美国法律文化chapter 5 STEPS IN THE FEDERAL CRIMINAL PROCESS
美国宪法历程第5章 契约神圣原则与大学自治传统
第五章契约神圣原则与大学自治传统——达特茅斯学院诉伍德沃德案(1819)在美国这个法治国家，一个通行的金科玉律就是私有财产不可侵犯。
但私有财产的确定和确认需要契约来规范，显然，政府的更替、社会的变动、阶级的冲突都可能影响到契约的有效性。
为此，美国宪法第1条第10款特别规定：任何一个州都不得“通过任何公民权利剥夺法案、追溯既往的法律或损害契约义务的法律”。
但宪法文本的规定要化为现实生活的法治还有赖于法官们的努力。
美国联邦政府成立之初就遇到了一项有关契约的案子——达特茅斯学院诉伍德沃德（Dartmouth college v.Woodward）。
而联邦最高法院首席大法官马歇尔对此案的一纸判决不仅维护了契约神圣的原则，也使美国私立大学的发展有了坚强的法律后盾。
一、私立学院内讧政治权力干预在美国东北部的新罕布什尔州（New Hampshire）有一所颇有名气的私立文理学院叫达特茅斯学院（DartmouthCollege)，它是美国著名的8所长春藤大学之中的小老弟。
该校成立于1769年，那时北美还是英国的殖民地，由当时的英国总督向学院颁发了经国王乔治三世签字的特许状（charter)。
根据这一特许状，学院建立了用于募捐的信托基金，设立了管理学院的董事会，它有权补充董事缺额，选任院长。
1779年，学院首任院长去世，其子约翰·惠洛克（JohnWheelock)接任。
惠洛克也是位革命家，积极投身于华盛顿领导的美国革命，在美国独立战争功勋卓著，退役前是华盛顿摩下大陆军中的一名中校。
虽然他打仗有一套，但管理学校则是个地地道道的外行，只能用指挥部队的那一套来管理学院。
当时的学校很小，只有文史哲三个教授，惠洛克自己则兼任美国式政治课——神学课的教授。
在课堂上，惠洛克完全采取填鸭式教学，整个儿是满堂灌，容不得学生任何质疑和讨论。
学院董事会对惠洛克的工作作风和教学风格颇有微辞，但他倚老卖老，我行我素，不仅不虚心接受批评，而且还偷偷散发匿名小册子，攻击董事会滥用学院公款、干涉学院教学。
美国权利法案
美国权利法案（中英文）1787年在费城起草的宪法，在各州审议批准的过程中，也有不少美国公民感到不安，因为宪法中并没有明确保障个人的权利。
因此，《宪法》补充了10 条修正案，统一称为《权利法案》，英文叫The Bill of Rights.由于补充了《权利法案》，《宪法》在13个州均获批准，并于1789年生效。
第一条 Amendment ICongress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion，or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedomof speech， or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble，and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.译文:国会不得制定关于下列事项的法律:确立国教或禁止信教自由;剥夺言论自由或出版自由;或剥夺人民和平集会和向政府请愿伸冤的权利。
第二条 Amendment IIA well regulated Militia， being necessary to the security of a free State， the right of the people to keep and bear Arms， shall not be infringed.译文:纪律严明的民兵是保障自由州的安全所必需的，人民持有和携带武器的权利不可侵犯。
第三条 Amendment IIINo Soldier shall， in time of peace be quartered in any house， with out the consent of the Owner， nor in time of war， but in a manner tobe prescribed by law.译文:未经房主同意，士兵平时不得驻扎在任何住宅;除依法律规定的方式，战时也不得驻扎。
美国法律文化
初识美国法律文化摘要：法律作为社会生活中人们最高最权威的行为准则，其产生、发展和变化都受社会文化的巨大影响。
美国因其独特的文化背景，衍生出了独具特色的法律。
本文通过法律——文化视角，在总结了美国信仰法律和“权利爆炸”的法律现象后，试图给予其合理的文化解释，分析了《圣经》、个人主义等文化因素在其中的影响。
当代著名的法社会学及法律史研究的世界级学者，劳伦斯·弗里德曼在其著作中说：“法律是一种权威的形式，但社会中也有其他行使权威的模式和方式，而这些模式和方式是形塑法律的决定性因素。
”[1]法律作为现代民主法治国家管理国家的根本准则，其产生和发展深受各种社会因素的综合影响，是社会文化在人们生活领域的一种现实映射。
每个国家的法律都有其各自深厚的文化渊源，而各国也因文化的差异而产生各具特色的法律及法律现象。
美国作为当今世界的领头羊和唯一的超级大国，政治、经济、军事实力超群，更集聚了世界各国的精英人才，成为了一个文化的大熔炉。
伊斯兰文化、基督教文化，甚至中国的儒家文化都在美国有所体现。
各种文化交融汇聚、取长补短，对美国的法律形成了深远影响，因此美国法律在继承西方习惯法的同时又独树一帜，有其自己的特色。
近些年，法学界的很多重大创新理论也多在美国诞生，这在很大程度上正得益于其独特的文化。
一、美国人对于法律的虔诚信仰和依赖性（一）法律信仰和嗜讼倾向在美国，人民被这样教导：在政府的各种机构制度中只有法律一项要遵守，而可以轻蔑地谈论总统、议员和将军们，并用苛刻的言语对政府机关进行批评。
一个人可能在白宫侮辱总统，而只是受到谴责，被斥为粗野的家伙，但是如果在法庭上哪怕对最低级的法官不尊敬都将被判处徒刑。
许多人，甚至一个不同意现在的法律并且企图改革它的人，都将遵守法律作为防止无政府状态的必要的屏障。
甚至有一个叫保罗·阿什里的律师出版了一本题为《“呵，答应我，但请书面写出”》的书，主张未来的婚姻伴侣们、大学院校同房间的人们以及所有其他共同生活的人们都应该准备种种契约，在契约里详细清楚地说明所有各方的责任和义务，如考虑“禁止吸烟条款”、“谁倒垃圾条款”以及“同每二种姻亲一起消磨时间的分配条款”等等。
论美国宪政下的正当法律程序_宪法论文.doc
美国联邦宪法第五和第十四条修正案规定，“非经正当法律程序，不得剥夺任何人的生命、自由和财产”，这便是著名的正当法律程序条款。
它虽然是美国宪法中最难理解的部分，[1]（209页）却又被认为是美国法律的本质所在；[2](19页)它虽然引起了前所未有的论争，对什么是正当法律程序至今未达成一致意见，①却在上诉到联邦最高法院的案件中有40%与正当法律程序有关，在联邦最高法院适用于各个案件的次数远远超过美国宪法其它条款的规定，[3](68页)而成为美国公民权利的最重要的宪法保障。
[4]（54页）正当法律程序的理论和实践已经成为美国宪政的基石。
正如美国著名法官本杰明·卡多佐所指出的，“不经正当法律过程，无人应被剥夺自由，这是一个最具普遍性的概念。
”[5]（46页）“当今世界任何一个追求文明与进步的民族，都应该有他们自己的正当程序，尽管他们也许并不使用‘正当程序’这个称谓”，[6]（149-150页）“这是当今世界的任何一种司法制度须臾不可缺的东西。
”[6]（137页）看来，正当法律程序正在超越英、美法系的传统文化藩篱，而逐渐为世界其他法律文化所认同。
壹从程序性正当法律程序到实质性正当法律程序丹宁勋爵在他的《法律的正当程序》中说：“我所说的‘正当程序’指的不是枯燥的诉讼案例，它在这里和国会第一次使用这个词时所指的意思倒极其相似。
它出现在1354年爱德华三世第二十八号法令第三章中：‘未经法律的正当程序进行答辩，对任何财产和身份的拥有者一律不得剥夺其土地或住所，不得逮捕或监禁，不得剥夺继承权和生命’。
”“我所说的正当程序也和麦迪逊（Madison）提出美国宪法修正案时所说的非常相似，它已被1791年第五条修正案所确认，即‘未经法律的正当程序，不得剥夺任何人的生命、自由和财产’。
”[7]（前言）“法律的正当程序”即本文的正当法律程序，英文表达为：dueprocessoflaw。
②在这里，丹宁勋爵的前一句话揭示了正当法律程序的渊源：1354年，真正法律意义上的正当法律程序条款第一次正式出现在爱德华三世的法律文件中。
英美概况重点美国篇第5章
英美概况重点美国篇第5章英美概况重点ppt25.Judicial BranchThe judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court, which is the only court specifically created by the Constitution. In addition, the Congress has established 11 federal courts of appeal(联邦上诉法院) and, below them, 91 federal district courts. Federal judges are appointed for life or voluntary retirement, and can only be removed from office through the process of impeachment(弹劾) and trial in the Congress.英美概况重点ppt司法部门是由最高法院,这是唯一的法院专门设立的宪法.此外,美国国会已经设立了11个联邦上诉法院(联邦上诉法院) , 并低于它们, 91联邦地区法院.联邦法官终身任职或自愿退休,并且只能被免职的过程弹劾(弹劾)和审判大会.英美概况重点ppt26.Federal courts have jurisdiction over cases arising out of the Constitution; laws and treaties of the United States; maritime cases; issues involving foreign citizens or governments; and cases in which the federal government itself is a party. Ordinarily,federal courts do not hear cases arising out of the laws of individual states. The Supreme Court today consists of a chief justice(首席大法官)and eight associate justices (大法官).英美概况重点ppt联邦法院具有管辖权的情况下所产生的宪法法律和条约的美国;海事案件;问题涉及外国公民或政府首脑以及在何种情况下,联邦政府本身就是一个党.通常情况下,联邦法院不审理案件所产生的法律的个别国家. 最高法院今天由一名首席法官(首席大法官)和8名助理法官(大法官) .英美概况重点ppt27.Political PartiesToday, the United States has two major political parties: 1)The Democratic Party /symbol: donkey(驴); 2) The Republican Party/symbol: elephant(象). It is quite unusual that a party member does not have a membership(党籍) and he is not required to pay party dues. On voter registration, one only needs to declare and register to become a member of either party.英美概况重点ppt今天,美国有两个主要政党: 1 )民主党/象征物:驴(驴) ; 2 )共和党/象征物:大象(象) . 这是相当不寻常,一个党员没有一个会员国(党籍) ,他是不是需要缴纳党费.关于选民登记, 一个只需要申报和登记成为会员之一英美概况重点ppt27.Steps for Presidential Election1) The party calls a national convention to elect a presidential candidate(the one who gets more than half of the votes wins the normination提名); 2) The presidential candidate chooses his/her running mate(竞选伙伴), the candidate for the vice presidency;英美概况重点ppt党的要求的国家公约,选出的总统候选人(一个谁得到超过半数的选票,赢得提名) ; 总统候选人选择他/她的竞选搭档(竞选伙伴)的候选人,副总统;英美概况重点ppt28.3)The presidential candidates form a campaign team to raise compaign funds, plan general election tactics and prepare campaign details; 4) The campaign starts。
美国刑事诉讼法规定英文版
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law …在一切刑事訴訟中，被告應享受下列之權利：發生罪案之州或區域之公正陪審團予以迅速之公開審判，其區域當以法律先確定之；Sheppard v. Maxwell, 384 U.S. 333 (1966), was a United States Supreme Court case that examined the rights of freedom of the press （新聞自由）as outlined in the 1st Amendment when weighed against a defendant…s right to a fair trial （受公平審判權）as required by the 6th Amendment.After suffering a trial court conviction（定罪）of second-degree murder（二級謀殺）for the bludgeoning （棍棒毆打的）death of his pregnant（懷孕的）wife, Sam Sheppard challenged the verdict（陪審團裁定）as the product of an unfair trial（不公正審判）.Sheppard, who maintained his innocence（無辜）of the crime, alleged that the trial judge failed to protect him from the massive, widespread, and prejudicial（有偏見的）publicity（公開宣揚）that attended（出席、伴隨）his prosecution（起訴）.陪審團宣告無罪Once acquitted（宣告無罪）, a defendant may not be retried（重新審判）for the same offense（同一犯罪行為）: “A verdict（陪審團裁定）of acquittal（宣告無罪）, although not followed by any judgment（法院判決）, is a bar to a subsequent prosecution for the same offense.“ Acquittal by a jury is generally final and cannot be appealed（上訴）by the prosecution（檢方）.法院自己判無罪An acquittal in a trial by judge (bench trial) is also generally not appealable by the prosecution（檢方）. A trial judge may normally enter an acquittal if he deems the evidence insufficient for conviction（不足以定罪）. If the judge makes this ruling before the jury reaches its verdict, the judge…s determination is final. If, however, the judge overrules（推翻）a conviction by the jury, the prosecution may appeal to have the conviction reinstated（恢復）證據不足撤銷定罪If a defendant appeals a conviction and is successful in having it overturned（推翻）, they are subject to retrial（接受重審）.An exception arises if the verdict is overturned on the grounds of evidentiary insufficiency（證據不足）, rather than on the grounds of procedural faults（程序錯誤）.不同罪名Another exception arises in cases of conviction for lesser offenses（較輕罪名）. If a defendant charged with murder in the first degree（一級謀殺）is convicted for murder in the second degree, and later the jury…s conviction is overturned on procedural grounds, the defendant may be retried for second degree but not firstdegree murder; the jury, by convicting the defendant of second degree murder, is deemed to have implicitly（暗示）acquitted them of first degree murder.同一犯罪De fendants may not more than once be placed in jeopardy for the “same offense”（同一犯罪行為）. Sometimes, however, the same conduct may violate different statutes. The defendant had first been convicted of operating an automobile without the owner…s consent, and l ater of stealing（偷竊）the same automobile. The Supreme Court concluded that the same evidence was necessary to prove both offenses, and that in effect there was only one offense. Therefore, it overturned the second conviction.審判無效mistrialMistrials（審判無效）are generally not covered by the double jeopardy clause. If a judge dismisses the case or concludes the trial without deciding the facts in the defendant's favor (for example, by dismissing the case on procedural grounds), the case is a mistrial and may normally be retried.Furthermore, if a jury cannot reach a verdict（陪審團無法達成裁定）, the judge may declare a mistrial and order a retrial. When the defendant moves for（提議）a mistrial, there is no bar to retrial, even if the prosecutor or judge caused the error that forms the basis of the motion.雙重主權The clause, it has been held, does not prevent separate trials by different governments, and the state and federal governments are considered “separate sovereigns”（不同主權）. Therefore, one may be prosecuted for a crime in a state court, and prosecuted for the same crime in another state, a foreign country, or (most commonly) in a federal court.球隊隊員強暴啦啦隊員In March 2006 Crystal Gail Mangum, an African American student at North Carolina Central University who worked as a stripper（脫衣舞女）,dancer and escort（儀隊）, falsely accused three white Duke University students, members of the Duke Blue Devils men…s lacrosse（曲棍球）team, of raping her at a party held at the house of two team's captains in Durham, North Carolina on March 13, 2006.DNA檢測Shortly after the party, the prosecution ordered 46 of the 47 team members to provide DNA samples.On Monday, April 10, 2006, it was revealed that DNA testing had failed to connect any of the 46 tested members of the Duke University men's lacrosse team.照片指認問題During the photo identifications（照片指認）, Mangum was told that she would be viewing Duke University lacrosse players who attended the party, and was asked if she remembered seeing them at the party and in what capacity.this was essentially a “multiple-choice test（複選題）in which there were no wrong answers",… "[t]he officer was telling the witness that all are suspects, and say, in effect, 'Pick three.'U.S. Department of Justice guidelines suggest to include at least five non-suspectfiller photos for each suspect included撤回起訴On April 11, 2007, North Carolina Attorney General Roy Cooper dropped（撤回）all charges and declared the three players innocent（無辜）. Cooper stated that the charged players –Reade Seligmann, Collin Finnerty, and David Evans –were victims of a “tragic rush to accuse.”（急於指控之悲劇）檢察官被除名That June, Nifong was disbarred for “dishonesty（不誠實）, fraud（詐欺）, deceit （欺騙）and misrepresentation（不實陳述）”, making Nifong the first prosecutor in North Carolina history to lose his law license（證照）based on actions in a case. Nifong was found guilty of criminal contempt（藐視）and served one day in jail. Mangum never faced any charges for her false accusations as Cooper declined to prosecute her.法律倫理“Legal ethics” （法律倫理）in the United States is generally understood to primarily apply to lawyers, while codes of professional responsibility（專門職業人員責任）also apply in a derivative sense (indirectly) to non-lawyers who work with lawyers, such as paralegals（律師助理、法務）or private investigators（私人調查員）.美國律師公會職業行為規則The American Bar Association （美國律師公會）has promulgated（公布）the Model Rules of Professional Conduct （職業行為模範規則）which, while formally only a recommendation by a private body, have been influential in many jurisdictions.各州州法自行規定律師執業守則In the United States, the practice of law is regulated by the governments of the individual states and territories（領域）.Each state or territory has a code of professional conduct dictating rules of ethics. These may be adopted by the respective state legislatures and/or judicial systems.各州懲戒權Every town in the United States has a regulatory（管制性）body (usually called a state bar association) that polices（維持）lawyer conduct. When lawyers are licensed （被許可）to practice(職業) in a state, those lawyers subject themselves to this authority. Overall responsibility often lies with the highest court in a state (such as state supreme court).懲戒Lawyers who fail to comply with（遵守）local rules of ethics may be subjected to discipline（懲戒）ranging from private (non-public) reprimand（訓斥）to disbarment （取消資格）.。
美国法案成为法律的流程图简单英文版
美国法案成为法律的流程图简单英文版Title: The Process of a Bill Becoming Law in the United StatesIntroduction:The process of a bill becoming law in the United States is a complex and multi-step process that involves several stages and levels of approval. This document will outline the journey a bill takes from its initial introduction to its final signing into law by the President.1. Introduction of the Bill:The first step in the process is the introduction of a bill in either the House of Representatives or the Senate. A bill can be introduced by a member of Congress, a committee, or the President. The bill is assigned a number and referred to the appropriate committee for further review and consideration.2. Committee Action:Once the bill is referred to a committee, it undergoes a series of hearings, debates, and amendments. The committee can either approve the bill, recommend changes, or reject it altogether. If approved, the bill is sent to the full chamber for consideration.3. Floor Action:The bill is debated on the floor of the chamber where it was introduced (House or Senate). Members have the opportunity to discuss the bill, propose amendments, and make final changes before voting on its passage. If the bill passes in one chamber, it is sent to the other chamber for consideration.4. Conference Committee:If the two chambers pass different versions of the bill, a conference committee is appointed to reconcile the differences. The committee members negotiate a compromise version of the bill that both chambers can agree on. Once the final version is approved by both chambers, it is sent to the President for signature.5. Presidential Action:The final step in the process is Presidential action. The President can either sign the bill into law, veto it, or take no action (pocket veto). If the President signs the bill, it becomes law. If the President vetoes the bill, it is sent back to Congress where it can be overridden by a two-thirds majority vote in both chambers.Conclusion:The process of a bill becoming law in the United States is a careful and deliberate process that involves multiple stages of review and approval. The system of checks and balances ensures that a bill is thoroughly considered before becoming law. Understanding this process is essential for anyone interested in how laws are made in the United States.。
美国宪法中英文对照..
美国宪法中英文对照..第一篇：美国宪法中英文对照..Constitution of the United States美国宪法中英文版导言We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.序言我们美利坚合众国的人民，为了组织一个更完善的联邦，树立正义，保障国内的安宁，建立共同的国防，增进全民福利和确保我们自己及我们后代能安享自由带来的幸福，乃为美利坚合众国制定和确立这一部宪法。
Section 1House of Representatives, how and by whom chosen Qualifications of a Representative.Representatives and direct taxes, how apportioned.Enumeration.Vacancies to be filled.Power of choosing officers, and of impeachment.1.The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the elector in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature.众议院应由各州人民每两年选举一次之议员组成，各州选举人应具有该州州议会中人数最多之一院的选举人所需之资格。
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了说明已存在证据而使用，如模型等）
• lineup • handwriting
sample • blood
sample • ...
The Right Against Self-Incrimination
• Privilege of the accused: • Privilege of the witness:
not to testify at trial
• Elimination of the privilege
Immunity-bars the G from using yourT or anything derived to convict you 证言至关重要/政府案件
Jurors—determine—not charged (no indictment) or charged-arrested
The U.S. Attorney tells a federal grand jury 大陪审团about the evidence and try to convince the grand jury that the person probably
committed the crime and should be formally accused of it.
an information控告书 :charge filed by a prosecutor
an indictment起诉书: handed down by a grand jury
2020/5/18
The Right Against Self-Incrimination
• The Fifth Amendment of the Constitution: 免于自证其罪的权利
• No person... shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.
2020/5/18
“The United States Attorney is the representative..and whose interest, therefore, in a criminal prosecution is not that it shall win a case, but that justice shall be done,...the twofold aim of which is that guilt shall not escape or innocence suffer.”
charges
5th Amendment
to the constitution
•No person shall be held认定 to answer for受...审理 a capital, or otherwise infamous crime,unleNss on a presentment
报告or indictment起诉书 of a Grand
ATF,
USSS,
DHS/ HIS
• ATF:烟酒枪支爆炸物管理 局, 隶属于司法部
• USSS:美国特勤处,隶属于 国土安全部（反恐、保护 总统SA:特工）
• DHS/HIS：Homeland Security Investigation
➢ a search warrant ➢ an arrest warrant
还代表着该局坚持贯彻的信 条——忠诚（Fidelity）、勇敢 （Bravery）和正直（Integrity)， 象征联邦警察。
I. Investigation
A. Criminal investigators
a. some agencies that employ criminal investigators:
George was not at his home and appeared in the crime scene. George hated Fred. ...
Ⅱ. Charging
A. Grand Jury
• a constitutional requirement for
potential
Jury, ...
Grand Jury vs. Trial Jury
grand jury
•in
cases
•determines whether there is
probable cause合理根据 to
charge a person with a crime;
•
questions of
guilt or innocent.
and try to convince the grand jury that the person probably
committed the crime and ...
Probable Cause
宪法修正案第四条：保护人身、住 房、文件和财物不受无理搜查扣押
的权利不得侵犯；除非有合理的 根据认为有罪，以宣誓或郑重声
C. Circumstantial Evidence evidence that tends to prove something related to a
fact, which can be inferred from the circumstances.
George is accused of shooting Fred with a handgun. CE: George had a handgun.
I. Investigation
police investigate the crime: collect evidence
B. Direct Evidence
evidence that supports a fact without an inference
e.g.: testimony of an eyewitness
---the United States Supreme Court
The U.S. Attorney tells a federal grand jury 大陪审团about the
evidence and try to convince the grand jury that.. 16-23 jurors
X. Sentencing
I. Investigation
A. Criminal investigators
a.
some agencies that employ criminal investigators:
美国禁毒署: 隶属于美国司法部 Drug: 违禁药品和毒品
• 美国联邦调查局，是世界著名 的美国最重要的情报机构之一， 隶属于美国司法部，“FBI”不 仅是美国联邦调查局的缩写，
•16-23 jurors;
•Indictments for
重罪
rather than mismisdemeanors轻罪
(federal G for felony/states not
necessarily required)
•proceedings only attended by
specific persons(witness no
B. the Government represented by vs. the defendant represented by
C. Venue--- the location where
the trial is held
2020/5/18
The U.S. Attorney （federal prosecutor)
trial jury
a jury petit
•listens to the evidence presented at the trial and determines whether the defendant is guilty of the charge. •12 jurors in criminal cases and 6-12 in civil cases.
• The witness must swear to tell the truth. • The witness “speaks” to the jury through questions asked of
him or her • Refuse to answer questions “I plead the Fifth”
into an area where a
person
has
a
reasonable
and
justifiable expectation
of privacy.
A seizure （扣押）
• can be defined as the exercise of control by the government over a person or thing.
attorney)
•at least 12 jurors concur-issue an
Grand Jury vs. Trial Jury videoclip4.1
grand jury
•determines whether the person should be released or held for further proceedings; • 16-23 jurors; •Indictments for felonies 重罪 rather than misdemeanors.轻 罪
•Indictments for felonies 重罪 rather than misdemeanors轻罪