英语论文分析学习_第1节_introduction
英语写作第一节课introduction
18
Comparing some terms
―subject‖, ―topic‖ and ―title‖
19
―subject‖, ―topic‖ and ―title‖
• Subject: is the thing, person, idea or event that is being discussed, written about, or considered. e.g. the subject of a discussion, letter, book • Topic: The topic is a particular subject that is written about or discussed. • Title: The title of a book, play, piece of music is the name given to it by the person who wrote it or composed it, or the name by which it is usually known.
Choose which are subjects and topics? sports, foreign students in U.S Universities, what makes a champion soccer player, education, why I play soccer, my first trip abroad, open classrooms and traditional classrooms, one tour in the USA, world travel, music in elementary school
It moves down and up conforming to the Writing task Meanwhile, her double chin is her rhythm. another great feature, which seems to give her voice more power. Above all, you can see what an extraordinary woman she is, so can you guess who she is?
英文文献-Introduction讲义
Chapter 2. Introduction2.1Introduction to Introduction2.2Build a Model of Introduction2.3Establishing the Narrowed Research Topic2.4Establish the Need/Gap2.5State the Purpose of Your Research2.6State Value of Research2.7Outline the Research2.8Moves and Steps of Introduction2.9Tenses in Introduction2.10Exercises2. _______________________________________________________________Suppose you were writing an article titled “A novel vacuum cleaning and floor mopping robot”. How d o you plan to write the Introduction part? Brainstorm with your teammates and write d own a list of the key information.three questions:1.How do writers normally start the Introduction?2.What type of information shoul d be in my Introduction, and in what order?1.__________ What is the context of this problem?2.__________ Why is this research important?3.__________ What is the gap in our knowledge this research will fill?4.__________ What steps will we take to try and fill this gap or improve the situation?5.__________ Is the study limited to a specific geographical area or to only certain aspects of the situation?6.__________ Is there any factor, condition or circumstance that prevents the researcher from achieving all his/herobjectives?7.__________ In considering his/her method, model, formulation or approach, d oes the researcher take certainconditions, states, requirements for granted?research problem.•Do I introduce the topic in the first sentence?••••your work explores an area/issue/question that has previously not been explored, or not been explored in detail, in not explored in the way that you are going to use. There are four ways to demonstrate that you are adding to the•••••--claiming centrality (why this field of study is important) AND/OR --moving from general to specific AND/OR--reviewing relevant items of previous research AND/OR--describing the background AND/OR--definition of key words•Move 2: _________________________--indicating a gap OR--raising a question OR--continuing a previously developed line of inquiry OR--counter-claiming (disagreeing with an existing/accepted approach) •Move 3: _________________________--outlining purpose/setting objectives AND/OR--announcing present research (methodology) AND/OR--announcing principal findings (results) AND/OR________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________∙Too much detail, and hence too long.∙Repetition of words, phrases or ideas.∙Unclear problem definition.∙Poor organization.Now review your list of Introduction for the article “A novel vacuum cleaning and floor mopping robot”. How d o you improve it into a better one?often used in the opening sentences. For example:1.Tungsten is a heavy metal with several unique physical and mechanical properties. (Effects of tungsten onenvironmental systems, Nikolay Strigul, et. al.)2.When analyzing hydraulic networks, it is usually possible to identify three types of variables. (FuzzyApproach for Analysis of Pipe Networks, Roberto Revelli and Luca Ridolfi, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1.Earlier studies carried out on 0.5 Cr-0.5Mo-0.25V steel showed notch strengthening for shallow notches andtendency towards notch weakening for sharp notches. (Effect of Multiaxial State of Stress on Creep Rupture Behaviour of 2.25Cr-1 Mo Steel, Sunil Goyal et al. / Procedia Engineering 55 ( 2013 ) 510 – 516)2.However, the vast majority of these studies have been confined to suspensions with millimeter- ormicron-sized particles. (Mechanisms of heat flow in suspensions of nano-sized particles (nanofluids), P.Keblinski, et. al. , International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 45 (2002) 855-863)3.Nair (1982) notes in his study that another one of the reasons for lack of widespread use of more rigorousmathematical programming techniques is that is sometimes difficult (if not impossible) to isolate a problem for optimization using this technique. (A Practicing Engineer's View at Benchmark Problems in Structural Optimization, K. Mueller, et. al., 20th Analysis & Computation Specialty Conference) (computer science) Note that comparable options exist in the clauses.1.The effects of tungsten on environmental systems have not been investigated extensively and publisheddata are fragmentary. (Effects of tungsten on environmental systems, Nikolay Strigul, et. al.)(environment engineering)2.Radaj [9] developed a n approach based on Neuber’s micro-structural support hypothesis by suggesting anadditional fictitious radius r f at the notch, which allows the local stress to be analyzed directly withoutrequiring a stress concentration factor or fatigue notch factor [8]. (Fatigue strength assessment of Invar alloy weld joints using the notch stress approach, D.J. Oh, J.M. Lee, M.H. Kim, Engineering Failure Analysis 42 (2014) 87–99)(material mechanics)3.Rigorous mathematical programming optimization techniques are well established and numerous authorshave attempted to apply these techniques to practical structural engineering design problems with varying degrees of success. (A Practicing Engineer's View at Benchmark Problems in Structural Optimization, K.Mueller, et. al., 20th Analysis & Computation Specialty Conference)(computer science)4.It has long been recognized that suspensions of solid particles in liqids have great potential as improvedheat-management fluids. (Mechanisms of heat flow in suspensions of nano-sized particles (nanofluids), P.accidently.1.This paper presents a model-based input-output synchronizing technique for reducing sense axismeasurement drift resulted from the mechanical structure imperfections. (Input-Output Synchronization for Bias Drift Reduction of MEMS Gyroscopes, Afshin Izadian, et. al., 2008 American Control Conference) (electronic and automatic control)2.In accomplishing these two tasks, this paper hopes to point out how two modeling approaches initiallyappearing very similar are in fact qualitatively different.(Wong, C. (2014) A Novel Operational Partition between Neural Network Classifiers on Vulnerability to Data Mining Bias. Journal of Software Engineering and Applications, 7, 264-272.) (software engineering)You may ask whether you should use is, was,has been, or will be when you describe the present research. Indeed, both is and was is used in the Introduction. Very rarely can has been or will be appear.1.In this study, a fatigue assessment for various welded joints of Invar alloy in an LNG carrier was performedusing the notch stress approach. (Fatigue strength assessment of Invar alloy weld joints using the notch stress approach, D.J. Oh, J.M. Lee, M.H. Kim, Engineering Failure Analysis 42 (2014) 87–99)(material mechanics)2.Next, common structural engineering design and analysis software packages in the design office arediscussed, along with optimization techniques “built in” to the software. (A Practicing Engineer's View at Benchmark Problems in Structural Optimization, K. Mueller, et. al., 20th Analysis & Computation Specialty Conference) (computer science)3.To clarify the differences and similarities in each discipline, this study will examine the major academicvariations within the data mining field in relation to keywords, articles, books, courses offered, textbooks taught, and soft-ware used.( Data Mining Technology across Academic Disciplines, Lesley Farmer, et. al., Intelligent Information Management, 2011, 3, 43-48)(software engineering)4.In the present investigation, effect of notch on creep behaviour of 2.25Cr-1 Mo steel has been studied. Thedifferent notch acuities have been introduced to study the multiaxial state of stress. The creep rupture of the material under multiaxial state of stress has been explained based on the stress distribution around the notch estimated using FE analysis. (material science)Note that using the Past Simple tense when you present the results in the Introduction means that the findings are linked only to the present research, while using the Present Simple tense means that you believe your finding are convincing enough to be considered as accepted facts.1.After three semesters of use of this architecture we found that we could archive a single integratedarchitecture that would serve both courses. (VLabNet: The Integrated Design of Hands-on Learning in Information Security and Networking, Valerie J. H. Powell, et. al., Information Security CurriculumDevelopment Conference’2007)(computer science)2.With our multi-scale feature sharing network, we achieve the state-of-the-art performance (97:3%) on LFWbenchmark. (Learning Deep Face Representation, Haoqiang Fan, et. al., ) (electronic and automatic control)(1) Establish the topic: _____________________________________(2) General research problem: _____________________________________(3) Brief overview of previous research _____________________________________(4) Establish the gap: _____________________________________(5) The purpose of the research: _____________________________________2.Identify the moves and steps by the model of the Introduction to test if it complies with them.3.What do you think the structure of Introduction is like? Why is Introduction shaped like this?。
语言学论文 Introduction部分
Sample Thesis Introduction
Title: The Differences between Sentence Combining and Sentence Making in EFL Learners’ Receptive Vocabulary Acquisition
●This part presented the results of the previous research, which gave us a general background information of the research.
Establish a research territory:
3. The terms and constructs: Incidental vocabulary learning refers to that EFL learners are asked to finish a word-based task while intentional vocabulary learning means to study words only. The most obvious distinction between incidental vocabulary acquisition and intentional vocabulary acquisition is whether a consequent memory test is given or not. ●This part explained the terms of incidental vocabulary acquisition and intentional vocabulary acquisition, and introduced the distinction and relation between the two terms. It helps us understand the terms and the following research better.
科研方法纯干货！SCI论文中Introduction的不同部分不会写？我为你总结201个句式
科研方法纯干货！SCI论文中Introduction的不同部分不会写？我为你总结201个句式征稿：二语写作现在整个科研社会，对于SCI的要求是越来越高了。
我们学校的博士生要求两篇二区的SCI，才能达到毕业要求。
但是说实话，我们学院很多老师都没发过二区的文章。
而且最近我也听说以前读书的学校，现在硕士生也要求SCI才能毕业，对于别的专业来说可能不难，但是对于我这个领域来说，要求确实很高了。
所以大家SCI写作现在是越来越重视了。
SCI写作难不难？当然难。
这种难不光是内容上的，还包括语言上的。
一般国内学者投稿不会投中文SCI期刊，所以基本上都是英文的。
有时候就算你内容特别好，你想把它用地道的英语表达出来也不容易。
不过再难的东西，我们也可以试着去寻找一下它的规律，SCI论文写作的表达肯定也是有规律可寻的。
我平时就喜欢研究这些，为了让你们写文章能更轻松一些，我就把我总结的一些表达的规律告诉你们，你们拿到之后可以直接使用，稍微调整一下个别单词，也不用担心重复问题。
因为一篇SCI论文可以分成很多部分，每一部分的语言表达又是不一样的，今天我就先给大家介绍一下Introduction部分，Introduction部分也分成好几块，我就挨个给大家介绍一下。
废话不多说了，准备好了我们就开始吧。
简单地说一下，国内外已经有很多人在做相关研究了。
The literature is reviewed to examine available methods that could be used to __ (...)A review of the literature conducted shows that there are no suitable methods already for __ (...)The literature was reviewed for possible methods to __ (...) An up-to-date overview of methods used for __ is presented. (...) It is important to have some awareness of current issues hig hlighted in the literature. (...)This section outlines the existing methods available in the literature for __ (...)This section discusses the literature in the field. (...)The literature review pays special attention to the class of m ethods central to our research. (...)Different solutions available in the literature to solve this pr oblem have been reviewed. (...)These citations are related to the work presented in this the sis. (...)The methods in the literature that are the most immediately relevant are reviewed. (. ..)An overview of the previous and current attempts to develo p this method is given. (...)A good overview of the research in this area is provided her e. (...)The literature review describes the previous and current atte mpts to address this issue. (...)The review provides details of the strengths and weaknesses of existing methods in the literature. (...)A review of the current state-of-the-art in the field is given. (...)A considerable amount of review of previous work in the su bject area is given below. (...)The aim of this review is to compare state-of-the-art techniques. (...)Some of the essential or seminal developments in this area are reviewed. (...)This section reviews some of the most pertinent papers on _ _ (...)The major areas of research in this area are explained. (...)This has been of interest for a considerable period, ranging from the early __ (...)There exists a very extensive literature on the topic of __ (...) In the literature, these have been extensively investigated in an attempt to __ (...)There is also a large body of work in this area considering __ (...)This is widely reported and extensively explored in the litera ture by __ (...)These have been important topics of study in the literature f or many years. (...)This has been studied by several authors in the literature. (...) Within the literature,there has been much research surrounding concepts of __ (...) There is a body of research that has focused extensively on __ (...)There are a broad interest and literature base for __ (...)Over the last x years, much research has examined __ (...)Research in this field is dominated by providing solutions to this problem. (...)This problem has attracted considerable attention in the lite rature. (...)An enormous amount of work has been carried out in this area. (...)With respect to this specific subject, there has also been sig nificant work. (...)These issues are well covered in the literature related to this subject. (...)There is a large amount of literature on this research. (...)There has been a lot of work on the __ (...)The literature on this topic is plentiful and easy to find. (...) There arefew examples available in the literature on this subject. (...) These are well studied and documented in the literature. (...) There exist quite a lot of discussions in the literature as to __ (...)A large body of work has been completed using these meth ods. (...)These important issues have been largely discussed in the li terature. (...)This has been much investigated in literature. (...)This has been extensively discussed in the literature. (...)There is a large body of literature surrounding the __ (...)This subject has been extensively explored in the literature. (...)Several studies have explored the effects of __ (...)There have been several attempts to __ (...)There have been multiple previous attempts to __ (...)A number of studies have examined the __ (...)Several investigators have probed if __ (...)In the last decade, various studies have determined the effe ct of __ (...)In order to test this concept, a number of studies have investigated the __ (...)There have been a number of studies that have investigated the effectiveness of __ (...)Several studies have been published examining the impact of __ (...)A number of studies and reviews have been undertaken to explore the __ (...)A significant variety of designs of this system is found in the literature. (...)A multitude of such approaches has been presented in the l iterature. (...)如果是具体到现在有人在做这个研究。
Introduction怎么写？常用句型总结
Introduction怎么写？常用句型总结Introduction引言是英文论文的引言部分，也是整篇英文论文中举足轻重的部分。
我们可以从introduction部分了解论文的研究方向、过程和结果。
相比于其他部分来说，introduction是比较难写的，下面就给大家分享一些introduction的常用句型，同学们可以学习一下。
写Hook sentenceA sentence that draws an attention from the reader by giving：Background knowledge！definition orcontext of the problem熟练应用下边加分词：Irrefutably/Undoubtedly/Unquestionably必须下面例句E.g.: Undoubtedly, extra packaging of products has been a controversial issue over the last couple of decades.E.g.: Irrefutably, early education has been a subject of interest between both parents and education providers.使用ParaphrasingThis is to show the reader whether you really understand.比如下面模板例句E.g. Considering this, some analysis/experts/people hold an opinion that......E.g. A percentage of the population advocates that......E.g.: There is a widely established view that......写Thesis sentence/statement 表明观点大致分为以下四种~Agree/disagree比如这样写：In my opinion, I strongly/ staunchly agree/disagree with theabove-mentioned proposal due to a variety of notable reasons. My position is that this argument is entirely/partially valid due to a number of reasons.Advantages/disadvantages比如下面这样写：Even though this seems to be a notable concept, it still has its own merits and demerits and some of these will be illustrated/clarified.Discussion of both views比如这样写：Both views will be examined/clarified before drawing a logical conclusion in the essay.Cause and Effects比如这样写In this essay, its potential causes and possible solutions will be clarified。
Unit 1 introductionppt课件
Advanced Medical English Writing
第四军医大学 外语教研室 主任 周玉梅 教授
周玉梅
第四军医大学基础医学院外语教研 室主任、教授、硕士生导师， 2009.2─2010.3 美国伊利诺伊大学访问 学者。出版教材和专业书籍 30余部，在 国内外学术刊物发表论文 50余篇。现任 中国科技论文统计源期刊《细胞与分子 免疫学杂志》英文编辑，美国
1
Overview of an essay
Description/ Descriptive essay
Description is defined as the expression of what the five senses experience in vivid language, making the reader
Narration provides detailed account of an experience as a way to support the thesis. It adds weight to opinion, brings back memory and evokes times, places and people in a compelling way. (Sample 3: Alexander Fleming and Penicillin, pp.22-23)
Introduction
Conclusion
3
Introduction of an essay
Introduction provides the context of the essay and indicates its thesis statement. It usually
英语写作 议论文 ( 1 )罗列式
一． 议论文 （ 1 ）罗列式罗列式 (五段式)topic introduction第一部分：introductionopinion introduction第二部分：reasoning → Reason 1Reason 2Reason 3( explanation / examples / comparison / assumption)refinement第三部分：conclusion beautifyingencouragementSample OneMany people regard failure as a bad thing because they view failure as the block of success. However, in my opinion, failure does good to us in many aspects.To begin with, failure is the mother of success. There was not one single achievement in human history that didn ’t involve failure. Just take Madam Curie as an example, she had experienced many failures before the rare element --- radium was discovered.Secondly, failure can promote your growth and advance. If you wrap yourself up in a cocoon, hiding from any difficulty in pursuit of success, then you are bound to fail because you haven ’t done anything. Conversely, if you get out of it and give it a go, well sure, you ’re going to experience rough weather and all other difficulties. However, you are growing and advancing little by little. So failure is precious treasure in the long journey of our life.Last but not least, failure makes you keep a clear mind all the time. Only when you have experienced failure can you learn a lesson and mend your own way for future.From the discussion above, we can draw the conclusion that nothing worthwhile has been achieved without exposure to failure. If your life is always plain sailing, how boring your life will be!Comparison:_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________昂立新课程Sample Two How to solve the problems of heavy traffic? With the development of Auto Industry, there are more and more vehicles on the roads. Thus arise the problem of heavy traffic. There are many ways to solve this problem, but the following may be the most immediate and effective. One solution is that more roads should be built. By doing so, there will be less vehicles on each road. And it can also increase the speed of traffic flow. In addition, the government should develop rail transportation, such as subway trains or elevated light rail trains. It will be more attractive and convenient to many commuters, for it is faster than other means of public transportation. Another approach is that people especially commuters should be encouraged to take public transportation rather than their private cars. If one day, car is so popular that every family has got one, people still should be encouraged to share one car within a couple of families or several colleagues. ( One example is needed) In conclusion, only by combining these two solutions will we solve the problem perfectly.Example : In Shanghai, the license fee is unreasonably high, which is an effective way to limit the number of private cars. More Examples: _____________________________________________________________________ —————————————————————————————————— _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 昂立新课程Generation GapArguments are almost unavoidable between young and their parents because they have different experiences at different times, which results in a generation gap. It is important to have more communication between parents and children so that they can understand each other better. Communication comes from casual talk in daily life. A dinner conversation might be an excellent chance. Parents and children can learn each other ’s daily life at school or at work. With the television on, they can even discuss world events in order to show their views.A family meeting is necessary when the family members are facing big decisions. Parents and children can speak out their minds. All the opinions, whether from parents or from children, should be given the same consideration and fairly balanced to help make the right one. Family democracy will guarantee the harmony in every household.Through the two ways mentioned above, parents and children are able to exchange their thoughts and get to know each other better. They will often stand on both sides to consider problems. Thus, a generation gap can be greatly narrowed down.范文精讲 2Do we need ‘Never ， never give up’?Near the end of the Second World War, Churchill delivered his most famous and shortest speech: Never ， never give up. People in Britain and in many other countries were tremendously encouraged and finally went through the hardest period in human history.Never give up. Such a strong belief usually gives us a second chance. The fact that we failed somewhere doesn ’t mean we will lose everywhere, particularly doesn ’t indicate that we are deprived of winning chances. A second chance is still there. It is said that though Edison went through over a hundred failures in his experiment, his ambition to bring light to the world was still with him and thus, with such a strong belief, he succeed 耳朵Never giving up represents a strong and positive attitude. Psychology shows that if we know exactly what we are seeking in our life, we will unconsciously stick to it whatever difficulties we meet with. That ’s what we call ‘faith ’. Such a strong faith, which makes us energetic and powerful, drives us into perseverance in the goal. Helen Keller turned smiles to life instead of despair and she saw the brightest color in her colorless world. The spirit of never giving up bridges her positive life attitude and the outside world. In conclusion, ‘Never never give up ’ is absolutely necessary in our lives. In any circumstance, it is really something that we should bear in mind. Just keep trying and never stop working for your go昂立新课程我们有很多传统的节日，如中秋，春节，年轻人也喜欢过西方的节日，如圣诞，感恩节等。
Chapter 1 Introduction剖析
2. LanguBiblioteka geLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用于交际的任意有声符号系统。
a.
Language is systematic.
Elements are combined according to rules. A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.
internal world, and our contact with others. It evolves within specific historical, social and cultural contexts. Will the day come when all languages become one? What is possibly the first language? Where do you think language came from?
Jakobson (1960): referential (context), emotive (addresser), poetic (message), conative (addressee), phatic (contact), meta-lingual (code) Halliday early: instrumental, regulatory, representational, interactional, personal, heuristic and imaginative. Halliday (1994): ideational (logical), interpersonal (social) and textual (relevant)
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Contents of an introduction
Q2: which sentence states the importance of the research?
Look at the following examples and find the key words.
E.g1:
I know already? An introduction aims to answer these 3
questions.
What’s the Purpose of the Introduction?
comes at the start of a piece of writing. introduces the research by situating it (by giving background), presenting the research problem saying how and why this problem will be
Claiming Centrality Claiming that the area of research is an
important one, and therefore implying that the research done is also crucial. Sample 1:
1st section of a paper
What Is an Introduction?
What questions will readers ask when reading an essay:
1. What topic am I going to learn about? 2. Why is that topic important? 3. Do I know the topic already? What do
E.g2.:
3D-TV has recently received much attention from both academia and industry.
E.g2:
3D-TV has recently received much attention from both academia and industry.
Contents of an introduction
Q: What are the ways to establish a topic? A:
Claiming centrality General to specific Previous research Describing of the background Definition of key words
1. Establish the topic 2. Literature review 3.Investigation needs (Gap) 4. Purpose of the research 5.Value of the research (optional)
6.Outline of the research (optional)
The contents of a research article or thesis
Abstract Introduction
methodology results
Discussion/conclusion
Where to find the introduction section in a paper? (examples)
Contents of an introduction
E.g3:
The increasing interest in high-angle-of –attack aerodynamics has heightened the need for computational tools.
Contents of an introduction
An introduction should include the following: 1. Establish the topic 2. Literature review 3.Investigation needs (Gap) 4. Purpose of the research 5.Value of the research (optional) 6.Outline of the respic
Claiming centrality
General to specific
Previous research
Describing of the background
Definition of key words
Contents of an introduction
The design of reliable hinges is essential for the development of deployable structures in space applications.
The design of reliable hinges is essential for the development of deployable structures in space applications.
solved explains why the research is being done
(rationale，基本原理)
Contents of an introduction
Practice: fast-read sample 1 and decide how many
parts does the content consist of? And mark the key words if you can which help you to organize the structure.