在英语写作中研究话语标记语
英语专业学生作文中话语标记语的使用情况调查

英语专业学生作文中话语标记语的使用情况调查作者:梁惠梅来源:《黑龙江教育学院学报》2016年第10期摘要:采用Fraser话语标记语分类框架,调查玉林师范学院外语学院英语专业学生作文中话语标记语的使用情况。
调查结论表明,话语标记语的使用频次与作文质量有较密切的关系。
其次,学生在使用话语标记语时,有明显的偏好现象。
调查结果给大学英语写作教学提供了一定的借鉴:教师应该在课堂教学中培养学生正确使用话语标记语的意识;引导学生积累丰富其话语标记语词汇库,以改变学生英文写作中话语标记语使用单一、僵化的状况。
关键词:话语标记语;英语写作教学;调查;教学启示中图分类号:H319.36 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1001-7836(2016)10-0113-03一、前言话语标记语(DM),又叫插入语或话语联系语,是指说话者在话语表述过程中,为强化对交际对象的感染效果而插入的一些话语。
它们包括部分连词(如and, therefore, because 等)、副词(如actually, incidentally等)、感叹词(如well, oh等)以及某些短语或小句(如as a consequence of, you know, I mean, if Im not wrong等)[1]。
这些话语本身没有命题意义,但其对前后语篇的理解有很大的语用制约与联结作用。
话语标记不仅对于交际能力的组织非常重要,而且有助于话语连贯的形成。
作为语篇构成的重要组成部分,话语标记语成为近年来应用语言学及外语教学领域所关注的一个热点研究话题。
二、文献综述纵观研究话语标记语的相关文献,鲜见有相似的“话语标记语”定义,所依据的理论不同,所给的定义也就有所不同。
这种“百花齐放”的现象主要源于对“话语标记”首要功能的认识差异。
在话语标记的研究领域中,各国学者主要分为两大派:(1)以Schiffrin、Fraser为代表的“连贯”派;(2)以Blakemore等为代表的“关联”派。
话语标记语well的语用功能分析 词汇学课程论文

英语词汇学课程论文院系外国语学院专业英语师范班级2014级英语师范1班学生姓名陈雪姣学号201410014131任课教师肖祎2016年 12月 22日Pragmatic Analysis of the Discourse Marker Well 2014级英语师范专业学生:陈雪姣学号:201410014131Abstract: This paper focuses on the pragmatic functions of the discoursemarker well in verbal interaction.Through the analysis of the collected data in English based on the corpus, it is found well can actrespectively as a repair marker, initiation marker, delay marker, mitigator of face threatening acts as well asinsufficiency marker in different contexts.It may help English learners understand the pragmatic functions of well in verbal communication with these specific analyses.Keywords:discourse marker;well; pragmatic functionsI.IntroductionWhen speakers want to make their words achieve their ideal purpose in a conversation, they may use discourse discourses to let it be. A discourse marker is structurally independent of the sentence and semantically without special meaning. Although they don’t have certain meaning of expression, they play the role of continuing the discourse, showing the discourse structure, and expressing the speaker’s implication. There are some common discourse markers, such as well, oh, like, you know, I mean, and, but etc..Well has a higher frequency use in spoken English,and it received much attention among researchers.Well, as a discourse marker, has been studied in various fields. Some researchers were looking for a unified meaning for well, while others aimed to clarify the different function that well performs in certain discourse contexts. Although some functions of well have been explained, it is still needed more comprehensive studies on pragmatic properties. This paper will focus on the pragmatic functions of discourse marker well. In addition, the conversational meanings it encodes in different contexts will also be explained.II.Analysis ofPragmatic Functions of the Discourse Markers “Well”1.Literature ReviewIn recent twenty years, many researchers have been taking serious interest in the study of discourse markers and they have made great contributions in this field. Jucker (1993) uses the theory of the relevance theory (Sperber&Wilson 1986/1995) to analyze the pragmatic function of discourse markers in detail. In terms of discourse marker Well, he exclaims that “Well”in oral communication can act as a face-threat mitigator, frame marker, marker of insufficiency and delay device.Ran Yongping (2003) based on results of previous research, re-sorting and dividing the pragmatic functions of discourse marker “Well”. And he discussed the possible pragmatic functions of well in different contexts. There are four main aspects: mitigatorof face-threatening acts, hesitation or delay marker, insufficiency marker as well asrepair marker.This paper will combine some specific spoken corpus to further analyze the pragmatic function of discourse markers well in verbal communication.2.Pragmatic Functions of the Discourse Markers “Well”2.1As a Repair MarkerSometimes speakers may hear the wrong words, or misunderstand certain information or inaccurate words. Then they are likely to repair their words on line. (Ran Yongping, 2003) English native speakers often use well to suggest that they will correct their own words.And well as a means of language insertion can play a role in the amendment. As follows:(1) Grandpa:Lots of wonderful memories .We married almost fifty years .Well, forty-seven, to be exact.(2) We walked along in silence for a bit, well,not really silence because she wasbumming.(3) A:Good morning, Fred, I hope you’ve recovered from your illness.B: Yes, thank you. W ell, not fully, but I’m on the mend.Take (1) and (2) for example, speaker uses well to repair specific information, which is called self-repair. While take (3) for instance, B repairs A’s words, which is called other- repair.2.2As an Initiation MarkerWell, as an initiation marker, it always appears at the beginning of a conversationto restart a new conversation, or it acts as the initial part of the last turn, to make a response (Li Ming, Chen Xinren, 2007).As follow:(4) Teacher:(when hearing the bell ring)Well, let’s begin our class.(5) A:I have tons of chutney.B:Well, how much did you pay for it?Take (4) for example, the teacher uses well to start the class, then greeting his students. This kind of beginning makes the conversation natural. While take (5) for instance, well used by B to responseA, then a new topic is referred. It also indicates a new conversation begins.2.3Asa Delay MarkerIn order to avoid long unnecessary pause in a conversation, well acts a delay marker which can effectively adjust the tempo of speakers. On the other hand, it is also indicates the listeners the following words that speakers who just lack of careful thinking will say. In this way speakers can have more time to prepare the following talks. Examples listed as follows:(6) Susan:We couldn’t ask for anything more,could we?Harry:Well1...Susan:Well...? Could we ask for anything more?Harry:Well2 ...we......Susan:What did you mean by “well ...”?You hadsomething on your mind when I said we couldn’t ask anythingmore....Susa:Well3, are you going to tell mewhat’s onyour mind, Harry?Harry:I have been offered a job with a major accounting company in Los Angeles.(7) ...then first, I, you see, you may meet a lot ofnew words in, ...well..., in your, er, firstyear. ...Take (6) for instance, Harry had a good opportunity of his work. But what confused Harry is that he had to leave New York for Los Angeles. This means he will be depart from Susan who married Harry not very long ago. So Harry was so confused that he didn’t know how to tell the fact to Susan. Well1and well2act as delay marker, indicating Harry’s hesitation.And as for (7), the speaker apparently didn’t organize his words fully, so he used well to leave more time for thinking, and italso indicated his words was continuing.In both (6) and (7), well act as delay marker, in one way or another, it is the means to protect speakers’ talking chances.2.4As a Frame MarkerWell can also be used to separate different units of speech, acting the role of conversion topics. In the following example, the speaker uses well to return to the topic and functions to divide the different discourse frameworks.(8) A: ...but if they wanted people around to talk to, then I would be very happy to stay, and got a letter back saying we have arranged for you to stay — well, le t’s take the interview first...As the last example, at first the speaker expresses his idea of willing to stay here, talking to people who want to talk to him. But next he just turns the topic to another one. Well used as a frame marker to separate the two points, reaching its functions at this situation.2.5As a Mitigator of Face-threatening ActsOntheinterpersonal level, well mainly functions as a face-threatmitigator (Jucker 1993), In communication, people tend to be polite to others and also hopethat others are polite tothem, or in other words, people are conscious to save face or to reduce face threat. Therefore, in communication people will try many means to reduce face threat and well is one of them. We say well is a means used to obtain mitigation in order to save face when there is misunderstanding or misconception.(9)(Scene: The Launderama, Rachel is there, waiting for Ross. An old woman takes Rachel's clothes off the machine and begins loading it with her things.) Rachel: Oh, ’scuse me, I was kinda using that machine.Woman: Yeah, well, now you are kinda not.In the above example, a woman takes Rachel’s place and Rachel tries to tell the woman that the place is hers, using “kinda” to reduce face threat. The woman, also trying to be less impolite, uses “well” to save face.2.6As an Insufficiency MarkerIn daily conversation, both of speakers are always unwilling to tell the fact to the other directly. Instead, they want to hide the real intention or imply some information. So, well, as an insufficiency marker, is used to reach speakers’ purpose.(10) Reporter: How do you know this?Hayden:Well, they’re right behind us.You can call Mr. Anderson, who’s righthere, who has been assigned to me. I shook him three days ago.Take (10) for example, when the reporter asked Hayden how he known that those policemen in plain clothes are on some kind of special assignment, he did not give the full explanation and meanwhile gave him some advice to ask for another person Mr. Anderson whom he shook three days ago. Wellis used here to show that the Tom does not give enough information to the reporter.III.ConclusionThis paper is based on the findings of previous studies, generalizing some typical results that scholars have ever researched, and analyzing pragmatic functions of the discourse m arkers“well” in a more specific way.Sixtypes of pragmatic functions of well are presented in this paper, including as a repair marker, as an initiation marker, as a delay marker, as a frame marker, as a mitigator of face-threatening acts, and as an insufficiency marker. As a repair marker, it is used to correct speakers’ own mistakes or to correct other’s wrong assumptions.It is used as an initiation marker to restart a new conversation, or to make a response.Well acts as a delay marker, which signals that the speaker needs time to meditate. As a frame marker, it signalsa shift in the topic and it also helps the speaker return to the main topic after some breakings or some irrelevantutterance.It is used as a mitigation of face-threatening acts in order to solve misunderstanding or disapproval. As an insufficiency marker, it means the speaker don’t want to supply some information or explanations to the hearer.With the abundant data that the BNC provides,eachfunction has been tested and analyzed pragmatically. Such an intensive method ensures an in-depth interpretation of well’s conversational meanings in different discourse contexts. This provides a solid basis for the later analysis of the core function and core meaning of well.References[1]Jucker, A.H.1993.The discourse marker well:Arelevant theoreticalaccount[J].Journal ofPragmatics 19 (5).[2]冉永平,2003 ,话语标记语well的语用功能[J] ,《外国语》。
话语标记语well的研究综述

二、国内研究综述
国内对话语标记语的研究比较滞后。冉永平是国内最初真正意义上研究话语标记语的学者。冉永平以话语标记语well为研究对象,总结了well的四种语用功能,即面子威胁缓和标记语(当会话中双方其中一方的话语威胁到另一方的面子时,用来缓和气氛,转移话题)、延缓标记语(用于交谈双方观点相左、语境尴尬的情况)、信息短缺标记语(用于双方对交谈的主题或者一方对另一方的提问本来心知肚明,但却由于某种原因故意省略一部分对话内容的情况)以及信息修正标记语(用于交谈双方其中一方的话语词不达意,使另一方产生误会,而需要解释的情况)。他认为“well等话语标记语可以从局部或整体上对话语理解起着引导或路标的作用,帮助听话人识别各种语用关系,从而在认知上对话语理解进行制约”。
一、国外研究综述
国外学者从七十年代开始从不同的角度研究话语标记语。文献显示,最早研究话语标记语well的是美国学者Lakoff。Lakoff认为在说话者感到自己回答不够充分的情况下会使用well,此时well作为一个修正标记语,为说话者做进一步的解释提供了契机。
Svartvik将话语标记语well的功能总结为两类:修饰语和组织语。作为修饰语,well的主要作用是连接上下文,是上下文达到最大限度的衔接和连贯,并且可以表明“赞成、肯定的反应或态度、标志不充分的回答”;作为组织语语,well位于语篇的中间位置,具有转移话题、引导解释或阐述以及修正命题等作用。
参考文献:
[1]崔凤娟,于翠红.庭审语篇中话语标记语well的语用功能研究[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2015(2):24-31.
[2]李民,陈新仁.英语专业学生习得话语标记语well语用功能之实证研究[J].外语教学与研究,2007(1):21-26.
在英语写作中研究话语标记语

在英语写作中研究话语标记语本文对话语标记语的分析依据Sperber和Wilon的关联理论。
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关联理论的两大根本原那么是认知原那么和交际原那么,认知原那么即人类认知倾向于同最大关联想吻合;关联的交际原那么即每一个明示的行为都应设想为它本身具有最正确关联。
第二原那么以第一原那么为根底。
语言学家,特别是语用学家对话语标记语进行了广泛的探索研究。
话语标记语是当今话语分析、语用学等学科所关注的一个热门话题。
然而,却很少从写作的角度研究话语标记语。
我们认为,话语标记语具有独特的语篇链接功能。
如果学生在写作中能正确熟练地运用话语标记语,那么学生的语篇连贯写作能力将会得到很大提高正文:话语标记语是口语和书面语中常见的一种语言现象,用来指示话语之间的逻辑关系。
自从Halliday和Haan的《英语衔接》及Schiffrin的《话语标记语》出版后,人们对话语标记语产生了浓厚兴趣。
20世纪50、60年代是语言学这门学科开始大开展的阶段,作为其分支的话语标记语研究是在70年代后期才真正形成和开展起来的。
自从Halliday和Haan的《英语衔接》及Schiffrin的《话语标记语》出版后,人们对话语标记语产生了浓厚兴趣。
许多学者从不同角度对话语标记语进行了研究,譬如,Otman以youknow为第一个研究对象来研究话语标记语;Schourup也是对话语标记语较早研究的学者,使用的名称为普通话语小品词;Watt根据话语标记语出现的常见位置将它们分成左标记语和右标记语;Fraer采用自上而下的方法并从语法-语用的角度对话语标记语进行了研究。
Schiffrin是对话语标记语进行系统研究最有影响的学者,其终极成果集中于专著《话语标记语》一书。
Schiffrin采用了自下而上的研究方法,她认为,话语标记语对话语连贯起着重要作用,并提出了话语连贯模式。
从现有的对话语标记语的研究来看,绝大多数都是从Sperber&Wilon的关联理论角度进行探讨。
英语写作中话语标记语的语用功能浅析

对比性标记语 可以使得作者表达 的观点更加的全 面,从正反 两个 方 面帮助读者理解文章 的论述 。该类标记语能够突出观点 中的矛 盾现 象 ,帮助作 者把道理分析得更加清楚 。在研究 中,我们发现学 生使用 b u t 的频率是最高的 ,其主要原 因在于母语 负迁移对 学生英文写 作造 成 的影响 ,汉语 的表达方式通 常将起解释说 明作用的成分放 到句子的 前 部,而将表达 的重点放在句子 的后面 。 ( 四)推导性标记语 例1 :S o m e p e o p l e h a t e i t , ?b e c a u s e ?t r a v e l e r w i l l s p e n d l o t s o f mo n -
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f o o d,d i f f e r e n t a r e a s h a s i t s e l f d i f f e r e n t c u l t u r e s ,t h e mo s t c r u c i a l i s i t s l o c a l f o o d .
语 用功 能 英语 写作
例 1 :B u t s o me p e o p l e t h i n k t h e t r a v e l i n g a s a w a s t e . 例2 :A l t h o u g h t h e t r a v e l ,I c o u l d h a v e a r e s t a n d I t h i n k 1 w i l l h a v e a
在英语写作中研究话语标记语

在英语写作中研究话语标记语IntroductionDiscourse markers (DMs) are expressions that guide and link the progress of a conversation or text. Their main task is to signal the relationship between the different parts of a discourse, show the sequence of information, connect sentences and paragraphs, and indicate the speaker’s attitude or opinion. In English writing, DMs are critical for indicating coherence and coherence in discourse. Therefore, this essay seeks to discuss the role of DMs in facilitating discourse coherence and coherence in English writing.1. Types of Discourse MarkersDMs include words, phrases, or even short sentences that indicate the structure and meaning of discourse. There are various types of DMs, and they can be classified based on their functions. These include additive DMs used to connect items or to add to the list such as also, furthermore, in addition, and moreover. Adversative DMs are used to indicate contrast and opposition such as but, however, nonetheless, and although. Causal DMs indicate reason and cause-effect relations, such as consequently, thus, and so. Temporal DMs are used to indicate time and sequence such as firstly, secondly, and finally, as well as other temporal markers like when, while, and after. There are also reformulative DMs that connect and summarizeinformation such as in other words, to put it differently, and that is.2. Role of Discourse Markers in facilitating Discourse Cohesion and CoherenceDiscourse coherence and coherence refer to the clarity, consistency, and meaningfulness of a text. DMs play a significant role in facilitating discourse coherence and coherence by guiding the reader through the different sections of a discourse and signaling relationships between propositions. By using DMs, the writer makes it easier for readers to understand the text and navigate through it. Moreover, DMs help to maintain discourse cohesion by linking words, phrases, and sentences in the text, developing the reader's understanding of the narrative structure.For instance, consider an example of a paragraph without DMs:“I have always enjoyed sports since my childhood. Football is my favorite. I loved playing with my friends in the neighborhood. I also enjoyed watching sports on television. My favorite team is Manchester United. I have always dreamed of playing for them.”In this paragraph, the reader may find it challenging to follow the different points the writer is making. Instead, if the writer used DMs such as “Furthermore” or “In addition,” the paragraph would be clearer, coherent, and easier to read.“Football is my favorite sport. Moreover, I loved playing it with my friends in the neighborhood. In addition, I enjoyed watching sports on television. My favorite team is Manchester United. Finally, I have always dreamed of playing for them.”In the second example, the DMs help link the different sentences, indicating the relationships between them, thus creating a coherent and cohesive text, which is easier for the reader to follow.ConclusionIn conclusion, DMs play a crucial role in facilitating coherence and coherence in English writing. They connect the different sections of a discourse, signal the relationships between propositions, and link words, phrases, and sentences in a text. When used correctly, they make the text easier to read, understand and follow, enhancing the coherence and coherence of thewritten piece. Therefore, it is essential for writers to have a good understanding of DMs and to use them adequately when writing.。
从关联理论的视角探讨英语写作中话语标记语的误用

中话语标记语 的使用 情况 。
二 、 中生写作中使用话语标记语存在 的问题 高 在今天 的英语 作文教学 中 , 教师们所 遵 循的教 学模 式是 : 先注重 词 和句 的练 习, 才 联系 整 个语 篇 。这 种 后
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中充 当的制 约话语 理解 的功能 。准 确地来 说 , 话语 标记 语是 提供 或寻 找关联 、 测语 篇意 图 、 动语 篇发 展 的 揣 推
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so l e a n di u l lcs”在 英语 中 , frte h udb n e p bi pae. b n c “o h
如何在写作中使用话语标记语-高考英语一轮复习应用文写作失误分析应对策略(通用版)

06 如何在写作中使用话语标记语话语标记语及其作用分析▲话语标记语概述从20世纪80年代起,就有众多西方学者开始关注和研究话语标记语。
但是时至今日,话语标记语也没有统一的命名和定义。
通过以往文章的回顾,我们发现研究的角度、范围和领域不同,其对话语标记语的命名也就不同,例如话语联系语(Halliday & Hasan, 1976 ),语用联系语(Van Dijk, 1979 ),提示语(Rouchuota, 1978 ),语义连词(Quirk, et al, 1985 ),话语操作语(Redeker, 1991),话语小品词(Schourup, 1985 ),语用标记语(Schiffrin,1987; Fraser, 1989),话语联系语(Blackmore, 1987,1992),语用构成语(Fraser,1987 )等等,就像我们看到的那样,不同的术语背后传达出对话语标记语的态度与角度不同,在本文中,笔者统一使用了话语标记语这一术语。
如上文中所提到的一样,不同的学者从不同的语言学分支出发来研究话语标记语,因此对于话语标记语的定义也各有不同。
Ostman是第一个研究话语标记语的人,you know是其第一个研究样本,他认为,每个话语的理解都要依靠包含话语标记语的语篇,这些小品词包含了与语境相关的必要信息,她认为小品词所包含的主要功能是语篇组织、互动信号和态度标记。
Halliday和Hasan(1976 )在其《英语中的衔接》中指出话语标记语是一种连接方式,它影响着语篇衔接与连贯,并且有其独特的衔接功能。
Schiffrin (1987 )采用自下而上的方法,从社会互动或连贯的角度,对11个话语标记语的话语功能进行了定性与定量分析,她认为话语标记语是划分话语的界标,是依附与前言后语的。
她从话语的局部连贯角度出发,对标记语进行了操作性的定义,对于Redeker来说,她将话语标记语视为话语操作语,并将其定义为“用来表示话语与当前语境关系的语言表达”Redeker, 1990) oRedeker和S chiffrin都认为话语标记语是标记连贯的关系,她称之为“话语操作语”。
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话语标记语是口语和书面语中常见的一种语言现象,用来指示话语之间的逻辑关系。
自从Halliday和Hasan的《英语衔接》及Schiffrin的《话语标记语》出版后,人们对话语标记语产生了浓厚兴趣。
20世纪50、60年代是语言学这门学科开始大发展的阶段,作为其分支的话语标记语研究是在70年代后期才真正形成和发展起来的。
许多学者从不同角度对话语标记语进行了研究,譬如,Ostman以you know为第一个研究对象来研究话语标记语;Schourup也是对话语标记语较早研究的学者,使用的名称为“普通话语小品词”;Watts根据话语标记语出现的常见位置将它们分成“左标记语”和“右标记语”;Fraser采用“自上而下”的方法并从语法-语用的角度对话语标记语进行了研究。
Schiffrin是对话语标记语进行系统研究最有影响的学者,其终极成果集中于专著《话语标记语》一书。
Schiffrin采用了“自下而上”的研究方法,她认为,话语标记语对话语连贯起着重要作用,并提出了话语连贯模式。
从现有的对话语标记语的研究来看,绝大多数都是从Sperber &Wilson的关联理论角度进行探讨。
Blakemore就是以Sperber&Wilson 的关联理论为基础,从认知-语用的角度出发,对话语标记语的作用进行了研究,关联理论从人的认知特点与过程出发,将交际当作是一种认知活动,认为人类的认知有一个总的目标,即在认知过程中力图以最小的投入去获取最大的认知效果。
为了实现这一目的,人们必须将注意力集中在最为关联的信息上。
这一认识是语言认知研究的巨大进步。
根据该理论,说话者一般总会最大程度地表达话语信息,以便让对方话语理解时付出尽可能小的代价,为此,说话者便会制约听话者对话语关联性的寻找。
Sperber&Wilson从认知的角度提出了人类交往的关联理论。
根据该理论,人类的交际行为是明示-推理过程,说话人通过明示交际行为,让听话人获取某种信息。
在关联理论的框架中,语境被认为是变项,关联是常项,寻找语境就是寻找语境关联,话语标记语被看作是寻找关联的向导,它可以制约语境和认知效果的选择。
国内对话语标记语的研究不像其他国家那样全面,但也有许多在此领域卓有成就的学者,如廖秋仲、何自然、冉永平等。
国内对话语标记语从不同的角度进行理论研究,譬如,一些研究侧重于关联理论中话语标记语对语境的制约功能,何自然和冉永平对话语标记语的语用制约性进行了探索性研究,冉永平对话语标记语的语用功能进行探究,并出版了《话语标记语well的语用功能》一书。
尽管不同的学者对话语标记语的看法不一,但他们都认同话语标记语具有促进语篇连贯的作用。
关联理论认为,语篇连贯是听话人寻求话语最佳关联的结果,而话语标记语通过限制话语的生成和理解帮助听话人寻求话语的最佳关联。
从话语生成的角度,话语标记语可以帮助听话人组织信息从而产生尽可能明晰的话语。
写作也是一种交际方式,是作者和读者之间的交际。
在中国,大学英语写作教学大纲一直在强调语篇连贯的重要性。
然而,对很多学生而言,作文缺乏连贯始终是个无法理解的问题。
许多非英语专业的学生在写作中不能正确使用话语标记语,结果导致文章不连贯。
因此,本文在关联理论的框架下探讨了大学英语写作中话语标记语的情况。
通过对学生的英语写作进行分析发现,学生在英语写作中使用话语标记语时,存在许多问题,如:误用话语标记语;缺少话语标记语;过
多使用话语标记语以及机械套用话语标记语。
针对这些情况,本人尝试地提出了一些写作教学建议:一、增强学生对话语标记语语用功能的意识;二、通过阅读练习,让学生更直接地了解话语标记语在真实语境中的功能和语法;三、为学生提供尽可能多的练习机会以充分掌握话语标记语的用法。
写作是一个语言编码的过程,从语用和认知的角度来讲,写作的编码不仅包括反映文章中心思想的概念意义,还有帮助文章理解的程序意义,因此,作者应当考虑如何引导读者理解他在文章中想要表达的内容。
首先,作者需要避免读者误解或扭曲表达的意义,因此就要增加读者正确理解的可能性;其次,作者要使读者用最小的努力获得最大的理解原文上的收获。
因此作者有两个选择:用普通的语言表达明确的命题意义,或用语言手段来提供必要的解释。
在通常情况下,作者会做第二种选择,也就是说,作者会通过使用语言手段来帮助读者理解原文内容。
话语标记语是写作中所使用的语言手段中的重要的一种。
总的来说,话语标记语是使写作更加连贯的手段。
从本质上说,它反映了作者和读者时间的一种互动。
英语话语标记语的数量很多,不同的话语标记语可以达到相同的语境效果而且一些话语标记语可以达到两个,甚至是三个语境效果,例如:for instance,however,in other words等等。
在书面语中,话语标记语不仅具有衔接话语单元的语义功能,同时又发挥重要的认识—语用功能,它既可以帮助作者生成语篇又能引导读者理解语篇,具体表现为语篇组构功能和认知引导功能。
这二种功能并非互相排斥,而是关系密切,相辅相成的。
由于话语标记语的语篇功能,学生熟练掌握了话语标记语的运用,就可以把意义上相互联系的话语单位连接起来,从而生成一个语义连贯的篇章。
因为话语标记语在语篇中的重要功能,学生对话语标记语的掌握程度与他们的英语写作水平有很大关联。
然而,对于中国学生,把英语作为第二外语的学生来说,还未能熟练、准确把握和运用话语标记语,因此,教师在英语教学过程中,应系统地向学生传授话语标记语的相关知识,并分析它们的功能,以使学生正确理解和使用话语标记语。
在英语写作中,利用话语标记语找到连贯关系,以帮助其理解和使篇章顺畅。
参考文献
[1]Blakemore, D.Semantic Constraints on R elevance[M].Oxford, Blackwell,1987.
[2]Fraser,B.An Approach to Discourse Markers[J].Journal of Prag-matics,1990.
[3]Johns,A.M.Textual Cohesion and the Chinese Speakers of English [J].Language Learning and Communication,1984.
[4]Sperber,D.&D.Wilson.R elevance.Blackwell.1995.
[5]陈新仁.话语联系语与英语议论文写作调查分析[J].外语教学与研究,2002.
[6]冯光武.汉语标记语的语义、语用分析[J].现代外语,2004.
[7]李明贤.话语标记语与外语写作教学[D].山东大学,2005.
在英语写作中研究话语标记语
山东师范大学外国语学院刘宁宁
[摘要]话语标记语指那些不参与句法结构,往往连接于上下两个话语片段之间,且为发话者主观外加、能发挥一定话语篇章功能的特殊的言语成分。
目前,话语标记语已成为建构主义语言模式的语言学家研究的重点。
它们不仅可以使得言谈自然并合乎语境,而且还表明语言是人类所独有的。
因此,话语标记语的研究对于我们理解交际能力来说至关重要。
它可以帮助我们了解语言是如何通过适当的文化方式借助认知、社会、表达以及语篇等诸多方面的知识运作的。
本文对话语标记语的分析依据Sperber和Wilson的关联理论。
关联理论的两大基本原则是认知原则和交际原则,认知原则即人类认知倾向于同最大关联相吻合;关联的交际原则即每一个明示的行为都应设想为它本身具有最佳关联。
第二原则以第一原则为基础。
语言学家,特别是语用学家对话语标记语进行了广泛的探索研究。
话语标记语是当今话语分析、语用学等学科所关注的一个热门话题。
然而,却很少从写作的角度研究话语标记语。
我们认为,话语标记语具有独特的语篇链接功能。
如果学生在写作中能正确熟练地运用话语标记语,那么学生的语篇连贯写作能力将会得到很大提高。
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