sandburg48. "God help them that help themselves" is found in ______' s work.A. FranklinB. FreneauC. JeffersonD. Paine49. T. S. Eliot' s most famous long poem is ______.A. The Love Song of J. Alfred Pru/rockB. A Boy's WillC. The Waste LandD. The Golden Bough50. ______ is often credited with writing the first true " novel of incident".A. John BanyanB. Henry FieldingC. Samuel RichardsonD. Daniel Defoe51. Daisy Miller is a great work by ______.A. Henry JamesB. Mark TwainC. DreiserD. Stowe52. Hester is a character in ______.• A. Cone with the Wind B. The Fall of the House of UsherC. BabbittD. Scarlet Letter53. Jack London' s ______ is his patently autobiographical novel.A. The Call of the WildB. The Sea WolfC. Martin EdenD. The Iron Heel54. William Golding' s first and most well-known novel is ______.A. Coral IslandB. Lord of the FliesC. Treasure IslandD. The Brass Butterfly55. "To be, or not to be" is quoted from ______.A. King Lear BHamletC. Julius CaesarD. Romeo and Juliet56. The first book of the Old Testament is called ______.A. ExodusB. NumbersC. LeviticusD. Genesis57. The black man Jim is a character in Mark Twain' s ______.A. The Adventures of Tom SawyerB. The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnC. Life on the MississippiD. The Prince and the Pauper58. 0 Captain} My Captain\ was written in memory of ______.A. Walt WhitmanB. Benjamin FranklinC. Abraham LincolnD. Martin Luther King59. Which of the following works is NOT written by D. H. Lawrence?A. Women in Love.B. Sores and Lovers.C. The Rainbow.D. The French Lieutenant' s Woman.60. Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between ______ and ______ centuries.A. 14th/mid-17thB. 14th/mid-18thC. 16th/mid-18thD. 16th/mid-17th61. The Crapes of Wrath is the masterpiece of ______.A. John SteinbeckB. John CheeverC. John UpdikeD. John DOS Passes62. _____ is NOT a play written by Tennessee Williams.A. Cat on a Hot Tin RoofB. The Class MenagerieC. Light in AugustD. A Streetcar Named Desire63. Robert Bums is a poet from ______.A. EnglandB. New EnglandC. IrelandD. Scotland64. Look Back in Anger is a play written by ______.A. John OsbomeB. Samuel BeckettC. Edward AlbeeD. Eugene O'Neil65. ______ is a popular literary form in the medieval period.A. RomanceB. NovelC. SonnetD. Drama66. Seize the Day is regarded the best novel written by ______.A. Flannery 0'ConnerB. Saul BellowC. Ralph EllisonD. Sherwood Anderson67. ______ is NOT among the postwar poets in modem American literature.A. Robert LowellB. Gary SynderC. Alien GinsbergD. e. e. cummings68. William Blake' s The Tiger is collected in ______.A. Songs of InnocenceB. Songs of ExperienceC. Marriage of Heaven and HellD. Poetical Sketches69. The image of the famous "henpecked husband" is created by ______.A. Washington IrvingB. Fennimore CooperC. Edith Wharton D William Dean Howells70. ______ is known as "the poet' s poet".A. ShakespeareB. MarloweC. SpenserD. Donne71. The literary spokesman of the Jazz is often thought to be ______.A. O'NeilB. PoundC. Robert FrostD. Scott Fitzgerald72. ______was the most important person of the transcendental club.A. HawthornB. WhitmanC. EmersonD. Thoreau73. Shylock is a character in ______.A. The Merchant of VeniceB. The Twelfth NightC. The Winter's TaleD. Macbeth74. The compiler of A Dictionary of the English Language is ______.A. Joseph AddisonB. Richard SteeleC. Samuel JohnsonD. Laurence Stem75. The main theme of Emily Dickinson is the following EXCEPTA. religionB. love and marriageC. life and deathD. war and peace76. American fiction in the 1960s and 1970s proves different from its predecessors. It is referred to as ______.A. imagismB. black humorC. new fictionD. the Beat Generation77. Together with Lawrence and Joyce, ______ is considered one of the three giants ot the modem English novel and a master of English prose.A. Henry JamesB. Joseph ConradC. E. M. ForsterD. Aldous Huxley78. This line "If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?" is quoted from ______.A. Don Juan C Kubia KhanC. To AutumnD. Ode to the West Wind79. Stephen Crane is famous for ______.A. An American TragedyB. The AmbassadorsC. Main StreetD. The Red Badge of Courage80. "Belinda smiled, and all the world was gay". What is the figure oi this speech?A. Hyperbole.B. Simile.C. Metaphor.D. Synecdoche.81. ______ has won the Pulitzer Prize four times and Nobel Prize.A. Ernest HemingwayB. John SteinbeckC. Eugene 0' NeilD. William Faulkner82. Golden Notebook is a feminist novel written by ______.A. Amy TanB. Doris LessingC. Flannery 0' ConnorD. Kate Chopin83. Which of the following poems is written by W. H. Auden?A. Sailing to ByzantiumB. To an Athlete Dying YoungC. Musee des Beaux ArtsD. Church Going84. Beloved is the masterpiece of ______.A. Tony MorrisonB. Ralph EllisonC. John DOS PassesD. Willa Gather85.______, the author of The Interpretation of Dreams has great impact on literary creation and criticism.A. Carl JungB. Jean-Paul SartreC. Friedrich Wilhelm NietzscheD. Sigmund Freud86. Henry Fielding is the author of the great 18th century English novel, ______.A. The History of Tom Jones, a FoundlingB. PamelaC. Moll FlandersD. The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy87. Tess is a character created by ______.A. D. H. LawrenceB. James JoyceC. Thomas HardyD. Dylan Thomas88. The sentence "Shall I compare thee to a summer' s day" is quoted from Shakespe-A. comediesB. tragediesC. historiesD. sonnets89. Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of Modernism?A. To elevate the individual and inner being over the social being.B. To put the stress on traditional values.C. To portray the distorted and alienated relationships between man and his environment.D. To advocate a conscious break with the past.90. In A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, John Donne compares the lovers ' souls to ______.A. two rosesB. two circlesC. sun and moonD. twin compasses91. Utopia is ______' s work.A. Thomas MoreB. Francis BaconC. John DrydenD. George Herbert92. One of the Prime Ministers of Britain has won the Nobel Prize for literature, and that is ______.A. Margaret ThatcherB. Tony BlairC. Winston ChurchillD. John Major93. "Beauty is truth, truth beauty" is an epigrammatic line by ______.A. John KeatsB. William BlakeC. William WordsworthD. Percy Bysshe Shelley94. Whitman' s poems are characterized by all the following features EXCEPT ______.A. a strict poetic formB. a simple and conversational languageC. a free and natural rhythmic patternD. an easy flow of feelings95. Who initiated the name of the Lost Generation?A. Hemingway.B. Fitzgerald.C. Gertrude Stein.D. William Faulkner.96. My Last Duchess is a monologue poem written by ______.A. William ShakespeareB. Robert BrowningC. Ben JonsonD. Robert Herrick97. The high tide of Romanticism in American literature occurred around ______.A. 1820B. 1850C. 1880D. 192098. The title of Alfred Tennyson' s poem "Ulysses" reminds the reader of the following EXCEPT______.A. the Trojan WarB. Homer's OdysseyC. adventures over the seaD. religious quest99. As a literary figure, Heathcliff appears in ______.A. Jane EyreB. Oliver TwistC. Wuthering HeightsD. Middlemarch100. The publication of ______ established Emerson as the most eloquent spokesman of the New England Transcendentalism.A. NatureB. Self-RelianceC. The Over-SoulD. The American Scholar101. ______ is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare, and his representative works are plays inspired by social criticism.A. Richard SheridanB. Oliver GoldsmithC. Oscar WildeD. Bernard Shaw102. Chinese poetry and philosophy have exerted great influence over ______.A. Ezra PoundB. Ralph Waldo EmersonC. Robert FrostD. Emily Dickinson103. The success of Jane Eyre is partly due to its introduction to the English novel the first ______ heroine.A. explorerB. peasantC. workerD. governess104. ______ is the representative work of the Beat Generation.A. The Great CatshyB. On the RoadC. Look Back in AngerD. The Sun Also Rises105. Emily Grierson is a literary figure created by ______.A. Willa GatherB. Doris LessingC. William FaulknerD. Nathaniel Hawthorn106. The most significant idea of the Renaissance is ______.A. humanismB. realismC. naturalismD. skepticism107. The title of Thackeray' s "Vanity Fair" is taken from __A. The Holy BibleB. The Faerie QueenC. The Pilgrim' s ProgressD. Paradise Lost108. Mr. Micawber in David Coppeifield and Sam Well in Pickwick Papers are perhaps I best ______ characters created bv Charles Dickens.A. comicB. tragicC. roundD. sophisticated109. Thomas Pynchon can also be categorized as a Black Humor writer, as well as ______ writer.A. classicalB. transcendentalC. postmodernist D realistic110. Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is written by ______.A. Ben JonsonB. Thomas GrayC. William WordsworthD. William Blake111. Who is considered the father of American poetrv?A. Philip Freneau.B. William Cullen Bryant.C. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. D Henry David Thoreau.112. In America,there is "a little woman started a great war". Who is she?A. Anne BradstreetB. Harriet Beecher StoweC. Edith WhartonD. Catharine Anne Porter113. Waiting/or Godot is a ______.A. poemB. playC. short storyD. novel114. Which of the following poets has once won the Nobel Prize?A. William Butler Yeats.B. Thomas Hardy.C. Wystan Hugh Auden.D. Dylan Thomas.115. ______ is NOT written by Edgar Allan Poe.A. The RavenB. Annabel LeeC. The Fall of the House of UsherD. Song to Celia116. Arthur Miller is an American ______.A. novelistB. poetC. playwrightD. essayist117. Mr. Darcy is a character in ______.A. Tess of the D' UrbervillesB. Pride and PrejudiceC. Happy PrinceD. The Mill on the Floss118. Iceberg Theory is a writing principle proposed and closely followed by ______.A. Jack LondonB. Sinclair LewisC. William FaulknerD. Ernest Hemingway119. ______ is featured by black humor.A. CaricatureB. Catch-22C. The Catcher in the Rye C. Death of a Salesman120. Who is the only woman writer that has won both Pulitzer Prize and Nobel Prize?A. Pearl Buck.B. Virginia Woolf.C. Tony Morrison.D. Katharine Mansfield.。