基本翻译概念
英语与汉语的翻译差别
英语与汉语的翻译差别一．基本翻译概念之共核、异核。
1.汉语与英语之间的共同点――共核世界上的语言虽然多种多样，但是各种语言之间往往存在着一些共同点。
比如，希特勒说过，谎言重复千遍就会变成真理。
正应了中国那句老话，众口铄金，积毁销骨。
这两个说法之间就存在着一些共同的思维方法。
汉语与英语之间也存在着一些共重合点。
甚至，汉、英、法三种语言之间都存在着共通之处。
For example, in a content-focused text a metaphor may be considered as translated quite adequately if it is represented in the target language by an expression of the same semantic value although not by metaphor or a comparable image. A form-focused text, however, would demand that whether the metaphor be traditional or a new creation by the author, it should be represented in the target language by an equally idiomatic metaphor of similar value or significance, 85 whether a traditional one is available or a new one must be created. This demand is not as difficult as it would seem to be at first sight.（Reiss 2004:59）Reiss 认为不同语言之间存在着一些比喻意义相同的说法，并在注释中举出了一个例子“Quel bon vent vous amène! (What good wind brings you here!)”。
翻译基本概念
《翻译》课程理论汇编（基本概念）1.1 翻译的概念一般地，我们将翻译定义为：将一种语言（口语或笔语形式）（译出语）转换或创造为另一种语言（译入语）。
翻译是一种非常复杂的人类高级语言活动，这种活动的整个过程是很难以图示、语言等其他方式阐释清楚的。
不同领域、不同派别的学者对翻译有着不同的定义。
1.1.1 语言学家对翻译的定义语言学家将翻译视为一种语言活动，同时认为，翻译理论属于语言学的一个部分，即研究译出语和译入语的转换关系。
解释如下：（1）Catford（1965：20）认为，翻译是译出语和译入语间的文本等效转换。
（2）Nida 和Taber（1969：12）认为，翻译是译出语和译入语间意义和形式上的最紧密联系转换。
（3）Newmark（1982/1988：5）认为，翻译理论源自于比较语言学，属于语义学的一部分，而所有语义学的研究课题都与翻译理论息息相关。
1.1.2 文化角度对翻译的定义从文化角度来看，翻译不仅仅是语言符号的转换，同时是文化的交流，尤其是“文化间交流”。
通常我们把这一术语又改称为“文化间合作”或“跨文化交际”等。
Shuttleworth 和Cowie（1997：35）认为，与其说翻译是两种语言之间的符号转换，不如说是两种语言所代表的两种文化间的转换。
译者在处理涉及语言文化方面的译务工作时，认为任何一种语言中都饱含着其文化中的相关元素（比如：语言中的问候语、固定搭配等），任何文本都存在于特定的文化环境中，同时，由于各语言所代表的多元文化差异很大，语言间的转化和创造性生成模式千变万化。
Nida 认为，对于一个成功的翻译工作者而言，掌握两种文化比掌握两种语言更为重要，因为语言中的词汇只有在特定的语言文化环境中才能具有正确的、合乎文化背景的义项。
王佐良先生指出（1989），翻译不仅涉及语言问题，也涉及文化问题。
译者不仅要了解外国的文化，还要深入了解自己民族的文化。
不仅如此，还要不断的将两种文化加以比较，因为真正的对等应该是在各自文化中的含义、作用、范围、感情色彩、影响等等都是相当的。
翻译的概念
翻译的概念第一章第一节翻译的概念,分类,过程及方法一.翻译的概念1.关于翻译的几种定义①翻译是一门艺术.(Translation is a fine art.)----林语堂《翻译论》②翻译是一门科学.----董秋斯③Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.----尤金.奈达2. 广义的翻译是指语言与语言,语言变体与语言变体,语言与非语言等的代码转换和基本信息的传达.3.狭义的翻译是一种语言活动,是把一种语言表达的内容忠实地用另一种语言表达出来.二. 翻译的分类1.按所涉及的两种代码的性质分为:语内翻译(intralingual translation):同一种语言间不同语言变体的翻译.语际翻译(interlingual translation):不同语言间的翻译,是狭义翻译的研究对象. 语符翻译( interseniotic translation):用非文字符号解释文字符号.2.按翻译主体的性质分为人工翻译和机器翻译两类.nextexercise3.按照翻译的工具和成品形式可分为口译和笔译.4.按翻译的客体即所译资料的性质可分为文学翻译(literary translation):包括诗歌,小说,戏剧等文学作品的翻译,着重情感内容和修辞特征的表达.实用翻译(pragmatic translation):包括科技,商务,公文等资料的翻译,着重实际内容的表达.三. 翻译的过程翻译的过程是理解和表达的有机结合.翻译的关键在于对原文的理解,要真正理解原文,译者必须有扎实的语言功底和相关专业背景知识,并熟知英汉两种文化知识,否则译者就不能真正理解,从而产生误差.例:Cannot Beat the Real Thing.(美国可口可乐广告)不能打败真正的商品.挡不住的诱惑!next后者简单明了的把原文的真正含义表达了出来,能达到打动消费者的目的.表达阶段就是译者把自己从原文所理解的内容用目的语重新表达出来.表达的好坏主要取决与对原文的理解深度和对译文语言的饿修养程度.理解原文不是易事,表达亦然.例:As we obtained a clean B/L, you will see that the goods were slopped in good order. We suggest, therefore, that you lodge your claim with it. 由于我们获得了清洁提单,所以你们将明白货物在装运时情况良好,且被安放的井井有条.由此看来我们建议你们可以向该轮船公司提出索赔.我方已获得清洁提单一张,贵方谅必清楚货物装船时状况良好,因此建议贵方可依此向该轮船公司提出索赔.四. 翻译的方法1.直译和意译是翻译的两大基本方法.2.所谓直译是指翻译时要求译文与原文在词语,语法结构及表达方式上保持一致的方法.例:Many investors no longer treat a stock as an instrument of ownership in a corporation but only as a derivative of economic factors, risks and potentials.许多投资者不再把他们拥有的股票看作是拥有某一公司一部分权益的工具,而只是将它视为经济因素,风险,潜力的衍生物.See morenext3.意译是指摆脱原文形式的束缚而传达原文的内容.During Federal Reserve Chairman Greenspan's nearly 20 years as the world' most powerful central banker, the U.S has suffered only one recession, a brief one in 1990-1991.格林斯潘作为全球最有实力的中央银行的掌舵人,在其近20年的任期中,美国仅在1990-1991年间遭受过一次短暂的经济萧条.本句意译主要体现在句子结构层面上,将only one recession和a brief one in 1990-1991进一步融合,更加符合汉语的表达习惯.讨论翻译的概念, 分类,过程及方法并提出自己的看法和观点.将下列汉语译成英语:1.语内翻译_______2.语际翻译_______3.语符翻译_______4.文学翻译_______5.实用翻译_______6.功能对等_______7.机器翻译_______8.目的语_______9. 源语_______三.结合直译和意译两种翻译方法,将下列英语译成汉语:1.Translation may be defined as follows: the replacement of material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language.2.A translation should give a complete transcript of the same character as that of the original. A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.3. Automatic package has been adopted into production of almost every industry.4.A compensation package often includes a base salary, an annual bonus and some other extra rewards and benefits.5. A packaged service called Trade Web costs companies less than 1,000$a year to join. It is so cheap that 3,000 small suppliers have signed up with the operator.6.The through quality management is apparent not just in the products, but also in the system through a self-check system and tracebility at each stage of production from the greenhouse to the table.第二节商务英语和商务文本翻译标准exercise一. 商务英语的界定商务英语是英语的一种功能变体,是专门用途英语(English for Specific Purposes)中的一个分支,适于商务场合中应用,或者说是一种包含了各种商务活动内容,适合商业需要的标准英文.而这些商务活动包括技术引进,对外贸易,招商引资,对外劳务承包与合同,国际金融,涉外保险,国际旅游,海外投资,国际运输等等, 在这些活动中使用的英语统称为商务英语(Business English )二.商务文本的翻译标准商务文本的复杂性决定了商务文本的翻译标准必须是多元化的,不同的商务文体该有不同的翻译标准.1.商务广告的翻译:"劝购功能相似"广告的主要功能是劝购功能,即说服读者去买广告中所宣传的产品或服务.广告翻译是否成功取决它是否能在译文读者中取得同样的作用.广告翻译应以"劝购功能相似"为其基本原则, 译文应与原文有大致相同的宣传效果,信息传递功能和移情感召功能.需要强调的是,由于语言之间存在的差异以及译文读者和原文读者的社会和文化背景不同,广告翻译的"功能相似"原则并不是要求字字对等的"忠实"翻译而是一种极为灵活的对等:即广告翻译的受众是否象原广告的受众一样乐于掏钱买商家所宣传的广告产品.例:We take no pride in prejudice.( The Times 的一则广告)译文1:对于你的偏见,我们没有傲慢.译文2: 对于有失偏颇的报道,我们并不引以为豪.参考译文:正义的力量,舆论的向导.>>>examplePride in prejudice引用英国作家简.奥斯汀的名作《傲慢与偏见》,体现了《泰晤士报》秉承公平,公正的办报原则,收到了很好的广告效果.但由于中西方的文化差异,使这种效果很难在译文中表现出来.译文1将《傲慢与偏见》的两个关键词强加到译文中,但却使人看了之后不知所云.译文二虽然表达了公平公正的意思,但给人的感觉是《泰晤士报》不总是报道真实的新闻.在这种既难保留原文,又难达到广告宣传目的的两难情况下,则可放弃原文,采取另译的方法例句分析Quality Services for Quality Life.凝聚新动力,文康展新姿._香港康乐及文化事物署的双语广告Connecting People.科技以人为本._诺基亚公司的广告词★商务广告的翻译next2.商务应用文的翻译:约定俗成,入乡随俗.商务应用文在此具体是指商务活动中的项目招商通告,营业执照,招投标文件,请柬等具有固定行文格式的商务文件.>>example★商务应用文的翻译The Deputy Prime Minister of Australiaand minister for Overseas TradeDr.J.F. CairnsRequests the Pleasure of Your Companyat a BanquetOn Tuesday, 11 October, 2005from 12:30 to 13:30 p.m.in Hall Three of the Beijing Exhibition CenterTo Mark the Opening of the Australian ExhibitionR.S.V.PTel:_______Chinese★商务应用文的翻译谨订于2005年10月11日(星期二)12时半至下午1时半假座北京展览馆3号大厅举行宴会,庆祝澳大利亚展览会开幕.敬请光临澳大利亚副总理兼海外贸易部长杰.弗.凯恩斯博士(请赐复)电话________next3. 商务信函的翻译: 事实准确,礼貌得体根据商务信函的语言特点和实际用途,商务信函的翻译应遵循以下原则:⑴准确传达原文的事实信息主要包括三个方面:术语翻译规范,具体事实细节准确传译, 一般性叙述用词恰当.⑵贴切再现原文的礼貌语气商务信函属于公函语体,措辞严谨,语气委婉,注重礼节,翻译是要特别注意再现原文的礼貌语气.⑶符合公函文体的语言特征>>example★商务信函的翻译There are qualities of this item here, in different weights and size, with varied colors and shapes. The price is very reasonable and the quotations will be given upon request.Our prices already make full allowance for large orders and , as you know, we operate in a highly competitive market in which we have been forced to cut our prices to minimum.我方现有各种不同重量,不同体积,颜色丰富,形状各异的大理石,数量甚巨,价格合理,受函抱价.我方抱价已考虑到大批量定货的因素.相信贵公司了解我们是在一个竞争十分激烈的市场上经营销售业务,因而已经不得不把利润降到最低限度.next4. 商务合同的翻译⑴商务合同的概念:是一种契约文体,其文体具有用语正式,句式严谨以及篇章结构固定等特点.⑵具体标准:＊用词准确,译文完整＊行文通顺,条理清楚＊符合契约的文体特点>>example★商务合同的翻译The date of receipt issued by the transportation department concerned shall be regarded as the date of the delivery of goods.Payment: By irrevocable L/C at the sight to reach the sellers 30 days before the time of shipment.The buyer shall make a claim against the Seller (including replacement of the goods) by the further inspection certificate and all the expenses incurred therefore shall by the Seller.The arbitral award is final and binding upon both parties.Chinese★商务合同的翻译由有关的运输机构所开据收据的日期视为为交货期.买方应在装船前30天将不可撤消的即期信用证开到卖方.买方需凭复检证明书向卖方提出索赔(包括换货),由此引起的全部费用应由卖方负责.仲裁机构的裁决具有最终效力,双方必须遵照执行.一.讨论翻译及商务英语翻译的标准.二.将下列英语短语译成汉语:1.form a receipt __________________2.ticket order form ___________________3.application form ___________________4.an active list ___________________5.an export list ____________________>>>more三.将下列英语段落翻译成汉语.Speaking of translation, we tend to think of Yan Fu who advocated for the first time the three words as translation criteria, namely, "faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance". Yan Fu's "faithfulness" means the fulland complete conveying or transmission of the original content or thought. His "expressiveness" demands that the version must be clear and flowing without any grammatical mistakes or confused logic and sense. But his "elegance" is unadoptable because it refers to the use of classical Chinese before the Han Dynasty, Yan Fu held that only the language before the Han Dynasty could be considered elegant and old vocabulary, the old structure of Chinese must be used in order to represent the original fully and adequately."Faithfulness" first refers to the content of the original work. The translator must bring out the original meaning both comprehensively and accurately without any distortion or casual addition or deletion of the original thoughts.Faithfulness also includes the keeping of the original style, as Mr. Lu Xun put it , "keep the full flavor of the original work."第三章涉外商务信函的翻译第一节商务信函简介一商务信函的12种要素信头(letterhead)案号(reference)日期(date)封内地址(inside address注意项(attention line)称呼(salutation)事由栏(subject)信的正文(body of letter)信尾敬语(complimentary close)签名(signature)缩写名,附件及分送标志部分(IEC: initials, enclosures and carbon copies block)附言(postscript)Next商务信函实例1Kee & Co., Ltd34 Regent StreetLondon, UK Inside Address 收信人地址Dear Sirs,Salutation称呼We have obtained your name and address from Dee&Co. Ltd, and we are writing toenquire whether you would be willing to establish business relations with us.We have been importers of shoes for many years. At present, we are interested in extending our range and would appreciate your catalogues and quotations.If your prices are competitive we would expect to place volume orders on you.We look forward to your early reply._Yours faithfully, Complimentary Close客套结束语Tony Smith Signature Block签名栏Enc: invoice for consulting services Enclosure Notation_商务信函实例21117 The High RoadAustin TX 787036 June 2006MR. David Patricks3005 West 29th, Suite 130Waco. TX 77663Dear Mr. Ptricks,I received your June 5th letter requesting consultation and am providing myrecommendation in the following.First, let me review my understanding of your inquiry. The question you raise revolvesaround whether the heating registers should be located in a low sidewall, or in the ceiling,and if ceiling registers are used, which type –step –down or stamped-faced—will deliverthe best results. Additionally, the problem concerns whether there is any benefit to haveheating registers near the floor, whether moving heated air "down" in ducts negativelyaffects blower performance.My recommendations are as follow:I can find nothing in either Carrier, Trane, or ASHRAE design manuals that indicatesdrop as being a factor in duct design any different from normal static losses. If you havedifferent information on this, I would like to have references to it.I cannot see any advantage to low sidewall application. The problem is injection and pattern. I do see an advantage to low sidewall return; Carrier Design Manual—Air Distribution is a good reference on both items.I recommend step-down diffusers with OBD because they have pattern and volume control that is superior to stamped-faced diffusers.I am opposed to low sidewall diffusers or floor diffusers in the application you describe. The increased static losses that result from trying to get the ducts to down through the walls will only increase installation cost and reduceefficiency.If there is anyone in your organization who is uncomfortable with these recommendations, let me know. I'd be very interested in reviewing any actualdocumented test results. Let me know if you have any further questions or if Ican be of any further assistance.Sincerely,Jane A McMurreyJane A McMurrey, P.E.HVAC Consultant, Inc.JAM/dmcEncl.: invoice for consulting services2 涉外商务信函语篇风格的特点,也称7C原则2.1 完整(completeness)2.2 简洁(conciseness)2.3 具体(concreteness)2.4 正确(correctness)2.5 清晰(clarity)2.6 体谅(consideration)2.7 礼貌(courtesy)2.1 完整(completeness)实例解说:"Cellulose Tape 1/2"x 3yds, with plastic dispenser 700 doz./ditto-but 1/2" x 5 yds, 1,000doz."这是出口商接到的一份定单中有关商品品名,规格和数量的内容.中文意思是:"纤素带(幅)宽半英寸,长3码,带塑料包装容器,700打;同上,但(幅)宽宽半英寸,长5码,1000打."问题是后半句不清楚. "ditto"在这里表示前面提到的商名称纤维素带, 但不能包括"带塑料包装容器",因此,幅英寸长5码的纤维素带是否要塑料包装容器没有说清楚,不完整.所以最好改成:"Cellulose Tape 1/2"x 3yds, with plastic dispenser 700 doz. CelluloseTape 1/2" x 5yds,with plastic dispenser 1000 doz." 这样既完正,又清楚明确,不引起误解.2.2 简洁(conciseness)"简洁"是有客观标准的.虽然西方国家的作者之间在怎样用词才算"简洁"方面还是有争论的,不过他们的一些看法还是有一定参考价值的.怎样才能使商业书信"简洁" 西方国家作者有很多建议,先介绍如下:eg 2;(一) 避免使用陈旧的商业术语陈旧的与传统的商业术语(Commercial jargon)对信的内容没有什么作用,应该避免使用.Eg 1:Wordy: We wish to acknowledge receipt of your letter of November 14 with the check for Stg.10 enclosed and wish to thank you for same Concise: We appreciate your letter of November 14 and the check for Stg.10 you sent with it.例二:Wordy:We take liberty to approach you with the request that you would be kind enough to introduce to us some exporters of cotton textiles in your cities. Would you please introduce to us some exporters of cotton textiles in your cityConcise:Please introduce to us some exporters of cotton textiles in your city. (二) 要长话短说,避免罗嗦通常商业人士每天需要阅读大量的书信,对开门见山,长话短说,直接切题的信特别欢迎.因此, 写信要力求长话短说,例如:不要写Please see that an enquiry is conducted to determine the reason.应写作Please find out the reason.不要写We express our regret at being unable to fulfill your order on this occasion.应写作We are sorry we cannot meet your present order.要使用简洁的语言,有可能的话, 尽量使用单词来代替某些娇柔做作的短语.删去不必要的形容词,如下列句子中的形容词或副词删去后并不影响句子的原意: The proposal is under (active) consideration.The answer is (definitely) correct.I would (rather) think the fare is too high.The (true) facts are as stated .(三) 要注意每句句子的长短例如:"We would like to know whether you would allow us to extend the time of shipment for twenty days, and if you would be so kind as to allow us to do so, kindly give us your reply by cable without delay."这句话过分"客气",使句子过长而不清楚.内容要求对方同意延期交货20天,一般情况下,应尽可能提出延期到那一天的具体日期.这句话可压缩为:"Please reply by telegram immediately if you will allow us to delay theshipment until April 21."2.3 具体(concreteness)2.4 正确(correctness)商业书信必须写得正确,因为它涉及到买卖双方的权利,义务,厉害关系,是各种商业单据(如合同)的根据. 广义的说,商业书信的正确性表现在:(一) 运用正确的语言水平(二) 叙述得正确(三) 数字要正确(四) 正确理解和运用商业术语(五) 合适的写作技巧或方法,以及正确运用其他的六个"C".(一) 运用正确的语言水(二)叙述得正确叙述得正确: 商业书信的内容要叙述得正确,既不要说得不够(Understatement),更不要说得过头(Overstatement).[例一]This stove is absolutely the best (or: the very best) on the market.(这种炉子是市场上绝对最好的炉子.)这句话是用来介绍商品的, 但没有具体介绍商品的性能, 而是抽象地断定这种炉子是"市场上最好的".这样介绍商品,不但不能达到推销的目的,反而使人对写信人有"卖狗皮膏药"的感觉.[改写]Our model A195 is designed on modern lines, without any increase infuel consumption, 25% more heat than the older models. So you will agree that it is the outstanding stove for economy of fuel.(我们的A195型炉子是按近代样式设计的,在不增加燃料消耗的情况下,比其他各种旧式炉子温度高25%.所以,你会同意,这是优良的节约燃料的炉子.)(三) 字要正确字要正确:做对外贸易离不开数字. 对商业书信中的数字的正确性要特别加以注意,有时"失之毫厘,差之千里".甚至引起不同的理解.(a)"以上","以下","以前","以后","从….到... "等的表达法(b)二美元和二美元以上$2 or (and)$2 above (over)不少于50罗的定单50gross or (and) up (upward, upwards)(四) 正确理解和运用商业术语理解和运用商业术语:一般常用的商业用语用字简洁,意义明确,使用得好,工作进行得顺利,使用得不好,就会引起混乱,误解,甚至产生不必要的纠纷.如:You ask very short delivery for your order.写信的人原意是说"你们要求赶快交你们的定货."可是short delivery不是快点交货的意思,而是"短交"的意思,这就用错了商业术语.因此,应该说:Your require quick (prompt) delivery of your order.(五)正确运用其他的六个"C".2.5 清晰(clarity)(一).避免使用可能产生不同理解或意义不明确的词〈例一〉As to the steamers sailing from Hongkong to San Francisco, we have bimonthly direct services.(从香港到旧金山有直达船,) 但是bimonthly 究竟是一个月两次即半月一次呢,还是两个月一次不明确.因此,最好清楚明白说明"一个月两次"还是"两个月一次"(a) We have two direct sailings every month from Hongkong to San Francisco.(每月两次直达船)(b) We have semimonthly direct sailing from Hongkong to San Francisco. (每半月一次直达船)(c) We have a direct sailing from Hongkong to San Francisco every two month.(每两个月一次直达船)(二)注意修饰词的位置,有时修饰词的位置不同,会导致不同的含意如:a) Please let us know what you wish us to do about this matter as soon as possible;b) Please let us know as soon as possible what you wish us to do about this matter.以上两句中的""修饰的内容不同:a) 你们要求我们尽快做些什么.b) 请尽快告诉我们.a) 可译成"请告诉我们你们要我们为此尽快做些什么";b) 可译为"请尽快告知,你们要我们为此事做些什么".(三) 注意代名词,关系代词和先行词的关系按照英语习惯, 句子中的代名词和关系代词一般是指离得最近的名词,因此要特别注意,以免引起误解或不清楚.例句:不好:They informed Messrs. John & Smith that they would receive an answer in a few days.较好: They informed Messrs. John & Smith that latter would receive an answer in a few days.(四)注意前后一致和紧凑,连贯不一致:Being a certified public accountant, I am sure you can help us.一致:Being a certified public accountant, you can surely help us. or; As you are a certified public accountant, I am sure you can help us.(五)仔细和恰当地分段落商业书信要写得使人一读就明白,因此必须按照内容仔细和恰当的分段落,一般的分段落原则是一个段落一个意思(A paragraph for each point is a good general rule.). 现举例说明:Dear Sirs,It is reported in a domestic newspaper that the Iranian Central Bank hasinstructed the commercial banks to suspend their business of opening a new letter of credit as from the 3rd May for financial reason of foreign currency. Although it is said that this arrangement would be a temporary one and with establishment of new import policy this emergency arrangement would be lifted, we are much concerned about the outcome of this movement toward restriction of import to Iran and shall be obliged if you will kindly keep us well advised of development of this new arrangement especially in connection with import from France.Yours faithfully,以上这封信只有一段,供两句.第一句39字,第二句66句. 读后虽然能基本了解其内容, 但读起来很舒服.信的内容大体有三点:1. 伊朗中央银行因外汇原因,通知个商业银行从五月三日起停止开立信用证;2. 这临时措施,新的进口政策一订,这个措施可能取消;3. 希望对方随时告之有关情况.按照这三点,适当地分段,把信重新改写,读起来比原来的清楚易懂:Dear Sirs,It is reported in a vernacular newspaper that the Iranian Central Bank has instructed the commercial banks to suspend their issuing new Letters of Creditas from the 3rd May because of its decreasing foreign currency funds. Furthermore it is said that the suspension seems a temporary one and willbe released with establishment if a new import policy.We are much concerned, however, about the outcome of this movement toward restriction of import to Iran.We, therefore, shall be obliged if you will keep us well informed of development of this new state of affairs, especially in connection with importsfrom France.Yours faithfully,2.6 体谅(consideration)2.7 礼貌(courtesy)COURTESY译成"礼貌".但是根据西方国家函电书籍作者普遍的看法,所谓COURTESY是"客气而又体谅人"的意思.这样的形式很多,现在提供一些常见的供参考:(一) 把命令变成请求的常用形式: Please, Will you…….., Will you please……..,如:a) Will you give us more detailed information on your requirementb) Will you please (kindly) let us hear from you on these two points(二) 虚拟式(Past Subjunctive From)如:a) Would you compare our sample with the goods of other firmsb) We would ask you to ship the goods by the first available vessel.c) We wish you would let us have your reply soon.d) This would seem to confirm our opinion.e) We should be grateful if you would help us with your suggestion.f) We might be of some service to you in a similar case.以上的b, 也可用will, shall, may, 但是用Past Subjunctive Form则表示更客气和婉转些.2.7 礼貌(courtesy)(三) 缓和用法(Mitigation)为了缓和过分强调或刺激对方,常用: We are afraid, we would say, we may(or, might) say, we(would) think, it seems(or would seem) to us, we(would) suggest, as you are (or: may be) aware, as we need hardly point out等等表达法来缓和语气,如:_a) It was unwise of you to have done that.We would say that it was unwise of you to have done that._b) You ought to have done it.It seems to us that you ought to have done it.c) We cannot comply with your request.We are afraid we cannot comply with your request.d) Our products are the very best on the market.We might say that our products are the very best on the market.符合7C原则的信函实例Dear Sirs,Our client in Mumbai requests us to obtain from you a pro forma invoice for color TV setsWith the following specifications: "Haier" brand color TV sets 25-inch and 34-inch(each 500sets).Would you please airmail us the soonest possible your pro forma invoice for 1,000 color TVsets with prices CIF Mumbai, so that we obtain our client's confirmation. There is no questionabout our getting the necessary import license from our authorities.As soon as the said license is approved, we shall establish an L/C in yourfavour.Thank you for your close cooperation in this respect. Yours Sincerely, John Smith敬启者:我们的一个孟买客户要求我们从贵方取得下列规格的彩色电视机形式发票:"海尔"彩色电视机25英寸和34英寸各500台.请尽快航邮注有孟买到岸价格的1,000台彩色电视机的形式发票,以便我们取得客户认.从当局取得必要的进口许可证当无问题.一俟获得许可证即开以贵方为受益人的信用证.感谢贵方的密切合作.你真诚的, 约翰.史密斯第二节商务信函的文体特点及其翻译1 商务信函的文体特点1.1 词汇使用特点1.1.1 用词规范正式1.1.2 表意准确,专业性强1.1.3 用语朴素,淡于修饰1.2 语法使用特点1.2.1 句子类型1.2.2 句式结构(1)复合句与简单句结合,以复合句为主(2)常用并列结构(3)状语位置独特1.2.3 虚拟语气的运用2 商务信函的翻译要点2.1 商务英语信函翻译的原则2.2 商务英语信函翻译的注意事项1 商务信函的文体特点1.1 词汇使用特点1.1.1 用词规范正式(1)商务英语信函经常以意义相同或相近的书面词语代替基本词汇和口语词汇,如以inform或advise代替tell,以duplicate代替copy,以dispatch代替send,以otherwise代替or;以介词短语代替简单的介词,如以as for,in respect to,in connection with和with regarding to等代替about等.例如:We are pleased to advise you that your order NO.105 has been dispatched in accordance with your instruction.我们很高兴地通知你们:第105号订单货物已遵照你方指示运出.1.1.1 用词规范正式We will meet you half way by offering a discount of 5% in view of our long pleasant relations.鉴于我们之间长期愉快的业务关系,本公司将酌情考虑给予5%的折扣.(2)商务信函中还经常使用here/there +介词构成的复合词,如hereafter,hereby,hereunder,hereto,hereinafter,herewith,thereafter,therein,therefrom等.例如:All offers and sales are subject to the terms and conditions printed on the reverse side hereof.所有报盘和销售均应遵守本报价单背面所印的条款.In such a case, Seller is bound to reimburse Buyer for any loss or damage sustained therefrom.在次情况下,卖方负责偿还买方由此所遭受的损失.1.1.2 表意准确,专业性强商务信函用词表意准确,专业性强,主要表现在使用大量的专业术语,行话,外来词,缩略语以及一般词语在商务英语语境中的特殊用法.(1)专业术语类:Trimming charges 平仓费insurance policy 保险单coverage 保险项目establishment 开证counter-suggestion 反还盘surcharges附加费pro forma invoice形式发票premium保险费clearance sale清仓削价销售underwriter 保险人L/C 信用证CIF 到岸价格FOB离岸价格bid 递盘C.B.D. 付现提货counter-offer还盘irrevocable letter of credit 不可撤消信用证1.1.2 表意准确,专业性强例如:We shall cover TPND on your order.我们将为你方的货物投保盗窃和提货不着险.It would be appreciated if you would let us know by returning your lowest possible price for the following goods on FOB London.请报下列商品伦敦船上交货之最低价.(2)外来词类:拉丁语的status quo(现状),意大利语的del credere(保付货价的),汉语中的litchi(荔枝),tungoil(桐油),mango(芒果)等.(3)行话:长期的函电交往使人们在使用术语上形成共识,本来意义差异很大的词汇在特定的语境中所表达的内涵和外延却非常相似.Offer, quotation表示"报价,发盘"Pamphlet, brochure, booklet, sales literature 表示商家用于宣传介绍自己公司或产品的"说明材料"Shipment和consignment 表示"所发出的货物"Financial standing/reputation/condition/position用于表示公司的"资信财务情况"Fulfill/complete/execute an order用于表示"执行订单"A draft contract或a specimen contract 表示"合同样本"1.1.2 表意准确,专业性强(4)商务信函准确性主要体现在数量词的大量运用.商务信函中的时间,价格,数量,金额,规格等问题贯穿商贸活动始终,数字的表达应言之确凿,避免摸棱两可.例如:。
英汉翻译基础知识
3. The Pananmanian leader publicly insinuated that he possessed compromising information about Mr.Bush that was liable to harm his bid for the White House.
8. 生产多了，价格就稳定，甚至下降一点。 （这两组例句可供学生尝试翻译并与原文进行对比， 从而加深对英汉两种语言各自特征的认识。）
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总结说明
对这两组例句进行对比，可以得出如下结论：
1 ．英语句子大多开门见山，搭起主谓空间结构（SV） ，形成句子主干（如句中划线部分所示），可参照下 页英语句子的树式结构；汉语则不一定是主谓结构， 如例（6）就属于“话题---说明”框架
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汉英语言文化对比
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1. 谱系(family)：汉语属于汉藏语系，英语属于印欧语 系
2. 类型(type)：汉语是分析型（analytic）语言，其典型 特征是没有屈折变化(inflection)，即汉语的词没有词 性和词形的变化；英语是分析型和综合型(synthetic) 语言，有丰富的屈折变化形式。
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再看一组汉语句子：
5．老关忙即跳下车去，摸摸腰间的勃郎宁，又向四下里 瞥了一眼，就过去开了车门，站在门旁边。
翻译基本概念2
第三讲 翻译的基本概念（下）
•翻译过程 •翻译方法 •译者要求
• 小明上英文课时跟老师说：May I go to the toilet? • 老师说：Go ahead. • 小明就坐了下来。过了一会儿，小明又跟老师 说：May I go to the toilet? • 老师说：Go ahead. • 小明又坐了下来。他旁边的同学于是忍不住问： 你不是跟老师说要上厕所吗?怎么不去? • 小明说：你没听老师说「去你个头」啊!
• 作为幽默家的约翰,他的幽默感一定会给我们带来享 受。 • 关系代词which只指代先行词身上所具备的特点。
• （6）搭配引起的理解障碍 • We were tired of waiting and doubted whether the bus would come before long.
• TT1:我们等得不耐烦了,怀疑汽车早就来过了。 • Before long(不久以后,马上,即将)与它的字面意思正 好相反,很容易被错译为“很久以前”。 • TT2: 我们等得不耐烦了,怀疑汽车会不会马上到来。
第一讲 翻译的基本概念和问题
通顺： 译文语言通顺易懂，自然流畅，符合译文语言表达习惯， 没有文理不通、晦涩难懂等现象。
例1：Darkness released him from his last restraints. 原译：黑暗把他从最后的顾忌中解放出来。 改译：在黑暗中，他就再也没有什么顾忌了。 例2：语言这个东西，不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功不 可。 原译：Language is something difficult to learn well and to learn it well one has to study very hard. 改译：The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort.
例2：What is done by night appears by day. 原译：夜晚做的事白天就看见了。 改译：要想人不知，除非己莫为。
例3：从小儿三灾八难，花的银子也照样打出你这么 个银人儿来了。（《红楼梦》） 原译：You‟ve had three mishaps and eight disasters since you were a boy, the money we‟ve spent on you would make a person made of silver. 改译：You‟ve had one trouble after another since you were a boy, the money we‟ve spent on you would make a silver statue bigger than you.
E. A. Nida（尤金· 奈达）提出的翻译标准（1964） 1. true to the original 2. vivid 3. smooth and natural 4. equivalent of response （忠实于原文、传神、语言顺畅自然、同等效应） “Readers of TL must have the same response to the text with that of readers of SL despite of different means of expressions.” （尽管语言表达形式不同，译文读者读译文取得的 心理反应要和原文读者读原文的心理反应基本相 同。） Dynamic Equivalence 动态对等 →Functional Equivalence 功能对等（p.8-9）
翻译的概念五种
翻译的概念五种翻译作为一种语言活动，可以被分为不同的概念。
以下是五种常见的翻译概念，并对每种概念进行详细解释。
1. 语言翻译：语言翻译是最常见的翻译概念。
它指的是将一种语言中的文字、词语或语句转换成另一种语言中的对应文字、词语或语句的过程。
语言翻译需要翻译者具备两种或多种语言的能力，并且理解源语言中的意思，然后将其转化为目标语言中能够传达相同意思的方式。
语言翻译既可以是口译，也可以是笔译。
2. 文化翻译：文化翻译指的是在翻译过程中涉及到的文化元素的传递。
每种语言都有其独特的文化背景和观念，因此在翻译时需要考虑到这些差异。
文化翻译涉及到概念、价值观、习俗、传统以及其他文化现象的转换。
翻译者需要具备对不同文化的理解和敏感度，以确保译文能够在目标文化中传达与原文相同的意思和效果。
3. 专业翻译：专业翻译是指在特定领域或专业领域内进行的翻译活动。
这种翻译需要对特定领域的术语、知识和背景有深入了解。
专业翻译可以包括法律翻译、医学翻译、科技翻译等等。
专业翻译者应当具备对目标领域的专业知识，并且能够准确地理解和传达专业术语和概念。
4. 机器翻译：机器翻译是指使用计算机和自动化技术进行翻译的过程。
机器翻译使用机器学习、自然语言处理和统计模型等技术，通过在大量语料库中学习和分析语言规律，实现文字、词语或语句的自动翻译。
机器翻译的发展正在不断提升质量和效率，但由于语言的复杂性和文化差异，目前机器翻译仍然无法完全替代人工翻译。
5. 口译翻译：口译翻译是一种将口头语言转换为另一种口头语言的翻译形式。
口译翻译通常在现场进行，例如会议、谈判、演讲等场合。
口译翻译需要翻译者有较强的听觉和口头表达能力，能够在短时间内迅速理解和转达讲话内容。
口译翻译的能力对于语言表达流利度、准确度和语言风格匹配度有很高的要求。
总结起来，翻译概念包括语言翻译、文化翻译、专业翻译、机器翻译和口译翻译。
每种翻译概念都有其独特的特点和要求，翻译者需要具备相应的语言能力、文化理解、专业知识和技能才能进行有效的翻译工作。
翻译学基本概念
传译/转移transferral/transfer误解misunderstanding误译mis-translation异化foreignization/alienation/exoticization/ exogenization/source-oriented translation 归化domestication/naturalization/adaptation/endogenization/target-accommodating translation词汇空缺lexical gap文化沟(空缺/非对应)cultural gap直译literal translation/direct translation意译free translation/liberal translation/semantic translation直译派a literalist/a sourcerer意译派a free-hander/a targeteer重复法repetition增译法/增词法/增译amplification/addition减译法/减词法/省略法/省译omission词类转移法/词性转换conversion反译法/正反译法/反正译法negation移植法transplant(ing)/transplantation音译法transliteration具体化specification概括化generalization抽象化abstracting明析化explicitation译借(语义转借)calque(loan translation)加注法annotation夹注intratextual note脚注footnote尾注/文后注endnote注释性翻译annotated/commented translation释义法/解释法explanation/paraphrase引申法extension替代法substitution/replacement借用borrowing推演法deduction缀合法combination分译法division逆序法/倒置法reversing合译法combination综合法mixture of methods包孕embedding切断/分切cutting拆离splitting-off插入inserting重组recasting回译back translation复原法finding out the original原汁原味essence of the original, original flavor词序调整inversion选词diction补偿compensation视点转换shift of perspective套译/仿译/仿拟imitation信/忠实faithfulness/fidelity达/易懂intelligibility/expressiveness通顺smoothness流畅fluency自然naturalness /idiomaticity雅/优美elegance/gracefulness简洁brevity明析clarity简明conciseness内涵connotation含义implication言外之意allocution本文意义(文本固有之意)inherent meaning (of the text)译者隐形translator’s invisibility透明(度)transparency宁信而不顺(鲁迅语) rahter to be faithful than smooth (“I’d rather be faithful than smooth〞)神似(傅雷语) spiritual resemblance化境(sublimation信、达、切(刘重德语)faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness (to the original style)三美: 音美,形美,意美(许渊冲语)the three beauties: beauty in sound, beauty in form and beauty in meaning东方语言Oriental languages西方语言Occidental languages佛经Buddhist Scriptures/sutra梵语Sanskrit鸠摩罗什Kumarajiva泰特勒(Alexander Fraser )Tytler奈达(Eugene A.) Nida机器翻译machine translation(MT)人工智能artificial intelligence(AI)翻译translate, render, rephrase, reword, transmit, re-express, transmute, transmogrify, interpret, convert, transform, transpose, express, transfer, turn翻译学translatology/Translation Studies翻译体/翻译腔translationese死译/硬译mechanical translation逐字译word-for-word translation/word-to-word substitution/verbatim translation 乱译/胡译excessively free translation歪译(意义扭曲)distortion惯用法usage搭配collocation约定俗成convention形合hypotaxis意合parataxis。
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翻译的性质、分类及对译者的要求
翻译是技能，译者需采用增词，减词，切分,转换等方法。
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Besides, it’s also a craft, because in translation, certain skills and techniques are needed in order to attain clearness of style, and fluency in language. 从古今中外翻译家给翻译所下的定义中不难看出，翻译是一 种语言活动过程，又是该活动的结果。 翻译过程不仅涉及两种语言，而且还涉及两种社会文化。语 言是文化的载体。翻译是通过语言机制的转换连接或沟通自身文化 和异国文化的桥梁；翻译是具有不同语言文化背景的人互相交际、 交流思想、达到互相了解的媒介。
翻译的性质、分类及对译者的要求
(3) --- How much did you suffer? --- Plenty, the old man said. --- 你吃了多少苦？ --- 一言难尽,老头儿说. (4) However, such measures touch only the tip, but not address the basis of the problem. 然而，这样的措施只不过是碰了碰问题的尖端，并没有触及 问题的根源。 （原文中的 touch only the tip 译作“只不过是碰了碰问题 的尖端”，读起来文理不通、让人颇为费解，如译作“只不过 是蜻蜓点水”则言简意明、生动形象。
翻译的性质、分类及对译者的要求
丰富的文化知识。 丰富的文化知识。译者应该熟悉以英语为母语的国家的各种社会 文化，如历史、宗教、政治、地理、军事、外交、经济、文艺、 文化，如历史、宗教、政治、地理、军事、外交、经济、文艺、 科学、风土人情、民俗习惯等。 科学、风土人情、民俗习惯等。
(1)Then he was off to Columbia Business School , where he found his Rosetta Stone of investing. (Roger Lowenstein: An Unassuming Billionaire )
翻译的性质、分类及对译者的要求
What is the difference between a translator and a writer, or “reproducing” and “writing”?
In his talk on literary translation published in 1954 Guo Moruo pointed out, “ Translation is creative work. Good translation is as good as writing and may be even better than it. Sometimes translation is more difficult than writing. A writer must have experience in life, but a translator has to experience what the writer has experienced. At the same time, a translator must not only be proficient in his mother tongue but also have a very good foundation in a foreign language. Therefore, translation is not easier than writing at all.”
• 翻译的性质
翻译是科学，因为它涉及思维和语言,反映了存在与认识,主体与客体的 关系,这种关系可用受一定规律支配的语言加以描述,翻译有科学规律可 循,所以是科学。
Translation is a kind of science because it has a whole set of rules governing it and certain objective laws to go by in the process of translating just as other sciences do.
基本译学概念
黄山学院 程汕姗
翻译的性质、分类及对译者的要求
• 翻译的概念
1) The definition in the old days
唐朝贾公彦(618-907)在《义疏》中对翻译就作了明确的界定:“译即易, 谓换易言语使相解也。” 宋代法云(1088-1158)在其所编《翻译名义集》自序中进一步指出:“夫 翻译者，谓翻梵天之语转成汉地之言，音虽似别,义则大同。”这就是说， 将一种语言――源语（the source language）转换成另一种语言――目的语 （the target language）或曰接受语(the receptor language),而意义保持不 变化大抵保持不变。 著名英国学者约翰逊博士对翻译也做过类似的届说: To translate is “ to change into another language, retaining the sense”。
翻译的性质、分类及对译者的要求
译者的素养
扎实的语言基本功。译者应具有较强的驾驭译出语和译入语的能力， 扎实的语言基本功。译者应具有较强的驾驭译出语和译入语的能力， 能正确理解原文，熟练运用本族语。 能正确理解原文，熟练运用本族语。
(1)Millet made a portrait of Lady Chesterfield, which flattered her. 米勒为了逢迎柴斯特菲尔德夫人而替她画了一幅像。 （原文中的 flatter 意为 “ 超过 ”[to make better looking than the reality] ，将其译为 “ 逢迎 ” 是理解上 的错误。） 米勒给柴斯特菲尔德夫人画了一幅像，该像之美简直超过了她本 人。 (2) Have you found the mouse-ear? 你找到沼泽勿忘草了吗？
翻译的性质、分类及对译者的要求
翻译的种类
翻译是一种特殊的社会活动。它虽属个体或小团体行为， 但却永远服从社会的需求、听命于民族的召唤、受制于译者的 主观意志以及读者的殷切期盼。翻译活动的范围广泛、内容丰 富，如从不同的角度去观察，就会划分出以下不同的翻译种类：
从译出语 (source language) 和译入语（ target/ receptor language ）角度来看，翻译可分为本族语译为外语，外语译为本 族语两大类。 从翻译的题材来看，翻译可分为专业性翻译 (specialized subject translation) （如翻译法律、科技文献、专业学术论著、 因特网语言等）、文学翻译 (literary translation) （如翻译 小说、诗歌、散文、戏剧等文学作品）和一般性翻译 (general translation) （如翻译各种应用文和新闻报道等）。
翻译的性质、分类及对译者的要求
2) The current definition Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. ( From The Theory and Practice of Translation, Nida & Taber ，1969 ， P.12)
黄龙也有几点说明：（1）文本材料（textual material）用以强调，在 通常情况下，替代的不是原语文本的全部成分，如句法和词法的改变； （2）翻译实践的中心问题是在目的语中找源出语的对等物 （equivalents）。翻译理论研究的中心任务是确定对等的性质和条件。
翻译的性质、分类及对译者的要求
奈达(Eugene.A.Nida)的论述是:“翻译是指从语义到文体在译语中用最切近而 又最自然的对等语再现原文的信息。”
（1）再现原文的信息（message）而不是保留原文的结构形式（formal structure）； （2）意义是优先考虑的因素； （3）对等（equivalence）不是同一（indentity）； （4）对等是最贴近、自然的对等； （5）文体成分虽居其次，但也是十分重要。
翻译的性质、分类及对译者的要求
Writers can decide: 1) what to write (content) 2) whom to write to 3) how to write But a translator can’t decide these, so a translator must: avoid the things of your own, such as your feeling or culture. break the barriers between two languages and cultures, and bridge the gap between the two. 翻译是一项艰苦的创造性实践活动。它形成于社会、文化 和语言现实之中，同时又为促进社会、文化和语言发展服务。 “翻译并不比随便的创作容易，然而于新文学的发展却更有功， 于大家更有益。”“真正精妙的翻译，其可宝贵，实不在创作 之下；而真正精妙的翻译，其艰难实倍于创作。”
翻译是艺术，因为翻译是译者对原文再创造的过程。译者不可避免地带 有自己的主观色彩，有他自己的独创性。
Translation is also an art, a bilingual art. Like painting, translation enables us to reproduce the fine thought of somebody, not in colors, but in words, in words of a different language.