the basics of structural equation modeling
有限元分析英文文献
The Basics of FEA Procedure有限元分析程序的基本知识2.1IntroductionThis chapter discusses the spring element,especially for the purpose of introducing various concepts involved in use of the FEA technique.本章讨论了弹簧元件，特别是用于引入使用的有限元分析技术的各种概念的目的A spring element is not very useful in the analysis of real engineering structures;however,it represents a structure in an ideal form for an FEA analysis.Spring element doesn’t require discretization(division into smaller elements)and follows the basic equation F=ku.在分析实际工程结构时弹簧元件不是很有用的;然而,它代表了一个有限元分析结构在一个理想的形式分析。
弹簧元件不需要离散化(分裂成更小的元素)只遵循的基本方程F=ku We will use it solely for the purpose of developing an understanding of FEA concepts and procedure.我们将使用它的目的仅仅是为了对开发有限元分析的概念和过程的理解。
2.2Overview概述Finite Element Analysis(FEA),also known as finite element method(FEM)is based on the concept that a structure can be simulated by the mechanical behavior of a spring in which the applied force is proportional to the displacement of the spring and the relationship F=ku is satisfied.有限元分析(FEA),也称为有限元法(FEM)，是基于一个结构可以由一个弹簧的力学行为模拟的应用力弹簧的位移成正比,F=ku切合的关系。
幼儿建构游戏中的steam学习读后感
幼儿建构游戏中的steam学习读后感(中英文实用版)After delving into the concept of integrating STEAM learning into toddlers" constructive play, I was thoroughly impressed by the potential it holds in nurturing young minds.The fusion of science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics in playtime activities not only sparks curiosity but also cultivates essential skills for the future.在深入探讨了将STEAM学习融入幼儿建构游戏的概念之后，我对其在培养幼儿心智方面的潜力深感震撼。
将科学、技术、工程、艺术和数学融合到游戏活动中，不仅激发了孩子们的好奇心，同时也培养了他们未来所需的必备技能。
It"s fascinating to observe how, through building blocks or Lego, for instance, children learn about shapes, sizes, and the basics of structural integrity, all while exercising their creativity.The process subtly introduces them to the wonders of engineering and the beauty of artistic design.观察孩子们如何通过积木或乐高等游戏学习形状、大小以及结构完整性的基础，同时锻炼他们的创造力，这简直太神奇了。
财务管理论文英文文献
财务管理论⽂英⽂⽂献 参考⽂献的引⽤应当实事求是、科学合理，不可以为了凑数随便引⽤。
下⽂是店铺为⼤家整理的关于财务管理论⽂英⽂⽂献的内容，欢迎⼤家阅读参考! 财务管理论⽂英⽂⽂献篇1： [1]Allport, G. W. Personality: A psychological interpretation. New York: Holt,Rinehart & Winston, 1937. [2]DeVellis, R. Scale development: Theory and application. London: Sage. 1991. [3]Anderson,J. R. Methodologies for studying human knowledge. Behavioural and Brain Sciences,1987,10(3)，467-505 [4]Aragon-Comea, J. A. Strategic proactivity and firm approach to the natural environment. Academy of Management Journal,1998,41(5)，556-567. [5]Bandura, A. Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 2001,52,1-26. [6]Barr, P. S,Stimpert,J. L,& Huff,A. S. Cognitive change,strategic action and organizational renewal. Strategic Management Journal, 1992,13(S1)，15-36. [7]Bourgeois, L. J. On the measurement of organizational slack. Academy of Management Review, 1981,6(1)，29-39. [8]Belkin, N. J. Anomalous state of knowledge for information retrieval. Canadian Journal of Information Science, 1980,5(5)，133-143. [9]Bentler,P. M,& Chou C. P. Practical issues in structural equation modeling.Sociological Methods and Research,1987,16(1)，78-117 [10]Atkin, C. K. Instrumental utilities and information seeking. New models for mass communication research, Oxford,England: Sage,1973. [11]Adams, M. and Hardwick, P. An Analysis of Corporate Donations: UnitedKingdom Evidence [J], Journal of Management Studies, 1998,35 (5)： 641-654. [12]Aronoff,C.,and J Ward. Family-owned Businesses: A Thing of the Past or Model of the Future. [J]. Family Business Review, 1995,8(2); 121-130. [13]Beckhard,R“Dyer Jr.,W.G. Managing continuity in the family owned business [J]. Organizational Dynamics, 1983,12 (1)： 5-12. [14Casson, M. The economics of family firms [J]. Scandinavian Economic History Review, 1999' 47(1)：10 - 23. [15]Alchian,A.,Demsetz, H. Production, information costs, and economic organization. American Economic Review [J]. 1972,62(5)： 777-795. [16]Allen, F,J, Qian and M, J. Qian. Law,Finance and Economic Growth in China [J], Journal of Financial Economics, 2005,77: pp.57-116. [17]Amato,L. H.,& Amato,C. H. The effects of firm size and industry on corporate giving [J]. Journal of Business Ethics,2007,72(3)： 229-241. [18]Chrisman, J.J., Chua,J.H., and Steier, L. P. An introduction to theories of family business [J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2003b, 18(4)： 441-448 财务管理论⽂英⽂⽂献篇2： [1]Antelo,M. Licensing a non-drastic innovation under double informational asymmetry. Rese arch Policy,2003,32(3)， 367-390. [2]Arora, A. Patents,licensing, and market structure in the chemical industry.Research Policy, 1997,26(4-5)， 391-403. [3]Aoki,R.,& Tauman,Y. Patent licensing with spillovers. Economics Letters,2001,73(1)，125-130. [4]Agarwal, S,& Hauswald, R. Distance and private information in lending.Review of Financial Studies,2010,23(7)，2757-2788. [5]Brouthers, K.D.,& Hennart, J.F. Boundaries of the firm: insights from international entry mode research. Journal of Management, 2007,33,395-425. [6]Anderson, J. E. A theoretical foundation for the gravity equation. American Economic Review, 1997,69(1)，106-116. [7]Barkema,H. G.,Bell,J. H. J.,& Pennings, J. M. Foreign entry,cultural barriers,and learning. Strategic Management Journal, 1996, 17(2)，151-166. [8]Bass, B.,& Granke, R. Societal influences on student perceptions of how to succeed in organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1972,56(4)，312-318. [9]Bresman, H.,Birkinshaw, J.,& Nobel, R. Knowledge transfer in international acquisitions. Journal of International Business Studies,1999,30(3)，439-462. [10]Chesbrough, H. W.,& Appleyard,M, M. Open innovation and strategy.California Management Review, 2007,50(1)，57-76.。
高中数学课程描述（英文）
Mathematics Course DescriptionMathematics course in middle school has two parts: compulsory courses and optional courses. Compulsory courses content lots of modern mathematical knowledge and conceptions, such as calculus,statistics, analytic geometry, algorithm and vector. Optional courses are chosen by students which is according their interests.Compulsory Courses:Set TheoryCourse content:This course introduces a new vocabulary and set of rules that is foundational to the mathematical discussions. Learning the basics of this all-important branch of mathematics so that students are prepared to tackle and understand the concept of mathematical functions. Students learn about how entities are grouped into sets and how to conduct various operations of sets such as unions and intersections(i.e. the algebra of sets). We conclude with a brief introduction to the relationship between functions and sets to set the stage for the next stepKey Topics:The language of set theorySet membershipSubsets, supersets, and equalitySet theory and functionsFunctionsCourse content:This lesson begins with talking about the role of functions and look at the concept of mapping values between domain and range. From there student spend a good deal of time looking at how to visualize various kinds of functions using graphs. This course will begin with the absolute value function and then move on to discuss both exponential and logarithmic functions. Students get an opportunity to see how these functions can be used to model various kinds of phenomena.Key Topics:Single-variable functionsTwo –variable functionsExponential functionLogarithmic functionPower- functionCalculusCourse content:In the first step, the course introduces the conception of limit, derivative and differential. Then students can fully understand what is limit of number sequence and what is limit of function through some specific practices. Moreover, the method to calculate derivative is also introduced to students.Key Topics:Limit theoryDerivativeDifferentialAlgorithmCourse content:Introduce the conception of algorithm and the method to design algorithm. Then the figures of flow charts and the conception of logical structure, like sequential structure, contracture of condition and cycle structure are introduced to students. Next step students can use the knowledge of algorithm to make simple programming language, during this procedure, student also approach to grammatical rules and statements which is as similar as BASIC language.Key Topics:AlgorithmLogical structure of flow chart and algorithmOutput statementInput statementAssignment statementStatisticsCourse content:The course starts with basic knowledge of statistics, such as systematic sampling and group sampling. During the lesson students acquire the knowledge like how to estimate collectivity distribution according frequency distribution of samples, and how to compute numerical characteristics of collectivity by looking at numerical characteristics of samples. Finally, the relationship and the interdependency of two variables is introduced to make sure that students mastered in how to make scatterplot, how to calculate regression line, and what is Method of Square.Key Topics:Systematic samplingGroup samplingRelationship between two variablesInterdependency of two variablesBasic Trigonometry ICourse content:This course talks about the properties of triangles and looks at the relationship that exists between their internal angles and lengths of their sides. This leads to discussion of the most commonly used trigonometric functions that relate triangle properties to unit circles. This includes the sine, cosine and tangent functions. Students can use these properties and functions to solve a number of issues.Key Topics:Common AnglesThe polar coordinate systemTriangles propertiesRight trianglesThe trigonometric functionsApplications of basic trigonometryBasic Trigonometry IICourse content:This course will look at the very important inverse trig functions such as arcsin, arcos, and arctan, and see how they can be used to determine angle values. Students also learn core trig identities such as the reduction and double angle identities and use them as a means for deriving proofs. Key Topics:Derivative trigonometric functionsInverse trig functionsIdentities●Pythagorean identities●Reduction identities●Angle sum/Difference identities●Double-angle identitiesAnalytic Geometry ICourse content:This course introduces analytic geometry as the means for using functions and polynomials to mathematically represent points, lines, planes and ellipses. All of these concepts are vital in student’s mathematical development since they are used in rendering and optimization, collision detection, response and other critical areas. Students look at intersection formulas and distance formulas with respect to lines, points, planes and also briefly talk about ellipsoidal intersections. Key Topics:Parametric representationParallel and perpendicular linesIntersection of two linesDistance from a point to a lineAngles between linesAnalytic Geometry IICourse content:Students look at how analytic geometry plays an important role in a number of different areas of class design. Students continue intersection discussion by looking at a way to detect collision between two convex polygons. Then students can wrap things up with a look at the Lambertian Diffuse Lighting model to see how vector dot products can be used to determine the lighting and shading of points across a surface.Key Topics:ReflectionsPolygon/polygon intersectionLightingSequence of NumberCourse content:This course begin with introducing several conceptions of sequence of number, such as, term, finite sequence of number, infinite sequence of number, formula of general term and recurrence formula.Then, the conception of geometric sequence and arithmetic sequence is introduced to students. Through practices and mathematical games, students gradually understand and utilizethe knowledge of sequence of number, eventually students are able to solve mathematical questions.Key Topics:Sequence of numberGeometric sequenceArithmetic sequenceInequalityThis course introduces conception of inequality as well as its properties. In the following lessons students learn the solutions and arithmetic of one-variable quadratic inequality, two variables inequality, fundamental inequality as well how to solve simple linear programming problems. Key Topics:Unequal relationship and InequalityOne-variable quadratic inequality and its solutionTwo-variable inequality and linear programmingFundamental inequalityVector MathematicsCourse content:After an introduction to the concept of vectors, students look at how to perform various important mathematical operations on them. This includes addition and subtraction, scalar multiplication, and the all-important dot and cross products. After laying this computational foundation, students engage in games and talk about their relationship with planes and the plane representation, revisit distance calculations using vectors and see how to rotate and scale geometry using vector representations of mesh vertices.Key Topics:Linear combinationsVector representationsAddition/ subtractionScalar multiplication/ divisionThe dot productVector projectionThe cross productOptional CoursesMatrix ICourse content:In this course, students are introduced to the concept of a matrix like vectors, matrices and so on. In the first two lessons, student look at matrices from a purely mathematical perspective. The course talks about what matrices are and what problems they are intended to solve and then looks at various operations that can be performed using them. This includes topics like matrix addition and subtraction and multiplication by scalars or by other matrices. At the end, students can conclude this course with an overview of the concept of using matrices to solve system of linear equations.Key Topics:Matrix relationsMatrix operations●Addition/subtraction●Scalar multiplication●Matrix Multiplication●Transpose●Determinant●InversePolynomialsCourse content:This course begins with an examination of the algebra of polynomials and then move on to look at the graphs for various kinds of polynomial functions. The course starts with linear interpolation using polynomials that is commonly used to draw polygons on display. From there students are asked to look at how to take complex functions that would be too costly to compute in a relatively relaxed studying environment and use polynomials to approximate the behavior of the function to produce similar results. Students can wrap things up by looking at how polynomials can be used as means for predicting the future values of variables.Key Topics:Polynomial algebra ( single variable)●addition/subtraction●multiplication/divisionQuadratic equationsGraphing polynomialsLogical Terms in MathematicsCourse content:This course introduces the relationships of four kinds of statements, necessary and sufficient conditions, basic logical conjunctions, existing quantifier and universal quantifier. By learning mathematical logic terms, students can be mastered in the usage of common logical terms and can self-correct logical mistakes. At the end of this course, students can deeply understand the mathematical expression is not only accurate but also concise.Key Topics:Statement and its relationshipNecessary and sufficient conditionsBasic logical conjunctionsExisting quantifier and universal quantifierConic Sections and EquationCourse content:By using the knowledge of coordinate method which have been taught in the lesson of linear and circle, in this lesson students learn how to set an equation according the character of conic sections. Students is able to find out the property of conic sections during establishing equations. The aim of this course is to make students understand the idea of combination of number and shape by using the method of coordinate to solve simple geometrical problems which are related to conic sections.Key Topics:Curve and equation OvalHyperbolaParabola。
专业英语课文翻译
School of chemical engineering and pharmaceuticaltest tubes 试管test tube holder试管夹test tube brush 试管刷test tube rack试管架beaker烧杯stirring搅拌棒thermometer温度计boiling flask长颈烧瓶Florence flask平底烧瓶flask,round bottom,two-neck boiling flask,three-neck conical flask锥形瓶wide-mouth bottle广口瓶graduated cylinder量筒gas measuring tube气体检测管volumetric flask容量瓶transfer pipette移液管Geiser burette(stopcock)酸式滴定管funnel漏斗Mohr burette(with pinchcock)碱式滴定管watch glass表面皿evaporating dish蒸发皿ground joint磨口连接Petri dish有盖培养皿desiccators干燥皿long-stem funnel长颈漏斗filter funnel过滤漏斗Büchner funnel瓷漏斗separatory funnel分液漏斗Hirsh funnel赫尔什漏斗filter flask 吸滤瓶Thiele melting point tube蒂勒熔点管plastic squeez e bottle塑料洗瓶 medicine dropper药用滴管rubber pipette bulb 吸球microspatula微型压舌板pipet吸量管mortar and pestle研体及研钵filter paper滤纸Bunsen burner煤气灯burette stand滴定管架support ring支撑环ring stand环架distilling head蒸馏头side-arm distillation flask侧臂蒸馏烧瓶air condenser空气冷凝器centrifuge tube离心管fractionating column精(分)馏管Graham condenser蛇形冷凝器crucible坩埚crucible tongs坩埚钳beaker tong烧杯钳economy extension clamp经济扩展夹extension clamp牵引夹utility clamp铁试管夹hose clamp软管夹 burette clamp pinchcock;pinch clamp弹簧夹 screw clamp 螺丝钳ring clamp 环形夹goggles护目镜stopcock活塞wire gauze铁丝网analytical balance分析天平分析化学absolute error绝对误差accuracy准确度assay化验analyte(被)分析物calibration校准constituent成分coefficient of variation变异系数confidence level置信水平detection limit检出限determination测定estimation 估算equivalent point等当点gross error总误差impurity杂质indicator指示剂interference干扰internal standard内标level of significance显着性水平 limit of quantitation定量限masking掩蔽matrix基体precision精确度primary standard原始标准物purity纯度qualitative analysis定性分析 quantitative analysis定量分析random error偶然误差reagent试剂relative error相对误差robustness耐用性sample样品relative standard deviation相对标准偏差 selectivity选择性sensitivity灵敏度specificity专属性titration滴定significant figure有效数字solubility product溶度积standard addition标准加入法standard deviation标准偏差standardization标定法stoichiometric point化学计量点systematic error系统误差有机化学acid anhydride 酸酐acyl halide 酰卤alcohol 醇aldehyde 醛aliphatic 脂肪族的alkene 烯烃alkyne炔allyl烯丙基amide氨基化合物amino acid 氨基酸aromatic compound 芳香烃化合物amine胺butyl 丁基aromatic ring芳环,苯环 branched-chain支链chain链carbonyl羰基carboxyl羧基chelate螯合chiral center手性中心conformers构象copolymer共聚物derivative 衍生物dextrorotatary右旋性的diazotization重氮化作用dichloromethane二氯甲烷ester酯ethyl乙基fatty acid脂肪酸functional group 官能团general formula 通式glycerol 甘油，丙三醇heptyl 庚基heterocyclie 杂环的hexyl 己基homolog 同系物hydrocarbon 烃,碳氢化合物hydrophilic 亲水的hydrophobic 疏水的hydroxide 烃基ketone 酮levorotatory左旋性的methyl 甲基molecular formula分子式monomer单体octyl辛基open chain开链optical activity旋光性（度）organic 有机的organic chemistry 有机化学organic compounds有机化合物pentyl戊基phenol苯酚phenyl苯基polymer 聚合物，聚合体propyl丙基ring-shaped环状结构 zwitterion兼性离子saturated compound饱和化合物side chain侧链straight chain 直链tautomer互变（异构）体structural formula结构式triglyceride甘油三酸脂unsaturated compound不饱和化合物物理化学activation energy活化能adiabat绝热线amplitude振幅collision theory碰撞理论empirical temperature假定温度enthalpy焓enthalpy of combustion燃烧焓enthalpy of fusion熔化热enthalpy of hydration水合热enthalpy of reaction反应热enthalpy o f sublimation升华热enthalpy of vaporization汽化热entropy熵first law热力学第一定律first order reaction一级反应free energy自由能Hess’s law盖斯定律Gibbs free energy offormation吉布斯生成能heat capacity热容internal energy内能isobar等压线isochore等容线isotherm等温线kinetic energy动能latent heat潜能Planck’s constant普朗克常数potential energy势能quantum量子quantum mechanics量子力学rate law速率定律specific heat比热spontaneous自发的standard enthalpy change标准焓变standard entropy of reaction标准反应熵standard molar entropy标准摩尔熵standard pressure标压state function状态函数thermal energy热能thermochemical equation热化学方程式thermodynamic equilibrium热力学平衡uncertainty principle测不准定理zero order reaction零级反应 zero point energy零点能课文词汇实验安全及记录：eye wash眼药水first-aid kit急救箱gas line输气管safety shower紧急冲淋房water faucet水龙头flow chart流程图loose leaf活页单元操作分类：heat transfer传热Liquid-liquid extraction液液萃取liquid-solid leaching过滤vapor pressure蒸气压membrane separation薄膜分离空气污染：carbon dioxide 二氧化碳carbon monoxide一氧化碳particulate matter颗粒物质photochemical smog光化烟雾primary pollutants一次污染物secondary pollutants二次污染物 stratospheric ozone depletion平流层臭氧消耗sulfur dioxide二氧化硫volcanic eruption火山爆发食品化学：amino acid氨基酸,胺amino group氨基empirical formula实验式,经验式fatty acid脂肪酸peptide bonds肽键polyphenol oxidase 多酚氧化酶salivary amylase唾液淀粉酶 steroid hormone甾类激素table sugar蔗糖triacylglycerol三酰甘油,甘油三酯食品添加剂：acesulfame-K乙酰磺胺酸钾,一种甜味剂adrenal gland肾上腺ionizing radiation致电离辐射food additives食品添加剂monosodium glutamate味精,谷氨酸一钠（味精的化学成分）natural flavors天然食用香料,天然食用调料nutrasweet天冬甜素potassium bromide 溴化钾propyl gallate没食子酸丙酯sodium chloride氯化钠sodium nitraten硝酸钠sodium nitrite亚硝酸钠trans fats反式脂肪genetic food转基因食品food poisoning 食物中毒hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP)危害分析关键控制点技术maternal and child health care妇幼保健护理national patriotic health campaign committee(NPHCC) 全国爱国卫生运动委员会rural health农村卫生管理the state food and drug administration (SFDA)国家食品药品监督管理局光谱：Astronomical Spectroscopy天文光谱学Laser Spectroscopy激光光谱学 Mass Spectrometry质谱Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy原子吸收光谱Attenuated T otal Reflectance Spectroscopy衰减全反射光谱Electron Paramagnetic Spectroscopy电子顺磁谱Electron Spectroscopy电子光谱Infrared Spectroscopy红外光谱Fourier Transform Spectrosopy傅里叶变换光谱Gamma-ray Spectroscopy伽玛射线光谱Multiplex or Frequency-Modulated Spectroscopy复用或频率调制光谱X-ray SpectroscopyX射线光谱色谱：Gas Chromatography气相色谱High Performance Liquid Chromatography高效液相色谱Thin-Layer Chromatography薄层色谱magnesium silicate gel硅酸镁凝胶retention time保留时间mobile phase流动相stationary phase固定相反应类型：agitated tank搅拌槽catalytic reactor催化反应器batch stirred tank reactor间歇搅拌反应釜continuous stirred tank 连续搅拌釜exothermic reactions放热反应pilot plant试验工厂fluidized bed Reactor流动床反应釜multiphase chemical reactions 多相化学反应packed bed reactor填充床反应器redox reaction氧化还原反应reductant-oxidant氧化还原剂acid base reaction酸碱反应additionreaction加成反应chemical equation化学方程式valence electron价电子combination reaction化合反应hybrid orbital 杂化轨道decomposition reaction分解反应substitution reaction取代(置换)反应Lesson5 Classification of Unit Operations单元操作Fluid flow流体流动它涉及的原理是确定任一流体从一个点到另一个点的流动和输送。
《结构化学》教学大纲(英文版)
‘Structural Chemistry ’Course SyllabusCourse Code：09040001Course Category：Major BasicMajors：ChemistrySemester：SpringTotal Hours：54 Hours Credit：3Lecture Hours：54 HoursTextbooks：《Structural Chemistry》孙墨珑编著，东北林业大学出版社。
I.Introduction to Structural ChemistryThe major targets this course includes the followings: (1) to introduce the material structure of the basic concepts, basic theory, and basic methods for learning “Structural Chemistry”; (2) to explore the relationship between the microstructures and properties of atoms, molecules, and crystals; (3) to systematically clarify the essence of the periodic law of elements; (4) to deeply and qualitatively clarify the essence of the chemical bonds. This course introduces the basic principles of quantum mechanics and their applications in simple systems, structure of atoms, molecules, and crystals, symmetry of molecular orbitals, molecular orbital theory, and ligand field theory, etc. After learning this course, the students should be able to analyze and solve the basic chemistry problems from the point of view of quantum mechanics.II.Table of contentsSection I (Chapter 1) Basic knowledge of quantum mechanics1.1 Failures of classical mechanics1）Black-body radiation & Planck’s solution;2）Ph otoelectric effect & Einstein’s theory;3）Hydrogen spectrum & Bohr’s model.1.2Characteristics of the motion of microscopic particles1)Wave-particle duality;2)Uncertainty principle.1.3The basic postulates of quantum mechanics1)Postulate 1: wavefunction;2)Postulate 2: Hermitian operators;3)Postulate 3: Schrödinger equation;4)Postulate 4: linearity and superposition;5)Postulate 5: Pauli exclusion principle.1.4Applications of quantum mechanics in simple cases1)Free particle in one-dimensional (1D) box;2)Applications of the 1D-box model in simple chemical systems;3)Free particle in two-dimensional (2D) & three-dimensional (3D) box;4)Tunneling & scanning tunneling microscopy (STM).Section II (Chapter 2) Structures and properties of atoms2.1 One-electron atom: H atom1)The Schrödinger equation of H atoms;2)Solution of the Schrödinger equation of H atom.2.2Quantum numbers1)Principle quantum number, n;2)Angular momentum quantum number, l;3)Magnetic quantum number, m;4)Zeeman effect.2.3Wavefunction and electron cloud1)Radial distribution;2)Angular distribution;3)Spatial distribution.2.4 Structure of multi-electron atoms1)The Schrödinger equation of multi-electron atoms•Self-consistent field method;•Central field approximation.2)The building-up principles and electron configuration of multi-electron atoms•Pauli exclusion principle;•Principle of minimum energy;Hund’s rule.2.5Electron spin and Pauli exclusion principle2.6Atomic spectroscopy1)Orbital-spin coupling;2)Spectroscopic terms & term symbol;3)Derivation of atomic term.4)Hund’s rule on the spectroscopic terms;2.7Atomic properties1)Energy of ionization;2)Electron affinity;3)Electronegativity.Section III (Chapters 3-6) Structures and properties of molecules Chapter 3 Geometric structure of molecules─Molecular symmetry & symmetry point group3.1Symmetry elements and symmetry operations1)Symmetry elements and symmetry operations;2)Combination rules of symmetry elements;3.2Point groups & symmetry classification of molecules3.3Point groups & groups multiplication3.4Applications of molecular symmetry1)Chirality & optical activity;2)Polarity & dipole moment.Chapter 4 S tructure of biatomic molecules (X2 & XY)4.1 Linear variation method and structure of H2+ ion1) Shrödinger equation of H2+ ion;2) Linear variation method;3) Treatment of H2+ ion using linear variation method;4) Solutions of H2+ ion.4.2 Molecular orbital theory and diatomic molecules1) Molecular orbital theory;2) Structure of homonuclear diatomic molecules (X2);3) Structure of heteronuclear diatomic molecules (XY).4.3 Valence bond (VB) theory and H2 moleculeChapter 5 Structure of polyatomic molecules (A)5.1 Structure of Methane (CH4)1) Delocalized molecular orbitals of methane (CH4);2) Localized molecular orbitals of methane (CH4).5.2 Molecular orbital hybridization1) Theory of molecular orbital hybridization;2) Construction of hybrid orbitals;3) Structure of AB n molecules;4) Molecular stereochemistry: valence shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR)model.5.3 Delocalized molecular orbital theory─Hückel molecular orbital (HMO) theory1) HMO method & conjugated systems;2) HMO treatment for butadiene;3) HMO treatment for cyclic conjugated polyene (C n H n);4) Molecular diagrams;5) Delocalized π bonds.5.4 Structure of electron deficient molecules5.5 Symmetry of molecular orbitals and symmetry rules for molecular reactions5.6 Molecular spectroscopy1)Infrared absorption spectroscopy: molecular vibrations;2)Raman scattering spectroscopy: molecular vibrations;3)Fluorescence spectroscopy: electronic transitions;4)NMR spectroscopy: nuclear magnetic resonances.Chapter 6 Structure of polyatomic molecules (B), coordination compounds 6.1 Crystal field theory6.2 CO and N2 coordination complexes6.3 Organic metal complexes1) Zeise’s salts;2) Sandwich complexes.6.4 Clusters1) Transition-metal cluster compounds2) Carbon clusters and nanotubesSection IV (Chapters 7-9) Structure of crystalsChapter 7 Basics of crystallography7.1 Periodicity and lattices of crystal structure1) Characteristics of crystal structure;2) Lattices and unit cells;3) Bravais lattices and unit cells of crystals;4) Real crystals & crystal defects.7.2 Symmetry in crystal structure1) Symmetry elements and symmetry operations;2) Point groups (32) and space groups (230).7.3 X-Ray diffraction of crystals1) X-ray diffraction of crystals•Laue equation;•Bragg’s law;•Reciprocal lattice.2) Instrumentation of X-ray diffraction;3) Applications of X-Ray diffraction•Single crystal diffraction: crystal structure determination;•Powder diffraction: qualitative & quantitative analysis of crystalline materialsChapter 8 Crystalline solids, I: metals and alloys8.1 Close Packing of Spheres1) Close packing of identical spheres;2) Packing density;3) Interstices.8.2 Structures and Properties of Pure Metals8.3 Structures and Properties of AlloyChapter 9 Crystalline solids, II: ionic crystals9.1 Packing of Ions;9.2 Crystal Structure of Some Typical Ionic Compounds9.3 Trend of Variation of Ionic Radii9.4 Pauling Rule of Ionic Crystal Structure9.5 Crystals of Functional Materials1) Nonlinear optical materials;2) Magnetic materials;3) Conductive polymers;4) Semiconductors: band gap and photocatalysisIII.Table of ScheduleReferences[1] 王荣顺主编，东北师范大学等，《结构化学》，高等教育出版社，2003年。
结构方程模型 英语
结构方程模型英语Structural Equation ModelingStructural equation modeling (SEM) is a powerful and versatile type of statistical modeling used to examine relationships among observed and latent variables. It is a multivariate method of analysis that is particularly useful when examining complex systems. Structural equation modeling examines the relationships between variables to determine the causal effect of one variable on another, or the degree of correlation between two variables. The model is often used to make predictions about relationships and can be used to evaluate the accuracy of a hypothesis or to explore the validity of a theory.Structural equation modeling consists of a set of equations that represent a system of relationships between observed and latent variables. The equations are derived from a model, which is a graphical representation of the relationships between variables. Each equation is a mathematical representation of the relationships between a set of observed and latent variables. The equations are usually derived from a path analysis of the relationships between variables. The equations are used to estimate the parameters of the model, which are thenused to make predictions about relationships and to evaluate the accuracy of the model.Structural equation modelling is a powerful tool that can be used to understand the relationships between variables in various ways. It can be used to evaluate the validity of a hypothesis, to explore the structure of a data set, and to make predictions about relationships between variables. It is also a useful tool for studying the causal effect of one variable on another, or the degree of correlation between variables. SEM has become increasingly popular in recent years, in part due to its ability to analyze data from a variety of sources, including self-report surveys, observational studies, and databases. Structural equation modeling has become a valuable tool for researchers and scholars in a variety of fields, including psychology, sociology, economics, and public health.。
三自由度机械手毕业设计
摘要机械手是在自动化生产过程中使用的一种具有抓取和移动工件功能的自动化装置，由其控制系统执行预定的程序实现对工件的定位夹持。
完全取代了人力，节省了劳动资源，提高了生产效率。
本设计以实现铣床自动上下料为目的，设计了个水平伸缩距为200mm，垂直伸缩距为200mm具有三个自由度的铣床上下料机械手。
机械手三个自由度分别是机身的旋转，手臂的升降，以及机身的升降。
在设计过程中，确定了铣床上下料机械手的总体方案，并对铣床上下料机械手的总体结构进行了设计，对一些部件进行了参数确定以及对主要的零部件进行了计算和校核。
以单片机为控制手段，设计了机械手的自动控制系统，实现了对铣床上下料机械手的准确控制。
关键词：机械手；三自由度；上下料；单片机AbstractManipulator , an automation equipment with function of grabbing and moving the workpiece ,is used in an automated production process.It perform scheduled program by the control system to realize the function of the positioning of the workpiece clamping. It completely replace the human, saving labor resources, and improve production efficiency.This design is to achieve milling automatic loading and unloading .Design a manipulator with three degrees of freedom and 200mm horizontal stretching distance, 120mm vertical telescopic distance. Three degrees of freedom of the manipulator is body rotation, arm movements, as well as the movements of the body. In the design process, determine the overall scheme of the milling machine loading and unloading manipulator and milling machine loading and unloading manipulator, the overall structure of the design parameters of some components as well as the main components of the calculation and verification. In the means of Single-chip microcomputer for controlling, design the automatic control system of the manipulator and achieve accurate control of the milling machine loading and unloading.Key words: Manipulator; Three Degrees of Freedom; Loading and unloading; single chip microcomputer目录摘要．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．I第1章绪论．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．11.1选题背景．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． (1)1.2设计目的．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．11.3国内外研究现状和趋势．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．21.4设计原则．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．2第2章设计方案的论证．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．32.1 机械手的总体设计．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．32.1.1机械手总体结构的类型．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．32.1.2 设计具体采用方案．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．42.2 机械手腰座结构设计．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．52.2.1 机械手腰座结构设计要求．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．52.2.2 具体设计采用方案．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．52.3 机械手手臂的结构设计．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．62.3.1机械手手臂的设计要求．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．62.3.2 设计具体采用方案．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．72.4 设计机械手手部连接方式．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．72.5 机械手末端执行器（手部）的结构设计．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．82.5.1 机械手末端执行器的设计要求．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．82.5.2 机械手夹持器的运动和驱动方式．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．92.5.3 机械手夹持器的典型结构．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．92.6 机械手的机械传动机构的设计．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．102.6.1 工业机械手传动机构设计应注意的问题．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．102.6.2 工业机械手传动机构常用的机构形式．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．102.6.3 设计具体采用方案．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．122.7 机械手驱动系统的设计．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．122.7.1 机械手各类驱动系统的特点．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．122.7.2 机械手液压驱动系统．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．132.7.3机身摆动驱动元件的选取．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．132.7.4 设计具体采用方案．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．142.8 机械手手臂的平衡机构设计．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．14第3章理论分析和设计计算．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．163.1 液压传动系统设计计算．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．163.1.1 确定液压传动系统基本方案．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．163.1.2 拟定液压执行元件运动控制回路．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．173.1.3 液压源系统的设计．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．173.1.4 确定液压系统的主要参数．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．173.1.5 计算和选择液压元件．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．243.1.6机械手爪各结构尺寸的计算．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．26 第4章机械手控制系统的设计．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．284.1 系统总体方案．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．284.2 各芯片工作原理．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．284.2.1 串口转换芯片．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．284.2.2 单片机．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．294.2.3 8279芯片．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．304.2.4 译码器．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．314.2.5 放大芯片．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．.．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．324.3 电路设计．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．334.3.1 显示电路设计．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．334.3.2 键盘电路设计．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．334.4 复位电路设计．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．334.5 晶体振荡电路设计．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．344.6 传感器的选择．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．34结论．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．36致谢．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．37参考文献．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．38CONTENTS Abstract (I)Chapter 1 Introduction (1)1.1 background (1)1.2 design purpose (1)1.3 domestic and foreign research present situation and trends (2)1.4 design principles (2)Chapter 2 Design of the demonstration (3)2.1manipulator overall design (3)2.1.1 manipulator overall structure type (3)2.1.2 design adopts the scheme (4)2.2 lumbar base structure design of mechanical hand (5)2.2.1 manipulator lumbar base structure design requirements (5)2.2.2specific design schemes (5)2.3mechanical arm structure design (6)2.3.1 manipulator arm design requirements (6)2.3.2 design adopts the scheme (7)2.4 design of mechanical hand connection mode (7)2.5 the manipulator end-effector structure design (8)2.5.1 manipulator end-effector design requirements (8)2.5.2 manipulator gripper motion and driving method (9)2.5.3 manipulator gripper structure (9)2.6 robot mechanical transmission design (10)2.6.1 industry for transmission mechanism of manipulator design shouldpay attention question (10)2.6.2 industrial machinery hand transmission mechanism commonlyused form of institution (10)2.6.3 design adopts the scheme (12)2.7 mechanical arm drive system design (12)2.7.1 manipulator of various characteristics of the drive system (12)2.7.2 hydraulic drive system for a manipulator (13)2.7.3 Body swing the selection of drive components (13)2.7.4 Design the specific use of the program (14)2.8 mechanical arm balance mechanism design (14)Chapter 3 Theoretical analysis and design calculation (16)3.1 hydraulic system design and calculation (16)3.1.1 the basic scheme of hydrauic transmission system (16)3.1.2 formulation of the hydraulic actuator control circuit (17)3.1.3 hydraulic source system design (17)3.1.4 determine the main parameters of the hydraulic system (17)3.1.5 calculation and selection of hydraulic components (24)3.1.6 Manipulator calculation of the structural dimensions (26)Chapter 4 The robot control system design (28)4.1 Overall scheme (28)4.2 Chip works (28)4.2.1 serial conversion chip (28)4.2.2 MCU (29)4.2.3 8279 chip (30)4.2 .4 decoder (31)4.2.5 amplifier chip (32)4.3 Circuit design (33)4.3.1 show the circuit design (33)4.3.2 The keyboard circuit design (33)4.4 Reset circuit design (33)4.5 crystal oscillation circuit design (34)4.6 sensor selection (34)Conclusion (36)Acknowledgements (37)References (38)第1章绪论1.1选题背景机械手是在自动化生产过程中使用的一种具有抓取和移动工件功能的自动化装置，它是在机械化、自动化生产过程中发展起来的一种新型装置。
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the basics of structural equation
modeling
结构方程模型是一种广泛使用的统计模型，用来研究变量生效方式和因果关系。
它由几个互相关的部分组成，如测量模型、结构模型和误差方差协方差矩阵。
为了更好地了解结构方程模型，我们可以将其分为一些基础要素，并逐一介绍。
1. 变量
结构方程模型中的变量可以分为观察变量和潜在变量两种。
观察变量是可见的、可测量的变量，而潜在变量是不可见的、潜在的、被其他变量影响的变量。
2. 模型
结构方程模型可以分为两种类型：测量模型和结构模型。
测量模型通常用于度量潜在变量，而结构模型用于显示变量之间的因果关系和路径。
3. 因果关系和路径
因果关系和路径是结构方程模型中的核心概念。
因果关系是指变量之间的直接因果关系，路径则是表示变量之间因果联系的线条。
4. 范围
结构方程模型可以用于各种类型的数据，从载荷数据到多次测量的面板数据。
这种模型甚至可以用于纵向数据和跨越时间的数据，并且适用于不同领域的研究。
5. 模型求解
结构方程模型求解的方法包括样本协方差矩阵和似然估计法。
样本协方差矩阵方法是在样本协方差矩阵上直接估计模型参数，而似然估计法则是求解模型数据产生的概率，然后估计模型参数。
总的来说，结构方程模型提供了一种重要的工具，用于研究变量
间的因果关系和路径。
了解其基本要素和模型求解方法对于研究者掌握和应用这种技术非常重要。