机器人视觉伺服控制外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

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机器人机构设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

机器人机构设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
Instiபைடு நூலகம்ute of Printing and Packing Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology
Abstract
In optimal design for robot structures, design modelsneed to he modified and computed repeatedly. Becausemodifying usually can not automaticallyberun, itconsumes a lot of time.Thispaper gives a method thatuses APDL language of ANSYS5.5software togenerate an optimal control program, which mikeoptimal procedure run automatically and optimalefficiency be improved.
A lot of methods are used in optimization design ofstructure. Finite element method is a much effectivemethod. In general, modeling and modifying are manual,whichisfeasible when model is simple. When modeliscomplicated, optimization timeislonger. In the longeroptimization time, calculation time is usually very little,a majorityoftime is used for modeling and modifying.It is key of improving efficiency of structureoptimization how to reduce modeling and modifyingtime.

机器人视觉伺服系统综述

机器人视觉伺服系统综述

机器人视觉伺服系统综述摘要:对机器人视觉伺服系统进行阐述,介绍了机器人视觉伺服系统的概念、发展历程以及研究背景;并从不同的角度对机器人视觉伺服系统进行了分类。

最后介绍了该领域的研究现状、所取得的成就,以及今后的发展趋势。

关键词:机器人;视觉伺服;综述Survey of robot visual servoing systemAbstract:: In this paper,the survey of robot visual servoing system are introduced.The paper reviews the concept and history background of robot visual servoing system.This article also classify the robot visual servo system from different aspects. Finally, it introduce the research status quo, achievements and future trends in the field.Key words:robot, visual servoing, summary1.引言随着先进科学技术的不断发展,机器人已经在生产和生活中起到了越来越重要的作用,因次人们不断对机器人技术提出更高的要求。

为了使机器人能够完成更加复杂的工作,适应更加复杂的环境,机器人不仅需要更加完善的控制统,还需要能够更多的感知环境的变化。

而影响其发展的一个重要原因就是机器人缺少像人一样的感知能力,在人们为机器人添加各种外部传感器的过程中,机器人视觉以其信息大、信息完整成为最重要的机器人感知功能[1]。

机器人的视觉伺服系统是机器人的视觉和机器人控制的相结合的复杂系统。

其内容包括了图像的采集与处理、运动学和动力学、自动控制理论及其系统数据实时分析等领域于一体的新兴交叉学科。

文献翻译(伺服系统中英文翻译)

文献翻译(伺服系统中英文翻译)

武汉轻工大学毕业设计(论文)外文参考文献译文本2014届原文出处指导老师给出毕业设计(论文)题目PMSM伺服系统---MATLAB仿真设计院(系)电气与电子工程学院专业名称自动化学生姓名陈思明学生学号100408903指导教师高峰译文要求:1、译文内容须与课题(或专业)有联系;2、外文翻译不少于4000汉字。

SERVO CONTROL SYSTEMS 1: DC ServomechanismsElke Laubwald: Visiting Consultant, control systems ABSTRACT: This is one of a series of white papers on systems modelling, analysis and control, prepared by Control Systems to give insights into important principles and processes in control. In control systems there are a number of generic systems and methods which are encountered in all areas of industry antechnology. These white papers aim to explain these important systems and methodsinstraightforward terms.The white papers describe what makes a particular type of system/method important, how it works and then demonstrates how to control it. The control demonstrations is performed using models of real systems designed by our founder - Peter Wellstead, and developed for manufacture by TQ Education and Training Ltd in their CE range of equipment. Where possible results from the real system are shown. This white paper is about the universally used ‘work horse’ of electro-mechanical systems– the DC servo control system or servomechanism.1. What is a Servo Control System and servo motor?A servo control system is one of the most important and widely used forms of control system. Any machine or piece of equipment that has rotating parts will contain one or more servo control systems. The job of the control system may include:Maintaining the speed of a motor within certain limits, even when the load on the output of the motormight vary. This is called regulation.Varying the speed of a motor and load according to an externally set programme of values. This is called set point (or reference) tracking.Our daily lives depend upon servo controllers. Anywhere that there is an electric motor there will be a servo control system to control it. Servo control is very important. The economy of the world dependsupon servo control (there are other things to be sure – but stay with me on the control theme). Manufacturing industry would cease without servo systems because factory production lines could not becontrolled, transportation would halt because electric traction units would fail, computers would cease because disk drives would not work properly and communications networks would fail because network servers use hard disk drives. Young people would become even more unbearable and they would complain more than they do now, because their music and games systems will not work without servo control.Servo control systems are that important and it is vital to know about them. So pay attention and sit up straight – you are not on holiday and I am not writingthis for the good of my health.Also known as the implementation of the motor servo motor, the automatic control system for the implementation of components to convert signals received from the motor shaft angular displacement or angular velocity output.DC and AC servo motor is divided into two categories, the main feature is that when the signal voltage is zero, no rotation of the phenomenon, the increasing speed with uniform torque decreased.Servo motors to control mechanical servo system in the operation of the engine components. Is a servomotors device.Servo motor can control the speed, position accuracy is very accurate.The voltage signal into a torque and speed to drive the control object.Rotor speed by the input signal control, and can respond rapidly, in the automatic control system for the implementation of components, and has electrical and mechanical time constant, linear and high initiating voltage low.2. Modelling a Simple Servo SystemBefore we can control a system we must understand in mathematical terms how the system behaves without control. This is system modelling and it is a fundamental part of our work in control systems analysis. This white paper is about the simplest form of servo – the direct current (DC) position control servomechanism. It is important because, although it is the simplest form of servomechanism, it is usedas the starting point for understanding all other servo systems The basic form of a DC servo system is made of an electric motor with an output shaft that has an inertialload J on it, and friction in the bearings of the motor and load (represented by the constant b). There will be an electric drive circuit where an input voltage u(t) is transformed by the motor into a torque T(t) inthe motor output shaft. Using systems modelling ideas for mechanical systems a torque balance can bewritten between the input torque from the motor and the torque required to accelerate the load and overcome friction. This is shown in the equation()J b T t θθ+=Where θ is the angular position of the servo output shaft. The control objective is to control the shaft Position or the shaft velocity to be some desire value . The input voltage u(t) is related to the torque T(t) a gain K and the inertia divided by the friction coefficient is referred to as the system time constant ⎜ , where τ=J/b So the system model becomes:+()Ku t τθθ=In a practical servo system there will be additional components of the model which are important. Many of these are to do with the nonlinearities in the drive amplifier and friction in the mechanical components. The most important nonlinearities are the saturation voltage of the motor drive amplifier, the deadband in the amplifier, the so-called Coulomb friction in the rotating mechanical components andhysteresis (backlash) in any gearboxes that might be between the motor and the load. A good control system must include features to deal with these nonlinear features.In this white paper we will concentrate on the linear parts of the servo system and only show some hints of non-linear issues. The linear part of the servo system model can be put in the transfer function form:()()()1K Y s U s s s τ=+ Where y(s ) is the output shaft position and u(s) is the motor input. K is the system gain and τ is tthe time constant.An important job for the control systems analyst is to know how to measure the values of the gains K and the time constant . To make it easier to follow in this case we can say that for example, the CE110 Servo Trainer has been designed to give a gain of one between the motor input and the motor speed, and anapproximate gain of K = 2 between the measured speed and the measured shaft position. The nominal value of the time constant is 1.5. So the transfer function model can be decomposed into the transfer function from the motor input to the motor speed v(s), an d the transfer function from the motor speed to the output shaft position.()1()(s)1()()v s U s kU s Y s s τ=+=Many control systems design tools use a state space representation of the system model. In servo systems the states are the velocity and position of the servo system output shaft. Rearranging the system transfer model gives the state space form:Also note that the servo system measured variables in the state model are the position of the shaft y (using a position encoder or potentiometer) and the velocity v (using a speed encoder). The linear models given above are the basis of the design of servo controllers. A real servo however has non-linear components that influence its dynamic behaviour. The main nonlinearities are Coulombfriction in the moving parts and the dead zone and saturation in the motor input amplifier. This is advanced control and we will not cover it in this white paper.Servo mainly rely on impulse to locate, basically can be understood, the servo motor receives a pulse, a pulse will rotate the corresponding point of view, in order to achieve the displacement, because the servo motor itself has issued a pulse function, so the servoEach motor to rotate a point of view, is issued by the corresponding number of pulses, so that the pulse and servo motors to accept the formation of the echo, or called closed-loop, this way, the system will know the number of pulses sent to the servo motor, while the number of receivedpulse came back, so that we can very accurately control the motor rotation, in order to achieve accurate positioning, can reach 0.001mm.DC servo motor into brush and brushless motors.Brush motor low cost, simple structure, starting torque, wide speed range, easy control, need to maintain, but easy to maintain (replacement carbon brushes), generate electromagnetic interference, the environment requirements.So it can be used for cost-sensitive general industrial and civil applications.Brushless motor, small size, light weight, large output, fast response, high speed, small inertia, rotational smoothness, torque and stability.Control complex, easy to implement intelligent, flexible way of their electronic commutation, the commutation can be square wave or sinusoidal commutation.Motor maintenance-free, high efficiency, low operating temperature, electromagnetic radiation is very small, long-life, can be used for a variety of environments.Brushless AC servo motor is divided into synchronous and asynchronous motors, motion control in the current synchronous motor is generally used, and its power range, can do a lot of rge inertia, the maximum rotation speed is low, and with the power increases rapidly decreased.Thus suitable for applications that run on low speed steady. Servo motor rotor is permanent magnet, the drive control of the U / V / W three-phase power to form fields, the rotor in the magnetic field under the rotation, while the motor comes with encoder feedback signal to the drive, the drive according to the feedback valuecompared with the target value, adjusting the angle of the rotor rotation.Depends on the accuracy of the servo motor encoder accuracy (lines).Question:AC servo motors and brushless DC servo motor function, what is the difference? A: AC servo better because a sine wave control, torque ripple small.DC servo is a trapezoidal wave.But the DC servo is relatively simple, cheap3. Example of a Servo SystemThe figure 1 shows the CE110 Servo Trainer from TQ Education and Training Ltd. This is a classic andcomprehensive representation of the servo control problem. It contains all relevant features that can befound in a practical servo system. The centre section of the system are the main hardware elements, fromthe left they are:1. The inertial load2. The speed sensor3. An active load (in this case a generator, G)4. The servo motor, M5. An electric clutch and gearbox (can you see the picture of a gear system on the right?)6. And under the gear system is the output shaft with a position sensor.The electric clutch allow the position system to be disconnected to study velocity control problems. Thegearbox is included because servo mechanisms for position control very often havegearboxes to reducespeed and increase torque. The generator is included so that control under variable load can beinvestigated.At the top of the front panel are electronic versions of all the nonlinear elements that can be found in realservos – these are used to teach nonlinear compensation and to understand what to look for in practicalsituations. We will be using the linear motor with internal load and position output through a gearbox toillustrate servo control in action. I might show some nonlinear behaviour in this white paper, but thenagain, I might not – it depends on how nice you are to me as I sit on this keyboard, all the time dreamingof my beautiful mountain homeland and mein Verlobter.4. Servo System ControllersThere are many, many alternative controller design theories that can be used to control a servomechanism. Possibly there are too many. Here is a list of most of the techniques:1. Three term (PID) control2. Velocity Feedback Control3. Phase Lead Compensation4. State Feedback Control5. State Observer Implementation and Control6. Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR)7. Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG)8. Robust Control9. Sliding Mode and Variable Structure Control10. Dead Beat ControlEach of the above can be implemented as a continous time method or a digital method based on Ztransforms. Also it is possible to use techniques such as fuzzy control and its variants. A bewilderingchoice is it not? And what is more, all of them can give an acceptable performance if designed with careand by an expert. For example, robust control potentially gives the best technicaland practical results, butan expert is required to select the design factors required and to get a simple implementable controller.5. Introduction permanent magnet AC servo motor80 years since the 20th century, with the integrated circuits, power electronics and AC variable speed drive technology, permanent magnet AC servo drive technology with outstanding development, national electrical manufacturers have launched their own well-known AC servo motor and servo drive seriesand continue to improveand update products.AC servo system has become a contemporary high-performance servo systems the main development direction, so that the original DC servo facing the crisis of being eliminated.90 years later, the world has been commercialized by AC servo digital control system is a sine wave motor servo drive.AC servo drive the rapid development of the field in thetransmission.Permanent magnet AC servo motor compared with DC servo motor, the main advantages are: ⑴without brush and commutator, it is reliable and maintenance requirements for maintenance and low.⑵cooling the stator winding more convenient.⑶inertia is small, easy-to improve the system fast.⑷adapted to high-speed high torque working condition.⑸under the same power, smaller size and weight.Since the German MANNESMANN of Rexroth Indramat division in the company's Hanover Trade Fair 1978 was officially launched MAC permanent magnet AC servo motor and drive system, which marks this new generation of AC servo technology has entered the practical stage.To the late 20th century, 80 years, the company has a complete line of products.The servo-device market are turning to the exchange system.Early analog systems such as zero-drift, interference, reliability, accuracy and flexibility in areas such as lack of motion control is still not fully meet the requirements, in recent years with the microprocessor, the new digital signal processor (DSP) applicationsthe emergence of digital control system, the control section can be carried out entirely by the software, called Jiang hazy or Tuan Shen Jing only fresh coarse hempen fabric, valiant only Shen of the permanent magnet AC servo system.So far, high-performance servo systems mostly use electrical permanent magnet synchronous AC servo motor, control the drive to use more fast, accurate positioning of the all-digital servo system.Typical manufacturers such as Siemens of Germany, the United States and Japan Kollmorgen companies such as Panasonic and Yaskawa.Yaskawa Electric has launched a small-scale production of AC servomotors and drives, in which D series for CNC machine tools (maximum speed of 1000r/min, torque is 0.25 ~ 2.8Nm), R series is suitable for the robot (the highest speed of 3000r/min, torque is 0.016 ~ 0.16Nm).Launched after the M, F, S, H, C, G six series.90 20th century, has introduced a new D-series and Rseries.Rectangular wave drive from the old series, 8051 to control the sine wave drive, 80C, 154CPU and gate array chip control, torque ripple from 24% to 7%, and improved reliability.Thus, the formation of only a few years, eight series (power range of 0.05 ~ 6kW) more complete system to meet the working machinery, transportation agencies, welding robots, assembly robots, electronic components, processing machinery, printing presses, high speed winding machine, winding machines for different C equipment to produce the famous Japanese law that g (Fanuc) company, in the 20th century has introduced the mid-80s S series (13 specifications), and L series (5 specifications) of the permanent magnet AC servo motor.L Series has a smaller moment of inertia and the mechanical time constant, particularly for applications that require fast response servo system.Other Japanese manufacturers, such as: Mitsubishi Motors (HC-KFS, HC-MFS, HC-SFS, HC-RFS and HC-UFS series), Toshiba Seiki (SM series), Okuma Iron Works (BL series), Sanyo Electric(BL series), standing stones motor (S series) and many other manufacturers have entered the permanent magnet AC servo system fray.Germany Rexroth (Rexroth) The MAC Indramat Division Series AC servo motor Total 7 Frame 92 specifications.Germany's Siemens (Siemens)'s IFT5 series three-phase permanent magnet AC servo motor standard and short form is divided into two categories, a total of 98 species of 8 frame size specifications.Allegedly the same series AC servo motor and DC servo motor output torque compared IHU series, which weighs only 1 / 2, supporting the transistor PWM drive 6SC61 series, the most for 6-axis motor control.Bosch (BOSCH) ferrite magnets produced the SD series (17 standard) and rare earth permanent magnet of the SE series (8 specs) AC servo motor and drive controller Servodyn SM series.American production companies Gettys servo device as Gould Electronics, once a division of (Motion Control Division), production ofM600 series A600 series AC servo motor and servo drives.After the merger to the AEG, Gettys name restored, the introduction of A700 all-digital AC servo system.U.S. AB (ALLEN-BRADLEY) 1326-based production company driver division ferrite permanent magnet AC servo motor and servo controller PWM AC 1391.Frame size motors including 3 of 30 specifications.ID (Industrial Drives) is a famous Cole Morgan (Kollmorgen) of industrial drives division, has produced BR-210, BR-310, BR-510 a total of 41 specifications of the three series of brushless servo motor and servo BDS3drive.Since 1989, launched a new series designedsolely doped Jian Pirates (Goldline) permanent magnet AC servo motor, including the B (small inertia), M (Middle Inertia) and EB (explosion proof) three categories, 10,20,40,60,80 five frame sizes, each of 42 categories of specifications, all using NdFeB permanent magnet, torque range of 0.84 ~ 111.2Nm, a power range of 0.54 ~ 15.7kW.Supporting the drive has BDS4 (analog), BDS5 (digital type, with position control) and the Smart Drive (digital type) of three series, the maximum continuous current of 55A.Goldline Series represents contemporary art in permanent magnet AC servo technology.Ireland's Inland formerly a division of Kollmorgen abroad, now merged into the AEG, the production of DC servo motors, DC torque motor and servo amplifier is known.Production BHT1100, 2200,3300 three frame sizes of 17 kinds of specifications of SmCo permanent magnet AC servo motor and eight controllers.French Alsthom Group factory in Paris Parvex LC series (long form) and GC series (short) 14 AC servo motor specifications, and production AXODYN series of drives.The former Soviet Union for the CNC machine tools and robots servo control developed two series of AC servo motor.One ДBy series uses ferrite magnets, there are two frame sizes, frame sizes are 3 for each core length, each with two winding data, a total of 12 specifications, a continuous torqu e range of 7 ~ 35N.m.2ДBy series uses rare earth permanent magnet, 6 frame size 17 specifications, the torque range is 0.1 ~170N.m, supporting the 3ДБ controller.In recent years, Panasonic has introduced the all-digital AC servo system based MINAS series, in which permanent magnet AC servo motor with MSMA series of small inertia-type, power from 0.03 ~ 5kW, a total of 18 kinds of specifications; the inertia type with MDMA, MGMA, MFMA threeseries, the power from 0.75 ~ 4.5kW, 23 kinds of specifications, MHMA series of large inertia motor power range from 0.5 ~ 5kW, 7 kinds of specifications.Samsung developed in recent years, all-digital AC servo motor and drive system, which FAGA AC servo motor series of CSM, CSMG, CSMZ, CSMD, CSMF, CSMS, CSMH, CSMN, CSMX a variety of models, the power from 15W ~ 5kW.Now often used (Powerrate) This comprehensive index as the servo motor quality factor, measuring a variety of AC and DC servo motor contrast and dynamic response performance stepper motor.Continuous motor power, said the rate of change (rated) torque and rotor inertia ratio.Change rate is calculated by power analysis, the permanent magnet AC servo motor technology indicators for the United States ID, Goldline Series is the best, followed by Germany's Siemens in IFT5 series.摘要:这是根据控制系统理论撰写的关与系统模型、分析和控制的一系列白皮书之一,目的在于给出一些重要的控制理论和控制过程。

机器人学、机器视觉与控制 英文版

机器人学、机器视觉与控制 英文版

机器人学、机器视觉与控制英文版Robotics, Machine Vision, and Control.Introduction.Robotics, machine vision, and control are three intertwined fields that have revolutionized the way we interact with technology. Robotics deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots, while machine vision pertains to the technology and methods used to extract information from digital images. Control theory, on the other hand, is concerned with the behavior of dynamic systems and the design of controllers for those systems. Together, these fields have enabled remarkable advancements in areas such as automation, precision manufacturing, and intelligent systems.Robotics.Robotics is a diverse field that encompasses a range oftechnologies and applications. Robots can be classified based on their purpose, mobility, or structure. Industrial robots are designed for repetitive tasks in manufacturing, while service robots are used in sectors like healthcare, domestic assistance, and security. Mobile robots, such as autonomous vehicles and drones, are capable of navigating their environment and performing complex tasks.The heart of any robot is its control system, which is responsible for decision-making, motion planning, and execution. Modern robots often employ sensors to perceive their environment and advanced algorithms to process this information. The field of robotics is constantly evolving, with new technologies such as artificial intelligence, deep learning, and human-robot interaction promising even more capabilities in the future.Machine Vision.Machine vision is a crucial component of many robotic and automated systems. It involves the use of cameras, sensors, and algorithms to capture, process, and understanddigital images. Machine vision systems can identify objects, read text, detect patterns, and measure dimensions withhigh precision.In industrial settings, machine vision is used fortasks like quality control, part recognition, and robot guidance. In healthcare, it's employed for diagnostic imaging, surgical assistance, and patient monitoring. Machine vision technology is also finding its way into consumer products, such as smartphones and self-driving cars, where it enables advanced features like face recognition, augmented reality, and autonomous navigation.Control Theory.Control theory is the study of how to design systemsthat can adapt their behavior to achieve desired outcomes.It's at the core of robotics and machine vision, as it governs how systems respond to changes in their environment. Control systems can be analog or digital, and they range from simple switches and sensors to complex algorithms running on powerful computers.In robotics, control theory is used to govern the movement of robots, ensuring they can accurately andreliably perform tasks. Machine vision systems also rely on control theory to process and interpret images in real-time. Advanced control strategies, such as adaptive control,fuzzy logic, and reinforcement learning, are enablingrobots and automated systems to adapt to changingconditions and learn from experience.Conclusion.Robotics, machine vision, and control theory are converging to create a new era of intelligent, autonomous systems. As these fields continue to evolve, we can expectto see even more remarkable advancements in areas like precision manufacturing, healthcare, transportation, and beyond. The potential impact of these technologies onsociety is immense, and it's exciting to imagine what the future holds.。

机器人外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

机器人外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

外文资料robotThe industrial robot is a tool that is used in the manufacturing environment to increase productivity. It can be used to do routine and tedious assembly line jobs,or it can perform jobs that might be hazardous to the human worker . For example ,one of the first industrial robot was used to replace the nuclear fuel rods in nuclear power plants. A human doing this job might be exposed to harmful amounts of radiation. The industrial robot can also operate on the assembly line,putting together small components,such as placing electronic components on a printed circuit board. Thus,the human worker can be relieved of the routine operation of this tedious task. Robots can also be programmed to defuse bombs,to serve the handicapped,and to perform functions in numerous applications in our society.The robot can be thought of as a machine that will move an end-of-tool ,sensor ,and/or gripper to a preprogrammed location. When the robot arrives at this location,it will perform some sort of task .This task could be welding,sealing,machine loading ,machine unloading,or a host of assembly jobs. Generally,this work can be accomplished without the involvement of a human being,except for programming and for turning the system on and off.The basic terminology of robotic systems is introduced in the following:1. A robot is a reprogrammable ,multifunctional manipulator designed to move parts,material,tool,or special devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of different task. This basic definition leads to other definitions,presented in the following paragraphs,that give acomplete picture of a robotic system.2. Preprogrammed locations are paths that the robot must follow to accomplish work,At some of these locations,the robot will stop and perform some operation ,such as assembly of parts,spray painting ,or welding .These preprogrammed locations are stored in the robot’s memory and are recalled later for continuousoperation.Furthermore,these preprogrammed locations,as well as other program data,can be changed later as the work requirements change.Thus,with regard to this programming feature,an industrial robot is very much like a computer ,where data can be stoned and later recalled and edited.3. The manipulator is the arm of the robot .It allows the robot to bend,reach,and twist.This movement is provided by the manipulator’s axes,also called the degrees of freedom of the robot .A robot can have from 3 to 16 axes.The term degrees of freedom will always relate to the number of axes found on a robot.4. The tooling and frippers are not part the robotic system itself;rather,they are attachments that fit on the end of the robot’s arm. These attachments connected to the end of the robot’s arm allow the robot to lift parts,spot-weld ,paint,arc-weld,drill,deburr,and do a variety of tasks,depending on what is required of the robot.5. The robotic system can control the work cell of the operating robot.The work cell of the robot is the total environment in which the robot must perform itstask.Included within this cell may be the controller ,the robot manipulator ,a work table ,safety features,or a conveyor.All the equipment that is required in order for the robot to do its job is included in the work cell .In addition,signals from outside devices can communicate with the robot to tell the robot when it should parts,pick up parts,or unload parts to a conveyor.The robotic system has three basic components: the manipulator,the controller,and the power source.A.ManipulatorThe manipulator ,which does the physical work of the robotic system,consists of two sections:the mechanical section and the attached appendage.The manipulator also has a base to which the appendages are attached.Fig.1 illustrates the connectionof the base and the appendage of a robot.图1.Basic components of a robot’s manipulatorThe base of the manipulator is usually fixed to the floor of the work area. Sometimes,though,the base may be movable. In this case,the base is attached to either a rail or a track,allowing the manipulator to be moved from one location to anther.As mentioned previously ,the appendage extends from the base of the robot. The appendage is the arm of the robot. It can be either a straight ,movable arm or a jointed arm. The jointed arm is also known as an articulated arm.The appendages of the robot manipulator give the manipulator its various axes of motion. These axes are attached to a fixed base ,which,in turn,is secured to a mounting. This mounting ensures that the manipulator will in one location.At the end of the arm ,a wrist(see Fig 2)is connected. The wrist is made up of additional axes and a wrist flange. The wrist flange allows the robot user to connect different tooling to the wrist for different jobs.图2.Elements of a work cell from the topThe manipulator’s axes allow it to perform work within a certain area. The area is called the work cell of the robot ,and its size corresponds to the size of the manipulator.(Fid2)illustrates the work cell of a typical assembly ro bot.As the robot’s physical size increases,the size of the work cell must also increase.The movement of the manipulator is controlled by actuator,or drive systems.The actuator,or drive systems,allows the various axes to move within the work cell. The drive system can use electric,hydraulic,or pneumatic power.The energy developed by the drive system is converted to mechanical power by various mechanical power systems.The drive systems are coupled through mechanical linkages.These linkages,in turn,drive the different axes of the robot.The mechanical linkages may be composed of chain,gear,and ball screws.B.ControllerThe controller in the robotic system is the heart of the operation .The controller stores preprogrammed information for later recall,controls peripheral devices,and communicates with computers within the plant for constant updates in production.The controller is used to control the robot manipulator’s movements as well as to control peripheral components within the work cell. The user can program the movements of the manipulator into the controller through the use of a hard-held teach pendant.This information is stored in the memory of the controller for later recall.The controller stores all program data for the robotic system.It can store several differentprograms,and any of these programs can be edited.The controller is also required to communicate with peripheral equipment within the work cell. For example,the controller has an input line that identifies when a machining operation is completed.When the machine cycle is completed,the input line turn on telling the controller to position the manipulator so that it can pick up the finished part.Then ,a new part is picked up by the manipulator and placed into the machine.Next,the controller signals the machine to start operation.The controller can be made from mechanically operated drums that step through a sequence of events.This type of controller operates with a very simple robotic system.The controllers found on the majority of robotic systems are more complex devices and represent state-of-the-art eletronoics.That is,they are microprocessor-operated.these microprocessors are either 8-bit,16-bit,or 32-bit processors.this power allows the controller to be very flexible in its operation.The controller can send electric signals over communication lines that allow it to talk with the various axes of the manipulator. This two-way communication between the robot manipulator and the controller maintains a constant update of the end the operation of the system.The controller also controls any tooling placed on the end of the robot’s wrist.The controller also has the job of communicating with the different plant computers. The communication link establishes the robot as part a computer-assisted manufacturing (CAM)system.As the basic definition stated,the robot is a reprogrammable,multifunctional manipulator.Therefore,the controller must contain some of memory stage. The microprocessor-based systems operates in conjunction with solid-state devices.These memory devices may be magnetic bubbles,random-access memory,floppy disks,or magnetic tape.Each memory storage device stores program information fir or for editing.C.power supplyThe power supply is the unit that supplies power to the controller and the manipulator. The type of power are delivered to the robotic system. One type of power is the AC power for operation of the controller. The other type of power isused for driving the various axes of the manipulator. For example,if the robot manipulator is controlled by hydraulic or pneumatic drives,control signals are sent to these devices causing motion of the robot.For each robotic system,power is required to operate the manipulator .This power can be developed from either a hydraulic power source,a pneumatic power source,or an electric power source.There power sources are part of the total components of the robotic work cell.中文翻译机器人工业机器人是在生产环境中用以提高生产效率的工具,它能做常规乏味的装配线工作,或能做那些对于工人来说是危险的工作,例如,第一代工业机器人是用来在核电站中更换核燃料棒,如果人去做这项工作,将会遭受有害放射线的辐射。

步行机器人中英文对照外文翻译文献

步行机器人中英文对照外文翻译文献

步行机器人中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)图1 远程脑系统的硬件配置图2 两组机器人的身体结构图3 传感器的两个水银定位开关图4 层次分类图5 步行步态该输入处理器是作为参考程序块和一个图像搜索窗口形象该大小的搜索窗口取决于参考块的大小通常高达16 * 16且匹配。

该处理器计算价值块在搜索窗口,还找到最佳匹配块,这就是其中的最低当目标平移时块匹配是非常有力的。

然而,普通的块匹配方法当它旋转时无法跟踪目标。

为了克服这一困难,我们开发了一种新方法,跟随真正旋转目标的图6 双足步行图6 双足步行图7 双足步行实验图8 一系列滚动和站立运动通过集成传感器网络转型的综合为了使上述描述的基本动作成为一体,我们通过一种方法来描述一种被认为是根据传感器状况的网络转型。

图9显示了综合了基本动作机器人的状态转移图:两足行走,滚动,坐着和站立。

这种一体化提供了机器人保持行走甚至跌倒时的problems and advance the study of vision-based behaviors, we have adopted a new approach through building remote-brained robots. The body and the brain are connected by wireless links by using wireless cameras and remote-controlled actuators.As a robot body does not need computers on-board,it becomes easier to build a lightweight body with many DOFS in actuation.In this research, we developed a two-armed bipedal robot using the remote-brained robot environment and made it to perform balancing based on vision and getting up through cooperating arms and legs. The system and experimental results are described below.2 The Remote-Brained SystemThe remote-brained robot does not bring its own brain within the body. It leaves the brain in the mother environment and communicates with it by radio links. This allows us to build a robot with a free body and a heavy brain. The connection link between the body and the brain defines the interface between software and hardware. Bodies are designed to suit each research project and task. This enables us advance in performing research with a variety of real robot systems[10].A major advantage of remote-brained robots is that the robot can have a large and heavy brain based on super parallel computers. Although hardware technology for vision has advanced and produced powerful compact vision systems, the size of the hardware is still large. Wireless connection between the camera and the vision processor has been a research tool. The remote-brained approach allows us to progress in the study of a variety of experimental issues in vision-based robotics.Another advantage of remote-brained approach is that the robot bodies can be lightweight. This opens up the possibility of working with legged mobile robots. AsFigure 4 shows some of the classes in the programming environent for remote-brained robot written in Euslisp. The hierachy in the classes provides us with rich facilities for extending development of various robots.4 Vision-Based BalancingThe robot can stand up on two legs. As it can change the gravity center of its body by controling the ankle angles, it can perform static bipedal walks. During static walking the robot has to control its body balance if the ground is not flat and stable.In order to perform vision-based balancing it is re-quired to have high speed vision system to keep ob-serving moving schene. We have developed a tracking vision board using a correlation chip[l3]. The vision board consists of a transputer augmented with a special LSI chip(MEP[14] : Motion Estimation Processor) which performs local image block matching.The inputs to the processor MEP are an image as a reference block and an image for a search window.The size of the reference blsearch window depends on the size of the reference block is usually up to 32 by 32 pixels so that it can include 16 * 16 possible matches. The processor calculates 256 values of SAD (sum of absolute difference) between the reference block and 256 blocks in the search window and also finds the best matching block, that is, the one which has the minimum SAD value.Clock is up to 16 by 16 pixels.The size of the search window depends on the size of the reference block is usually up to 32 by 32 pixels so that it can include 16 * 16 possible matches. The processor calculates 256 values of SAD (sum of absolute difference) between the reference block and 256 blocks in the search window and also finds the best matching block, that is, the one which has the minimum SAD value.Block matching is very powerful when the target moves only in translation. However, the ordinary block matching method cannot track the target when it rotates. In order to overcome this difficulty, we developed a new method which follows up the candidate templates to real rotation of the target. The rotated template method first generates all the rotated target images in advance, and several adequate candidates of the reference template are selected and matched is tracking the scene in the front view. It remembers the vertical orientation of an object as the reference for visual tracking and generates several rotated images of the reference image. If the vision tracks the reference object using the rotated images, it can measures the body rotation. In order to keep the body balance, the robot feedback controls its body rotation to control the center of the body gravity. The rotational visual tracker[l5] can track the image at video rate.5 Biped WalkingIf a bipedal robot can control the center of gravity freely, it can perform biped walk. As the robot shown in Figure 2 has the degrees to left and right directions at the ankle position, it can perform bipedal walking in static way.The motion sequence of one cycle in biped walking consists of eight phases as shown in Figure 6. One step consists of four phases; move-gravity-center-on-foot,lift-leg, move-forward-leg, place-leg. As the body is described in solid model, the robot can generate a body configuration for move-gravity-center-on-foot according to the parameter of the hight of the gravity center. After this movement, the robot can lift the other leg and move it forward. In lifting leg, the robot has to control the configuration in order to keep the center of gravity above the supporting foot. As the stability in balance depends on the hight of the gravity center, the robot selects suitable angles of the knees.Figure 7 shows a sequence of experiments of the robot in biped walking6 Rolling Over and Standing UpFigure 8 shows the sequence of rolling over, sitting and standing up. This motion requires coordination between arms and legs.As the robot foot consists of a battery, the robot can make use of the weight of the battery for the roll-over motion. When the robot throws up the left leg and moves the left arm back and the right arm forward, it can get rotary moment around the body. If the body starts turning, the right leg moves back and the left foot returns its position to lie on the face. This rollover motion changes the body orientation from face up to face down. It canbe verified by the orientation sensor.After getting face down orientation, the robot moves the arms down to sit on two feet. This motion causes slip movement between hands and the ground. If the length of the arm is not enough to carry the center of gravity of the body onto feet, this sitting motion requires dynamic pushing motion by arms. The standing motion is controlled in order to keep the balance.7 Integration through Building Sensor-Based Transition NetIn order to integrate the basic actions described above, we adopted a method to describe a sensor-based transition network in which transition is considered according to sensor status. Figure 9 shows a state transition diagram of the robot which integrates basic actions: biped walking, rolling over, sitting, and standing up. This integration provides the robot with capability of keeping walking even when it falls down.The ordinary biped walk is composed by taking two states, Left-leg Fore and Right-leg Fore, successively.The poses in ‘Lie on the Back’ and ‘Lie on the Face’are as same as one in ‘Stand’. That is, the shape ofthe robot body is same but the orientation is different.The robot can detect whether the robot lies on the back or the face using the orientation sensor. When the robot detects falls down, it changes the state to ‘Lie on the Back’ or ‘Lie on the Front’ by moving to the neutral pose. If the robot gets up from ‘Lie on the Back’, the motion sequence is planned to exe cute Roll-over, Sit and Stand-up motions. If the state is ‘Lie on the Face’, it does not execute Roll-over but moves arms up to perform the sitting motion.8 Concluding RemarksThis paper has presented a two-armed bipedal robot which can perform statically biped walk, rolling over and standing up motions. The key to build such behaviors is the remote-brained approach. As the experiments have shown, wireless technologies permit robot bodies free movement. It also seems to change the way we conceptualize robotics. In our laboratory it has enabled the development of a new research environment, better suited to robotics and real-world AI.The robot presented here is a legged robot. As legged locomotion requires dynamic visual feedback control, its vision-based behaviors can prove the effectiveness of the vision system and the remote-brained system. Our vision system is based on high speed block matching function implemented with motion estimation LSI. The vision system provides the mechanical bodies with dynamic and adaptive capabilities in interaction with human. The mechanical dog has shown adaptive behaviors based on distance。

工业机器人中英文翻译、外文文献翻译、外文翻译

工业机器人中英文翻译、外文文献翻译、外文翻译

外文原文:RobotAfter more than 40 years of development, since its first appearance till now, the robot has already been widely applied in every industrial fields, and it has become the important standard of industry modernization.Robotics is the comprehensive technologies that combine with mechanics, electronics, informatics and automatic control theory. The level of the robotic technology has already been regarded as the standard of weighing a national modern electronic-mechanical manufacturing technology.Over the past two decades, the robot has been introduced into industry to perform many monotonous and often unsafe operations. Because robots can perform certain basic more quickly and accurately than humans, they are being increasingly used in various manufacturing industries.With the maturation and broad application of net technology, the remote control technology of robot based on net becomes more and more popular in modern society. It employs the net resources in modern society which are already three to implement the operatio of robot over distance. It also creates many of new fields, such as remote experiment, remote surgery, and remote amusement. What's more, in industry, it can have a beneficial impact upon the conversion of manufacturing means.The key words are reprogrammable and multipurpose because most single-purpose machines do not meet these two requirements. The term “reprogrammable” implies two things: The robot operates according to a written program, and this program can be rewritten to acc ommodate a variety of manufacturing tasks. The term “multipurpose” means that the robot can perform many different functions, depending on the program and tooling currently in use.Developed from actuating mechanism, industrial robot can imitation some actions and functions of human being, which can be used to moving all kinds of material components tools and so on, executing mission by execuatable program multifunction manipulator. It is extensive used in industry and agriculture production, astronavigation and military engineering.During the practical application of the industrial robot, the working efficiency andquality are important index of weighing the performance of the robot. It becomes key problems which need solving badly to raise the working efficiencies and reduce errors of industrial robot in operating actually. Time-optimal trajectory planning of robot is that optimize the path of robot according to performance guideline of minimum time of robot under all kinds of physical constraints, which can make the motion time of robot hand minimum between two points or along the special path. The purpose and practical meaning of this research lie enhance the work efficiency of robot.Due to its important role in theory and application, the motion planning of industrial robot has been given enough attention by researchers in the world. Many researchers have been investigated on the path planning for various objectives such as minimum time, minimum energy, and obstacle avoidance.The basic terminology of robotic systems is introduced in the following:A robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move parts, materials, tools, or special devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of different task. This basic definition leads to other definitions, presented in the following paragraphs that give a complete picture of a robotic system.Preprogrammed locations are paths that the robot must follow to accomplish work. At some of these locations, the robot will stop and perform some operation, such as assembly of parts, spray painting, or welding. These preprogrammed locations are stored in the robot’s memory and are recalled later for continuous operation. Furthermore, these preprogrammed locations, as well as other programming feature, an industrial robot is very much like a computer, where data can be stored and later recalled and edited.The manipulator is the arm of the robot. It allows the robot to bend, reach, and twist. This movement is provided by t he manipulator’s axes, also called the degrees of freedom of the robot. A robot can have from 3 to 16 axes. The term degrees of freedom will always relate to the number of axes found on a robot.The tooling and grippers are not part of the robotic system itself: rather, they are attachments that fit on the end of the robot’s arm. These attachments connected to the end of the robot’s arm allow the robot to lift parts, spot-weld, paint, arc-well, drill, deburr, and do a variety of tasks, depending on what is required of the robot.The robotic system can also control the work cell of the operating robot. The work cell of the robot is the total environment in which the robot must perform its task. Included within this cell may be the controller, the robot manipulator, a work table, safety features, or a conveyor. All the equipment that is required in order for the robot to do its job is included in the work cell. In addition, signals from outside devices can communicate with the robot in order to tell the robot when it should assemble parts, pick up parts, or unload parts to a conveyor.The robotic system has three basic components: the manipulator, the controller, and the power source.ManipulatorThe manipulator, which dose the physical work of the robotic system, consists of two sections: the mechanical section and the attached appendage. The manipulator also has a base to which the appendages are attached.The base of the manipulator is usually fixed to the floor of the work area. Sometimes, though, the base may be movable. In this case, the base is attached to either a rail or a track, allowing the manipulator to be moved from one location to anther.As mentioned previously, the appendage extends from the base of the robot. The appendage is the arm of the robot. It can be either a straight, movable arm or a jointed arm. The jointed arm is also known as an articulated arm.The appendages of the robot manipulator give the manipulator its various axes of motion. These axes are attached to a fixed base, which, in turn, is secured to a mounting. This mounting ensures that the manipulator will remain in one location.At the end of the arm, a wrist is connected. The wrist is made up of additional axes and a wrist flange. The wrist flange allows the robot user to connect different tooling to the wrist for different jobs.The manipulator’s axes allow it to perform work within a certain area. This area is called the work cell of the robot, and its size corresponds to the size of the manipulator. As the robot’s physical siz e increases, the size of the work cell must also increase.The movement of the manipulator is controlled by actuators, or drive system. The actuator, or drive system, allows the various axes to move within the work cell. The drive system can use electric, hydraulic, or pneumatic power. The energy developed bythe drive system is converted to mechanical power by various mechanical drive systems. The drive systems are coupled through mechanical linkages. These linkages, in turn, drive the different axes of the robot. The mechanical linkages may be composed of chains, gears, and ball screws.ControllerThe controller in the robotic system is the heart of the operation. The controller stores preprogrammed information for later recall, controls peripheral devices, and communicates with computers within the plant for constant updates in production.The controller is used to control the robot manipulator’s movements as well as to control peripheral components within the work cell. The user can program the movements of the manipulator into the controller through the use of a hand-held teach pendant. This information is stored in the memory of the controller for later recall. The controller stores all program data for the robotic system. It can store several different programs, and any of these programs can be edited.The controller is also required to communicate with peripheral equipment within the work cell. For example, the controller has an input line that identifies when a machining operation is completed. When the machine cycle is completed, the input line turns on, telling the controller to position the manipulator so that it can pick up the finished part. Then, a new part is picked up by the manipulator and placed into the machine. Next, the controller signals the machine to start operation.The controller can be made from mechanically operated drums that step through a sequence of events. This type of controller operates with a very simple robotic system. The controllers found on the majority of robotic systems are more complex devices and represent state-of-the-art electronics. This is, they are microprocessor-operated. These microprocessors are either 8-bit, 16-bit, or 32-bit processors. This power allows the controller to the very flexible in its operation.The controller can send electric signals over communication lines that allow it to talk with the various axes of the manipulator. This two-way communication between the robot manipulator and the controller maintains a constant update of the location and the operation of the system. The controller also controls any tooling placed on the end of the robot’s wrist.The controller also has the job of communicating with the different plant computers. The communication link establishes the robot as part of a computer-assisted manufacturing (CAM) system.As the basic definition stated, the robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator. Therefore, the controller must contain some type of memory storage. The microprocessor-based systems operate in conjunction with solid-state memory devices. These memory devices may be magnetic bubbles, random-access memory, floppy disks, or magnetic tape. Each memory storage device stores program information for later recall or for editing.Power supplyThe power supply is the unit that supplies power to the controller and the manipulator. Two types of power are delivered to the robotic system. One type of power is the AC power for operation of the controller. The other type of power is used for driving the various axes of the manipulator. For example, if the robot manipulator is controlled by hydraulic or pneumatic drives, control signals are sent to these devices, causing motion of the robot.For each robotic system, power is required to operate the manipulator. This power can be developed from either a hydraulic power source, a pneumatic power source, or an electric power source. These power sources are part of the total components of the robotic work cell.Classification of RobotsIndustrial robots vary widely in size, shape, number of axes, degrees of freedom, and design configuration. Each factor influences the dimensions of the robot’s working envelope or the volume of space within which it can move and perform its designated task. A broader classification of robots can been described as blew.Fixed and Variable-Sequence Robots. The fixed-sequence robot (also called a pick-and place robot) is programmed for a specific sequence of operations. Its movements are from point to point, and the cycle is repeated continuously. The variable-sequence robot can be programmed for a specific sequence of operations but can be reprogrammed to perform another sequence of operation.Playback Robot. An operator leads or walks the playback robot and its end effectorthrough the desired path. The robot memorizes and records the path and sequence of motions and can repeat them continually without any further action or guidance by the operator.Numerically Controlled Robot. The numerically controlled robot is programmed and operated much like a numerically controlled machine. The robot is servo-controlled by digital data, and its sequence of movements can be changed with relative ease.Intelligent Robot. The intellingent robot is capable of performing some of the functions and tasks carried out by human beings. It is equipped with a variety of sensors with visual and tactile capabilities.Robot ApplicationsThe robot is a very special type of production tool; as a result, the applications in which robots are used are quite broad. These applications can be grouped into three categories: material processing, material handling and assembly.In material processing, robots use to process the raw material. For example, the robot tools could include a drill and the robot would be able to perform drilling operations on raw material.Material handling consists of the loading, unloading, and transferring of workpieces in manufacturing facilities. These operations can be performed reliably and repeatedly with robots, thereby improving quality and reducing scrap losses.Assembly is another large application area for using robotics. An automatic assembly system can incorporate automatic testing, robot automation and mechanical handling for reducing labor costs, increasing output and eliminating manual handling concerns.Hydraulic SystemThere are only three basic methods of transmitting power: electrical, mechanical, and fluid power. Most applications actually use a combination of the three methods to obtain the most efficient overall system. To properly determine which principle method to use, it is important to know the salient features of each type. For example, fluid systems can transmit power more economically over greater distances than can mechanical type. However, fluid systems are restricted to shorter distances than are electrical systems.Hydraulic power transmission systems are concerned with the generation, modulation, and control of pressure and flow, and in general such systems include:1.Pumps which convert available power from the prime mover to hydraulicpower at the actuator.2.Valves which control the direction of pump-flow, the level of powerproduced, and the amount of fluid-flow to the actuators. The power level isdetermined by controlling both the flow and pressure level.3.Actuators which convert hydraulic power to usable mechanical power outputat the point required.4.The medium, which is a liquid, provides rigid transmission and control aswell as lubrication of components, sealing in valves, and cooling of thesystem.5.Connectors which link the various system components, provide powerconductors for the fluid under pressure, and fluid flow return totank(reservoir).6.Fluid storage and conditioning equipment which ensure sufficient quality andquantity as well as cooling of the fluid..Hydraulic systems are used in industrial applications such as stamping presses, steel mills, and general manufacturing, agricultural machines, mining industry, aviation, space technology, deep-sea exploration, transportation, marine technology, and offshore gas and petroleum exploration. In short, very few people get through a day of their lives without somehow benefiting from the technology of hydraulics.The secret of hydraulic system’s success and widespread use is its versatility and manageability. Fluid power is not hindered by the geometry of the machine as is the case in mechanical systems. Also, power can be transmitted in almost limitless quantities because fluid systems are not so limited by the physical limitations of materials as are the electrical systems. For example, the performance of an electromagnet is limited by the saturation limit of steel. On the other hand, the power limit of fluid systems is limited only by the strength capacity of the material.Industry is going to depend more and more on automation in order to increase productivity. This includes remote and direct control of production operations,manufacturing processes, and materials handling. Fluid power is the muscle of automation because of advantages in the following four major categories.1.Ease and accuracy of control. By the use of simple levers and push buttons,the operator of a fluid power system can readily start, stop, speed up or slowdown, and position forces which provide any desired horsepower withtolerances as precise as one ten-thousandth of an inch. Fig. shows a fluidpower system which allows an aircraft pilot to raise and lower his landinggear. When the pilot moves a small control valve in one direction, oil underpressure flows to one end of the cylinder to lower the landing gear. To retractthe landing gear, the pilot moves the valve lever in the opposite direction,allowing oil to flow into the other end of the cylinder.2.Multiplication of force. A fluid power system (without using cumbersomegears, pulleys, and levers) can multiply forces simply and efficiently from afraction of an ounce to several hundred tons of output.3.Constant force or torque. Only fluid power systems are capable of providingconstant force or torque regardless of speed changes. This is accomplishedwhether the work output moves a few inches per hour, several hundred inchesper minute, a few revolutions per hour, or thousands of revolutions perminute.4.Simplicity, safety, economy. In general, fluid power systems use fewermoving parts than comparable mechanical or electrical systems. Thus, theyare simpler to maintain and operate. This, in turn, maximizes safety,compactness, and reliability. For example, a new power steering controldesigned has made all other kinds of power systems obsolete on manyoff-highway vehicles. The steering unit consists of a manually operateddirectional control valve and meter in a single body. Because the steering unitis fully fluid-linked, mechanical linkages, universal joints, bearings, reductiongears, etc. are eliminated. This provides a simple, compact system. Inapplications. This is important where limitations of control space require asmall steering wheel and it becomes necessary to reduce operator fatigue.Additional benefits of fluid power systems include instantly reversible motion,automatic protection against overloads, and infinitely variable speed control. Fluid power systems also have the highest horsepower per weight ratio of any known power source. In spite of all these highly desirable features of fluid power, it is not a panacea for all power transmission problems. Hydraulic systems also have some drawbacks. Hydraulic oils are messy, and leakage is impossible to completely eliminate. Also, most hydraulic oils can cause fires if an oil leak occurs in an area of hot equipment.Pneumatic SystemPneumatic system use pressurized gases to transmit and control power. As the name implies, pneumatic systems typically use air (rather than some other gas ) as the fluid medium because air is a safe, low-cost, and readily available fluid. It is particularly safe in environments where an electrical spark could ignite leaks from system components.In pneumatic systems, compressors are used to compress and supply the necessary quantities of air. Compressors are typically of the piston, vane or screw type. Basically a compressor increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume as described by the perfect gas laws. Pneumatic systems normally use a large centralized air compressor which is considered to be an infinite air source similar to an electrical system where you merely plug into an electrical outlet for electricity. In this way, pressurized air can be piped from one source to various locations throughout an entire industrial plant. The compressed air is piped to each circuit through an air filter to remove contaminants which might harm the closely fitting parts of pneumatic components such as valve and cylinders. The air then flows through a pressure regulator which reduces the pressure to the desired level for the particular circuit application. Because air is not a good lubricant (contains about 20% oxygen), pneumatics systems required a lubricator to inject a very fine mist of oil into the air discharging from the pressure regulator. This prevents wear of the closely fitting moving parts of pneumatic components.Free air from the atmosphere contains varying amounts of moisture. This moisture can be harmful in that it can wash away lubricants and thus cause excessive wear and corrosion. Hence, in some applications, air driers are needed to remove this undesirable moisture. Since pneumatic systems exhaust directly into the atmosphere , they are capable of generating excessive noise. Therefore, mufflers are mounted on exhaust portsof air valves and actuators to reduce noise and prevent operating personnel from possible injury resulting not only from exposure to noise but also from high-speed airborne particles.There are several reasons for considering the use of pneumatic systems instead of hydraulic systems. Liquids exhibit greater inertia than do gases. Therefore, in hydraulic systems the weight of oil is a potential problem when accelerating and decelerating and decelerating actuators and when suddenly opening and closing valves. Due to Newton’s law of motion ( force equals mass multiplied by acceleration ), the force required to accelerate oil is many times greater than that required to accelerate an equal volume of air. Liquids also exhibit greater viscosity than do gases. This results in larger frictional pressure and power losses. Also, since hydraulic systems use a fluid foreign to the atmosphere , they require special reservoirs and no-leak system designs. Pneumatic systems use air which is exhausted directly back into the surrounding environment. Generally speaking, pneumatic systems are less expensive than hydraulic systems.However, because of the compressibility of air, it is impossible to obtain precise controlled actuator velocities with pneumatic systems. Also, precise positioning control is not obtainable. While pneumatic pressures are quite low due to compressor design limitations ( less than 250 psi ), hydraulic pressures can be as high as 10,000 psi. Thus, hydraulics can be high-power systems, whereas pneumatics are confined to low-power applications. Industrial applications of pneumatic systems are growing at a rapid pace. Typical examples include stamping, drilling, hoist, punching, clamping, assembling, riveting, materials handling, and logic controlling operations.工业机器人机器人自问世以来到现在,经过了40多年的发展,已被广泛应用于各个工业领域,已成为工业现代化的重要标志。

机器人外文翻译(文献翻译-中英文翻译)

机器人外文翻译(文献翻译-中英文翻译)

外文翻译外文资料:RobotsFirst, I explain the background robots, robot technology development. It should be said it is a common scientific and technological development of a comprehensive results, for the socio-economic development of a significant impact on a science and technology. It attributed the development of all countries in the Second World War to strengthen the economic input on strengthening the country's economic development. But they also demand the development of the productive forces the inevitable result of human development itself is the inevitable result then with the development of humanity, people constantly discuss the natural process, in understanding and reconstructing the natural process, people need to be able to liberate a slave. So this is the slave people to be able to replace the complex and engaged in heavy manual labor, People do not realize right up to the world's understanding and transformation of this technology as well as people in the development process of an objective need. Robots are three stages of development, in other words, we are accustomed to regarding robots are divided into three categories. is a first-generation robots, also known as teach-type robot, it is through a computer, to control over one of a mechanical degrees of freedom Through teaching and information stored procedures, working hours to read out information, and then issued a directive so the robot can repeat according to the people at that time said the results show this kind of movement again, For example, the car spot welding robots, only to put this spot welding process, after teaching, and it is always a repeat of a work It has the external environment is no perception that the force manipulation of the size of the work piece there does not exist, welding 0S It does not know, then this fact from the first generation robot, it will exist this shortcoming, it in the 20th century, the late 1970s, people started to study the second-generation robot, called Robot with the feeling that This feeling with the robot is similar in function of a certain feeling, forinstance, force and touch, slipping, visual, hearing and who is analogous to that with all kinds of feelings, say in a robot grasping objects, In fact, it can be the size of feeling out, it can through visual, to be able to feel and identify its shape, size, color Grasping an egg, it adopted a acumen, aware of its power and the size of the slide. Third-generation robots, we were a robotics ideal pursued by the most advanced stage, called intelligent robots, So long as tell it what to do, not how to tell it to do, it will be able to complete the campaign, thinking and perception of this man-machine communication function and function Well, this current development or relative is in a smart part of the concept and meaning But the real significance of the integrity of this intelligent robot did not actually exist, but as we continued the development of science and technology, the concept of intelligent increasingly rich, it grows ever wider connotations.Now, I would like to briefly outline some of the industrial robot situation. So far, the industrial robot is the most mature and widely used category of a robot, now the world's total sales of 1.1 million Taiwan, which is the 1999 statistics, however, 1.1 million in Taiwan have been using the equipment is 75 million, this volume is not small. Overall, the Japanese industrial robots in this one, is the first of the robots to become the Kingdom, the United States have developed rapidly. Newly installed in several areas of Taiwan, which already exceeds Japan, China has only just begun to enter the stage of industrialization, has developed a variety of industrial robot prototype and small batch has been used in production.Spot welding robot is the auto production line, improve production efficiency and raise the quality of welding car, reduce the labor intensity of a robot. It is characterized by two pairs of robots for spot welding of steel plate, bearing a great need for the welding tongs, general in dozens of kilograms or more, then its speed in meters per second a 5-2 meter of such high-speed movement. So it is generally five to six degrees of freedom, load 30 to 120 kilograms, the great space, probably expected that the work of a spherical space, a high velocity, the concept of freedom, that is to say, Movement is relatively independent of the number of components, the equivalent of our body, waist is a rotary degree of freedom We have to be able to hold his arm, Arm can be bent, then this three degrees of freedom, Meanwhile there is a wristposture adjustment to the use of the three autonomy, the general robot has six degrees of freedom. We will be able to space the three locations, three postures, the robot fully achieved, and of course we have less than six degrees of freedom. Have more than six degrees of freedom robot, in different occasions the need to configure.The second category of service robots, with the development of industrialization, especially in the past decade, Robot development in the areas of application are continuously expanding, and now a very important characteristic, as we all know, Robot has gradually shifted from manufacturing to non-manufacturing and service industries, we are talking about the car manufacturer belonging to the manufacturing industry, However, the services sector including cleaning, refueling, rescue, rescue, relief, etc. These belong to the non-manufacturing industries and service industries, so here is compared with the industrial robot, it is a very important difference. It is primarily a mobile platform, it can move to sports, there are some arms operate, also installed some as a force sensor and visual sensors, ultrasonic ranging sensors, etc. It’s surrounding environment for the conduct of identification, to determine its campaign to complete some work, this is service robot’s one of the basic characteristics.For example, domestic robot is mainly embodied in the example of some of the carpets and flooring it to the regular cleaning and vacuuming. The robot it is very meaningful, it has sensors, it can furniture and people can identify, It automatically according to a law put to the ground under the road all cleaned up. This is also the home of some robot performance.The medical robots, nearly five years of relatively rapid development of new application areas. If people in the course of an operation, doctors surgery, is a fatigue, and the other manually operated accuracy is limited. Some universities in Germany, which, facing the spine, lumbar disc disease, the identification, can automatically use the robot-aided positioning, operation and surgery Like the United States have been more than 1,000 cases of human eyeball robot surgery, the robot, also including remote-controlled approach, the right of such gastrointestinal surgery, we see on the television inside. a manipulator, about the thickness fingers such a manipulator, inserted through the abdominal viscera, people on the screen operating the machines hand, it also used the method of laser lesion laser treatment, this is the case, peoplewould not have a very big damage to the human body.In reality, this right as a human liberation is a very good robots, medical robots it is very complex, while it is fully automated to complete all the work, there are difficulties, and generally are people to participate. This is America, the development of such a surgery Lin Bai an example, through the screen, through a remote control operator to control another manipulator, through the realization of the right abdominal surgery A few years ago our country the exhibition, the United States has been successful in achieving the right to the heart valve surgery and bypass surgery. This robot has in the area, caused a great sensation, but also, AESOP's surgical robot, In fact, it through some equipment to some of the lesions inspections, through a manipulator can be achieved on some parts of the operation Also including remotely operated manipulator, and many doctors are able to participate in the robot under surgery Robot doctor to include doctors with pliers, tweezers or a knife to replace the nurses, while lighting automatically to the doctor's movements linked, the doctor hands off, lighting went off, This is very good, a doctor's assistant.Robot is mankind's right-hand man; friendly coexistence can be a reliable friend. In future, we will see and there will be a robot space inside, as a mutual aide and friend. Robots will create the jobs issue. We believe that there would not be a "robot appointment of workers being laid off" situation, because people with the development of society, In fact the people from the heavy physical and dangerous environment liberated, so that people have a better position to work, to create a better spiritual wealth and cultural wealth.译文资料:机器人首先我介绍一下机器人产生的背景,机器人技术的发展,它应该说是一个科学技术发展共同的一个综合性的结果,同时,为社会经济发展产生了一个重大影响的一门科学技术,它的发展归功于在第二次世界大战中各国加强了经济的投入,就加强了本国的经济的发展。

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附录1:外文翻译摘要本文介绍了机器人视觉伺服控制的入门教程,由于该课题涉及许多学科,我们的目标仅限于提供一个基本的概念框架工作。

首先,我们从机器人学和计算机视觉的前提条件,包括坐标变换,速度表示,以及图像形成过程的几何方面的描述进行简要回顾。

然后,我们提出了视觉伺服控制系统的分类。

然后详细讨论了基于位置和基于图像的系统的两大类。

由于任何视觉伺服系统必须能够跟踪图像序列中的图像特征,所以我们还包括基于特征和基于相关性的跟踪方法的概述。

我们结束了教程与一些服务的当前方向的研究领域的视觉伺服控制当今绝大多数增长的机器人人口都在工厂里工作,在那里工厂可以制造出适合机器人的环境。

在工作环境和物体放置不能精确控制的应用中,机器人的影响要小得多。

这种局限性很大程度上是由于现代商业机器人系统固有的感觉能力不足。

人们早已认识到,传感器集成是提高机器人的通用性和应用领域的基础,但迄今为止,这还没有证明在制造业中大量的机器人应用是有效的。

机器人在日常生活中的“前沿”为这项研究提供了新的动力。

与制造业的应用不同,重新设计“我们的世界”并不适合于机器人。

视觉是一种有用的机器人传感器,因为它模仿人类的视觉,并允许对环境进行非接触测量。

自从Shirai 和伊努埃(1)的早,期工作(谁描述了如何使用视觉反馈回路来校正机器人的位置以提高任务精度)大量的EORT 一直致力于机器人的视觉控制。

机器人控制器完全集成的视觉系统现在可以从多个供应商获得。

通常,视觉感知和操作以开环的方式组合,“看”然后“移动”。

所得到的操作的精度直接取决于视觉传感器和机器人末端Ecter 的精度。

增加这些子系统的精度的一个替代方法是使用视觉反馈控制回路,这将增加系统的整体精度,这是大多数应用中的一个主要问题。

极端地,机器视觉可以为机器人端部控制器提供闭环位置控制。

这被称为视觉伺服。

这个词似乎已经被RHT 和Park(2)在1979 中介绍了,以区别他们的方法与先前的“块世界”实验,其中系统在拍照和移动之间交替。

在引入这个术语之前,一般使用较少的视觉术语视觉反馈。

为了这篇文章的目的,视觉伺服中的任务是使用视觉信息来控制机器人的末端ECT 相对于目标对象或一组目标特征的姿态。

该任务也可用于移动机器人,其中,它成为控制车辆的姿态相对于一些地标。

视觉伺服是融合许多领域的结果,包括高速图像处理、运动学、动力学、控制理论和实时计算。

它与主动视觉和运动结构的研究有很多共同点,但与在分层任务级机器人控制系统中经常使用的视觉非常不同。

许多控制和视觉问题类似于那些正在建造“机器人头”的主动视觉研究者所反对的。

然而,视觉伺服中的任务是控制机器人利用视觉来操纵环境,而不是仅仅观察环境。

本课程的教程介绍。

我们的目标是帮助其他人通过提供一致的术语和术语来创建视觉伺服系统,并欣赏可能的应用。

为了帮助新手到领域,我们将描述的技术,只需要简单的视觉硬件(只是数字化仪),自由可用的Visio 假设关于机器人及其控制系统。

这是对许多不需要高控制和/或视觉性能的应用程序的开始调查。

在这样一篇文章中的一个难点是该主题跨越许多不能在单个文章中得到充分解决的学科。

例如,底层控制问题从根本上来说是非线性的,视觉识别、跟踪和重构本身就是ELD。

因此,我们专注于每个学科的某些基本方面,并提供了广泛的书目,以帮助读者寻求更详细的比这里可以提供。

我们的偏好总是呈现那些我们已经发现在实践中很好地发挥作用并且具有某种通用适用性的想法和技术。

另一个DICTY 是基于视觉的运动控制文献的当前快速增长,它包含许多涉及的理论和技术问题的解决方案和有前途的方法。

我们再一次拥有提出了我们认为是最基本的概念,并再次参考读者的书目。

本文的其余部分结构如下。

第2 节回顾了坐标变形、姿态表示和图像形成的。

在相关基础。

在第3 节中,我们提出了视觉伺服控制系统的分类(改编自[ 5 ])第4 和第5 节中分别讨论了基于位置视觉伺服系统和基于图像的视觉伺服系统的两大类。

由于任何视觉伺服系统必须能够跟踪图像序列中的图像特征,所以第6 节描述了视觉跟踪的一些方法,这些方法具有广泛的适用性,并且可以使用最少的专用硬件来实现。

最后,第7 节给出了关于视觉伺服控制研究领域的当前方向的大量观测结果。

2 背景在本节中,我们提供了一些与机器人视觉伺服控制相关的机器人和计算机视觉的简要概述。

我们首先从术语和符号来表示坐标变换和通过工作空间移动的刚性物体的速度(第2.1 和2.2 节)。

在此之后,我们讨论了与图像形成有关的几个,以及可能的相机/机器人拥塞(第2.5 节)。

熟悉这些主问题(第2.3 和2.4 节)题的读者可能希望直接进行第 3 节。

3文以机器人的任务空间为例,以T 为代表的机器人的任务空间,是机器人所能达到的一组位置和方位。

由于任务空间仅仅是RooTooTo 工具的配置空间,任务。

如果工具是在三维工作空间中任意移动的空间是平滑的M 流形(见,例如,6)单个刚体,则t= SE=R S O,并且M- 6,任务空间可以被限制为SE 的子空间。

例如,,而对于跟踪对象并保持它对于拾取和放置,我们可以考虑纯平移(t= r,对于m -3),通常,相对于一个或多个坐标帧在视图中,我们可能只考虑旋转(t=SO,M=3)指定机器人任务。

例如,摄像机可以提供关于摄像机相对于摄像机的位置的信息,而用于抓取物体的配置可以相对于附着在物体上的坐标框架来指定。

我们用非P. Given 两帧表示点P 相对于坐标系A 的坐标。

A 和U 表示帧Y 相对于帧A 的方向的旋转矩阵表示为=R,。

帧Y的原点相对于帧的位置由向量T表示。

位置和方向框架一起指定一个姿势,我们用一个“X”表示。

如果主标上标R 不是指定的,则世界坐标系被保证,我们也可以使用姿态来指定坐标变换。

我们使用函数表示一个点的坐标变化。

特别地,如果我们给出p(坐标p 相对于框架y)的坐标,和x,则通过应用坐标变换规则得到p 与坐标 A 的坐标。

续集中,我们将使用符号-X 来表示坐标变换或TOA 姿态,它们分别由旋转矩阵和平移、R 和T 指定。

同样,我们将使用术语姿势和协调TMNSechange 互换。

一般来说,在“X”的两种解释之间不存在歧义,通常,我们必须组成多个坐标变换以获得期望的坐标变化。

例如,假设我们给出姿势X,ANX,。

如果我们给出p,并且希望计算=p,我们可以使用坐标变换的组成。

如图所示,我们表示坐标变换的组成,并用对点p 进行相应的坐标变换。

对应矩阵和平移由需要经常使用的一些坐标框架由下列上标/下标引用e 附着在机器人末端执行器上的坐标系T 坐标系附于目标0 机器人的底架摄像机的坐标系SE,我们将使用符号x.e t 来表示端效坐标系相对于世界框架的姿态。

在这种情况下,我们通常喜欢使用平移向量和三个角度(例如,滚动、俯仰和偏航7)来参数化APOSE。

虽然SUCH 参数化本质上是局部的,但是通常用向量R E 来表示姿态,而不是由X。

E 表示。

例如,当t= r 时,我们将通过r=x,y,21 来参数化任务空间。

在续篇中,如果我们考虑一个特定的任务,我们将假设RE。

通过注意交叉乘积可以用斜对称矩阵表示,这可以用矩阵形式简洁地写出2。

摄像机保护模型利用计算机视觉系统提供的信息来控制机器人是必要的,要了解HE 成像过程的几何方面,每个摄像机都包含一个透镜,该透镜在传感器所在的图像平面上形成并保护场景。

这种保护导致直接信息丢失,使得图像平面上的每个点对应于射线。

在三维空间中。

因此,需要一些附加信息来确定对应于图像平面点的3D 坐标。

该信息可以来自多个摄像机、多个摄像机和多个目标点上的几何关系之间的几何关系。

在这一部分中,我们描述了三种已经被广泛用于建模图像形成过程的投影模型:透视投影、比例正交投影和仿射投影。

虽然我们简要地描述了这些投影模型中的每一个,但在本教程的其余部分中,我们将假定使用透视投影。

对于三个投影模型中的每一个,我们分配相机坐标系,其中A 轴和Y 轴形成图像平面的基础,即轴。

垂直于图,并且原点位于图像平面后面的距离A 处,其中A 是相机镜头像平面(沿着光轴)的焦距。

如图1 所示。

在文献中,图像特征是任何结构特征,而不是提取图像(E.GeeGe-Cern),图像特征将对应于某物体(例如,机器人工具)的物理特征投影到摄像机图像平面上的良好特征点是一个。

可以在场景的不同视图中明确地定位,例如垫圈10中的孔或设计图案11, 12。

我们将图像特征参数定义为可以从一个或多个图像特征中计算出来的任何实值量,用于视觉伺服控制的一些特征参数包括图像11, 14,15、16, 17, 18、19 中的点的图像平面坐标,距离为在图像平面中的两点和连接两个点10, 20 的线的方向,投影表面的感知边缘长度21a 和两个投影表面的相对面积21,投影表面的质心和阶次矩。

Ne 11,以及图像平面11 中的椭圆的参数。

在本课题中,我们将限的点特征,其参数是它们的图像平面坐标。

可以使用摄像机的投影几何来计算从末端执行器的位置和方向到相应的图像特征参数的映射。

我们将用 F 来对他的映射进行降噪,其中例如,如果是U,Y 图像平面坐标的空间,用于投影到图像平面上,(19)的精确形式那么,假设透视投影,其中u和u be 由(16)给出。

将部分取决于下一节中讨论的T HM 相机和端部执行器的相对配置。

2.5 相机配置视觉伺服系统通常使用两种相机配置中的一种:末端执行器安装或固定工作空间。

第一种,通常称为手眼配置,摄像机安装在机器人末端执行器上。

在这里,存在一个已知。

我们通过ARGET 的的,往往是恒定的关系之间的相机的姿势(砂的姿势的末端执行器)姿势来表示这种关系:相对于相机框架用X 表示。

这些姿态之间的关系如图2 中所示,第二种配置有固定在工作空间中的摄像机。

在这种情况下,摄像机(X)与X 的机器人的基本坐标系相关,而X 则与目标有关。

当然,在。

一该摄像机中,目标的摄像机图像与机器人运动无关(除非目标ISED 执行器本身)种变体是为了使相机灵活,安装在另一个机器人平移/倾斜头上,以便从最佳摄像机25 观察视觉控制的机器人,以供选择摄像机配置,在执行视觉伺服任务之前,必须按顺序执行摄像机标定。

确定摄像机内部参数如焦距必须建立坐标系,并将其封装在外部参数确定CAMELL 校准过程中。

对于手眼的情况,必须考虑相对姿势X,这就是手/EVE 校准问题。

校准是计算机视觉界的一个长期的研究(在许多参考文献中可以找到校准问题的良好解决方案,例如。

(, 27, 28)因此,由此产生的分类学有四大类,我们现在来描述。

这些基本结构在图3至6 中示意性地示出,如果控制体系结构是分层的,并且使用视觉系统来提供关节点控制器的设置点输入,从而利用联合反馈来将机器人稳定在内部称为动态观察A。

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