英语语法——基本句子成分和结构
英语的基本句子结构的组成与特点

英语的基本句子结构一、句子成分句子成分(members of a sentence)是句子中必不可少的组成部分。
总的说来,英语句子有八种成分,分别是:主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、表语(predicative)、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)和状语(adverbial)、宾语补足语(object complement)、同位语 (appositive)。
另外还有一种是独立成分(independent element of asentence)。
这些成分都是句子的基本构成元素。
1、主语。
主语是一个句子中所要表达和描述的人或物,是句子的主体,是全句诉说的对象,主语可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化形容词、名词性从句等来担任,一般置于句首。
例如:The young should respect the old. Whether you are coming or not doesn’t mat-ter too much.2、谓语。
谓语是用来说明主语做了什么动作或处在什么状态。
谓语可以由动词来担任 , 一般放在主语的后面,是最重要的词,因为每个句子必须有动词做谓语。
动词分为行为动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词,( 注 : 连系动词、情态动词和助动词不能单独构成谓语 , 情态动词和助动词要与后面的动词原形,连系动词要与后面的名词、形容词、介词短语等一起构成谓语 ), 行为动词分为及物动词和不及物动词。
例如:He likes classical music. The girl is happy every day.I must go now.3、宾语。
宾语是谓语动作所涉及的对象,它是动作的承受者, 宾语也是介词所联系的对象。
一般置于及物动词之后,但有时为了强调,宾语也可以置于句首,(注:不及物动词+ 介词+ 宾语也可以)。
可以用作宾语的有名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、从句等。
讲义:句子成分及句子结构

英语语法之句子成分及句子结构一、句子成分组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分.句子成分包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语等。
主语和谓语是句子的主体部分(在英文中一般的句子必须有主语和谓语)。
即:句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主语和谓语;次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语和同位语1 . 主语(subject)主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。
但在there be结构、疑问句和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。
主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。
找出句中主语The sun rises in the east. 名词Twenty years is a short time in history. 数词The poor are now living in the shelter.名词化的形容词Seeing is believing。
动名词To see is to believe. 不定式He likes dancing. 代词What he needs is a book。
句子(主从)It is necessary to master a foreign language.2谓语::说明主语的动作、状态和特征;动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。
(1)简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成I saw the flag on the top of the hill. He looked after two orphans.(2)复合谓语由情态动词或助动词+动词;He can speak English well. She doesn’t seem to like dancing3宾语:动作的对象或承受者—-及物动词或介词的宾语,即动宾&介宾,常用名词或相当于名词的词(动词不定式或动名词)、代词和数词充当Show your passport,please. 名词She didn’t say anything. 代词How many do you want? - I want two. 数词I enjoy traveling. 动名词He pretended not to see me。
高中英语语法精讲:基本句子结构之句子成分

句子成分构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。
句子成分有主语和谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
1)主语(subject)一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当,也有从句充当的现象。
大多数主语都在句首。
比如:1. The room is very clean. (名词)2. We often speak English. (代词)3. To teach them English is my job.(动词不定式)4. Swimming is good for our health. (动名词)5. What we need is food. (从句)6. The poor are everywhere in some countries. (the +形容词)2)谓语(predicate)谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态,说明主语“做什么”,“是什么”,“怎么样”。
谓语必须是动词,体现时态和语态,一般放在主语之后。
谓语分简单谓语和复合谓语:1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。
如: He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语:a.由情态动词+动词原形或其他助动词加动词某种形式构成。
如:He can speak English.b. 助动词:帮助构成时态和语态,不同时态有不同的助动词,后加动词的某种形式构成谓语。
He doesn't like speaking Chinese.I have seen the film before.He didn't finish his homework last night.3) 表语(predicative)表语用以说明主语是什么或怎么样,它一般位于系动词之后,构成主系表结构,说明主语的状况,性质,特征等。
常见的系动词:1. 表状态:be2. 表感官:look, sound, smell, taste, feel3. 表变化:become, grow, turn, fall, get, go4. 表持续,保持:keep, remain, stay5. 表似乎,像:seem,appear例子:划线部分均为表语:•1. I am a teacher. (名词)•2. I am ten. (数词)•3. He became rich and successful. (形容词)•4. They are at home now. (介词短语)4)宾语(object)宾语:表示动作所涉及的对象,内容或承受者。
高中英语语法-句子成分和基本句子结构

句子成分和基本句子结构英语学习的四原则:全(记得要全)、熟(熟练)、精(总结精华)、活(活学活用)什么叫句子成分呢?句子的组成成分叫句子成分。
在句子中,词与词之间有一定的组合关系,按照不同的关系,可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。
句子成分由词或词组充当。
现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种,即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。
英语的基本成分有七种:主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、表语(predicative)、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial) 和补语(complement)。
【附着在表面上,单独存在没有意义】一个完整的英语句子,至少由两部分组成(祁使句除外)——主语和谓语。
主语是一个句子叙述的主体,表明这句话描述的是什么,谓语则用以说明主语的情况,它在人称和单复数形式上应与主语保持一致。
除了主语和谓语,句子有时还需要其他的成分,如用在系动词后表明主语性质,特征,状态或身份的表语,用在及物动后,表示行为对象或结果的宾语,修饰或限定名词或代词的定语,修饰动词形容词副词介词短语或全句的状语以及对一个名词或代词作进一步解释的同位语等。
英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。
掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。
英语五种基本句型列式如下:一:SV(主+谓)二:SVP(主+系+表)三:SVO(主+谓+宾)四:SVoO(主+谓+间宾+直宾)五:SVOC(主+谓+宾+宾补)基本句型一:SV(主+谓)主语:可以作主语的成分有名词(如boy),主格代词(如you),数词,名词化的形容词,动词不定式,动名词或从句。
主语一般在句首。
注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家!谓语:谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后。
不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语,形成主谓结构,如:We come.此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思,不能再接对象(即宾语),这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等作状语。
英语语法之句子成分及句子结构

【语法体系】1.词法冠词、名词、代词、副词、动词、介词和介词短语、连词、数词。
2.句法句子成分:主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语等。
句子种类:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句句子结构:简单句并列句a)名词性从句:主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句复合句:b)定语从句c)状语从句特殊句式:倒装句、强调句、省略句、there be句式主谓一致直接引语和间接引语虚拟语气【句子成分】1.主语:主语是一个句子的主体,一般位于句首。
名词(短语)、代词、数词、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、从句等均可作主语。
e.g. Instead,a picture should try to show the “life” of itssubject.e.g. To find a best friend is difficult.2.谓语:用来描述主语的行为动作或所处的状态,一般位于主语之后,由动词或动词短语充当,且谓语有人称、数、时态和语态等的变化。
e.g. I run into the classroom.e.g. He had an apple for breakfast.3.宾语:宾语是动作的承受者,一般位于及物动词之后。
名词(短语)、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、名词化的分次、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、从句等均可充当宾语成分。
e.g. People love to get together.e.g. I like chatting online.宾语的种类:(1)双宾语:间接宾语+直接宾语e.g. Hand me your book, please.(2)复合宾语:宾语+宾语补足语e.g. They elected him their monitor. 4.表语:表语用来说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。
一般位于系动词之后,与之构成系表结构。
名词(短语)、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、分词、从句等均可作表语。
小学英语语法之句子结构分析详解

句法讲解一、句子成分句子成分大体可分为主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语、独立成分等。
1、主语:主语是句子叙述的主体,是全局述说的对象。
表明这句话描述的是什么,常有名词、代词充当。
例:We are students.2、谓语:谓语主要是对主语加以陈述,表示主语的动作或状态,由动词或动词词组担任。
放在主语的后面。
例:We are students. I like cats.3、宾语:宾语表示及物动词动作的对象,放在及物动词或者介词之后,常用名词、代词充当。
例:Mike do the job. I like cats.4、表语:用来说明主语的性质或状态。
表语放在连系动词(如be)之后表示主语的身份或特征,常用名词、代词、形容词充当。
例:The apple is red. Her voice sounds sweet.5、定语:用来说明或者限制名词的成分,常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。
例:This is a red sun. He is a tall boy.6、状语:用来说明动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的成分。
常有副词担任。
修饰动词时可以放在动词之前,也可以放在动词之后;修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。
例:The students study hard. I often write to him. The bag is too heavy.7、补足语:用于补充说明主语或宾语的性质、状态的句子成分。
由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式等充当。
例:We call him Monkey. The tiger was caught alive.8、同位语:同位语是对前面的名词或代词作进一步的解释,通常是由名词、数词、代词或从句等担任。
例:This is Mr.Li, our teacher.二、句子种类英语句子按照目的分为:陈述句,祈使句,感叹句,疑问句(一般疑问句,特殊疑问句,反意疑问句)。
英语句子成分分析及结构

8种基本句子成分:1.主语:表句子说的是“什么人”或“什么事”。
通常在句子前面,充当主语的有名词、代词、不定式、动名词、从句、句子等。
e.g. The trees grow very fast.2.谓语:说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。
通常在主语后(出疑问和倒装外)。
一般由动词来充当。
e.g. The plane takes off at 8, but this morning it may be delayed by the thick fog.3.宾语:表动作行为的对象,在及物动词或介词后。
充当宾语的有名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、从句、句子等。
e.g. He takes a bath every morning.4.表语:与系动词连用,一起构成谓语部分,说明主语的性质和特征。
长在系动词之后。
充当表语的有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语从句等。
e.g. He turned doctor after school, as his parents had expected.Oh, it’s you.5.定语:用来修饰名词或代词。
单个词长放在被修饰词前面,短语或句子在被修饰词之后。
充当定语的有数词、名词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、从句等。
e.g. More than twenty workers were fired.This is a stone table and hard enough to hold the load of goods.6.状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词,表动作发生的时间、地点、目的、方式等。
位置比较灵活。
充当状语的有副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、形容词、形容词词组和名词词组、从句等。
e.g. Tom speaks english very fast and i almost can’t understand him. Don’t step on ht grass, for it is growing.7.补足语:名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等皆可做补足语。
unit 1 语法:句子成分和句子结构

To make his dream come true, Tom
becomes very interested in business. 为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣.
状语从句:
时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、 结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、 让步状语从句、条件状语从句
单词( adj./adv./num. 数词)
、 短语(主要是介词短
语、不定式短语和分词短语)。我们称之为:定语、 状语 补语
The little boy needs a blue pen.
5.定语:
定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子, 译为‘‘……的’’ 常由形容词、形容词性物主代词、名词、 数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词短语等充当。 常放位置:
定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。
复合不定代词(something/nothing)之后; 不定式/分词短语/从句作定语时要放在被修饰的成分后;
副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。
Two boys need two pens. His name is Tom. The boy in blue is Tom. The boy there needs a pen. The boy needs a ball pen. There is nothing to do today.
(四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in
the reading-room.
② He asked her to take the boy out of school.
③ She found it difficult to do the work.
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第一讲英语基本句子成分和句子结构一、英语句子成分句子成分的定义:构成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。
句子成分有主要成分和次要成分,主要成分有主语和谓语,次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。
1. 主语:主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。
但在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语动词、助动词或情态动词后面。
主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。
例如:Tom is a good boy. (名词)We often speak English in class. (代词)One-third of the students in this class are girls. (数词)To swim in the river is a great pleasure. (不定式)Smoking does harm to the health. (动名词)The rich should help the poor. (名词化形容词)When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. (主语从句)It is necessary to master a foreign language. (it为形式主语,不定式为真实主语)2. 谓语:谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。
动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。
谓语的构成如下:(1) 简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。
例如:He practices running every morning.(2) 复合谓语:由(情态动词或其他助动词+动词原形)构成。
例如:You may keep the book for two weeks.He has caught a bad cold.We are having a quick breakfast.3. 表语:表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be, keep, remain, become, get, grow, turn, look, seem, feel, smell, sound, taste等)之后。
表语须和系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语(系表结构)。
表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及从句充当。
例如:My mother is a doctor. (名词)Is it yours? (代词)The weather has turned cold. (形容词)The speech is exciting. (现在分词)The door is closed. (过去分词)Three times seven is twenty one. (数词)His job is to teach English. (不定式)His hobby is playing football. (动名词)The machine must be out of order. (介词短语)Time is up. The class is over. (副词)The truth is that he has never been abroad. (表语从句)4. 宾语:宾语表示动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。
例如:They went to see an exhibition yesterday. (名词)The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. (代词)How many dictionaries do you have? I have three. (数词)They helped the old with their housework yesterday. (名词化形容词)He pretended not to see me. (不定式)I enjoy listening to popular music. (动名词)I think (that) he is fit for this job. (宾语从句)宾语种类:(1) 双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语),例如:Lend me your dictionary, please. =Lend your dictionary to me, please.间宾直宾直宾间宾※可以带双宾语的动词有bring, give, show, send, pass, tell, lend, offer, buy, make, do等。
(2) 复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语),例如:They elected him their monitor.宾语宾语补足语5. 宾语补足语:用以补充说明宾语,并与宾语一起构成复合宾语的句子成分,叫做宾语补足语。
英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补足语,才能使句子的意义完整。
带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:某些及物动词(如make, let, see, find, name等)或介词(如with)+宾语+宾补。
宾语补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。
例如:His father named him Dongming. (名词)They painted their boat white. (形容词)Let the fresh air in. (副词)I ask him to go home now. (不定式)We saw her entering the room. (现在分词)He found the door locked. (过去分词)We found everything in the lab in good order. (介词短语)We will soon make our city what your city is now. (从句)6. 定语:修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。
定语可由以下成分充当:Guilin is a beautiful city. (形容词)China is a developing country. (现在分词)America is a developed country. (过去分词)There are thirty women teachers in our school. (名词)His maths is very good. (形容词性物主代词)I am the last person to leave the classroom. (不定式)The teaching plan for next term has been worked out. (动名词)He is reading an article about how to learn German. (介词短语)7. 状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。
可由以下形式充当:Light travels most quickly. (副词性词组)He has lived in the city for ten years. (介词短语)He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination. (不定式)He is in the room making a model plane. (现在分词短语)Wait a minute. (名词)Once you begin, you must continue. (状语从句)状语种类如下:How about meeting again at six? (时间状语)Last night he didn’t go to t he dance party because of the rain. (原因状语)I shall go there if it doesn’t rain. (条件状语从句)Mr. Smith lived on the third floor. (地点状语)She put the eggs into the basket with great care. (方式状语)She came in with a book in her hand. (伴随状语)In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. (目的状语)He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. (结果状语从句)She works very hard though she is old. (让步状语从句)I am taller than he is. (比较状语从句)8. 同位语:同位语是在名词或代词之后并列的另一个名词或代词,对前者加以解释或说明的句子成分。
它近乎于后置定语,对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释,说明前面的词是“谁”、是“什么”等。
同位语通常由名词、代词或从句等担当。
例如:Yangtze River, the longest river in China, flows through the center of the city.(名词)We all are students. (代词)The fact that the transport of goods costs too much was not discussed.(同位语从句)Passive smoking, the breathing in of the smoke from the burning of tobacco between puffs or of the smoke exhaled by a smoker, can also cause a health risk.(动名词)9. 插入语:插入语是对句子的额外补充说明,是句子主体内容之外的成分,用逗号或者破折号把插入语和主体内容隔开。
虽然处于句子内部,但是插入语的存在并不影响句子的结构。
如果将插入语去掉,则基本句在结构上仍然是完整的。
从语义上看,插入语的作用仅仅在于表明说话人对句子内容所持的态度或指出说话内容的来源、根据或评价。
插入语可以是副词、动词短语、介词短语、动词不定式短语,也可以是各类从句。
例如:The box is a little bit heavy. I can manage it, though. (副词)The long-buried past, it seems, offers hope for the future. (动词短语)China and India, for example, are friendly neighbours. (介词短语)It is said that the blood poison is, so to speak, a newer product from an improved formula.(动词不定式短语)Jack, as far as I know, is not as honest as we expected. (从句)二、英语句子结构1. 基本句型(1) 主-系-表People are clearly more curious about bad news than good ones.Traditional methods may prove economically valuable in the future.(2) 主-谓Often, governments act in an even more harmful way.This attitude altered with the realization that marginal communities can survive and adapt in spite of partial integration into a notoriously fickle world economy.(3) 主-谓-宾Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature of the object. Research into United States has shown a relationship between temperature and street riots.(4) 主-谓-宾-宾By her hard work she won herself a place in the school team.In return, we’ll send you a thank-you present, which you can choose from a list of high-quality items.(5) 主-谓-宾-补The colder water made the divers worse at simple arithmetic and other mental tasks.Those skills will make them more valuable employees in the future.2. 存在句型(there be句型)There is no such a thing as an unbiased observation.There is no doubt that the new genetic and dental evidence provides strong backing for Greenberg’s view.注:There之后除了使用系动词之外,也可以使用come, emerge, exist, lie, live, occur, stand, be likely to be, happen to be, turn out to be, seem to be, used to be等表示状态或发生的动词。