外文翻译---浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能
浅谈环保节能状态下暖通空调的新技术中英文
浅谈环保节能状态下暖通空调的新技术中英文The new technology of HVAC energy saving and environmental protection under thestate of暖通空调是分户的中央空调,是能够创造一种舒适的室内环境。
而家居分体的空调只能解决冷暖问题，解决不了空气处理过程。
笔者结合环保节能背景谈谈暖通空调的新技术，对同行从业者具有一定的指导和参考价值。
HVAC is the household central air conditioning, is able to create a comfortable indoor environment. And home furnishing split air-conditioning can only solve the heating problems, solve the air handling process. According to the energy saving technology background about HVAC, have guidance and reference value in fellow practitioners.一、暖通空调新技术基本内容A new HVAC technology, basic content（一）空调系统类型( a ) type of air conditioning system1、按照使用目的，空调可分为：舒适空调---要求温度适宜，环境舒适，对温湿度的调节精度无严格要求、用于住房、办公室等环境等。
工艺空调---对温度有一定的调节精度要求，另外空气的洁净度也要有较高的要求。
用于电子生产车间、机房等。
1, in accordance with the purpose of use, air conditioning can be divided into: - Requirements of comfort air conditioning temperature, comfortable environment, no strict requirements, for housing, office environment of temperature and humidity regulation accuracy. Process air conditioning - have a regulatory requirement to the accuracy of the temperature, the air cleanness also have higher requirements. Used in electronic production workshop, machine.2、按照空气处理方式，可分为：集中式（中央）空调---空气处理设备集中在中央空调室里，处理过的空气通过风管送至各房间的空调系统。
浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调节能
浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调节能能源问题成为全球性问题，能源短缺将制约这我们可持续性发展。
暖通空调在给我们带来舒适条件的同时也带来了大量的能源损耗，因此我们需要实现暖通空调节能。
建筑环境对暖通空调的节能起着非常大的作用，改善建筑环境有利于实现暖通空调的节能，包括改善室内环境和室外环境，改善的内容具体体现在建筑的设计与布局，建筑的材料与围护结构，当地的气候条件，建筑周围的绿色环境。
标签：建筑环境；暖通空调；节能随着经济的不断发展与进步，能源问题逐渐成为全球性的问题，能源短缺将制约我国可持续性发展。
暖通空调的使用可以为人们提供舒适的工作生活环境，但与此同时，暖通空调的能耗损失是建筑环境的主要能源损耗，大量的能耗损耗既不利于降低使用成本又不利于实现绿色节能，因此实现暖通空调的绿色节能是我们亟待解决的问题。
本文我们将探索建筑环境与暖通空调节能的关系以及建筑环境对暖通空调节能的影响，并探讨从建筑生态环境的角度实现暖通空调的节能。
1、建筑生态环境建筑环境指对建筑本身产生影响的一切事物。
现代建筑环境不仅仅包括室内外的温度与湿度，还包括室内的采光、照明、室外的绿化、室内外环境相互的影响等。
建筑生态环境较建筑环境的概念不仅包含传统建筑环境的含义还强调人、建筑环境、生态的关系，强调以人为主体良好的建筑生态环境既保证了主体人在舒适现代化的建筑环境中居住，又能保证整个建筑环境具有良好的绿色环保理念。
建筑生态环境既包括室内生态建筑环境又包括室外生态建筑环境。
室内生态环境建筑生态环境包括室内的温度、湿度、采光、照明、设计、空间布局等，建筑室外环境包括周围自然环境水环境、声环境、光环境和人文环境。
良好的自然与人文环境给人以良好的居住体验。
室内与室外建筑生态环境的统一构成了建筑生态环境。
我们旨在构建良好的建筑生态环境，为主体人构建舒适、绿色节能的居住环境。
2、建筑环境对暖通空调节能的影响暖通空调是建筑的主要能源损耗，为了建造一个良好的建筑生态环境，我们需要实现暖通空调的节能。
浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调节能
浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调节能摘要：能源问题是当前社会关注的全球性问题，而对于能源短缺问题直接影响到社会的可持续发展。
暖通空调可以对建筑物室内居住舒适度的调节，但对于能源的使用存在过度消耗的情况，因此需要完成对暖通空调节能规划，建筑环境对暖通空调的节能起到非常大的作用，通过对建筑物室内环境的调节与改善，更好地实现暖通空调节能安排，在暖通空调节能设计中，进一步改善室内环境与室外环境，同时针对节能内容完成具体的体现，配合建筑物的材料和围护结构，融合气候条件，满足建筑周围绿色环境建设。
关键词：建筑环境；暖通空调；节能引言：随着经济的快速发展与进步，能源已经成为全球关注的重点问题，能源短缺的问题直接影响了社会的全面发展，因此在当前的具体工作开展和实施当中，应针对暖通空调进行科学化的安排，在提升室内居住环境的前提条件下，更好地对能源进行保护。
通过对能源的合理使用，满足绿色节能的相关需求，同时提高建筑环境的装饰效果，设计暖通空调在使用中的能源保护，从而完成对社会可持续发展的合理安排。
1建筑环境对暖通空调的影响1.1建筑内部对暖通空调的影响室内环境的舒适程度直接决定了人们对暖通空调的使用效果，通过对建筑物内部结构的合理化设计，进一步改善建筑物的室内环境，减少对各种暖通空调的使用次数，从而解决空调过度使用的问题。
第一，在建筑物的建设中，需要合理构筑建筑物内部格局从而完成对室内环境带来的有利影响。
在进行建筑物科学化布局的时，从全面的内容进行思考，结合各方面因素完成综合化分析，建筑物可以设计成南北通透的布局，尽可能防止东西朝向建筑物的出现，当室内的通风效果可以起到调节舒适度的作用，因此人们会减少使用暖通空调，从而做到对能源的科学化保护，防止造成能源消耗量增加。
第二，加强地板与门窗等围护结构的作用，结合环境内容营造适合居住的良好环境。
建筑物内部围护结构应做出合理化的设计，该技术的使用能够减少能源的消耗，增加室内的通风效果，更是满足保温性能要求，为室内居住环境改善奠定坚实的基础，进一步减少暖通空调的使用次数。
建筑环境与设备工程(暖通)毕业设计外文翻译
南京工程学院Nanjing Institute Of Technology毕业设计英文资料翻译The Translation Of The English Material Of Graduation Design学生姓名：学号： 000000000Name: Number: 000000000班级：K暖通091Class: K-Nuantong 091所在学院：康尼学院College:Kangni College专业：建筑环境与设备工程Profession: Building Environment and Equipment Engineering指导教师：Tutor:2013年02月25日英文：Thermal comfort in the future - Excellence andexpectationP. Ole Fanger and Jørn ToftumInternational Centre for Indoor Environment andEnergy Technical University of DenmarkAbstractThis paper predicts some trends foreseen in the new century as regards the indoor environment and thermal comfort. One trend discussed is the search for excellence, upgrading present standards that aim merely at an “acceptable” condition with a substantial number of dissatisfied. An important element in this connection is individual thermal control. A second trend is to acknowledge that elevated air temperature and humidity have a strong negative impact on perceived air quality and ventilation requirements. Future thermal comfort and IAQ standards should include these relationships as a basis for design. The PMV model has been validated in the field in buildings with HVAC systems that were situated in cold, temperate and warm climates and were studied during both summer and winter. In non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates occupants may sense the warmth as being less severe than the PMV predicts, due to low expectations. An extension of the PMV model that includes an expectancy factor is proposed for use in non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates. The extended PMV model agrees well with field studies in non-air-conditioned buildings of three continents.Keywords: PMV, Thermal sensation, Individual control, Air quality, AdaptationA Search for ExcellencePresent thermal comfort standards (CEN ISO 7730, ASHRAE 55) acknowledge that there are considerable individual differences between people’s thermal sensation and their discomfort caused by local effects, i.e. by air movement. In a collective indoor climate, the standards prescribe a compromise that allows for a significant number of people feeling too warm or too cool. They also allow for air velocities that will be felt as a draught by a substantial percentage of the occupants.In the future this will in many cases be considered as insufficient. There will be a demand for systems that allow all persons in a space to feel comfortable. The obvious way to achieve this is to move from the collective climate to the individually controlled local climate. In offices, individual thermal control of each workplace will be common. The system should allow for individual control of the general thermal sensation without causing any draught or other local discomfort.A search for excellence involves providing all persons in a space with the means to feel thermally comfortable without compromise. Thermal Comfort and IAQ Present standards treat thermal comfort and indoor air quality separately, indicating that they are independent of each other. Recent research documents that this is not true . The air temperature and humidity combined in the enthalpy have a strong impact on perceived air quality, and perceived air quality determines the required ventilation in ventilation standards. Research has shown that dry and cool air is perceived as being fresh and pleasant while the same composition of air at an elevated temperature and humidity is perceived as stale and stuffy. During inhalation it is the convective and evaporative cooling of the mucous membrane in the nose that is essential for the fresh and pleasant sensation. Warm and humid air is perceived as being stale and stuffy due to the lack of nasal cooling. This may be interpreted as a local warm discomfort in the nasal cavity. The PMV model is the basis for existing thermal comfort standards. It is quite flexible and allows for the determination of a wide range of air temperatures and humidities that result in thermal neutrality for the body as a whole. But the inhaled air would be perceived as being very different within this wide range of air temperatures and humidities. An example: light clothing and an elevated air velocity or cooled ceiling, an air temperature of 28ºC and a relative humidity of 60% may givePMV=0, but the air quality would be perceived as stale and stuffy. A simultaneous request for high perceived air quality would require an air temperature of 20-22ºC and a modest air humidity. Moderate air temperature and humidity decrease also SBS symptoms and the ventilation requirement, thus saving energy during the heating season. And even with air-conditioning it may be beneficial and save energy during the cooling season. PMV model and the adaptive modelThe PMV model is based on extensive American and European experiments involving over a thousand subjects exposed to well-controlled environments. The studies showed that the thermal sensation is closely related to the thermal load on the effector mechanisms of the human thermoregulatory system. The PMV model predicts the thermal sensation as a function of activity, clothing and the four classical thermal environmental parameters. The advantage of this is that it is a flexible tool that includes all the major variables influencing thermal sensation. It quantifies the absolute and relative impact of these six factors and can therefore be used in indoor environments with widely differing HVAC systems as well as for different activities and different clothing habits. The PMV model has been validated in climate chamber studies in Asia as well as in the field, most recently in ASHRAE’s worldwide research in buildings with HVAC systems that were situated in cold, temperate and warm climates and were studied during both summer and winter. The PMV is developed for steady-state conditions but it has been shown to apply with good approximation at the relatively slow fluctuations of the environmental parameters typically occurring indoors. Immediately after an upward step-wise change of temperature, the PMV model predicts well the thermal sensation, while it takes around 20 min at temperature down-steps .Field studies in warm climates in buildings without air-conditioning have shown, however, that the PMV model predicts a warmer thermal sensation than the occupants actually feel. For such non-air-conditioned buildings an adaptive model has been proposed. This model is a regression equation that relates the neutral temperature indoors to the monthly average temperature outdoors. The only variable is thus the average outdoor temperature, which at its highest may have an indirect impact on the human heat balance. An obvious weakness of the adaptive model is that it does not include human clothing or activity or the four classical thermal parameters that have a well-known impact on the human heat balance and therefore on the thermal sensation. Although the adaptive model predicts the thermal sensation quite well for non-air-conditioned buildings of the 1900’s located in warm parts of the world, the question remains as to how well it would suit buildings of new types in the future where the occupants have a different clothing behaviour and a different activity pattern.Why then does the PMV model seem to overestimate the sensation of warmth in non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates? There is general agreement that physiological acclimatization does not play a role. One suggested explanation is that openable windows in naturally ventilated buildings should provide a higher level of personal control than in air-conditioned buildings. We do not believe that this is true in warm climates. Although an openable window sometimes may provide some control of air temperature and air movement, this applies only to the persons who work close to a window. What happens to persons in the office who work far away from the window? We believe that in warm climates air-conditioning with proper thermostatic control in each space provides a better perceived control than openable windows. Another factor suggested as an explanation to the difference is theexpectations of the occupants. We think this is the right factor to explain why the PMV overestimates the thermalsensation of occupants in non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates. These occupants are typically people who have been living in warm environments indoors and outdoors, maybe even through generations. They may believe that it is their “destiny” to live in environments where they feel warmer than neutral. This may be expressed by an expectancy factor, e. The factor e may vary between 1 and 0.5. It is 1 for air-conditioned buildings. For non-air-conditioned buildings, the expectancy factor is assumed to depend on the duration of the warm weather over the year and whether such buildings can be compared with many others in the region that are air-conditioned. If the weather is warm all year or most of the year and there are no or few other air-conditionedbuildings, e may be 0.5, while it may be 0.7 if there are many other buildings with air-conditioning. For non-air-conditioned buildings in regions where the weather is warm only during the summer and no or few buildings have air-conditioning, the expectancy factor may be 0.7 to 0.8, while it may be 0.8 to 0.9 where there are many air-conditioned buildings. In regions with only brief periods of warm weather during the summer, the expectancy factor may be 0.9 to 1. Table 1 proposes a first rough estimation of ranges for the expectancy factor corresponding to high, moderate and low degrees of expectation.Table 1. Expectancy factors for non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates.A second factor that contributes to the difference between the PMV and actual thermal sensation in non-air-conditioned buildings is the estimated activity. In many field studies in offices, the metabolic rate is estimated on the basis of a questionnaire identifying the percentage of time the person was sedentary, standing, or walking. This mechanistic approach does not acknowledge the fact that people, when feeling warm, unconsciously tend to slow down their activity. They adapt to the warm environment by decreasing their metabolic rate. The lower pace in warm environments should be acknowledged by inserting a reduced metabolic rate when calculating the PMV.To examine these hypotheses further, data were downloaded from the database of thermal comfort field experiments. Only quality class II data obtained in non-air-conditioned buildings during the summer period in warm climates were used in the analysis. Data from four cities (Bangkok, Brisbane, Athens, and Singapore) were included, representing a total of more than 3200 sets of observations . The data from these four cities with warm climates were also used for the development of the adaptive model.For each set of observations, recorded metabolic rates were reduced by 6.7% for every scale unit of PMV above neutral, i.e. a PMV of 1.5 corresponded to a reduction in the metabolic rate of 10%. Next, the PMV was recalculated with reduced metabolic rates using ASHRAE’s thermal comfort tool . The resulting PMV values were then adjusted for expectation by multiplication with expectancy factors estimated to be 0.9 for Brisbane, 0.7 for Athens and Singapore and 0.6 for Bangkok. As an average for each building included in the field studies, Figure 1 and Table 2 compare the observed thermal sensation with predictions using the new extended PMV model for warm climates.Comparison of observed mean thermal sensation with predictions made using the new extension of the PMV model for non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates. The lines are based on linear regression analysis weighted according to the number of responses obtained in each building.Table 2. Non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates.Comparison of observed thermal sensation votes and predictions made using the new extension of the PMV model.The new extension of the PMV model for non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates predicts the actual votes well. The extension combines the best of the PMV and the adaptive model. It acknowledges the importance of expectations already accounted for by the adaptive model, while maintaining the PMV model’s classical thermal parameters that have direct impact on the human heat balance. It should also be noted that the new PMV extension predicts a higher upper temperature limit when the expectancy factor is low. People with low expectations are ready to accept a warmer indoor environment. This agrees well with the observations behind the adaptive model.Further analysis would be useful to refine the extension of the PMV model, and additional studies in non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates in different parts of the world would be useful to further clarify expectation and acceptability among occupants. It would also be useful to study the impact of warm office environments on work pace and metabolic rate.ConclusionsThe PMV model has been validated in the field in buildings with HVAC systems, situated in cold, temperate and warm climates and studied during both summer and winter. In non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates, occupants may perceive the warmth as being less severe than the PMV predicts, due to low expectations. An extension of the PMV model that includes an expectancy factor is proposed for use in non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates.The extended PMV model agrees well with field studies in non-air-conditioned buildings in warm climates of three continents.Thermal comfort and air quality in a building should be considered simultaneously. A high perceived air quality requires moderate air temperature and humidity. AcknowledgementFinancial support for this study from the Danish Technical research Council is gratefully acknowledged. ReferencesAndersson, L.O., Frisk, P., Löfstedt, B., Wyon, D.P., (1975), Human responses to dry, humidified and intermittently humidified air in large office buildings. Swedish Building Research Document Series, D11/75.ASHRAE 55-1992: Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers, Inc.Baker, N. and Standeven, M. (1995), A Behavioural Approach to Thermal Comfort Assessment in Naturally Ventilated Buildings. Proceedings from CIBSE National Conference, pp 76-84.Brager G.S., de Dear R.J. (1998), Thermal adaptation in the built environment: a literature review. Energy and Buildings, 27, pp 83-96.Cena, K.M. (1998), Field study of occupant comfort and office thermal environments in a hot-arid climate. (Eds. Cena, K. and de Dear, R.). Final report, ASHRAE 921-RP, ASHRAE Inc., Atlanta.de Dear, R., Fountain, M., Popovic, S., Watkins, S., Brager, G., Arens, E., Benton, C., (1993a), A field study of occupant comfort and office thermal environments in a hot humid climate. Final report, ASHRAE 702 RP, ASHRAE Inc., Atlanta.de Dear, R., Ring, J.W., Fanger, P.O. (1993b), Thermal sensations resulting from sudden ambient temperature changes. Indoor Air, 3, pp 181-192.de Dear, R. J., Leow, K. G. and Foo, S.C. (1991), Thermal comfort in the humid tropics: Field experiments in air-conditioned and naturally ventilated buildings in Singapore. International Journal of Biometeorology, vol. 34, pp 259-265.de Dear, R.J. (1998), A global databaseof thermal comfort field experiments. ASHRAE Transactions, 104(1b), pp 1141-1152.de Dear, R.J. and Auliciems, A. (1985), Validation of the Predicted Mean Vote model of thermal comfort in six Australian field studies. ASHRAE Transactions, 91(2), pp 452- 468.de Dear, R.J., Brager G.S. (1998), Developing an adaptive model of thermal comfort and preference. ASHRAE Transactions, 104(1a), pp 145-167.de Dear, R.J., Leow, K.G., and Ameen, A. (1991), Thermal comfort in the humid tropics - Part I: Climate chamber experiments on temperature preferences in Singapore. ASHRAE Transactions 97(1), pp 874-879.Donini, G., Molina, J., Martello, C., Ho Ching Lai, D., Ho Lai, K., Yu Chang, C., La Flamme, M., Nguyen, V.H., Haghihat, F. (1996), Field study of occupant comfort and office thermal environments in a cold climate. Final report, ASHRAE 821 RP, ASHRAE Inc., Atlanta.Fang, L., Clausen, G., Fanger, P.O. (1999), Impact of temperature and humidity on chemical and sensory emissions from building materials. Indoor Air, 9, pp 193-201.Fanger, P.O. (1970), Thermal comfort. Danish Technical Press, Copenhagen, Denmark.Fouintain, M.E. and Huizenga, C. (1997), A thermal sensation prediction tool for use by the profession. ASHRAE Transactions, 103(2), pp 130-136.Humphreys, M.A. (1978), Outdoor temperatures and comfort indoors. Building Research and Practice, 6(2), pp 92-105.Krogstad, A.L., Swanbeck, G., Barregård, L., et al. (1991), Besvär vid kontorsarbete med olika temperaturer i arbetslokalen - en prospektiv undersökning (A prospective study of indoor climate problems at differenttemperatures in offices), Volvo Truck Corp., Göteborg, Sweden.Tanabe, S., Kimura, K., Hara, T. (1987), Thermal comfort requirements during the summer season in Japan. ASHRAE Transactions, 93(1), pp 564-577.Toftum, J., Jørgensen, A.S., Fanger, P.O. (1998), Upper limits for air humidity for preventing warm respiratory discomfort. Energy and Buildings, 28(3), pp 15-23.中文：未来的热舒适性——优越性和期望值Fanger和Jørn Toftum国际室内环境中心和丹麦能源科技大学摘要本文预测了一些在新世纪中可以预见的热舒适性以及室内环境的发展趋势。
毕业论文外文翻译--析暖通空调系统在建筑中的节能问题(适用于毕业论
外文翻译ANALYSIS OF HVAC SYSTEM ENERGYCONSERVATIONIN BUILDINGSABSTRACTE conomic development and people's increasing demand for energy, but the nature of the energy is not inexhaustible. Environment and energy issues become increasingly acute, if no measures are taken, then the energy will limit the rapid economic development of the question.With the improvement of living standard, building energy consumption in the proportion of total energy consumption is increasing. In developed countries, building energy consumption accounts for 40% of total energy consumption of the community, while the country despite the low level of socio-economic development, but the building energy consumption has nearly 30% of total energy consumption, and still rising. Therefore, in western countries or in China, building energy consumption is affecting the socio-economic status of the overall development of the question. In building energy consumption, the energy consumption for HVAC systems has accounted for 30% of building energy consumption -50%, with the extensive application of HVAC, energy consumption for HVAC systems will further increase Great. HVAC systems are often coupled with high-quality electric energy, and our power and relatively tight in some areas, lack of energy supply and demand which is bound to lead to further intensification of contradictions. Therefore, energy-saving heating, higher professional requirements is inevitable across the board.KEYWORDS:energy-saving，HVAC1. Energy saving design measures should be takenRapid changes in science and technology today, area HVAC new technologies emerge, we can achieve a variety of ways of energy saving HVAC systems.1.1 Starting from the design, selecting, designing HVAC systems, so that the efficient state of the economy running.Design is a leading engineering, system design will directly affect its performance. The building load calculation is an important part of the design, a common problem is that the current design of short duration, many designers to save time, wrong use of the design manual for the design or preliminary design estimates of cold, heat load with the unit construction area of cold, heat load index, direct construction design stage as hot and cold load to determine the basis, often making the total load is too large, resulting in heating equipment, air conditioning is too large, higher initial investment, operating costs, increased energy consumption.1.2 using the new energy-saving air-conditioning and heating comfort and healthy mannerAffect human thermal comfort environment of many parameters, different environmental parameters can get the same effect of thermal comfort, but for different heat and moisture parameters of the environment of its energy consumption air conditioning system is not the same.1.3 Actual situation of a reasonable choice of cold and heat sources, seek to achieve diversification of cold and heat sourceWith the extensive application of HVAC systems on non-renewable energy consumption also rose sharply, while the broken part of the ecological environment are becoming increasingly intensified. How to choose a reasonable heating sources, has caused widespread concern of all parties.1.4 to enhance the use of hot and cold recycling of the work, to achieve maximum energyHVAC systems to improve energy efficiency is one of the ways to achieve energy-saving air-conditioning. Heat recovery system installed mainly through energy recovery, with the air from wind energy to deal with new, fresh air can reducethe energy required for processing, reducing the load, to save energy. In the choice of heat recovery, the should be integrated with the local climate Tiao Jian, Jing Ji situation, Gong Cheng actual situation of harmful exhaust gases of the situation in a variety of factors Deng integrated to determine the Xuanyong suitable heat recovery, so as to achieve Hua Jiao Shao's investment, recovery of more heat (cold) the amount of purpose.1.5 focus on development of renewable energy, and actively promoting new energyAs the air-conditioning systems used in high-grade, non-renewable energy resources and environmental problems caused by the increasingly prominent, have to develop some reasonable and effective renewable energy to ease the current tensions. To heat (cold) and solar and other renewable resources used in air conditioning and refrigeration, has certain advantages, but also clean and pollution-free. Ground Source Heat Pump is a use of shallow and deep earth energy, including soil, groundwater, surface water, seawater, sewage, etc. as a cold source in winter and summer heat is not only heating but also a new central air-conditioning system cooling.2. Saving design problemsAchieve energy-saving HVAC systems, now has a lot of mature conditions, but in practical applications there are some problems：2.1 The issue of public awareness of energy conservationThe past is not enough public understanding of energy, and on the air conditioning is also very one-sided view. For a comfort of air conditioning system or heating system, should the human body has a very good comfort. But the prevailing view now is: the colder the better air-conditioning, heating the more heat the better. This is obviously we seek the comfort of air conditioning is contrary to the view. In fact, this not only greatly increase the energy consumption of air conditioning heating, indoor and outdoor temperature and because of the increase, but also to the human body's adaptability to different environmental decline, lowering the body immunity. Therefore, we need to improve advocacy efforts to change public to the traditional understanding of air conditioning and heating, vigorous publicity andpromotion in accordance with building standards and the cold heat energy metering devices to collect tolls, raise public consciousness of energy.2.2 The design concept of the problemReasonable energy-saving design is a prerequisite. At present, some designers due to inadequate attention to design empirical value when applied blindly, resulting in the increase of the initial investment, energy consumption surprising, therefore recommended that the government functions and the energy-saving review body, to increase the monitoring of the HVAC air-conditioning energy saving efforts enhance staff awareness of energy conservation design, so that energy conservation is implemented.2.3 The promotion of new technologies issueNew technology in the HVAC system for energy conservation provides a new direction. Such as ground source heat pump systems, solar cooling and heating system, not only to achieve efficient use of renewable energy, and can bring significant economic benefits, is worth promoting. However, as with any new technology, these new technologies are often high in cost, and the geographical conditions of use have certain limitations, and technically there are still many areas for improvement to improve. Therefore, new energy-efficient technologies, we should be according to local conditions, sum up experience, and actively promote.3. ConclusionHVAC systems saving energy in the building occupies a very important position, should attract enough attention to the designer. Designers should be from a design point of view fully into account the high and strict compliance with energy standards energy saving ideas to run through all aspects of the construction sector. Energy-saving technologies and renewable energy recycling, the Government and other relevant departments should support and vigorously promoted. And the design, construction, supervision, quality supervision, municipal administration and other departments should cooperate closely and pay close attention to implementing a cold, heat metering devices to collect tolls, so people really get benefit from energy efficient building, energy-saving construction and non-heating energy efficientbuilding can not have the same charge standard. At the same time to raise public awareness of energy conservation, and vigorously promote the development of new energy-saving technologies to achieve sustainable development of society.References[1] "residential design standard" DBJ14-037-2006.[2] "Public Buildings Energy Efficiency Design Standards" DBJ14-036-2006.[3] "Technical Specification for radiant heating" JGJ142-2004.析暖通空调系统在建筑中的节能问题摘要经济的发展使人们对能源的需求不断增加,但是自然界的能源并不是取之不尽,用之不竭的。
(完整)暖通空调专业外文翻译
英文文献Air Conditioning SystemsAir conditioning has rapidly grown over the past 50 years， from a luxury to a standard system included in most residential and commercial buildings。
In 1970， 36％of residences in the U。
S。
were either fully air conditioned or utilized a room air conditioner for cooling (Blue， et al。
, 1979）。
By 1997， this number had more than doubled to 77%， and that year also marked the first time that over half （50.9%) of residences in the U。
S。
had central air conditioners （Census Bureau， 1999）。
An estimated 83％ of all newhomes constructed in 1998 had central air conditioners （Census Bureau， 1999）。
Air conditioning has also grown rapidly in commercial buildings。
From 1970 to 1995, the percentage of commercial buildings with air conditioning increased from 54 to 73% (Jackson and Johnson, 1978， and DOE， 1998）.Air conditioning in buildings is usually accomplished with the use of mechanical or heat-activated equipment. In most applications, the air conditioner must provide both cooling and dehumidification to maintain comfort in the building。
暖通空调专业外文翻译 --空调系统
英文文献Air Conditioning SystemsAir conditioning has rapidly grown over the past 50 years, from a luxury to a standard system included in most residential and commercial buildings. In 1970, 36% of residences in the U.S. were either fully air conditioned or utilized a room air conditioner for cooling (Blue, et al., 1979). By 1997, this number had more than doubled to 77%, and that year also marked the first time that over half (50.9%) of residences in the U.S. had central air conditioners (Census Bureau, 1999). An estimated 83% of all newhomes constructed in 1998 had central air conditioners (Census Bureau, 1999). Air conditioning has also grown rapidly in commercial buildings. From 1970 to 1995, the percentage of commercial buildings with air conditioning increased from 54 to 73% (Jackson and Johnson, 1978, and DOE, 1998).Air conditioning in buildings is usually accomplished with the use of mechanical or heat-activated equipment. In most applications, the air conditioner must provide both cooling and dehumidification to maintain comfort in the building. Air conditioning systems are also used in other applications, such as automobiles, trucks, aircraft, ships, and industrial facilities. However, the description of equipment in this chapter is limited to those commonly used in commercial and residential buildings.Commercial buildings range from large high-rise office buildings to the corner convenience store. Because of the range in size and types of buildings in the commercial sector, there is a wide variety of equipment applied in these buildings. For larger buildings, the air conditioning equipment is part of a total system design that includes items such as a piping system, air distribution system, and cooling tower. Proper design of these systems requires a qualified engineer. The residential building sector is dominatedby single family homes and low-rise apartments/condominiums. The cooling equipment applied in these buildings comes in standard “packages” that are often both sized and installed by the air conditioning contractor.The chapter starts with a general discussion of the vapor compression refrigeration cycle then moves to refrigerants and their selection, followed by packaged Chilled Water Systems。
建筑环境与设备工程毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
附录一：外文翻译浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能摘要：研究建筑环境，了解暖通空调负荷产生的原因及影响因素，可以更加合理地提出解决问题的方法。
关键词：建筑环境暖通空调能耗能源为经济的发展提供了动力，但是由于各种原因，能源的发展往往滞后于经济的发展。
近几年，中国的国民生产总值的增长率维持在约10％，但是能源的增长率只有3％～4％。
这样的形势要求我们必须节能。
建筑能源消耗在社会总能耗中的比例较大，发达国家的建筑用能一般占到全国总能耗的30％～40％；中国采暖区的城镇人口虽然只占全国人口的13.6％，但是采暖用能却占全国总能耗的9.6％。
建筑节能是建筑发展的基本趋势，也是当代建筑科学技术的一个新的生长点。
现代建筑的必要组成部分暖通空调领域也已经收到这种趋势的影响，暖通空调系统中的节能正在引起暖通空调工作者的注意，并且针对不同的国家、地区的能源特点和不同建筑的采暖、通风、空调要求发展者相关的节能技术。
研究建筑环境，了解暖通空调负荷产生的原因及影响因素，可以更加合理地提出解决问题的方法。
暖通空调能耗的组成为了创造舒适的室内空调环境，必须消耗大量的能源。
暖通空调能耗是建筑能耗中的大户，居统计在发达国家中暖通空调能耗占建筑能耗的65％，以建筑能耗占总能耗的356％计算，暖通空调能耗占总能耗的比例竟高达22.75％，由此可见建筑节能工作的重点应该是暖通空调的节能。
从暖通空调的能耗组成可以看出：暖通空调系统的能耗主要决定于空调冷、热负荷的确定和空调系统的合理配置，空调系统的布置和空调设备的选择是以空调负荷为依据的。
所以暖通空调节能的关键是空调外界负荷和内部负荷的确定，而暖通空调节能工作也应该从这个方面着手，合理布置建筑物的位置，正确选择外墙、门、窗、屋顶的形状及材料等，尽量减少空调负荷。
室内环境的影响暖通空调的目标是为人们提供舒适的生活和生产室内热环境，主要包括：室内空气温度、空气湿度、气流速度以及人体与周围环境（包括四壁、地面、顶棚等）之间的辐射换热（简称环境热辐射）等。
在一般的舒适性空调中，以能够使人体保持平衡而满足人们的舒适感觉为目的；在恒温恒湿或有洁净要求的工艺性空调中，一切以满足生产工艺为目标。
而房屋的建筑热工设计是恰当地利用房屋维护结构的热导性，抵抗室外气候的变化，使房间内产生舒适的微气候。
围护结构暖通空调负荷的影响围护结构包括外围结构和内围护结构。
外围护结构主要包括屋面、外墙和窗户（包括阳台门等）；内围护结构主要包括地面、顶棚、内隔墙等。
在采暖建筑中，围护结构的传热热损失占总的热损失的比例是较大的，以4个单元6层的砖墙、混凝土楼板的典型多层建筑为例，在北京地区，通过围护结构的传热热损失约占全部热损失的77％（其中外墙25％，窗户24％，楼梯间隔墙11％，屋面9％，阳台门下部3％，地面2％）；通过门窗缝隙的空气渗透热损失约占23％；在哈尔滨地区，通过围护结构的传热热损失约占全部热损失的71％（其中外墙28％，窗户28％，屋面9％，阳台门下部1％，外门1％，地面4％）；通过门窗缝隙的空气渗透热损失约占29％。
由此可见改善围护结构的热工性能对于暖通空调节能具有重要意义。
建筑规划设计对暖通空调节能的影响规划设计时建筑节能设计的重要方面，规划节能设计应从建设选址、分区、建筑和道路布局走向、建筑方位朝向、建筑体型、建筑间距、冬季季风主导方向、太阳辐射、建筑外部空间环境构成等方面进行研究。
以优化建筑的微气候环境；有利于节能，充分重视和利用太阳能、冬季主导风向、地形和地貌，利用自然因素。
节能规划设计就是分析成气候的决定因素、辐射因素、大气环流因素和地理因素的有利、不利影响，通过建筑的规划布局对上述因素进行充分利用、改造，形成良好的居住条件和有利于节能的微气候环境。
建筑旁边的绿化不但有防风、隔声、防尘和美化环境的作用，而且对于建筑节能也有重要作用。
因为首先树木可以从根部吸收水分，同过叶面蒸发，从而降低空气温度，其次树木有很好的遮阳作用，从而使建筑物直接受到的太阳辐射及从地面得到的辐射热减少，二是树木有引导风及挡风的作用。
此外，地面不但会反射太阳辐射，而且其本身辐射升高后又会成为新的热辐射源。
所以尽量种草、植树，避免地面土壤裸露，并减少不必要的大面积混凝土地坪对于减少空调负荷，达到节能的目的是非常重要的手段。
而且清洁的室外环境对于洁净空调系统的有效运行和空调箱过滤器的寿命也是有利的。
总之，建筑环境是影响暖通空调能耗的重要因素，从建筑环境着手考虑是解决暖通空调节能问题的关键，也是一种积极的节能工作作者认为应着重以下方面的工作：（1）制定相应的政策法规。
制定政策法规对建筑节能工作具有指导意义，而且以法规的形式出现，一则表示政府重视和鼓励，二则可以为节能工作的开展提供法律依据。
近年来国务院和有关部委也颁布了相关的建筑节能法规；此外各地方政府也根据气候条件和能源特点，制定了各自的建筑节能标准和规定；但是总的来说法规和政策还有待进一步的完善。
（2）推动科技的进步。
暖通空调节能工作的顺利开展离不开技术的进步。
国家在制定节能政策时，即指明了发展方向，同时也鼓励了技术进步。
只有依靠科技的发展，不断优化能源结构和用能方式，才能够真正做到节能，创造巨大的社会效益和经济效益。
（3）加强专业间的协调。
建筑是各工种配合的产物，建筑专业在考虑建筑环境时，不但要从建筑功能、建筑美学等方面考虑，还要与设备工种进行配合，充分重视建筑环境、建筑材料等对暖通空调乃至建筑能耗的影响，各工种协调工作，共同完成节能设计。
总之从建筑内外环境着手，不断优化建筑热功能，充分利用有利的建筑环境，必然会创造出适宜的室内热环境，同时也必将有利于暖通空调节能的发展。
附录二：外文翻译Shallow talk the building environment an air condition tocan consume with the warmSummary:The research constructs environment, understanding a warm an air condition to carry output reason and influencing factor, can be more and reasonably put forward solve problem of method.Keyword:Constructing a warm of environment an air condition can consumeShallow talk the building environment an air condition to can consume with the warmThe energy provided motive for the development of the economy, but becauseof various reason, the development of the energy is a usually behind in economy of development.In the last few years, the growth rate maintenance of citizen's total output value of China are in about 10%, but the growth rate of the energy only have 3% ～s 4%.Such situation's requesting us has to economize on energy.The comparison that constructs the energy depletion in the society always the ability consume compares greatly, the building of the flourishing nations' use can have to the whole country generally and always can consume of 30% ～s 40%;China adopts the town population of the warm area although only 13.6% that have national population, adopt warm use an ability but have a whole country and always can consume of 9.6%.Construct the economy energy is the basic trend of the building development, is also a new growth of[with] the contemporary building science technique to order.The necessity of the modern building constitutes a part of warm, the air condition realm has already received the influence of this kind of trend as well, warm the economy energy within air condition system is cause a warm the attention of the air condition worker, and aims at different of the adopt of energy characteristics and the dissimilarity building of the nation,region is warm,well ventilated,the air condition request develop a related economy energy technique.The research constructsenvironment, understanding a warm an air condition to carry output reason and influencing factor, can be more and reasonably put forward solve problem of method.Warm the air condition can consume of constituteFor creating comfortable indoor air condition environment, have to consume a great deal of energy.Warm the air condition can consume is the building can consume medium of big door, reside to statistics a warm an air condition in the flourishing nation and can consume to have 65% that building can consume, canning consume to share by building always can consume of 356% calculation, warm the air condition can consume to share and always can consume of the comparison is up to 22.75% unexpectedly, be showed from this the building economy energy work of point should be warm the economy energy of the air condition.The air condition can consume to constitute and can see from the warm:Warm the air condition system can consume main the decision is cold in the air condition,hot the burden really certainly installs with the reasonable of the air condition system, the decoration of the air condition system and the choice of the air-condition take the air condition burden as basis of.So warm air condition economy energy of the key is the air condition the external world to carry to carry and inner part really settle, and warm air condition economy energy the work should also begin from this aspect, reasonable decoration building of position, the exactitude chooses the shape and material etc.s of the outside wall,door,window,roof, reducing air condition burden as far as possible.The influence of the indoor environmentWarm the target of the air condition is for people to provide comfortable life and produce indoor hot environment。