古代官员的晋升考核制度

古代官员的晋升考核制度

近日，公务员职级晋升条件出炉。在社会大众纷纷关注公务员晋升条件的同时，不禁也有人好奇起中国古代官员的晋升考核制度。据史籍记载，在中国古代原始社会，黄帝时设置了百官，尧、舜时就有了考核制度。据《尚书·舜典》记载，舜提出了“三载考绩，三考，黜陟幽明，庶绩咸熙”的考核制度。

商代中期就已经形成了一套完整的官制。商朝的职官就任以后，就要进行考绩，一般三年实行一次，主要从政务、管理、法纪三个方面着手，对在任职官的从政能力、行政水平进行鉴定，并在考绩的过程中发现人才，破格录用。对在任官员的违法犯罪行为，商朝设立了刑狱官，制定官刑给予惩戒。

春秋战国时期随着社会经济制度的变革，官吏考核制度也不断完善，强调以实际政绩对官吏进行考核，并以此作为赏惩的依据。春秋时期对官吏的考核制度大致可分为年终“会政致事”和“三年大比”两种。考核的内容，主要是“平教治，正政事，考夫屋，及其众寡、六畜、兵器”。战国时期对官吏的考核制度已较为完整，以便提高行政效率和作为官吏升迁的依据。

魏晋时期由于战乱频繁，正常的考课无法进行，于是改由皇帝不定期地下诏考课百司。东晋南北朝，考课与任期相结合，以三年为小满，六年为秩满。其中考核卓有成效的要数北魏。北魏孝文帝改革后，整顿吏治是一项重要内容。

北周则以“清身心、敦教化、尽地利、擢贤民、恤狱讼、均赋役”六条为考核内容。可见，这一时期已开始对官吏进行多角度的考核。到了唐代，政治制度较前朝日臻完善。伴随着科举制的形成，官吏的考核制度也有了很大发展，日趋成型，各项程序和技术指标更加严密和健全完备。其标志和内容主要体现在考核机构的确立、考核标准相对精确化、考核方式的程序化及统治集团对考核黜陟的自如运用和灵活掌握。唐朝官吏系统考评体制的完善性，为古代中国之首。

宋代很重视考核官吏，考核标准基本上沿用唐的“四善”和“二十七最”，但在机构设置和权力分配上都有所变化。较能体现宋朝官吏考课制度特点的，一为考课法，二为磨勘法。由于宋代的官吏考核制度基本上论资排辈晋升，导致官员大多因循守旧，不求有功但求无过，满足于到期升迁。这是造成宋代“冗官”的原因之一。

明洪武年间，制定了百官考核之法，共分为考满与考察两种，二者相辅相成，均由吏部与都察院共同负责，亦以八法衡量。处罚分为致仕、降调、闲住、为民四等。明初，考课制度得以较认真严格地进行。

但明中叶以后，考课制度逐渐流于形式，百弊丛生。清朝基本上沿袭明朝考核制度，进一步简化为京察、大计两项。考核内容标准为“四格”、“八法”。所谓“四格”，即守、政、才、年。所谓“八法”，系指贪、酷、罢软无力、不谨、年老、有疾、浮躁、才力不及八者，与明制同。但官场上的腐败形势逐渐积重难返，纵使考核制度如何完善严密也不能挽救清王朝走向衰败。

Ancient officials promoted appraisal system

Recently promoted to the rank of civil service conditions baked. In the community have concerns the conditions for promotion of civil servants, while some people can not help but curious examination system in ancient China from promotion officials. According to historical records, in ancient Chinese primitive society, when setting up Baiguan Yellow Emperor, Yao, Shun when there is a performance appraisal system. According to the "Book of Shundian" records, Shun proposed "three contained PAS, three exam, demote and promote nether, Shu Ji Xian Xi," the appraisal system.

Mid providers has formed a complete set of Bureaucracy. Officials later became Shang process, performance appraisal will be carried out, usually once a year to implement, mainly from the government, management, law and three aspects of political ability in serving officer, executive level identification and appraisal of find talent, exceptional hired. In any officials for criminal acts, the Shang Dynasty established a Prison Officer, develop official disciplinary punishment given.

With the changes in the Spring and Autumn period of social and economic system, officials also continue to improve the appraisal system, emphasizing the actual performance of the official assessment, and as a reward Correctional basis. Spring and Autumn Period of the official assessment system can be divided into two kinds, and "three large majority" end "will cause the political thing." Content assessment, mainly "flat teach governance, positive political affairs, Kauf house, and Zhonggua, domestic animals, weapons." Officials of the Warring States period for the assessment system has been more complete in order to improve administrative efficiency and as a basis for promotion officials.

Wei and Jin Dynasties frequent due to the war, the examination can not be normal, and he changed from time to time by the emperor issued an edict in the Examination 100 Division. Eastern Jin and Southern and Northern, and the term of office of the examination combined with a three-year xiaoman six years of full rank. Where the assessment to the number of Northern fruitful. After Emperor Xiaowen reform, consolidation is an important part of officialdom.

Northern Zhou Dynasty by the "clear mind and body, Tun enlightenment, do geography, Yin Zhuo China, shirts lawsuit, both liturgical" six for examination content. Seen, this period has begun to carry out the assessment of officials from various angles. Tang Dynasty, the political system than the former improving. With the formation of the imperial examination system, the official assessment system has made significant progress, increasingly shaping the various procedures and technical indicators more closely and sound complete. Its logo and content mainly established in the examination body, relatively precise assessment criteria, assessment methods and procedures for the assessment of the ruling clique freely use and demote and promote flexibility. Tang official system integrity evaluation system, China's ancient first.

Song officials attach great importance to the assessment, evaluation criteria