暖通外文文献翻译详解
暖通专业外文翻译
用冰箱冷冻食物时物主遇到的另一个问题是需要大量时间把食物冻成固体状。
这就是在包装设备中装置瞬间冷冻器的目的。
这种瞬间冷冻器让非常冷的空气迅速冷冻食品，可能会省略食品的冷冻时间，如图45-1。
这在家用冰箱中是不可能达到的。
一些有强制排风蒸发器的冰柜可能会有一个速冻架在风扇排放出，最冷的空气就在这里面，如图45-2。
空气的流速和温度将会大大地促进冷冻过程。
这并不能和商业性的瞬间冷冻器相比较。
速冻机在家用冰箱中会被用作保存一小部分的食物，这个系统的容积很小。
许多人可能会购买半只或四分之一只被屠宰好且包装好的牛排曾试图把它整个放入冰箱冷藏起来，这就会出现问题。
食物冷冻的很慢，将会在食物的细胞中产生冰的晶体，如图45-3，这可能会刺破食物中的细胞。
你可能会注意到商店中的冷冻肉排和家中的冷冻肉排味道不一样，这种不同是从冷冻肉排开始的。
当你解冻肉排时可能会注意到血水的痕迹，这正是细胞破裂造成的，如图45-4。
你在开车把肉排带回家的途中，肉排的温度可能会达到70℉或者更高，然后在冷冻前把它放在温度低于32℉的冰箱中。
最好的冷冻方法是用把食物放在冰箱中最冷的地方若干小时的办法，让它的温度尽可能低于32℉，然后再把它放在冰箱中冷藏的位置。
这个地方可能是在速冻格里，或是在冷凝盘上，如图45-5。
45-2冰柜和冰箱现实中，冰箱通常是由金属薄板外壁和金属或塑料材质内壁构成。
有时候冰箱外壁可能会被涂上流行的图案，更匹配厨房用具的格调。
冰箱可能是立式的（冰箱）或是卧式的（冰柜），如图45-6。
立式的冰箱，冰箱门为了方便可能是左右开启的。
卧式的冰箱，冰柜门是一个可以拉起的盖子，如图45-7。
冰箱的储藏空间小，常被用在家庭厨房小的地方。
他可能不像冰柜一样效率高，因为冰箱门随时打开，开门时冷空气从冰箱底部流走，如图45-8。
这并不能让食物温度改变太多，刚好使空气温度变冷。
湿气随空气进入并聚集在盘管上。
开冰箱门时应尽量开的最小。
当冰柜门打开时，冷空气就呆在里面，如图45-9。
建筑环境与设备工程(暖通)毕业设计外文翻译
南京工程学院Nanjing Institute Of Technology毕业设计英文资料翻译The Translation Of The English Material Of Graduation Design学生姓名：学号： 000000000Name: Number: 000000000班级：K暖通091Class: K-Nuantong 091所在学院：康尼学院College:Kangni College专业：建筑环境与设备工程Profession: Building Environment and Equipment Engineering指导教师：Tutor:2013年02月25日英文：Thermal comfort in the future - Excellence andexpectationP. Ole Fanger and Jørn ToftumInternational Centre for Indoor Environment andEnergy Technical University of DenmarkAbstractThis paper predicts some trends foreseen in the new century as regards the indoor environment and thermal comfort. One trend discussed is the search for excellence, upgrading present standards that aim merely at an “acceptable” condition with a substantial number of dissatisfied. An important element in this connection is individual thermal control. A second trend is to acknowledge that elevated air temperature and humidity have a strong negative impact on perceived air quality and ventilation requirements. Future thermal comfort and IAQ standards should include these relationships as a basis for design. The PMV model has been validated in the field in buildings with HVAC systems that were situated in cold, temperate and warm climates and were studied during both summer and winter. In non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates occupants may sense the warmth as being less severe than the PMV predicts, due to low expectations. An extension of the PMV model that includes an expectancy factor is proposed for use in non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates. The extended PMV model agrees well with field studies in non-air-conditioned buildings of three continents.Keywords: PMV, Thermal sensation, Individual control, Air quality, AdaptationA Search for ExcellencePresent thermal comfort standards (CEN ISO 7730, ASHRAE 55) acknowledge that there are considerable individual differences between people’s thermal sensation and their discomfort caused by local effects, i.e. by air movement. In a collective indoor climate, the standards prescribe a compromise that allows for a significant number of people feeling too warm or too cool. They also allow for air velocities that will be felt as a draught by a substantial percentage of the occupants.In the future this will in many cases be considered as insufficient. There will be a demand for systems that allow all persons in a space to feel comfortable. The obvious way to achieve this is to move from the collective climate to the individually controlled local climate. In offices, individual thermal control of each workplace will be common. The system should allow for individual control of the general thermal sensation without causing any draught or other local discomfort.A search for excellence involves providing all persons in a space with the means to feel thermally comfortable without compromise. Thermal Comfort and IAQ Present standards treat thermal comfort and indoor air quality separately, indicating that they are independent of each other. Recent research documents that this is not true . The air temperature and humidity combined in the enthalpy have a strong impact on perceived air quality, and perceived air quality determines the required ventilation in ventilation standards. Research has shown that dry and cool air is perceived as being fresh and pleasant while the same composition of air at an elevated temperature and humidity is perceived as stale and stuffy. During inhalation it is the convective and evaporative cooling of the mucous membrane in the nose that is essential for the fresh and pleasant sensation. Warm and humid air is perceived as being stale and stuffy due to the lack of nasal cooling. This may be interpreted as a local warm discomfort in the nasal cavity. The PMV model is the basis for existing thermal comfort standards. It is quite flexible and allows for the determination of a wide range of air temperatures and humidities that result in thermal neutrality for the body as a whole. But the inhaled air would be perceived as being very different within this wide range of air temperatures and humidities. An example: light clothing and an elevated air velocity or cooled ceiling, an air temperature of 28ºC and a relative humidity of 60% may givePMV=0, but the air quality would be perceived as stale and stuffy. A simultaneous request for high perceived air quality would require an air temperature of 20-22ºC and a modest air humidity. Moderate air temperature and humidity decrease also SBS symptoms and the ventilation requirement, thus saving energy during the heating season. And even with air-conditioning it may be beneficial and save energy during the cooling season. PMV model and the adaptive modelThe PMV model is based on extensive American and European experiments involving over a thousand subjects exposed to well-controlled environments. The studies showed that the thermal sensation is closely related to the thermal load on the effector mechanisms of the human thermoregulatory system. The PMV model predicts the thermal sensation as a function of activity, clothing and the four classical thermal environmental parameters. The advantage of this is that it is a flexible tool that includes all the major variables influencing thermal sensation. It quantifies the absolute and relative impact of these six factors and can therefore be used in indoor environments with widely differing HVAC systems as well as for different activities and different clothing habits. The PMV model has been validated in climate chamber studies in Asia as well as in the field, most recently in ASHRAE’s worldwide research in buildings with HVAC systems that were situated in cold, temperate and warm climates and were studied during both summer and winter. The PMV is developed for steady-state conditions but it has been shown to apply with good approximation at the relatively slow fluctuations of the environmental parameters typically occurring indoors. Immediately after an upward step-wise change of temperature, the PMV model predicts well the thermal sensation, while it takes around 20 min at temperature down-steps .Field studies in warm climates in buildings without air-conditioning have shown, however, that the PMV model predicts a warmer thermal sensation than the occupants actually feel. For such non-air-conditioned buildings an adaptive model has been proposed. This model is a regression equation that relates the neutral temperature indoors to the monthly average temperature outdoors. The only variable is thus the average outdoor temperature, which at its highest may have an indirect impact on the human heat balance. An obvious weakness of the adaptive model is that it does not include human clothing or activity or the four classical thermal parameters that have a well-known impact on the human heat balance and therefore on the thermal sensation. Although the adaptive model predicts the thermal sensation quite well for non-air-conditioned buildings of the 1900’s located in warm parts of the world, the question remains as to how well it would suit buildings of new types in the future where the occupants have a different clothing behaviour and a different activity pattern.Why then does the PMV model seem to overestimate the sensation of warmth in non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates? There is general agreement that physiological acclimatization does not play a role. One suggested explanation is that openable windows in naturally ventilated buildings should provide a higher level of personal control than in air-conditioned buildings. We do not believe that this is true in warm climates. Although an openable window sometimes may provide some control of air temperature and air movement, this applies only to the persons who work close to a window. What happens to persons in the office who work far away from the window? We believe that in warm climates air-conditioning with proper thermostatic control in each space provides a better perceived control than openable windows. Another factor suggested as an explanation to the difference is theexpectations of the occupants. We think this is the right factor to explain why the PMV overestimates the thermalsensation of occupants in non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates. These occupants are typically people who have been living in warm environments indoors and outdoors, maybe even through generations. They may believe that it is their “destiny” to live in environments where they feel warmer than neutral. This may be expressed by an expectancy factor, e. The factor e may vary between 1 and 0.5. It is 1 for air-conditioned buildings. For non-air-conditioned buildings, the expectancy factor is assumed to depend on the duration of the warm weather over the year and whether such buildings can be compared with many others in the region that are air-conditioned. If the weather is warm all year or most of the year and there are no or few other air-conditionedbuildings, e may be 0.5, while it may be 0.7 if there are many other buildings with air-conditioning. For non-air-conditioned buildings in regions where the weather is warm only during the summer and no or few buildings have air-conditioning, the expectancy factor may be 0.7 to 0.8, while it may be 0.8 to 0.9 where there are many air-conditioned buildings. In regions with only brief periods of warm weather during the summer, the expectancy factor may be 0.9 to 1. Table 1 proposes a first rough estimation of ranges for the expectancy factor corresponding to high, moderate and low degrees of expectation.Table 1. Expectancy factors for non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates.A second factor that contributes to the difference between the PMV and actual thermal sensation in non-air-conditioned buildings is the estimated activity. In many field studies in offices, the metabolic rate is estimated on the basis of a questionnaire identifying the percentage of time the person was sedentary, standing, or walking. This mechanistic approach does not acknowledge the fact that people, when feeling warm, unconsciously tend to slow down their activity. They adapt to the warm environment by decreasing their metabolic rate. The lower pace in warm environments should be acknowledged by inserting a reduced metabolic rate when calculating the PMV.To examine these hypotheses further, data were downloaded from the database of thermal comfort field experiments. Only quality class II data obtained in non-air-conditioned buildings during the summer period in warm climates were used in the analysis. Data from four cities (Bangkok, Brisbane, Athens, and Singapore) were included, representing a total of more than 3200 sets of observations . The data from these four cities with warm climates were also used for the development of the adaptive model.For each set of observations, recorded metabolic rates were reduced by 6.7% for every scale unit of PMV above neutral, i.e. a PMV of 1.5 corresponded to a reduction in the metabolic rate of 10%. Next, the PMV was recalculated with reduced metabolic rates using ASHRAE’s thermal comfort tool . The resulting PMV values were then adjusted for expectation by multiplication with expectancy factors estimated to be 0.9 for Brisbane, 0.7 for Athens and Singapore and 0.6 for Bangkok. As an average for each building included in the field studies, Figure 1 and Table 2 compare the observed thermal sensation with predictions using the new extended PMV model for warm climates.Comparison of observed mean thermal sensation with predictions made using the new extension of the PMV model for non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates. The lines are based on linear regression analysis weighted according to the number of responses obtained in each building.Table 2. Non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates.Comparison of observed thermal sensation votes and predictions made using the new extension of the PMV model.The new extension of the PMV model for non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates predicts the actual votes well. The extension combines the best of the PMV and the adaptive model. It acknowledges the importance of expectations already accounted for by the adaptive model, while maintaining the PMV model’s classical thermal parameters that have direct impact on the human heat balance. It should also be noted that the new PMV extension predicts a higher upper temperature limit when the expectancy factor is low. People with low expectations are ready to accept a warmer indoor environment. This agrees well with the observations behind the adaptive model.Further analysis would be useful to refine the extension of the PMV model, and additional studies in non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates in different parts of the world would be useful to further clarify expectation and acceptability among occupants. It would also be useful to study the impact of warm office environments on work pace and metabolic rate.ConclusionsThe PMV model has been validated in the field in buildings with HVAC systems, situated in cold, temperate and warm climates and studied during both summer and winter. In non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates, occupants may perceive the warmth as being less severe than the PMV predicts, due to low expectations. An extension of the PMV model that includes an expectancy factor is proposed for use in non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates.The extended PMV model agrees well with field studies in non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates of three continents.Thermal comfort and air quality in a building should be considered simultaneously. A high perceived air quality requires moderate air temperature and humidity. AcknowledgementFinancial support for this study from the Danish Technical research Council is gratefully acknowledged. ReferencesAndersson, L.O., Frisk, P., Löfstedt, B., Wyon, D.P., (1975), Human responses to dry, humidified and intermittently humidified air in large office buildings. Swedish Building Research Document Series, D11/75.ASHRAE 55-1992: Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers, Inc.Baker, N. and Standeven, M. (1995), A Behavioural Approach to Thermal Comfort Assessment in Naturally Ventilated Buildings. Proceedings from CIBSE National Conference, pp 76-84.Brager G.S., de Dear R.J. (1998), Thermal adaptation in the built environment: a literature review. Energy and Buildings, 27, pp 83-96.Cena, K.M. (1998), Field study of occupant comfort and office thermal environments in a hot-arid climate. (Eds. Cena, K. and de Dear, R.). Final report, ASHRAE 921-RP, ASHRAE Inc., Atlanta.de Dear, R., Fountain, M., Popovic, S., Watkins, S., Brager, G., Arens, E., Benton, C., (1993a), A field study of occupant comfort and office thermal environments in a hot humid climate. Final report, ASHRAE 702 RP, ASHRAE Inc., Atlanta.de Dear, R., Ring, J.W., Fanger, P.O. (1993b), Thermal sensations resulting from sudden ambient temperature changes. Indoor Air, 3, pp 181-192.de Dear, R. J., Leow, K. G. and Foo, S.C. (1991), Thermal comfort in the humid tropics: Field experiments in air-conditioned and naturally ventilated buildings in Singapore. International Journal of Biometeorology, vol. 34, pp 259-265.de Dear, R.J. (1998), A global databaseof thermal comfort field experiments. ASHRAE Transactions, 104(1b), pp 1141-1152.de Dear, R.J. and Auliciems, A. (1985), Validation of the Predicted Mean Vote model of thermal comfort in six Australian field studies. ASHRAE Transactions, 91(2), pp 452- 468.de Dear, R.J., Brager G.S. (1998), Developing an adaptive model of thermal comfort and preference. ASHRAE Transactions, 104(1a), pp 145-167.de Dear, R.J., Leow, K.G., and Ameen, A. (1991), Thermal comfort in the humid tropics - Part I: Climate chamber experiments on temperature preferences in Singapore. ASHRAE Transactions 97(1), pp 874-879.Donini, G., Molina, J., Martello, C., Ho Ching Lai, D., Ho Lai, K., Yu Chang, C., La Flamme, M., Nguyen, V.H., Haghihat, F. (1996), Field study of occupant comfort and office thermal environments in a cold climate. Final report, ASHRAE 821 RP, ASHRAE Inc., Atlanta.Fang, L., Clausen, G., Fanger, P.O. (1999), Impact of temperature and humidity on chemical and sensory emissions from building materials. Indoor Air, 9, pp 193-201.Fanger, P.O. (1970), Thermal comfort. Danish Technical Press, Copenhagen, Denmark.Fouintain, M.E. and Huizenga, C. (1997), A thermal sensation prediction tool for use by the profession. ASHRAE Transactions, 103(2), pp 130-136.Humphreys, M.A. (1978), Outdoor temperatures and comfort indoors. Building Research and Practice, 6(2), pp 92-105.Krogstad, A.L., Swanbeck, G., Barregård, L., et al. (1991), Besvär vid kontorsarbete med olika temperaturer i arbetslokalen - en prospektiv undersökning (A prospective study of indoor climate problems at differenttemperatures in offices), Volvo Truck Corp., Göteborg, Sweden.Tanabe, S., Kimura, K., Hara, T. (1987), Thermal comfort requirements during the summer season in Japan. ASHRAE Transactions, 93(1), pp 564-577.Toftum, J., Jørgensen, A.S., Fanger, P.O. (1998), Upper limits for air humidity for preventing warm respiratory discomfort. Energy and Buildings, 28(3), pp 15-23.中文：未来的热舒适性——优越性和期望值Fanger和Jørn Toftum国际室内环境中心和丹麦能源科技大学摘要本文预测了一些在新世纪中可以预见的热舒适性以及室内环境的发展趋势。
毕业论文外文翻译--析暖通空调系统在建筑中的节能问题(适用于毕业论
外文翻译ANALYSIS OF HVAC SYSTEM ENERGYCONSERVATIONIN BUILDINGSABSTRACTE conomic development and people's increasing demand for energy, but the nature of the energy is not inexhaustible. Environment and energy issues become increasingly acute, if no measures are taken, then the energy will limit the rapid economic development of the question.With the improvement of living standard, building energy consumption in the proportion of total energy consumption is increasing. In developed countries, building energy consumption accounts for 40% of total energy consumption of the community, while the country despite the low level of socio-economic development, but the building energy consumption has nearly 30% of total energy consumption, and still rising. Therefore, in western countries or in China, building energy consumption is affecting the socio-economic status of the overall development of the question. In building energy consumption, the energy consumption for HVAC systems has accounted for 30% of building energy consumption -50%, with the extensive application of HVAC, energy consumption for HVAC systems will further increase Great. HVAC systems are often coupled with high-quality electric energy, and our power and relatively tight in some areas, lack of energy supply and demand which is bound to lead to further intensification of contradictions. Therefore, energy-saving heating, higher professional requirements is inevitable across the board.KEYWORDS:energy-saving，HVAC1. Energy saving design measures should be takenRapid changes in science and technology today, area HVAC new technologies emerge, we can achieve a variety of ways of energy saving HVAC systems.1.1 Starting from the design, selecting, designing HVAC systems, so that the efficient state of the economy running.Design is a leading engineering, system design will directly affect its performance. The building load calculation is an important part of the design, a common problem is that the current design of short duration, many designers to save time, wrong use of the design manual for the design or preliminary design estimates of cold, heat load with the unit construction area of cold, heat load index, direct construction design stage as hot and cold load to determine the basis, often making the total load is too large, resulting in heating equipment, air conditioning is too large, higher initial investment, operating costs, increased energy consumption.1.2 using the new energy-saving air-conditioning and heating comfort and healthy mannerAffect human thermal comfort environment of many parameters, different environmental parameters can get the same effect of thermal comfort, but for different heat and moisture parameters of the environment of its energy consumption air conditioning system is not the same.1.3 Actual situation of a reasonable choice of cold and heat sources, seek to achieve diversification of cold and heat sourceWith the extensive application of HVAC systems on non-renewable energy consumption also rose sharply, while the broken part of the ecological environment are becoming increasingly intensified. How to choose a reasonable heating sources, has caused widespread concern of all parties.1.4 to enhance the use of hot and cold recycling of the work, to achieve maximum energyHVAC systems to improve energy efficiency is one of the ways to achieve energy-saving air-conditioning. Heat recovery system installed mainly through energy recovery, with the air from wind energy to deal with new, fresh air can reducethe energy required for processing, reducing the load, to save energy. In the choice of heat recovery, the should be integrated with the local climate Tiao Jian, Jing Ji situation, Gong Cheng actual situation of harmful exhaust gases of the situation in a variety of factors Deng integrated to determine the Xuanyong suitable heat recovery, so as to achieve Hua Jiao Shao's investment, recovery of more heat (cold) the amount of purpose.1.5 focus on development of renewable energy, and actively promoting new energyAs the air-conditioning systems used in high-grade, non-renewable energy resources and environmental problems caused by the increasingly prominent, have to develop some reasonable and effective renewable energy to ease the current tensions. To heat (cold) and solar and other renewable resources used in air conditioning and refrigeration, has certain advantages, but also clean and pollution-free. Ground Source Heat Pump is a use of shallow and deep earth energy, including soil, groundwater, surface water, seawater, sewage, etc. as a cold source in winter and summer heat is not only heating but also a new central air-conditioning system cooling.2. Saving design problemsAchieve energy-saving HVAC systems, now has a lot of mature conditions, but in practical applications there are some problems：2.1 The issue of public awareness of energy conservationThe past is not enough public understanding of energy, and on the air conditioning is also very one-sided view. For a comfort of air conditioning system or heating system, should the human body has a very good comfort. But the prevailing view now is: the colder the better air-conditioning, heating the more heat the better. This is obviously we seek the comfort of air conditioning is contrary to the view. In fact, this not only greatly increase the energy consumption of air conditioning heating, indoor and outdoor temperature and because of the increase, but also to the human body's adaptability to different environmental decline, lowering the body immunity. Therefore, we need to improve advocacy efforts to change public to the traditional understanding of air conditioning and heating, vigorous publicity andpromotion in accordance with building standards and the cold heat energy metering devices to collect tolls, raise public consciousness of energy.2.2 The design concept of the problemReasonable energy-saving design is a prerequisite. At present, some designers due to inadequate attention to design empirical value when applied blindly, resulting in the increase of the initial investment, energy consumption surprising, therefore recommended that the government functions and the energy-saving review body, to increase the monitoring of the HVAC air-conditioning energy saving efforts enhance staff awareness of energy conservation design, so that energy conservation is implemented.2.3 The promotion of new technologies issueNew technology in the HVAC system for energy conservation provides a new direction. Such as ground source heat pump systems, solar cooling and heating system, not only to achieve efficient use of renewable energy, and can bring significant economic benefits, is worth promoting. However, as with any new technology, these new technologies are often high in cost, and the geographical conditions of use have certain limitations, and technically there are still many areas for improvement to improve. Therefore, new energy-efficient technologies, we should be according to local conditions, sum up experience, and actively promote.3. ConclusionHVAC systems saving energy in the building occupies a very important position, should attract enough attention to the designer. Designers should be from a design point of view fully into account the high and strict compliance with energy standards energy saving ideas to run through all aspects of the construction sector. Energy-saving technologies and renewable energy recycling, the Government and other relevant departments should support and vigorously promoted. And the design, construction, supervision, quality supervision, municipal administration and other departments should cooperate closely and pay close attention to implementing a cold, heat metering devices to collect tolls, so people really get benefit from energy efficient building, energy-saving construction and non-heating energy efficientbuilding can not have the same charge standard. At the same time to raise public awareness of energy conservation, and vigorously promote the development of new energy-saving technologies to achieve sustainable development of society.References[1] "residential design standard" DBJ14-037-2006.[2] "Public Buildings Energy Efficiency Design Standards" DBJ14-036-2006.[3] "Technical Specification for radiant heating" JGJ142-2004.析暖通空调系统在建筑中的节能问题摘要经济的发展使人们对能源的需求不断增加,但是自然界的能源并不是取之不尽,用之不竭的。
暖通英文翻译
暖通Heating ventilation and air conditioning空调平面图air handling layoutMU1~3新风系统图MU1~3 make-up air system diagramAHU-1净化空调系统图Air purification & air handling system diagram, AHU-1空调通风平剖面图ventilation & air conditioning plan/section吊顶空调平剖面图air condition ceiling plan section吊顶通风和采暖，空调用水管平面图ventilation and heating piping plan above ceiling室内采暖空调平面图room heating and air condition plan吊顶一下净化空调平面图air purification & air conditioning above ceiling拉丝区＋14米送风平面图air supply plan at level of +14.00, drawing areaS-1,2 送风系统图S-1,2 air supply system diagram室内回风口平面图indoor air return grill plan洁净室回风平面图air return grill plan in clean rooms空调用冷热水管平面图A.C water piping plan空调供热流程图A.C heating supply system diagram屋顶排风平面图roof exhaust plan排风系统图roof exhaust system送风系统图air supply system diagramAHU-1 水系统图AHU-1 water piping system diagram净化空调系统控制原理图air purification & air conditioning system control priciple diagram AHU-15 变风量空调系统图AHU-15 VAV system diagram冷冻水，冷却水管道系统图CHW and CW piping system diagram热水采暖系统图hot water heating system diagram空调机房平面图air handling room plan最冷月或最热月平均温度temperature coldest month or hottest month (mean) 年，月，平均温度，最高，最低temperature, yearly, monthly, mean, highest, lowest 最高或最低绝对温度absolute temperature, highest or lowest湿球温度wet bulb temperature干球温度dry bulb temperature采暖区region with heating provision不采暖区region without heating provision采暖室外计算温度calculating outdoor temperature for heating通风冬季室外计算温度calculating outdoor temperature for ventilation winter 绝对大气压absolute atmospheric pressure蒸发量volume of vaporization相对湿度relative humidity采暖heating热媒heating medium供暖管道heating system供暖总管heating pipe集中供暖central heating供暖总站central heating plant单管供暖系统one-pipe heating system单管循环系统one-pipe circuit system单管上行下给供暖系统one-pipe drop heating system单管热水供暖系统one-pipe hot water heating system单管强制循环系统one-pipe forced system蒸汽供暖steam heating供应方式means of supply蒸汽压力steam pressure蒸汽密度vapor density蒸汽压力势vapor pressure potential供汽装置steam supply installation蒸汽系统vapor system降压站reduction station蒸汽容量steam capacity蒸汽消耗量steam consumption蒸汽盘管供暖steam coil heated蒸汽盘管steam coil供热盘管heating coil散热盘管panel coil排蒸汽管steam discharge pipe蒸汽回管steam discharge pipe冷凝水管condensing pipe冷凝回水管condensing return pipe 蒸汽散热器steam radiator隔汽具，汽层vapor barrier蒸汽分离器steam separator蒸汽调整阀steam regulating蒸汽减压阀steam reducing valve 蒸汽暖风机steam unit ventilator供暖蒸汽锅炉steam-heating boiler 电热供暖electrical heater电热器electrical heater管式电热器tubular electrical heater 电热辐射器electrical radiator电热对流器electrical convector热风供暖warm air-heating热风器hot air generator热风烘干hot air drying强制对流加热器forced convection heater空气加热器air heater热风管道warm-air heating压力供气forced air supply压力环流forced circulation辐射式供热系统embedded panel system双管供热系统double pipe heating 上分式双管系统double pipe dropping system顶棚板面供暖ceiling panel heating顶棚供暖盘ceiling coil片式供暖盘finned type heating coil 散热器radiator墙挂式散热器wall radiator单柱散热器one column radiator板式散热器plate radiator圆翼形散热器circular wing radiator 长翼形散热器long wing radiator蜂窝式散热器honeycomb radiator暖气管柱column of radiator单个散热器unit radiator闭式散热器closed radiator悬挂式单个散热器suspended type unit radiator管式加热器tubular heater波纹式散热片corrugated radiator换热器heat exchange散热器翘板fin of radiator散热器阻气板radiator air baffle散热器外罩enclosure of radiators散热器阀radiator valve穿墙管wall pipe穿墙套管wall sleeve导热性thermal conductivity导热系数thermal coefficient of conduction供热面heating surface散热面heat delivery surface热气消耗heat consumption热对流thermal convection热消耗heat dissipation热扩散thermal convection热膨胀thermal diffusivity热效率thermal efficiency热效应heat effect。
(完整)暖通空调专业外文翻译
英文文献Air Conditioning SystemsAir conditioning has rapidly grown over the past 50 years， from a luxury to a standard system included in most residential and commercial buildings。
In 1970， 36％of residences in the U。
S。
were either fully air conditioned or utilized a room air conditioner for cooling (Blue， et al。
, 1979）。
By 1997， this number had more than doubled to 77%， and that year also marked the first time that over half （50.9%) of residences in the U。
S。
had central air conditioners （Census Bureau， 1999）。
An estimated 83％ of all newhomes constructed in 1998 had central air conditioners （Census Bureau， 1999）。
Air conditioning has also grown rapidly in commercial buildings。
From 1970 to 1995, the percentage of commercial buildings with air conditioning increased from 54 to 73% (Jackson and Johnson, 1978， and DOE， 1998）.Air conditioning in buildings is usually accomplished with the use of mechanical or heat-activated equipment. In most applications, the air conditioner must provide both cooling and dehumidification to maintain comfort in the building。
暖通空调英文参考文献(精选124个最新)
随着现代社会建筑业和经济的发展，空调已成为人们生活中不可缺少的部分，已遍布社会的各个领域，对空调质量的要求也越来越高。
暖通空调技术发展迅速，取得了较好的社会反响，下面是搜索整理的暖通空调英文参考文献，欢迎借鉴参考。
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(仅供参考)暖通英文文献
Air Conditioning SystemsAir conditioning has rapidly grown over the past 50 years, from a luxury to a standard system included in most residential and commercial buildings. In 1970, 36% of residences in the U.S. were either fully air conditioned or utilized a room air conditioner for cooling (Blue, et al., 1979). By 1997, this number had more than doubled to 77%, and that year also marked the first time that over half (50.9%) of residences in the U.S. had central air conditioners (Census Bureau, 1999). An estimated 83% of all newhomes constructed in 1998 had central air conditioners (Census Bureau, 1999). Air conditioning has also grown rapidly in commercial buildings. From 1970 to 1995, the percentage of commercial buildings with air conditioning increased from 54 to 73% (Jackson and Johnson, 1978, and DOE, 1998).Air conditioning in buildings is usually accomplished with the use of mechanical or heat-activated equipment. In most applications, the air conditioner must provide both cooling and dehumidification to maintain comfort in the building. Air conditioning systems are also used in other applications, such as automobiles, trucks, aircraft, ships, and industrial facilities. However, the description of equipment in this chapter is limited to those commonly used in commercial and residential buildings.Commercial buildings range from large high-rise office buildings to the corner convenience store. Because of the range in size and types of buildings in the commercial sector, there is a wide varietyof equipment applied in these buildings. For larger buildings, the air conditioning equipment is part of a total system design that includes items such as a piping system, air distribution system, and cooling tower. Proper design of these systems requires a qualified engineer. The residential building sector is dominatedby single family homes and low-rise apartments/condominiums. The cooling equipment applied in these buildings comes in standard “packages” that are often both sized and installed by the air conditioning contractor.The chapter starts with a general discussion of the vapor compression refrigeration cycle then moves to refrigerants and their selection, followed by packaged Chilled Water Systems。
暖通空调专业外文翻译 --空调系统
英文文献Air Conditioning SystemsAir conditioning has rapidly grown over the past 50 years, from a luxury to a standard system included in most residential and commercial buildings. In 1970, 36% of residences in the U.S. were either fully air conditioned or utilized a room air conditioner for cooling (Blue, et al., 1979). By 1997, this number had more than doubled to 77%, and that year also marked the first time that over half (50.9%) of residences in the U.S. had central air conditioners (Census Bureau, 1999). An estimated 83% of all newhomes constructed in 1998 had central air conditioners (Census Bureau, 1999). Air conditioning has also grown rapidly in commercial buildings. From 1970 to 1995, the percentage of commercial buildings with air conditioning increased from 54 to 73% (Jackson and Johnson, 1978, and DOE, 1998).Air conditioning in buildings is usually accomplished with the use of mechanical or heat-activated equipment. In most applications, the air conditioner must provide both cooling and dehumidification to maintain comfort in the building. Air conditioning systems are also used in other applications, such as automobiles, trucks, aircraft, ships, and industrial facilities. However, the description of equipment in this chapter is limited to those commonly used in commercial and residential buildings.Commercial buildings range from large high-rise office buildings to the corner convenience store. Because of the range in size and types of buildings in the commercial sector, there is a wide variety of equipment applied in these buildings. For larger buildings, the air conditioning equipment is part of a total system design that includes items such as a piping system, air distribution system, and cooling tower. Proper design of these systems requires a qualified engineer. The residential building sector is dominatedby single family homes and low-rise apartments/condominiums. The cooling equipment applied in these buildings comes in standard “packages” that are often both sized and installed by the air conditioning contractor.The chapter starts with a general discussion of the vapor compression refrigeration cycle then moves to refrigerants and their selection, followed by packaged Chilled Water Systems。
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毕业设计（论文）附件
外文文献翻译
学号：姓名：
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原文标题：New solid desiccant solar air conditioning unit in Tunisia: Design and simulation study
2016年6月1日
突尼斯的新型固体除湿空调机组的设计与仿 真
研究 1
Zied Guidara , Mounir Elleuch , Habib Ben Bacha
a, b, *
机械力学实验室系统（lasem ）土木工程系，法克斯大学工程学院，B.P W 3038 斯法克斯，突尼斯
工程学院，机械工程系，沙尔曼本阿卜杜勒阿齐兹大学，B.P. 655，沙乌地阿拉伯
亮点
本文中介绍了一种新型固体除湿空调装置的设计，以及其运作的三种模式的发展。
并在热和质量平衡的基础上进行建模研究，模拟研究了机组的运作。
摘要
就环境保护以及节能方面而言，太阳能空调机组的运用在除湿机组中是一个很有发 展前景的解决方案。
本文中介绍的是一种新的固体除湿空调机组在突尼斯的办公空间模 拟运作。
因此，每个组件的数学模型的建立都主要是基于热和质量平衡。
三种功能的模 型分别模拟了三种不同的气候：比塞大相对冷湿比较大的气候、雷马达燥热的气候以及 杰尔巴处于中间的气候。
研究结果表明，每种功能模型中，空调机组所处理后的空气都 可以确保办公室环境能满足人体的舒适度要求。
关键词：空调；冷却除湿；太阳能；数学模拟
1 引言
目前空调已经成为了办公空间里一种重要的必需品。
然而传统的空调机组存在许多 环境污染的问题。
此外，传统的机组需要大量电力，这些电力往往通过消耗大量的石油 资源，而石油资源目前是一种很宝贵的能源这是由石油资源，此外，其还会产生排放越 来越多的二氧化碳。
并且常规的空调机组中空气的除湿是通过露点温度下的冷却操作实 现的，从而导致其所处理后的空气非常冷，这也就使冷空气在空调中需要再次加热以达 到设计温度（即存在冷热抵消），这是一个能量消耗的过程；并且在某些情况下，它不能 确保能达到用户温度和湿度的设计标准。
因此，考虑到地球上石油资源缺乏的现状以及环境污染问题，许多国家鼓励大家在 空调系统中使用可再生能源。
在突尼斯，能源部门面临着的许多问题从本质上来说都是碳氢化合物储量的枯竭以 及人们消费水平的增长，传统的电动空调由另一种节能型空调所替代已成为一种必然。
所以在我国既要限制空调对电能的需求量，又要满足人们对空调的需求已经成为我国空 调研究的主要目标。
这些目标应在不破坏国际环境保护约定的前提下实现，事实上，这
1
本文出自 Applied Thermal Engineering, Zied Guidara, Mounir Elleuch,Habib Ben Bacha
1
a a
些约定主 氧层和温室 效应的破坏。
要用于常规空调中，其目的是减少二氧化碳排放，避免使用有害气体对臭
为了解决上述的这些问题，许多研究者已经进行了调查，特别是对太阳能空调机组 的设计与运营研究，本文中所用到的符号的含义如表 1-1 所示。
表 1-1 符号命名
字母 名称 含义
字母 名称
含义 A 吸湿盘气流截面积(m ) w 水
A 1,2 贮槽线圈的面积(m ) V 气流速度(m/s) A l at 吸湿轮通道的侧面积(m ) v
流速(m/s)
A d 吸湿干燥剂轮通道截面(m ) W 干燥剂中含水量(kg/kg)
C p C c 比热(J/(kg.K))
x 吸收器的比热(J/(kg.℃)) Y 轴向距离(m) 相对湿度(%)
C f f H h 水的比热(J/(kg.℃))
温度(℃)
焓(kJ/kg(干空气)）
吸收器与水之间的对流换热系数((W/(m .℃)) 光学系数 吸收器吸收系数 玻璃透射系数 水-空气热交换器效率
h w h 除湿器和空气之间的传热系数((W/(m .K)) 效率
h m 除湿器和空气之间的质量传递系数(kg/(m .s))
密度(kg/m ) I 太阳辐射照度(W/m )
空气比湿度(kg/kg)
L wh 吸湿盘的长度(m) P 空气在干燥剂涂层中的比湿度 L ab 吸收器的长度(m)
P 除湿涂层中空气的相对湿度
L M 每单位面积的水的质量流量(kg/m )
a 储存罐中的水的质量(kg) acc 空气 积累 M c 吸收器的质量(kg) atm 大气 M f 水的质量(kg)
c 寒冷
m f m’ P 太阳能集热器生产的水的质量流量(kg/s)
catu 质量流量(kg/s)
cv 压力(Pa) d 冷空气的利用
对流
干燥剂 Q a d 吸附热(J/kg)
Ech 空气-空气热交换器
S T T a T c T f T s T f2/1 T 11,2 t 平板式太阳集热器的面积(m )
h 温度(℃) hatc 环境空气温度(℃) Hum 冷凝温度(℃) in 水温(℃)
out 储存罐中的水温度(K) p 供给侧的入口/出口水温 (K) t 分布面上的入口/出口水温 (K) tc 时间(s)
tca 热 热空气冷却
加湿器 入口 出口 干燥剂涂层 利用 冷却 利用冷空气 U 1,2 储存罐中的线圈的总传热系数(W/(m .K))
tu 使用 uha 再热空气
u 用 U ’ 吸收器/外部环境的传热系数
ws
饱和状态
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 2 2 2 2
在这种情况下，就环境保护以及节约能源方面而言，固体干燥剂空调是一个不错的
解决方案。
事实上，干燥剂空调机组不使用对环境有害的制冷剂。
此外，除湿处理潜热
是有
利的，它有易于利用再生低品位的能源，如太阳能。
近年来，标准干燥剂机组主要应用于建筑或工厂使用的标准组件的空调应用中。
这
些组件包括用于空气除湿的转轮、由于冷却送风以及加热回风的热交换器、进行湿化处
理的加湿器、使用蒸发冷却使回风接近饱和线的加湿器、一个产生热空气以用于干燥剂
再生的太阳能集热器系统。
此外，H.M.亨宁等人提出了结合两个冷却盘管的干燥剂循环。
因此，空气在其露点
温度下通过第一个冷却盘管进行预冷却，从而保证了对预冷却的空气进行预除湿的处理。
此外，空气被冷却到最终所需的温度之前，先通过第二个冷却盘管，之后再进入空调空间。
然而，如果一个压缩机用于提供冷水，则该机组将会更加复杂与昂贵。
不仅如此，也有可能由于阻力过大，使机组回流到前面的机组中的风险。
另一方面，如果一个吸收器或吸附器是用来生产冷水的，该机组也会将更复杂，更昂贵。
K.F.Fong等人提出了一种太阳能混合式空调系统，与传统的除湿系统相比，本系统
中多了三个主要部分。
首先是吸附机，二是辐射吊顶，第三是辅助加热器。
因此，冷水
是由吸附机产生的，空气冷却操作是由辐射吊顶完成的的。
关于辅助加热器，当太阳能
集热量不够时，其作为一个热量补充装置，从而保证系统的正常运行。
在本研究工作中，一个新的太阳能空调机组的设计被提出：用干燥剂材料对空气进
行除湿除湿，利用太阳能集热器产生热水，供用户使用，加湿器的加湿和组合式换热器
加湿器在没有利用没有吸附技术或传统的制冷机的情况下使空气冷却。
此外，主要基于
热和质量平衡的建模方法被提出。
因此，模拟研究的功能就是根据特定的气象数据，在
考虑使人体感到舒适的空调的温度和湿度的条件下，了解它的特性，这对人体舒适度而
言是非常重要的。
本文的其余部分的介绍内容如下：第2 节专门介绍太阳能空调机组的设计和运作；
第3 节，提出了一种太阳能空调装置的建模研究方法；第4 节中，具体介绍了模拟研究
的方法及结果；最后，第5节介绍了这篇论文的主要结论。
2 太阳能空调装置的设计与运行
2.1 机组的设计
太阳能空调装置的各部分设计如图2-1所示，相比较一个标准的机组，这里有4个增
加的组成部分：两加湿器h1、h4和两个热交换器E4、E1。
事实上，h1和E1保证了环境
空气的预冷却工作，而h4和E4最后进行除湿后的空气的辅助冷却工作。
其相当于一个组合式的换热-加湿器，其作用是确保空气冷却而不使用吸附技术或传统的制冷机。
因此，
空气在进入空调传统的干燥剂循环之前使用来自空调区域的回风进行预冷和预除湿，然
而，再生温度高需要100℃左右，从而保证除湿转轮再生过程。
图2-1太阳能空调机组的设计
2.2 机组运作的说明
太阳能空调机组的三种主要的运作模式是进行区分的。
对于第一种模式，处理空气
时没有预冷的环节，但在最后用加湿器进行加湿冷却；而对于第二模式，处理后的空气最初先进行预冷却，之后再用加湿器进行加湿冷却；关于第三模式，处理后的空气先进
行预冷却，以后的冷却通过与冷空气的换热来进行冷却，而不经过加湿器H2。
2.2.1 太阳能空调机组的第一种运作模式
在这种情况下，阀门C4 打开，但是阀门C1、C2以及C3 关闭，（如图2-1 所示）。
注意阀门C1、C2、C3 和C4通过点信号的命令进行打开或者关闭，图2-1给出了该模式的运行周期。
在这种情况下，空气不用进行预冷，而是通过吸湿轮直接进行减湿冷却（从2～3的过程），所以1点与2的温度和湿度相似，因为空气/空气热交换器ECH1中没有热量的交换。
翻译原文。