翻译学基本概念

翻译学基本用语
源语/译出语source language(SL), original language
译语/译入语target language(TL), receptor language, receiving language
原作者SL author, original author
译者(笔译者)translator
译者(口译者)interpreter
读者/接受者reader, receptor, audience
文本text
原文/原著source text (ST), SL text, original text, original version/original work 译文target text, translation, target version, rendering, rendition
译本/译著translated text/translational work
源语读者source-language reader/SL reader
源语文化source-language culture/source culture
译语读者target-language reader/TL reader/receiving audience
译语文化target-language culture/target culture/receiving culture
语境context
笔译written translation
口译oral interpretation/oral translation/interpreting
同声传译simultaneous interpreting
交替口译consecutive interpreting
翻译原则translation principle
标准translation criterion (复数形式为criteria)
翻译过程translation process
翻译程序/步骤translation procedures
反应/读者翻译response/reader’s response
对应(部分对应/完全对应)(partial /full )correspondence
等值/对等equivalence
对等物(词语)equivalent
形式对等formal equivalence
功能对等functional equivalence
动态对等dynamic equivalence
等效equivalent effect
充分性adequacy
可接受性acceptability(acceptable, unacceptable, unacceptability)
可读性readability(readable)
可译性translatability(translatable)
不可译性untranslatability(untranslatable)
表层结构surface structure
深层结构deep structure
理解understanding/comprehension
表达expression
再现reproduction/representation
转换transformation
传译/转移transferral/transfer
误解misunderstanding
误译mis-translation
异化foreignization/alienation/exoticization/ exogenization/source-oriented translation 归化domestication/naturalization/adaptation/endogenization/target-accommodating translation
词汇空缺lexical gap
文化沟(空缺/非对应)cultural gap
直译literal translation/direct translation
意译free translation/liberal translation/semantic translation
直译派a literalist/a sourcerer
意译派a free-hander/a targeteer
重复法repetition
增译法/增词法/增译amplification/addition
减译法/减词法/省略法/省译omission
词类转移法/词性转换conversion
反译法/正反译法/反正译法negation
移植法transplant(ing)/transplantation
音译法transliteration
具体化specification
概括化generalization
抽象化abstracting
明析化explicitation
译借(语义转借)calque(loan translation)
加注法annotation
夹注intratextual note
脚注footnote
尾注/文后注endnote
注释性翻译annotated/commented translation
释义法/解释法explanation/paraphrase
引申法extension
替代法substitution/replacement
借用borrowing
推演法deduction
缀合法combination
分译法division
逆序法/倒置法reversing
合译法combination
综合法mixture of methods
包孕embedding
切断/分切cutting
拆离splitting-off
插入inserting
重组recasting
回译back translation
还原法finding out the original
原汁原味essence of the original, original flavor
词序调整inversion
选词diction
补偿compensation
视点转换shift of perspective
套译/仿译/仿拟imitation
信/忠实faithfulness/fidelity
达/易懂intelligibility/expressiveness
通顺smoothness
流畅fluency
自然naturalness /idiomaticity
雅/优美elegance/gracefulness
简洁brevity
明析clarity
简明conciseness
内涵connotation
含义implication
言外之意allocution
本文意义(文本固有之意)inherent meaning (of the text)
译者隐形translator’s invisibility
透明(度)transparency
宁信而不顺(鲁迅语) rahter to be faithful than smooth (“I’d rather be faithful than smooth”)
神似(傅雷语) spiritual resemblance
化境(钱钟书语)sublimation
信、达、切(刘重德语)faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness (to the original style)
三美: 音美,形美,意美(许渊冲语)the three beauties: beauty in sound, beauty in form and beauty in meaning
东方语言Oriental languages
西方语言Occidental languages
佛经Buddhist Scriptures/sutra
梵语Sanskrit
鸠摩罗什Kumarajiva
泰特勒(Alexander Fraser )Tytler
奈达(Eugene A.) Nida
机器翻译machine translation(MT)
人工智能artificial intelligence(AI)
翻译translate, render, rephrase, reword, transmit, re-express, transmute, transmogrify, interpret, convert, transform, transpose, express, transfer, turn
翻译学translatology/Translation Studies
翻译体/翻译腔translationese
死译/硬译mechanical translation
逐字译word-for-word translation/word-to-word substitution/verbatim translation 乱译/胡译excessively free translation
歪译(意义扭曲)distortion
惯用法usage
搭配collocation
约定俗成convention
形合hypotaxis
意合parataxis。