第二章 汉英翻译基础知识.
北京交通大学英汉翻译基础第二单元遣词法U2_Diction培训讲学
呢帽
soft answer
委婉的回答
soft heart
易感动的心
soft fire
文火
soft words
和蔼的话
soft drink
不含酒精的饮料
soft light
柔和的灯光
soft goods
毛织品
soft cushion
靠垫
soft breeze
Ⅱ. Methods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of an English Word
4、Judging from Different Branches of Learning and Specialties
“base”: “词根” in lexicology; “本金” in business; “底涂” in painting; “基线” in survey; “根据地” in military science
timepractice老战士老领导老师傅老黄牛比喻勤勤恳恳做事而不计名利的人老芹菜老皇历老生常谈老捣乱seniorleadermastercraftsmanwillingoxdiligentconscientiouspersonovergrowncelerylastyearcalendarcommonplacealwaysmaketrouble申请书报告书协议书成绩通知书使用说明书成交确认书电视机使用说明书白皮书家书letterapplicationreportagreementgradereportdirectionssalesconfirmationtelevisionoperationguidewhitebookletterfromhomesecretcodemouthwaterplayingcardsbigmovieearlyloveyouthspotconvenientnoodlesinvisibleglassescirculatingfundsbuyonepresentonesalivas??la?v?playingcardspuppyloveinstantnoodlescontactlensesworkingcapitalbuyonegetonefreesecretcodemouthwaterplayingcardsbigmovieearlyloveyouthspotconvenientnoodlesinvisibleglassescirculatingfundsbuyonepresentonesalivas??la?v?playingcardspuppyloveinstantnoodlescontactlensesworkingcapitalbuyonegetonefreesourmilk酸牛奶greenbean四季豆eatoneswords承认自己说错话greenbonnet生意失败破产yellowbookmungbeanbreakonespromiseworddirtyadultbooksourmilk酸牛奶greenbean四季eatoneswords承认自己说错话greenbonnet生意失败破yellowbookmungbeanbreakonespromiseworddirtyadultbook炉子着得很旺
【免费下载】新编汉英翻译教程第二版第二章汉英翻译基础知识
【免费下载】新编汉英翻译教程第二版第二章汉英翻译基础知识第二章汉英翻译基础知识1.探春笑道：“只恐又是你的杜撰。
”宝玉笑道：“除《四书》外，杜撰的太多，偏只我是杜撰不成?”“You're making that up, I'm afraid,” teased Tan Chun. “Most works, apart from the FOUR BOOKS, are made up; am I the only one who made things up?” he retorted with a grin. 2.贾母笑道：“你不认得他，他是我们这里有名的一个泼皮破落户儿，南省俗谓作‘辣子’，你只叫他‘凤辣子’就是了。
”“You don't know her, ”said Grandmother Jia merrily. “She's a holy terror this one. What we used to call in Nanking a ‘peppercorn ’. You just call her ‘Peppercorn Feng ’. She'll know who you mean!” (David Hawkes 译)3.贾母笑道：“外客未见，就脱了衣裳，还不去见你妹妹!”With a smile at Pao-yu, the Lady Dowager scolded, “Fancy changing your clothes before greeting our visitor. Hurry up now and pay your re spects to your cousin.”4.贾母笑道：“可又是胡说，你又何曾见过他?”、管路敷设技术通过管线敷设技术，不仅可以解决吊顶层配置不规范问题，而且可保障各类管路习题到位。
在管路敷设过程中，要加强看护关于管路高中资料试卷连接管口处理高中资料试卷弯扁度固定盒位置保护层防腐跨接地线弯曲半径标高等，要求技术交底。
英汉翻译技巧(二)增词
译文：然而，当她来到大海边，发
现四下决无一人时，她脱去了那件 扎人的、穿着难受的泳衣，平生第 一次赤裸裸地站在光天化日之下， 任凭阳光戏弄，任凭海风拍击，任 凭呼唤她的海浪波溅。
这种增词，既符合原意，又较
为生动地传达出埃德纳摈弃旧 的传统观念的决心及在自由中 获得新生后酣畅淋漓的心情。
试译下列句子：
这里女主人公（埃德纳）脱去扎人的、令 她难受的泳衣，赤身裸体地投入大海的怀 抱。这一艺术形象具有强烈的象征意义— —埃德纳决心挣脱与其格格不入的世俗传 统的束缚，投入大海，在死亡中寻求新生， 寻求她梦寐以求的自由。为了充分表现埃 德纳以死抗争的决心，译者重复使用了三 个“任凭”，构成排比句，以加强语气。
例1．Foreigners
get degrees from Chinese colleges.
一批外国人获得一些中国大学的学
位。 例2．They include silks and colored thread. 他们包括各种丝绸和彩线。
例3．In spite of difficulties, they succeeded in finishing their task.
有些英文句子貌似省略句，实际上什么句子成分也 没有省，但若直译成汉语，译文就不清楚，必须按 照汉语的习惯表达方式增词。如：
例1．Which
do you like better: grammar or translation exercises? 你喜欢语法练习，还是翻译练习？ 例2．He has written several articles and books on high-energy physics. 他写了几篇文章何几本书，都是关于高 能物理的。
第2章_汉英翻译基础知识
练习： 1．I have had great deal of trouble______________________________.(跟得上 班上的其他同学) 2．___________(我们没有人料到主席会出现) at the party. We thought he was still in hospital. 3. A good many proposals were raised by the delegates,________________(正如预料的那样). 4. Most doctors recognize that medicine is as much__________(是一门科学，也是一门艺术). 5. Some women ___________________(本来能 够挣一份很好的工资) in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sale of the family.
参照现代汉语的第一条,将文化定义为: 文化是人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质财 富和精神财富的总和. 文化的涵盖面极广,几乎包括了人类社会生活的方 方面面,对文化的分类也因此林林总总. 1.从地域划分:有本土文化和外来文化,城市文化和农 村文化,东方文化和西方文化,大陆汉文化和港噢台汉 文化; 2.从时间划分:有原始文化,奴隶文化,封建文化,资本 主义文化,社会主义文化等; 3.从宗教信仰划分：有佛教文化，道教文化，基督 教文化，伊斯兰教文化等； 4.从生产方式划分：有游牧文化，农业文化，工业 文化信息文化；
5.从生产工具划分：有旧石器文化，新时期文化，青 铜文化 6. 从人类把握世界的方式划分：有科学文化和人文文 化。 7.从性质上划分：有世界文化，民族文化，精英文化， 通俗文化， 8.从结构上划分：有物质文化，制度文化，精神文化 这里我们采纳（文化语言学）中的文化分类法，将 文化分：“物质文化” “制度文化” 和 “心理文化 ” 1.物质文化（material culture) 指人类创造的物质文明， 指一切可见可感的物质和精神的产品。它下属的文化 有饮食文化，服饰文化，建筑文化，戏曲文化等。
英汉翻译学习Lesson2
英汉翻译学习Lesson2Lesson 2 Paradoxes(似非而是的论点, 自相矛盾的话) of Translating Activity 1 QuizTask 1 Translation from English to Chinese1. John is now with his parents in New York City; it is already three years since he was a bandmaster. (grammar: since从句中的过去式联系动词was 或were 是一种状态的结束。
注意：主句用一般现在时)约翰现同父母住在纽约市；他不担任乐队指挥已三年了。
2． John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game. (注意短语用法)约翰为人可靠，他既忠诚又正直。
3．Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it.不必担心太早。
（不必自寻烦恼。
）4．Do you see any green in my eye?你以为我是好欺骗的吗？5．There’s no pot so ugly it cant find a lid.罐儿再丑，配个盖子不发愁。
（姑娘无论多么丑也能配个汉子。
）Task 2 Translation from Chinese into English1.“武装到牙齿”（armed to the teeth）“象牙塔”（ivory tower）趁热打铁（strike while the iron is hot）“血浓于水”（Blood is thicker than water．）2.不愛紅妝愛武裝 .To face the powder and not to powder the face.3.“情人眼中出西施” Beauty is in the eye of the beholder4.一日之计在于晨 An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening.5.無邊落木蕭蕭下不見長江滾滾來The boundless forest sheds its leaves shower by showerThe endless rivers rolls its waves hour after hourActivity 2 Questions1. Could you write down the difficulties that you have come across when doing translation? (5mins)2. The following 4 questions are mainly based on Eugene A. Nida (1993). Please think over the questions below and write down your understandings.(1)Translating is a complex and fascinating task. In fact, some scholarshave claimed that it is probably the most complex type of event in the history of the cosmos(宇宙). And yet, translating is so natural and easy that children seem to have no difficulty in interpreting for their immigrant parents. These children normally do very well until they have gone to school and have learned about nouns, verbs, and adverbs. Why?Answer:Because they then try to match the words and grammar rather than the content.(2)Most people assume(vt.假定, 设想, 采取, 呈现) that literalness(n.文字的, 表面意义上的, 无修饰的) in translating means faithfulnessto the text. Because of the many discrepancies (n.相差, 差异, 矛盾)between meanings and structures of different languages, some people have insisted that translating is impossible. What do you think?Answer: Those who insist that translating is impossible are usually concerned with some of the more marginal(adj.记在页边的, 边缘的, 边际的) features of figurative (adj.比喻的, 修饰丰富的, 形容多的) language and complex poetic structures. The use offigurativelanguage is universal(adj.普遍的, 全体的, 通用的, 宇宙的, 世界的), but the precise figures of speech in one language rarely match those in another. Yet translating is simply doing the impossible well. In fact, though some famous authors insist that translating is impossible, they do not hesitate to have their own writingtranslated.(3)What do you think of the view that paraphrase(explanation) shouldbe avoided in translating?Answer: In fact, all translating involves different degrees of paraphrase, since there is no way in which one can successfully translate word for word and structure for structure. For example, the Chinese saying 他下海了is literally “He went down to the sea”, but is more appropriately translated as “He became a businessman”.Since languages do not differ essentially in what they can say, but in how they say it, paraphrase is inevitable. What is important is the semantic(语义的) legitimacy (n.合法(性), 正统(性), 正确(性), 合理(性)) of the paraphrase.(4)There is a widespread( adj.分布广泛的, 普遍的) view that atranslator should first produce a more or less literalrendering(translating) of the source text(source text源程序正文) and then proceed to improve it stylistically(adv.在文体上). Do you agree?Answer: Style is not the frosting on the cake(蛋糕上的糖霜), but an integral part（integral part主要的部分）of the text right from the beginning. It must bebuilt into the text right from the beginning. It is usually better to aim first at a stylistically satisfactory rendering of the source text and then review it carefully to “tighten it up” by analyzing and testing the correspondences（n.相应, 通信, 信件）. A few errors in the correspondences of lexical meaning are much more excusable （adj.可原谅的, 可容许的, 言之有理的, 可免除的）than missing the spirit and aesthetic （adj.美学的, 审美的, 有审美感的）character of the source text.(Now how did you feel after going through the above 4 questions? You might feel a bit disappointed for there seems to be noth ing particularly exotic and exciting in Nida’s saying. At the same time, you might alsofeel a bit confused, for the above 4 questions do not present a very clear and well-organized picture of translation. Well, do not worry too much at this stage. In the rest of the book, we shall take a closer look at the nature and the procedures of translation. Our focus, however, will be on introducing some useful translation skills and on practicing translating ourselves. We shall also spend some time examining those language points on which English and Chinese differ, hence are difficult to deal with in translation. One such point is presented in Activity 3 below.) Activity 3 Language Differ: Differences in LexiconsSince translation theories and skills are both built upon the differences and similarities between the source language and the target language, in each chapter of this course, we shall examine one or two language points on which English and Chinese differ. First of all, Chinese and English show a lot of discrepancies in their lexicons, especially in word meanings and word combinations.Task 1 Words sharing the same designative（指定的）andassociative （adj. 联想的）meaningsSome English words and their Chinese counterparts share exactly the same designative and associative meanings. These are mainly some proper names, technical terms and the names of some everyday objects.Can you give their Chinese equivalents?The U.S. State Department 美国国务院Cognitive linguistics 认知语言学The Indian Ocean 印度洋AIDS 艾滋病Helicopter 直升飞机Skyscraper 摩天大楼Now please list 5 English examples and their Chinese counterparts and 5 Chinese examples and their English counterparts in the space provided below. Discuss with your partner if all the examples you list indeed share the same meanings and the same connotations（内涵）with their counterparts in the target language.List AList BTask 2 Words Not Sharing the Same MeaningsWhen you were thinking of your own examples for Task 1, you might already notice that many English words and their seeming （adj.表面上的）Chinese counterparts do not really share exactly the same meanings or connotations.(1) Is the following translation version provided the only possible one?If not, can you offer other versions?Brother哥弟Mother-in-law岳母婆婆Grandparents祖父母外祖父母Aunt姑姨、婶、Uncle叔伯、舅(2) Now can you think of your own English and Chinese examples? If yes, please write them down in the space provided below. You may have a brainstorming （自由讨论，智力爆发）with your partners if you happen to get stuck on your own.Task 3 English Words with More Than One MeaningAs learners of English, we are familiar with the fact that most English words have more than one meaning depending on different context. When translating into Chinese, these different meanings are usually matched with different Chinese words rather than with one Chinese word.A. To take “hard” as an example, can you translate the following phrases into Chinese?1.hard rocks 坚硬的岩石2.a hard blue 一种刺目(眼)的蓝色3.hard drugs 烈性毒品4.hard sounds 清音5.hard currency 硬通货6.hard water 水质较硬的水7.hard evidence 确凿的证据(铁证)8.a hard winter 一个严寒的冬天(严冬)9.hard times 艰难岁月10.hard on somebody 对某人很严厉11.a hard smile (一个)冷酷的微笑12.think hard 认真地思考13.hard work 辛苦的工作14.a hard question (一个)难回答的问题B. Loo k at the meanings of ‘man’1.man and his wife 丈夫和妻子2.officers and men 官和兵3.his man Friday 他的仆人礼拜五（丹尼尔·笛福《鲁滨逊漂流记》）4.man-of-war 军舰5.Be a man! 要像个男子汉﹗C. sophisticated1.sophisticated man 老于世故的人2.sophisticated woman 狡黠的女子3.sophisticated columnist 老练的专栏作家，资深专栏作家4.sophisticated electronic device 高度精密的电子装置5.sophisticated weapon 尖端武器D. run1.run to seed 花谢结子—不修边幅—丧失活力—破旧不堪2.run the streets 流浪街头3.run a hare 追捕野兔—追捕坐车不买票的人4.run one’s eyes down a list匆匆看一下单子5.run one’s head into a wall撞南墙；碰壁6.the machine runs well 机器运转良好7.the river runs east 河水流向东方（大江东流去）8.the news runs rapidly in the town 这个消息迅速在镇上传开Task 4 Chinese Words with More Than One Meaning You might already be saying to yourselves “Well, English is not alone in giving one word many different meanings. Chinese is even more extreme in this respec t.” You are certainly justified （v.证明...是正当的）in thinking that way.To take a very simple word下as an example. Can you translate the following into English?1．下班 get off work/ knock off2．下半辈子the later half of one’s life3．下策 an unwise decision/ a stupid move 4．下厨房 go to the kitchen (to prepare a meal) 5．下蛋 lay eggs6．下饭 go well with rice7．下岗 go off sentry（卫兵，岗哨） duty 8．下课 finish class/ the class is over 9．下列 listed below10．下坡路 a downhill path11．下棋 play chess12．下属 subordinate13．下乡 go to the countryside14．下旬 the last ten-day period of a month 15．下意识 sub-consciousnessTask 5 Co-occurrence with Other Words:Many English words and their Chinese counterparts also show a lot of differences in their combinations with other words. To take “play” as an example, to play basketball is 打篮球, to play football is踢足球 , and to play the piano is弹钢琴 .Now please try to translate the following sentences into Chinese, paying special attention to the italicized parts.1.He wore a pair of dark glasses and a thick grey overcoat.他戴一副墨镜，穿一件厚厚的灰外套。
（新编汉英翻译教程第二版）第二章汉英翻译基础知识
第二章汉英翻译基础知识1.探春笑道：“只恐又是你的杜撰。
”宝玉笑道：“除《四书》外，杜撰的太多，偏只我是杜撰不成?”“You're makingthat up, I'm afraid,” teasedTan Chun. “Most works, apart from the FOUR BOOKS, are made up; am I the only one who made thingsup?” he retorte d with a grin.2.贾母笑道：“你不认得他，他是我们这里有名的一个泼皮破落户儿，南省俗谓作‘辣子’，你只叫他‘凤辣子’就是了。
”“You don't know her, ”said Grandmo ther Jia merrily. “She's a holy terrorthis one. What we used to call in Nanking a ‘pepperc orn’. You just call her ‘Pepperc orn Feng’. She'll know who you mean!” (David Hawkes译)3.贾母笑道：“外客未见，就脱了衣裳，还不去见你妹妹!”With a smile at Pao-yu, the Lady Dowager scolded, “Fancy changin g your clothes beforegreetin g our visitor. Hurry up now and pay your respect s to your cousin.”4.贾母笑道：“可又是胡说，你又何曾见过他?”“You're talking nonsens e again,”said his grandmo ther,laughin g. “How could you possibl y have met her?”5.他是只狡猾的老狐狸。
第二章 汉英翻译基础知识
第二章汉英翻译基础知识-汉英翻译与文化根据《现汉》，“文化”有三个定义：1.人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和，特指精神财富，如文学、艺术、教育、科学等；2.考古学用语，指同一历史时期的不依分布地点为转移的遗迹、遗物的综合体。
同样的工具、用具，同样的制造技术等，是同一种文化的特征，如仰韶文化、龙山文化；3.指运用文字的能力及一般知识，学习～／～水平。
而在 OALED 中， culture 的定义是①：1 [U] (a) refined understanding and appreciation of art, literature，etc. (对于文艺等的深刻的了解和鉴赏) (b) (often derog. 常作贬义) art, literature, etc. collectively 文化(文学、艺术等的总称)2 [U] state of intellectual development of a society 文化(一个社会智力发展的状况)3 [U, C] particular form of intellectual expression, e. g. in art and literature 文化(智力表现的形式，如体现于文艺方面)4 [U， C] customs, arts, social institutions, etc. of a particular group or people 文化(某群体或民族的风俗、人文现象、社会惯例等)5 [U] development through training, exercise, treatment, etc. 锻炼、训练、修养6 [U] growing of plants or rearing of certain types of animals (e. g. bees, silkworms, etc.) to obtain a crop or improve the species (植物的)栽培；(动物，如蜂、蚕等，良种的)培育7 [C] (biology 生) group of bacteria grown for medical or scientific study 培养的细菌。
汉英翻译基础知识课件
又如颜色方面，中国人喜爱红色，认为它代表热情、喜悦和兴 旺。传统中国婚礼上新娘子总是红色的奇葩，以示吉利；新房 也必由大红“喜”字。
但英美文化中红色常与暴力、流血和战争有关。因而为避免读 者误解，著名翻译家David Hawkes不但把《红楼梦》翻译成
1）中国人的形象思维体现在用具体形象的词语比喻抽象的事物， 以物表感、状物言志。如：明枪易躲，暗箭难防（It is easy to dodge a spear thrust in the open, but difficult to guard against an arrow shot from hiding）、脚踩两只船（straddle two boats; have a foot in either camp）、脚踏实地（have a down-to-earth manner）、丢盔弃甲（throw away everything in headlong flight） 蒙在鼓里（be kept in the dark）等。
2.3.1 汉英文字对比 2.3.2 汉英语音对比 2.3.3汉英词汇对比 2.3.4 汉英句法对比 2.3.5 汉英篇章对比
第17页，共30页。
2.3.1 汉英文字对比
汉语属汉藏语系（Sino-Tibetan Family），英语属印欧语系(Indo-European Family)。
古汉字是表意文字（ideograpic script） 英语是拼音文字（alphabetic script）
“关心的是人道，而非天道，是人生之理，而非自然之性”。 而海洋性地理环境中发展起来的英美文化促使英美人对天文
地理的浓厚兴趣，使他们形成了探求自然的奥秘，向自然索
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• 周末许多人睡得很晚。 • Many people sleep late at weekends.
• 这个任务很危险，但总得有人去冒险。 • The task is really dangerous. But someone has to take the adventure.
• 一辆白色轿车前来接新郎新娘去教堂。 • A white car turned up to take the groom and the bride to the church.
[正] Here comes the car. After you.
[正] The professor is so terrible.
认知型
Analytical 分析性
Objective
对象性
Logical
逻辑性
Positivistic 实证性
Accurate
精确性
Divergent
求异性
Future-focused 前瞻性
Outward
外向性
Deductive
演绎型
—— 连淑能
• 中国人的形象思维体现在用具体形象的词语比喻抽象的事物，以 物表感、状物言志。
CHINESE-ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Chapter 2 Fundamental Knowledge
汉英翻译基本知识
复习&练习 了解“文化” 汉英翻译与文化 中英思维方式对比 汉英语言对比
汉英翻译就是译者将作者为汉语读者所写的 汉语文本转换为功能相似、语义相符、 供英文读者阅读的英语文本的活动。
3) Ideographs (会意字) are typically composed of pictographs / indicatives arranged in a special way to suggest something more abstract. e.g. 明, 休.
• 苦尽甘来。 • Sweet comes after bitterness.
注：“日暮”除译作 The night is falling 外，又可译 成 the night is closing in，
[正] After rain comes the sunshine. / Pain past is pleasure.
如：
• “鸟儿飞出了笼子。”是按正常词序组成的正确句子，若颠倒“鸟儿 ”和“笼子”的位置成为“笼子飞出了鸟儿”，该句则成了病句；然 若加上“里”字，“笼子里飞出了鸟儿”，句子便又恢复正常，突出 了鸟儿是从笼子里飞出来的信息。
• 汉语还被认为是粘着型(agglutinative)语言，词的组合依靠词素 的粘着。
• 萝卜青菜，各有所爱。
汉英篇章对比 E 汉英词义对比 C
汉英文字对比 A
D
汉英句法对比
B
汉英语音对比
汉英语言对比
Type
• 汉语属汉藏语系(Sino-Tibetan Family) • 英语属印欧语系(Indo-European Family)
• 汉语是世界上最古老语言之一 • 英语是世界上使用最广的语言之一
• 汉语是分析型(analytic)语言，其典型特征是没有屈折变化即汉语的名 词不会改变自身的形式(form)变为(inflection)，复数，动词也不用改变 自身的形式表示过去时、现在时或将来时；汉语的词没有阳性和阴性 的变化，汉语中也没有表阳性和阴性的词缀。
• 汉语词语组合成句依靠词序(word order)和虚词(empty word)。
• 胆小如鼠 • as timid as a mouse；chicken-hearted • 居高临下 • occupy a commanding position • 蒙在鼓里 • be kept in the dark • 顶天立地 • dauntless；of gigantic stature；of indomitable spirit；giant
• Development of Chinese characters:
1) Inscription on bone or tortoise shells (甲骨文): the Shang Dynasty 2) Bronzeware script (金文): the Shang Dynasty → the Zhou Dynasty; 3) Seal character (篆书): the Zhou Dynasty → the Qin Dynasty 4) Official script (隶书): the Warring State Dynasty → the Han Dynasty 5) Regular script (楷书): the Han Dynasty → the Tang Dynasty 6) Cursive script (草书) / Running script (行书): the Han Dynasty → the Southern and Northern Dynasties
—— 陈宏薇
国际翻译界一般认为：
• 从外国语译入本族语易，反之难。 • 从本族语译入外国语非明智之举。 • 译出翻译的最佳模式是合作翻译。
• 该校有三千名学生。
• The school has three thousand students.
[正] There are three thousand students in the school.
Treasures of the Palace Museum Jewelries of Empress and Imperial Concubines
中英思维方式对比
• 中国人注重伦理(ethics); • 英美人注重认知(congnition) • 中重整体（integrity）、重综合性(synthetic)思维; • 英重个体individuality）、重分析性(analytic)思维 • 中重直觉（intuition）、重形象思维(figurative thinking); • 英重实证(evidence）、重逻辑思维(logical thinking)
Chinese Mode
Ethical
伦理型
Synthetic 整体性
Intentional 意向性
Intuitive 直觉性
Imagic
意象性
Fuzzy
模糊性
Convergent 求同性
Past-focused 后馈性
Inward
内向性
Inductive 归纳型
Western Mode
Cognitive
文
语
思
化
言
维
• 什么是文化？P.15 • 文化、语言与汉英翻译的关系？P.16 • 中西思维方式有什么异同？P.18
清 翠十八子手串
清翠鱼纹佩
Qing Dynasty Jadeite Rosary Bracelet of Eighteen Beads Jadeite Pendant with Fish Design
Linguistic System
• 文字(script)，也称书面语言(system of writing)，是语言的有形 记录，它的出现往往晚于所记录的语言。
• 人类历史上有四种最古老的表意文字，它们是古埃及的圣体字 ，古苏美尔人的楔形文字，中美洲玛雅人的文字和古汉字。除 了汉字至今保持着旺盛的生命力，其余的三种文字都已湮没在 历史的长河中。
• 凯文是几兄弟中最热心的。
或 night is coming(on)，或 it is getting dark。汉语的 “途穷”，除如上照字面
• Kevin is the most warm-hearted of his brothers.
译出的以外，又可译为 no road ahead，或意译为
• 明枪易躲，暗箭难防 • It is easy to dodge a spear thrust in the open，but difficult to guard
against an arrow shot from hiding • 脚踩两只船 • straddle two boats；have a foot in either camp • 脚踏实地 • have a down-to-earth manner
• Does he work hard?”一定得将does置于句首成为一般疑问句， 若改变词序使其为“He does work hard．”则改变了该句的功 能，变为陈述句，强调“work hard”。
• 英语又属综合型语言是因为它有丰富的屈折变化形式。 如： • table(桌子)／tables(几张桌子) • run(跑)／ran(跑，过去时)／run(跑，过去分词) • the boy’s (’s表示所属关系) • She sings(-s表示现在时单数第三人称)
[正] A white car turned up to take the bride and the groom ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้o the church.
注：汉英两种语言均有各自固定的词序，因此翻译时要根据各自的语言习惯进行适当的调整。 之所以将新娘放在前面，也许是西方文化中“女士优先” 吧！又如：“衣食住行”译成英 语是 food, clothing, shelter and transportation; 同样，“左顾右盼”翻译成look right and left。
1) Pictographs (象形字) are pictorial representation of the things or objects they originally represented. e.g. 山, 川.