翻译基础(英语课件)
《英语翻译》PPT课件
• 翻译是异语交际活动，通过语言转换达到交际 目的。（张泽乾）
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The Definition of Translation
• Semantic views on translation:
• Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that author intended the text. (Newmark)
• 翻译是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用另一种 语言文字表达出来的文化活动。 (王克非)
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The Criteria for Translation
• General laws of translation (Tytler) • 1. The translation should give a complete
A branch of science
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The Nature of Translation
• What is the nature of translation?
傅雷
An art
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The Nature of Translation 孙迎春
skill/craft/instrument
-- Eugene Nida
所谓翻译，是指从语义到风格在译语中用最 切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。
--尤金.奈达
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The Definition of Translation
• Communicative views on translation:
• The translator attempts to produce the same effect on the target language readers as was produced on the original source language readers. (Newmark)
英语翻译常识介绍PPT课件
2）词序上的差异
英语句中单词修饰语一般放在中心词前面，短语 和从句一般放在中心词后面，汉语定语无论单词 还是词组一般放在中心词前面；英语的谓词状语 一般可出现在动词前后，汉语的谓词状语常在动 词之前；英语中叙述和说明事物时，习惯于从小 到大，从特殊到一般，从个体到整体，从近到远。 汉语的顺序一般则是从大到小，从一般到特殊， 从整体到个体，从远到近，两者顺序完全相反。
2）静态与动态
英语是屈折语(inflectional language)，汉语 是非屈折语(non inflectional language)，相 对而言，英语语言形态丰富。动词形态变化繁 复，这就使英语动词的使用受形态的牵制，而 名词就没有这个问题，因此名词在英语中占优 势，名词的优势导致了介词的伴随优势。汉语 词类没有形态变化问题。而动词与名词比较， 动词的动态感强，名词则较为凝滞，所以在汉 语中动词极为活跃。
英语中的连词和介词的使用频率比汉语中更
高；英汉语言都有许多相同的构词手段，但
重叠法汉语常用，如千千万万、家家户户、
干干净净等，英语罕用；英语的典型特征是
词缀丰富，汉语的典型特征是形态变化少；
英语多代词，汉语多实称；英语多变化，力
戒重复，常常用替代、省略和变换的表达方
法避免重复。汉语用词不怕重复，常常运用 实称、还原、复说的表达方法。如：He hated failure，he had conquered it all his life，risen above it , despised it in others. 他讨厌失败，他一生曾战胜失败， 超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。
Here at home in England, under the fire of the Germany, we do not forget the ties and links unite us to France, and we are persevering steadfastly and in good heart in the cause of European freedom and fair dealing for the common people of all countries, for which, with you, we drew the sword.
英语翻译基础
1 Just as Dr. Strenger notices that over the recent years people around the world have been suffering from an increasing fear of their own “insignificance”. As humans we naturally measure ourselves to those around us, but now we live in a global village and we are comparing ourselves with the most significant people in the world and finding ourselves wanting. In the past being a lawyer or doctor was a very reputable profession. But today, even high achievers constantly fear that they are insignificant when they compare themselves to success stories in the media.The fear for insignificance can only be overcome through strong individual and cultural identity over and above measurable achievement. He believes that people need to invest as much time in developing their worldview as their careers.2 The Dutch manager was shocked because he thought he hadn’t told the team to build it in a certain way, he simply had asked if it could be done! It is just suggestion rather than command. He didn’t think his idea will be performed. It spent a lot of material, resources and cost overruns.The misunderstandings took place because cultural barriers got in the way. To take full advantage of the opportunities that the global environment offered, both the Dutch and the Indian teams needed to have a better understanding of the culturally based expectations of each group. In addition, timely communication is also necessary.3 Advances in information technology are bringing about changes in contemporary 当代society that pose new situations requiring intercultural communication expertise. Modern technology has been integrated into all aspects of people life. Media technology plays an important role in modern society whether it is political, economical or cultural.Media technology is being used to improve cohesion among previously disparate groups and individuals.Technology has enabled ordinary individuals to cheaply and quickly organize themselves around a common interest or idea. Everything has two sides. Modern technology brings us benefits while also brings disadvantage. If we don’t face-to-face to communicate, misunderstanding and information transmission errors will come.全球化本质上是国际层面上的融合。
英汉翻译基础知识
3. The Pananmanian leader publicly insinuated that he possessed compromising information about Mr.Bush that was liable to harm his bid for the White House.
8. 生产多了，价格就稳定，甚至下降一点。 （这两组例句可供学生尝试翻译并与原文进行对比， 从而加深对英汉两种语言各自特征的认识。）
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总结说明
对这两组例句进行对比，可以得出如下结论：
1 ．英语句子大多开门见山，搭起主谓空间结构（SV） ，形成句子主干（如句中划线部分所示），可参照下 页英语句子的树式结构；汉语则不一定是主谓结构， 如例（6）就属于“话题---说明”框架
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汉英语言文化对比
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1. 谱系(family)：汉语属于汉藏语系，英语属于印欧语 系
2. 类型(type)：汉语是分析型（analytic）语言，其典型 特征是没有屈折变化(inflection)，即汉语的词没有词 性和词形的变化；英语是分析型和综合型(synthetic) 语言，有丰富的屈折变化形式。
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再看一组汉语句子：
5．老关忙即跳下车去，摸摸腰间的勃郎宁，又向四下里 瞥了一眼，就过去开了车门，站在门旁边。
英汉互译课件ppt
在广告文案的翻译中，可以采用归化、异化、重构等多种技巧。同时，要注意语言的音 韵和节奏，以及文化元素的巧妙运用，以达到最佳的传播效果。
文学作品翻译
文学作品翻译
文学作品的翻译要求忠实于原文，同时要保持语言的 优美和流畅。在翻译过程中，要注意原著的时代背景 、作者风格和文化内涵，尽可能地还原原著的艺术价 值。
段落翻译与篇章翻译
总结词
段落和篇章的翻译需要注的英汉互译时，需要注意整体性和连贯性 ，确保译文在整体上符合原文的逻辑和意义。同时，还需要 注意段落和篇章中的主题句、关键词和语篇衔接手段的翻译 ，以确保译文的准确性和流畅性。
Part
04
翻译难点解析
长句翻译
翻译的标准与原则
翻译的标准
忠实、准确、流畅、优美。忠实是指译文要忠实于原 文，准确传达原文的意义和风格；准确是指译文要用 词恰当，语法规范；流畅是指译文要通顺易懂，符合 目标语言的表达习惯；优美则是指译文要具有艺术性 ，能够传达原文的美感。
翻译的原则
直译与意译相结合、归化与异化相结合、语义对等与 风格对等相结合。直译与意译相结合是指既要保留原 文的结构和表达方式，又要传达原文的深层含义；归 化与异化相结合是指既要让译文符合目标语言的表达 习惯，又要保留原文的文化特色；语义对等与风格对 等相结合是指既要保证译文在语义上与原文对等，又 要尽可能地保留原文的风格和修辞手法。
；长句处理是指将长句拆分成短句或合成长句，以使译文更加通顺易懂。
Part
02
英汉语言对比
词汇对比
总结词
英汉词汇在含义、词性、词义等方面存在差异。
详细描述
英语单词往往具有明确的词义和词性，而汉语词汇则更加灵活，一词多义现象 较为普遍。此外，英汉词汇在构词法上也存在差异，例如英语中常用前缀、后 缀等构词手法，而汉语则更多采用复合词的形式。
汉英翻译课件之_句子翻译之主语确定
改错： 楼的质量不好。 The qualityof the building is poor. 为了维持生计，有沉重和繁琐的家务要干。不少家庭主妇被家 务活累坏了身体。 In order to make a living, there is a lot of heavy housework. As a result, many housewives break down. 人们认为他翻译的这首诗不忠于原文。 He was not regarded faithful in his translation of this poem. The building is not well built. In order to make a living, many housewives have to do a lot of heavy housework so that they finally break down. His translation of this poem was regarded unfaithful.
世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。 ---At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities. ---The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena. 胎又瘪了。 --the tire turns flat again. ---we have got another flat tire.
句子翻译
之 主语确定
1、他决心洗心革面，脱胎换骨，重新做人。 He determined to start a new life (change to be a new man). He was determined to turn over a new leaf.（ 省重复）
英汉翻译课件(第五章)
• (3)When some nouns derived from verbs by adding such suffixes as –er or-or do not really indicate identity or some certain profession but imply much more than the meaning of a verb ， we are supposed to transform such nouns into verbs to make our translation be in better keeping with the expression habits of the Chinese Language. • (英语中有些加后缀 -er/-or的名词，有时并不表示职 业和身份，而是含有较强的动作意味，在汉语中没有 恰当的对应名词，往往可以译成汉语的动词), e.g. • teacher, forgiver, briefer( 摘 要 ； 案 件 陈 述 ), advocator.
• 4) prepositions like across, past, against, toward are often transformed into Chinese verbs • (译成汉语时可以与汉语动词转换)，e.g. • ①They will surely rise against their oppressors. • 他们一定会起来反抗压迫他们的人。 • ②To do this was quite beyond my power. • 办这件事完全超过了我的权力。 • ③“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch. • “来啦！ ”她转身蹦着跳着的跑了，越过草地，跑上小径， 跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。
新英汉翻译教程-----Chapter-10-长句翻译PPT课件
10. 1. 2 逆译法 (Translation in Reverse Order)
•
逆着或基本逆着原文的词序或句序进行翻译，词序
与思维方式和表达习惯有关。在翻译较长的英语句子时，
将分句或一些从属成分倒置译是常见的翻译方法。
•
汉语时空观上大体遵循逆序法，即由大至小，由远
及近，由重而轻；而英语的时空观大体遵循顺序法在表达
• 2. As for the unfortunate people who can command everything they want, who can gratify every caprice and lay their hands on almost every object of desire—for them a new pleasure, a new excitement is only an additional satiation.
4
例1：The successful testing of atomic and hydrogen
bombs and guided missile and the launching and accurate recovery of man-made earth satellites are important indications of our new level in science and technology.
terms in the field of mathematics, in order that he may
be able to build up the foundation of the mathematical
subject and master it well for pursuing advanced study.
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翻译课概论（导引）单词基础建设basic constructioninfrastructure淡季light seasonsslack seasons淡茶weak tea 淡水”fresh water第一产业the primary industry第二产业the secondary industry第三产业the third industrythe tertiary industry /the service industry裤子trouserspants/slacks/jeans面条noodlespasta黄头发yellow hairblond/blonde厕所WC /toiletmen's room/women's room/restroom/powder room1) 一架从昆明起飞的小飞机,载着我们,飞越群山,把我们送到了景洪.1a) A small plane took off from Kunming, carried us, flew over the mountains, and sent us to Jinghong. Improved:1b) A small plane from Kunming flew over the mountains and sent us to Jinghong.2) Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves and by dim lamps.党的干部住寒冷的窑洞，吃简陋的饮食，靠微弱的灯光，长时间地工作着。
词组3) 风和日丽之时，佘山、金山、崇明岛隐隐可见。
原译：On a day of gentle breeze and bright sun, the Tower dominates an indistinct view of …改译：On a fine day, you can even see …in the distance, though not very clearly.4) In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of various colors and sizes.门口堆着至少十二把各种颜色和尺寸的伞．Ref. 门口堆着一堆伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一．句子永远记住你 remember you foreveralways remember you真遗憾it‘s a pitythat's too bad/it's a shame小心台阶pay attention to the stepsmind the steps我感到很痛I am painful.I feel great pain亚洲四小龙 the Four Little Dragons of Asiathe Four Little Tigers of Asia 百里挑一one in a hundredone in a thousand干杯！（要一饮而尽。
）Cheers! Bottom up.Cheers! Bottoms up.5) 我老公他看你下岗了，舍不得花钱，就自己跑到电影院买了两张票，今天晚上请我们两个人去看电影。
(《老房有喜》）My husband has bought two film tickets for us tonight, because you’re laid off and have to cut your expenses.(6) John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays thegame.约翰为人可靠,他既忠诚又办事公道.(7) Wall Street is a dog-eat-dog place.华尔街是个残酷的地方.教学目的与要求教学目的：阐释翻译的性质与特点、介绍翻译的基本理论、概括翻译的常用技巧、揭示英汉语言、文化、思维的差异、提高英语理解和汉语表达水平，加强文字素养、培养跨文化交流的能力。
教学要求：能灵活地运用所学翻译理论与常用技巧，发挥主观能动性，做到忠实、通顺地翻译中等难度的文学作品节录，以及英美报刊杂志有关政治、经济、历史、文化等时文；提高逻辑思维、形象思维、经验思维等认知能力，通过翻译表现出较高的综合素养。
1. What is translation?(翻译的定义)The Oxford English Dictionary: to turn from one language into another(从一种语言转换成另一种语言);Webster’s third New International Dictionary of the English Language: to turn into one’s own or another language(转换成本族语或另一种语言)。
翻译是一种“语言转换”活动。
翻译是将一种文字之真义全部移至另一种文字而绝不失其风格的神韵。
（吴献书，1949）1翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。
（张培基，1980）翻译的实质是语际的意义转换。
（刘宓庆，1990）翻译的定义应该是：“将一种语言传达的信息用另一种语言传达出来。
”（蔡毅，1995）翻译是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用另一种语言文字表达出来的文化活动。
（王克非，1997）翻译是语际之间的信息传递和语族之间的文化交流。
（萧立明，2001）翻译是将一种文字之真义全部移至另一种文字而绝不失其风格的神韵。
（吴献书，1949）翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。
（张培基，1980）翻译的实质是语际的意义转换。
（刘宓庆，1990）翻译的定义应该是：“将一种语言传达的信息用另一种语言传达出来。
”（蔡毅，1995）翻译是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用另一种语言文字表达出来的文化活动。
（王克非，1997）翻译是语际之间的信息传递和语族之间的文化交流。
（萧立明，2001）The definition is:Translation is a rendering from one language into another, i.e., the faithful representation in one language of what is written or said in another language.To be more exact, in Nida’s & Tytler’s words美国翻译理论家Eugene A. Nida：Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.（所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先在语义上，其次在文体上。
)A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.好的翻译应该是把原作的长处完全地移注到另一种语言，以使译人语所属国家的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受，如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受的一样。
(泰特勒，1790)Alexander Fraser Tytler:综合各家之长:翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。
Translation is an activity of reproducing in one language the ideas which have been expressed in another language.Translation is an activity of reproducing in one language the ideas which have been expressed in another language.2. Scope of Translationin terms of languages:in terms of the mode:in terms of materials to be translated:in terms of disposal: (full-text translation, abridged translation, adapted translation)1.按语言分类：语内翻译（intralingual translation）语际翻译（interlingual translation）2. 按活动形式分类：笔译（translation）口译（oral interpretation）：连续传译（consecutive translation）和同声传译（simultaneous translation）3. 按翻译材料的文体分类：应用文体翻译科技文体翻译论述文体翻译新闻文体翻译艺术文体翻译4. 按处理方式分类：全译节译摘译编译译述按语言分类：语内翻译（intralingual translation）语际翻译（interlingual translation）按活动形式分类：笔译（translation）口译（oral interpretation）：连续传译（consecutive translation）和同声传译（simultaneous translation）按翻译材料的文体分类：按处理方式分类：应用文体翻译全译节译摘译编译译述科技文体翻译论述文体翻译新闻文体翻译艺术文体翻译3. Criteria in China2A. We know Xuanzang once said about translation 既需求真，又需喻俗，which means both faithful to the original and easy to understand.B. Yan Fu’s (严复) “three character guide”, which was first proposed in 1898 in the Preface of his translation of the book Natural Selection(《天演论》), is the principle of “faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance”(信、达、雅).C. Some revisions such as faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness (信、达、切); faithfulness, expressiveness and fitness (信、达、贴),一、译事三难：信、达、雅。