托福TPO21综合写作内容解读
tpo21 questioning awareness of effect 解析
tpo21 questioning awareness of effect 解析摘要：I.引言- 介绍TPO21考试中的Questioning Awareness of Effect题目类型- 阐述此类题目的难度和重要性II.题目解析- 详细解析Questioning Awareness of Effect题目的提问方式- 分析题目所涉及的阅读和听力材料- 介绍回答此类题目的策略和技巧III.实例分析- 提供一道Questioning Awareness of Effect题目的实例- 展示如何根据题目要求，分析阅读和听力材料- 给出完整的解题过程和答案IV.总结- 强调Questioning Awareness of Effect题目在TPO21考试中的重要性- 提醒考生注意此类题目的解题策略和技巧- 鼓励考生在备考过程中加强对此类题目的训练正文：I.引言对于参加过托福考试的同学来说，Questioning Awareness of Effect题目并不陌生。
这种题目要求考生在阅读和听力材料中寻找支持或反驳某一观点的信息，然后根据这些信息回答问题。
Questioning Awareness of Effect题目在TPO21考试中占有重要地位，因此，我们有必要对其进行深入的解析，帮助考生更好地理解和应对这类题目。
II.题目解析Questioning Awareness of Effect题目的提问方式通常为：“According to the lecture, what point(s) does the professor make about ______?” 或者“What point(s) does the professor make about ______ in the lecture?” 题目要求考生根据听力材料中的信息，回答教授关于某一主题的观点。
在TPO21考试中，阅读材料通常会提供某一学术话题的相关背景知识，而听力材料则是教授针对这一话题的讲座。
托福TPO21综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßЧ±¸¿¼Íи££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´Íи£TPO21×ÛºÏд×÷ÔĶÁÔ-ÎÄ+ÌýÁ¦Ô-ÎÄ+Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO21×ÛºÏд×÷ÔĶÁÔ-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡Genetic modification, a process used to change an organism¡¯s genes and hence its characteristics, is now being used to improve trees through genetic modification. It is possible to create trees that produce more fruit, grow faster, or withstand adverse conditions. Planting genetically modified trees on a large scale promises to bring a number of benefits. First, genetically modified trees are designed to be hardier than nature trees; that is, they are more likely to survive than their unmodified counterparts. In Hawaii, for example, a new pest-resistant species of papaya trees has been developed in response to ring spot virus infections that have repeatedly damaged the native papaya tree population. Planting the genetically modified papayas has largely put an end to the ringspot problem. Moreover, genetically modified trees promise to bring a number of economic benefits to those who grow them. Genetically modified trees tend to grow faster, give greater yields of food, fruit, or other products and be hardier. This allows tree farmer to get faster and greater returns on their farming investment and save on pesticides as well. Finally, the use of genetically modified trees can prevent overexploitation of wild trees. Because of the growing demand for firewood and building timber, many forests around the world are being cut down faster than they can be replaced. Introducing genetically modified trees,designed for fast growth and high yield in given geographic conditions,would satisfy the demand for wood in many of those areas and save the endangered native trees, which often include unique or rare species.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO21×ÛºÏд×÷ÌýÁ¦Ô-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡Sure, there are some benefits to plant genetically modified trees, but, are these trees as really great as they first sound? When you examine the subject firstly, there are some serious problems and costs associated with genetically modified trees.First, genetically modified trees may be resistant to one particular condition. But that doesn't necessarily ensure their survival. You see, a typical non modified trees' population is genetically diverse. That means that for most threatening conditions, or climate, insects and other pests, whatever, there will be at least some individual trees of any given species of tree that are resistant. So even if most of one kind of trees are killed, those few resistant trees will survive and ensure the survival of that species of tree. But genetically modified trees are genetically much more uniform. So if they're exposed to an environmental challenge they have not been designed for, they all die. So if the climate changes, the genetically modified trees will likely to be completely wiped out.Now as to the second point, they're hidden costs associated with genetically modified trees. You see, the company that genetically modifies the tree can charge tree farmers more for its seeds than un-genetically modified trees would cost. Also, as you've grown the tree, you can't justcollect the seeds and plant the new tree for free. By law, you have to pay the company every time you plant.And finally, genetically modified trees might actually cause even more damage to the local wild trees. You see, genetically modified trees often grow more aggressively than natural trees do. And, genetically modified trees are typically planted among natural trees. As a result, the genetically modified trees outcompete the native trees for resources, sunlight, soil, nutrients, and water, eventually crowding out the natural trees.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO21×ÛºÏд×÷Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ1£º¡¡¡¡In the lecture, the professor claims that although they may be some benefit, planting genetic modified trees will bring potential problems and costs. She totally opposes the three statements made in the reading passage. Firstly, the professor indicates that genetic modified trees may resistant, but this cannot guarantee their survival. She points out that in fact the unity of genes within genetic modified plantwill increase their likelihood to wipe out when there is some threatening situation.The professor counters the claim made by the reading passage. Secondly, the professor opposes the reading passage by pointing out there is hidden cost behind modification trees. Though genetic modification trees may provide more products or can save pesticide, their seeds are usually charged at a higher price. In addition, accordingto the law, a farmer has to pay for the seed each time they plant the trees. Thiswill not bring any economic benefit mentioned in the reading passage. Last but not least, the professor opposes the statement that genetic modification trees will prevent overexploit of wild trees. In fact, genetic modification trees tend to grow aggressively and can easily exhaust the resource of normal trees. This will bring disastrous result for the local vegetation.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO21×ÛºÏд×÷Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ2£º¡¡¡¡In the reading, the author claim that planting genetically modified trees can bring a number of benefits. However, in the lecture, the professor states that although there might be some benefits, planting genetic modified trees will bring serious problems and costs. Firstly, the professor indicates that genetic modified trees may be resistant to certain conditions as the reading states, but this cannot guarantee their survival. She points out that in fact the uniform genes of these genetically modified trees may lead them to be wiped out when facing unfavorable conditions suchas climate changes, while some of the ordinary trees might be able to survive. Secondly, the professor opposes the reading passage by pointing out there is hidden cost behind modification trees. Though genetic modification trees may have higher yields or need less pesticide, their seeds are usually charged at a higher price.In addition, according to the law, a farmer has to pay for the seed each time they plant the trees. L ast but not least, the professor opposes the statement that genetic modification trees will prevent overexploit of wild trees. In fact, genetic modification trees tend to grow aggressively and can easily exhaust the resource of。
【托福写作备考】TPO21独立写作题目及高分范文——人际关系
【托福写作备考】TPO21独立写作题目及高分范文——人际关系在托福写作练习过程中，相信TPO材料中的作文题目都会是大家的首选练习材料。
但是，对于每个题目仅仅只是练习写还是不够的，有针对性的解析和指导性，才会让TPO材料更有其使用价值。
那么，下面我们就为大家带来TPO写作材料的系列解析内容。
托福独立写作题目及范文：人际关系Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?For success in a future job, the ability to relate well to people is more important than studying hard in school.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.分类: 独立写作话题: 个人成功托福TPO21独立写作范文：Everyone in the society is seeking for success in career, but what is the key factor of becoming successful? There are two choices – good networking and hardworking. Although someone tend to choose the first aspect, I definitely agree that hardworking at school should be a key factor of success. Without hardworking at school, success in the future cannot be guaranteed.To gain success in our future career, we must have solid knowledge of the field we choose. Under this circumstance, doing hard at school is the best way to quip ourselves with background knowledge. Although sometimes we may find things we have studied at school sort of unpractical, it is basic to handle real problems at work. Take myself as an example; I am now a senior major injournalism. I studied how to interview, how to write summaries and journals andhow to make comments on subjects at school. I worked very hard and in the thirdyear, I got a chance to be an intern in China Economic Daily. During this time,I totally put my knowledge into use and handle the real journalism with only afew problems. If I did not study hard and had no knowledge of journalism, how could I handle this internship?Another thing we can get from our hard work is the way of solving problems.During the time we studied at school, methods of learning and solving problems are also of great importance. These methods can be put into use even when we graduate, since we all have o update our knowledge and solve problems when weare at work. Again take myself as an example, when I did my internship, I had towrite down a lot of details of a certain event in just a few minutes. It was really difficult, but since I had found out a method of writing fast at school,I could put down things on paper really efficiently. This method provided a lotof help.While some one may claim that we cannot ignore the importance of networkingsince a good networking may offer you greater chances to gain success. Anyway, Iadmit that we cannot get rid of a good networking. However, if we are not studying hard and have no abilities to do things well, how can people pay attention on us or even provide us good opportunities? Hardworking is basic.All in all, hardworking should be the key factor of becoming successful. Itprovides foundations of our success in the future.。
新托福TPO21独立作文解析
新托福TPO21独立作文解析上海环球雅思今天，环球雅思的小编为大家带来了新托福TPO21独立作文解析，供大家参考使用。
环球雅思将与您分享更多精彩内容！INDEPENDENT WRITING“For success in a future job, the ability to relate well to people is more important than studying hard in school”严师分析：这是一个教育题材的经典话题。
要做到有说服力并表达丰富，就得先把思路打开。
具体地说眼前的题目，一个人才，首先要有一定智商，往往表现为学习成绩；更重要的是情商，人际技巧与坚持乐观都是情商的体现；最后还可上升到品德，价值观，人格魅力。
要提醒福神们的是，作文的艺术就在于自圆其说，所以一定要挑自己熟悉的写！可以先用严师的specific这一利器，想想看什么样的职业明显是更需要整合资源与人互动的？企业家吧，销售人员吧，管理人员吧；什么样的职业明显更依赖个人的专业知识与创造力呢？作家，画家，音乐人？严师可能更熟悉前者，你也可以挑自己熟悉的行业，站个队先。
而自圆其说地过程你可以从严师对下面这篇福神范例的修改意见里体会各种要害与机关：）请看下面五段文字：Different jobs have different requirements. Some professions like medical research and art performance demand more technical know-how than social skills, so I disagree with the opinion that the capability to socialize outweighs studying diligently in school.严师对开头的点评：很沉稳的开头，ability to relate well to people被换成capability to socialize;studying hard 被换成studying diligently; more important than 被换成 outweigh; 另外technical know-how也是很好的特色用词。
托福写作tpo21综合写作范文
托福写作tpo21综合写作范文同学们，今天咱们来聊聊托福写作tpo21综合写作的范文呀。
这个写作是关于基因改造树木的呢。
在范文里呀，有好多有趣的观点。
比如说，基因改造树木有好的地方。
就像有一种树，经过基因改造后，它长得特别快。
这就像咱们班的小明同学跑步一样，本来跑得很慢，经过锻炼后，跑得像风一样快。
这种基因改造后的树，能很快就长得高高大大的。
它可以给我们提供很多木材，就像我们盖房子的时候，需要很多很多的木头，如果是普通的树可能要等很久很久，但是这种基因改造的树很快就能满足需求啦。
可是呢，范文里也提到了基因改造树木的不好之处。
这些改造后的树可能会对周围的环境造成不好的影响。
想象一下呀，有一片美丽的森林，里面住着好多小动物，像小兔子、小松鼠之类的。
如果突然种上很多基因改造的树，这些树可能会把周围的水啊、养分啊都抢走。
就像在学校里，如果有一个小朋友总是抢别人的文具，那别的小朋友就没有办法好好写字画画啦。
那些小动物可能就没有足够的食物和水，因为这些基因改造树太“霸道”啦。
而且呀，基因改造树木可能会让一些害虫变得更厉害。
就好比我们玩游戏的时候，本来有一个小怪兽，我们可以很轻松地打败它。
可是突然这个小怪兽吃了一种神奇的东西，变得超级强大，我们就很难打败它了。
基因改造树木可能会让害虫吃了它之后，也变得超级难对付。
这样的话，农民伯伯的庄稼就会受到影响，就像我们种的小花小草，如果有很多很厉害的虫子来吃，它们就长不好啦。
在范文里还提到了一个很重要的点，就是基因改造树木的成本问题。
种这些树要花好多钱呢。
这就像我们想要买一个超级大的玩具城堡，但是这个城堡太贵了，我们可能要存很久很久的零花钱才能买得起。
对于种树来说，如果成本太高，很多地方可能就不会选择种这种基因改造的树啦。
所以呀，从这个托福写作tpo21综合写作的范文里我们可以学到好多东西。
我们看到一个东西有好的一面，就像基因改造树木能快速长大提供木材。
但也有不好的一面，像影响环境、让害虫变强大、成本高。
托福tpo21阅读geothermalenergy原文及答案解析
GeothermalEnergy(TPO21-1)Earth’s internal heat, fueled byradioactivity, provides the energy for plate tectonics, continental drift,mountain building, and earthquakes. It can also be harnessed to drive electricgenerators and heat homes. Geothermal energy becomes available in a practica form whenunderground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through asubsurface region of hot rocks (a heat reservoir) that may be hundreds orthousands of feet deep. █The water is usually naturallyoccurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures in the rock; lesstypically, the water is artificially introduced by being pumped down from thesurface. █The water is brought to thesurface, as a liquid or steam, through holes drilled for the purpose. █By far the most abundant form ofgeothermal energy occurs at the relatively low temperatures of 80℃ to 180℃ centigrade. █Water circulated through heatreservoirs in this temperature range is able to extract enough heat to warmresidential, commercial, and industrial spaces. More than 20,000 apartments inFrance are now heated by warm underground water drawn from a heat reservoir ina geologic structure near Paris called the Paris Basin. Iceland sits on avolcanic structure known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Reykjavik, the capital ofIceland, is entirely heated by geothermal energy derived from volcanic heat.Geothermal reservoirs with temperaturesabove 180℃ centigrade are useful for generatingelectricity. They occur primarily in regions of recent volcanic activity ashot, dry rock; natural hot water; or natural steam. The latter two sources arelimited to those few areas where surface water seeps down through undergroundfaults or fractures to reach deep rocks heated née the recent activity ofmolten rock material. The world’s largest supply of natural steam occurs at TheGeysers, 120 kilometers north of San Francisco, California. In the 1990s enoughelectricity to meet about half the needs of San Francisco was being generatedthere. This facility was then in its third decade of production and wasbeginning to show signs of decline, perhaps because of over development. By thelate 1990s some 70 geothermal electric-generating plants were in operation in California,Utah, Nevada, and Hawaii, generating enough power to supply about a millionpeople. Eighteen countries now generate electricity using geothermal heat.Extracting heat from very hot, dryrocks present a more difficult problem: the rocks must be fractured to permitthe circulation of water, and the water must be provided arterially. The rocksare fractured by water pumped down at very high pressures. Experiments areunder way to develop technologies for exploiting this resource.Like most other energy sources,geothermal energy presents some environmental problems. The surface of theground can sink if hot groundwater is withdrawn without being replaced. Inaddition, water heated geothermal can contain salts and toxic materialsdissolved from the hot rock. These waters present a disposal problem if theyare not returned to the ground from which they were removed.The contribution of geothermal energyto the world’s energy future is difficult to estimate. Geothermal energy is in a sensenot renewable, because in most cases the heat would be drawn out of a reservoirmuch more rapidly than it would be replaced by the very slow geologicalprocesses by which heat flows through solid rock into a heat reservoir.However, in many places (for example, California, Hawaii, the Philippines,Japan, Mexico, the riftvalleys of Africa) the resource is potentially so largethat its future will depend on the economics of production. At present, we canmake efficient use of only naturally occurring hot water or steam deposits.Although the potential is enormous, it is likely that in the near futuregeothermal energy can make important local contributions only where theresource is close to the user and the economics are favorable, as they are inCalifornia, New Zealand, and Iceland. Geothermal energy probably will not makelarge-scale contributions to the world energy budget until well into thetwenty-first century, if ever.1. According to the processes describedin paragraph 1, what is the relationship between radioactivity and the steamproduced by geothermal heat?Geothermally heated steam is producedwhen water is exposed to radioactivity deep underground.When water is introduced into holesdrilled thousands of feet in the ground, it becomes radioactive and turns tosteam.Radioactivity heats Earth's interiorrock, which in turn can heat water to the point it becomes steam.When a reservoir of steam in subsurfacerock is produced by radioactivity, it is said to be geothermally heated.2. The word "practical" in the passage is closest in meaning tousableplentifuleconomicalfamiliar3. The word "abundant" in the passage is closest in meaning toeconomicalfamiliarplentifuluseful4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about heat reservoirs with a temperature in the range of 80° to 180° centigrade?They are under international control.They are more common than reservoirs that have a higher temperature.Few of them produce enough heat to warm large industrial spaces.They are used to generate electricity.5. According to paragraph 3, what is the connection between underground faults and naturally occurring steam?Underground faults enable the heat from molten-rock material to escape upward to regions where it can heat surface water enough to produce steam.Underground faults are created by steam that is produced in geothermal reservoirs deep inside Earth.Underground faults create spaces in which natural steam is sometimes trapped. Underground faults allow surface water to reach deep rocks that are hot enough to turn it into steam.6. In paragraph 3, why does the author mention that in the 1990s The Geysers was in its third decade of production?To provide the historical context of the geothermal production of electricity in the United StatesTo imply that The Geysers was the first geothermal site to be put into production in CaliforniaTo help explain the signs of decline shown by The GeysersTo explain why 70 new geothermal sites were put into electricity production in the late 1990s7. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraphs 2 and 3 about geothermal reservoirs?Volcanic heat is associated only with geothermal reservoirs that have a temperature over 180° centigrade.More countries produce power from geothermal reservoirs than use them for heating buildings.Most geothermal reservoirs are suitable for producing electricity.A higher geothermal reservoir temperature is needed to generate electricity than is needed to heat homes.8. According to paragraph 4, extracting heat from very hot, dry rocks is difficult in part becausethe underground rock must be fractured before heat can be removed from itthe water above the rock is under very high pressurethe rock breaks apart when water is pumped into itthe water circulated through the rock must be much cooler than the rock itself9. The word "exploiting" in the passage is closest in meaning tolocatingincreasingmaking use ofestimating the size of10. How is the problem that the surface may sink related to the problem that water heated geothermally may contain toxic materials?Both problems could be solved by returning groundwater that is removed from an underground heat reservoir back to the reservoir after heat is extracted from it.The problem of sinking is more difficult to solve than is the problem of toxic materials. Land at the surface sinks because the rock beneath the surface is weakened when salts and toxic materials are removed from it in the process of extracting geothermal energy.Both problems are caused by the fact that the hot groundwater in a heat reservoir dissolves the rock, which weakens the rock and makes the water toxic with salt.11. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.Heat flows through solid rock very slowly, so it takes a very long time for geological processes to produce a reservoir of geothermal energy.Geothermal energy is not renewable because heat flows very slowly through solid rock into or out of a heat reservoir.The heat quickly removed from a heat reservoir is replaced so slowly by geological processes that geothermal energy is not practically speaking, renewable.In most cases, heat travels into a heat reservoir so slowfy that it is a much quicker process to remove the heat from a reservoir than to replace it.12. In paragraph 6, the author implies that in California, Hawaii, the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, and the rift valleys of Africa the potential size of the geothermal resource is so large thatit might be economically worth developing these sites even though geothermal energy is not renewablethese sites will be the first geothermal energy sites to be developed witb new technology these sites are likely to make a large-scale contribution to the world energy budget in the twenty-first centuryit does not matter whether they have naturally occurring deposits of hot water or steam13．Look at the foursquares [█] that indicate where the followingsentence could be added to the passage. <i> In either case,the heated water will usually be under considerable pressure, and so may have atemperature that is well above its sea-level boiling point of 100°centigrade.</i>Where would the sentence best fit? Click on asquare to add the sentence to the passage.████14．Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary ofthe passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THERRanswer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Somesentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are notpresented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Heat reservoirs in the form of hot rock farbeneath Earth's surface are a potential source of usable geothermal energy.·Heat reservoirs with a temperature from 80° to 180° centigrade can be used, as in France and Iceland, to heat buildings.·A number of countries now use geothermal reservoirs that contain water or steam above180° centigrade to generate electricity.·Most heat reservoirs with a temperature above 180° centigrade cannot be used for energy because they are usually too close to recent volcanic activity.·The sinking of land above heat reservoirs and other environmental problems arise when water is pumped into a heat reservoir under high pressure.·Experiments are under way to determine if geothermally heated waters could be used as a source of certain minerals that have been dissolved out of hot rocks deep within Earth. ·A number of issues, including how to extract heat from reservoirs that do not have a natural supply of water, will significantly limit the use of geothermal energy for the foreseeable future.答案解析：1. 细节题，问radioactivity和steam的关系，所以找双关键词，分别定位至本段第一句和最后一句，第一句说radioactivity提供了地球的内热，最后一句说水变成蒸汽到达地表，水受热才能蒸汽，而这份热量是geothermal energy提供的，这就是二者的关系，所以答案是C。
TPO综合写作范文21-25
TPO21The lecturer points out three different shortcomings of genetically modified trees. In the aspects of adaptation, economic lucrativeness, and environmental value, they never have overwhelming advantage over natural trees. That means the points made in the reading are partial and biased.First, genetic modification doesn’t necessarily make a natural tree more resistant to environmental adversities. Although genetic reconstructing may make a species stronger in a specific condition as the reading indicates, the new strain lakes the genetic diversity of a natural species. Thanks to the marginal differences between individuals, there can always be some survivors among natural species following a large interruption like climate change or pest invasion. But similar changes may cause the distinction of a genetically modified species for their unification in characteristics.Second, tree farmers don’t get guaranteed economic benefits if they plant genetically new strains. Companies that develop the new plants always charge farmers higher prices for artificially improved seeds, and receive money from farmers each time they grow the same plant. Such company policies andlaw will deprive farmers of the gaining mentioned in the reading.Third, genetically modified t rees don’t promise to protect wild trees. Actually, since they can grow faster with fewer resources, they are more ecologically invasive. Normally they outcompete natural trees by grasping natural resources like sunshine, water and soil. It’s far from the idealistic situation described in the reading.TPO22The lecturer refutes all the seemingly existing shortages of ethanol listed in the reading and holds that ethanol is quite likely a good replacement of gasoline as the future fuel. First, the application of ethanol will not create as much heat as that of gasoline does. Although the burning of ethanol will also generate carbon dioxide, it will not add to the severity of global warming. Since the production of ethanol requires the planting of corns, whose growth in turn requires carbon dioxide as nutrition, the raised amount of the unwanted gas will be offset therewith. This is the situation the reading doesn’t account for.Second, the production of ethanol doesn’t surely reduce the food supply for farm animals. Because ethanol can be made out of any part of the plant whose cell walls contain cellulose, the cost of the pants’ useful parts can be avoided. This advantage renders the worry of the reading totally unnecessary. Finally, the price of ethanol will be largely reduced if the scale of manufacture increases. According to statistics, if the manufacture scale, following heavier demand of consumers, can be enlarged by three times, its cost will be reduced by forty percents. Under such circumstance, the government subsidies mentioned in the reading shall no longer be needed.TPO23The lecturer holds that the main reason causing the overall decline in yellow cedar population is not yet decided. The proposed reasons in the reading, though responsible for the poor health of some individual plants, may not account for the decline of the whole species throughout the North American Continent.First, healthy yellow cedar trees can secret a chemical that is poisonous to insects feeding on its barks. Hence, it isunlikely that the cedar bark beetle can ever attack a plant before it gets ill or dead. The reading thus finds a misleading causal relationship between the insect and the tree. Second, bears cannot be blamed for large-scaled dying of yellow cedars across North America, although they might be responsible for the accidental dying for some individual plants. Another condition that can set bears free from this accusation is that yellow cedars growing on bear-free islands are also dying in large numbers. Hereby the reading material fails to spot the primary reason again.Third, cold climate can neither be blamed for the general failure of cedar population. The proof can be found in the trees’ wider recession in areas of lower elevation, where it’s warmer than on higher elevations. Though cold weather may have made cedars more sensitive, it cannot be the primary killer as the reading indicates.TPO24The lecturer extends possible explanations besides the conclusions made on the newly discovered T. Rex fossil andsuggests that the existing evidences can lead to something other than remaining animal tissues as suggested in the reading.First, the branching channels in that leg bone can quite likely be the colonies of bacteria, since bacteria always take the hollows in a bone structure and develop themselves following the organic material. And the soft substance inside the channels can also be the residues of these bacteria colonies, rather than once blood vessels suggested by the reading material.Second, the reading assumes the reddish spheres found in the bone to be red blood cells, finding credence from their color and size. But fossils of primitive organisms in the same area also contain similar reddish spheres. With the knowledge that such primitive organisms could not yet have evolved red blood cells, there is a good reason to doubt that these spots are only reddish minerals instead of blood cells. The reading again makes an imprudent conclusion here.Third, not a single sample of collagen found to this date is older than ten thousand years in age. The collagen found in the passage, however, is located in a seventy million-year-olddinosaur fossil. Since this tissue can hardly sustain such a long history, its source may not be in that prehistory animal, but in the skin of researchers working on it. So the final conclusion of the reading should also be seen with doubt. TPO25The reading material claimed that the vessels involving a copper cylinder surrounding an iron rod was not likely used as electric batteries in ancient times. By contrast, the lecturer argued that the conclusion was not convincing at all.First of all, the absence of wires could blame on the excavators, those local people.Since they had no recognition of the importance of the other materials,thus ever exsited electricity conductors could have been regarded as uninteresting and thrown away.In addition, the similarity between the copper cyclinders inside the jars and those discovered in ruins of selucia was not the neccessary reason to defend that the former should hold scrolls as well. One explanation was that the function of copper cyclinders was gradully changed from original use of holding scrolls to generate electricity later.Plus, electricity batteries were also of use in ancient time. Ancient people could have done electricity to complete magic results and healing purpose.Actually, the lecturer stated that the tingling people felt when they touched the vessles could be thought as invisible power even magic power. On the other hand,modern results had shown that elctricity was able to sitmulate muscle activities and reduce pains.。
TPO21 READING参考译文
TPO21 READING参考译文地热能地球内部因放射产生的热量为板块运动、大陆漂移、造山运动和地震提供了能量。
这种热量还可以用来驱动发电机发电以及为家庭供暖。
水流经地表下可能深达几百甚至几千英尺处的热岩区域（一种热储）被加热，通过水的传输地下的热量就变成了可以加以利用的地热能形式。
这些水通常是沿着岩石的断面下渗的天然地下水，少数情况下是人为从地表泵入的水。
通过为了采集地热能所钻的孔，这些水会以液体或蒸汽的形式被带到地表。
到目前为止，在此温度范围内的热储内循环的水可以提取出足够的热量加热民用、20000间以上的公寓是由从巴黎附近叫做巴黎盆地的地质构造的热储中汲取的温暖的地下水供暖的。
冰岛位于一个被称为是大西洋中脊的火山构造之上。
冰岛的首都雷克雅维克完全是用火山热产生的地热能供暖的。
温度高于180摄氏度的地热储集层可以用于发电。
这类地热储集层主要位于有近期火山活动的区域，出现的形式有干热的岩石、天然热水或天然蒸汽。
后两种形式的储集层局限于少数区域，在这些区域，地表水通过地下断层或断裂渗入到被近期的熔岩活动加热的深层岩石。
世界上最大的天然蒸汽供应位于加州旧金山以北120公里处的盖沙斯。
二十世纪九十年代那里产出的电能大约能满足旧金山半数的需求。
当时已经是该发电厂运行的第三个十年，并且开始显示出发电量下降的迹象，这可能是由于过度的开发。
到二十世纪九十年代末，加州、犹他州、内华达州和夏威夷约有70个地热发电厂在运转，产生的电能足以供应一百万人口所需。
目前有18个国家利用地热能发电。
要从极干热的岩石中提取热量存在一个更大的难题：必须破碎岩石使得水可以在其中循环，而且水必须是人工提供的。
通过泵人高压水可以将岩石破碎。
开发利用此能源的技术的实验正在进行之中。
就像大多数其它能源一样，地热能也具有一些环境问题。
如果抽取地下热水而又不泵回，地表就会下沉。
此外，地热加热的水含有从热岩中溶出的盐分和有毒物质。
这些水如果不能被输送回抽取的地方，将会产生处理方面的问题。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
智课网TOEFL备考资料托福TPO21综合写作内容解读摘要：托福综合写作部分考察学生阅读、听力、写作三方面的内容，内容的形式，往往是让学生阅读一篇小文章，文章的观点与听力所听到的观点是相反的，然后根据自己听到的和阅读到的内容写一篇英文文章，难度系数有点大，下面我们就先来那这篇文章练练手吧！托福 TPO21综合写作精讲：托福TPO21综合写作阅读材料：Genetic modification, a process used to change an organism ’ s genes and hence its characteristics,is not being used to improve trees. Through genetic modification, it is possible to create trees that produce more fruit, grow faster, or withstand adverse conditions. Planting genetically modified trees on a large scale promises to bring a number of benefits.基因改良是通过改变有机体的基因，进而改变其性状的过程。
目前还没有用来改良树木。
通过基因改良，可能创造出具有产量高、生长快、抗逆强特点的树木。
很大程度上，种植基因改良树木可以带来诸多益处。
First, genetically modified trees are designed to be hardier than nature trees; that it, they are more likely to survive than their unmodified counterparts. In Hawaii, for example, a new pest-resistant species of papaya tree has been developed in response to ring-spot virus infections that have repeatedly damaged the native papaya-tree population. Planting the genetically modified papayas has largely put an end to the ring-spot problem.首先，基因改良树木设计得比天然树木更能承受不良环境。
也就是说，相对于它们没有改良的同类，它们更易存活。
比如，在夏威夷有一种新的抗虫害的番木瓜树。
这种树可以抵抗环斑病毒的感染，而正是这种环斑病毒常常会降低当地番木瓜树的数量。
种植这种基因改良的番木瓜可以很大程度上解决环斑病毒的问题。
Moreover, genetically modified trees promise to bring a number of economic benefits to those who grow them. Genetically modified trees tend to grow faster, give greater yields – of food, fruit,or other products – and be hardier. This allows tree farmers to get faster and greater returns on their farming investment and save on pesticides as well.而且，基因改良的树木据信可以给种植者带来巨大的经济利益。
基因改良的树木基因改良更快。
同时，产量更高，也就是说可以获得更多的粮食、水果以及其他产品。
而且，这些树木抗逆性更好。
这样就能是的弄明可以更多而且更多地收回投资，同时节约杀虫剂的花费。
Finally, the use of genetically modified trees can prevent overexploitation of wild trees. Because of the growing demand for firewood or building timber, many forests around the world are being cut down faster than they can be replaced. Introducing genetically modified trees – designed for fast growth and high yield in given geographic conditions – would satisfy the demand for wood in many of those areas and save the endangered native trees, which often include unique or rarespecies.最后，种植基因改良树木可以减少对野生树木的过度开发。
由于对于木柴和建筑木材的越来越大，世界上森林砍伐的速度超过了再生速度。
引入在相同地里条件下生长更快、产量更大的改良树木可以很多地方对于木材的需求，这样可以保护那些独特而稀少的濒危野生树种。
托福TPO21综合写作阅读部分需要提取的观点是：- Main point: 基因改良树木优点很多- Sub point 1: 可以抵御病虫害- Sub point 2: 可以提高农民的收入- Sub point 3: 可以保护天然森林托福TPO21综合写作听力材料：Sure, there is benefit to planting genetically modified trees, but are these trees really as great as they first sound? When you examine the subjects closely, there are some serious problems and causes associated with the using of genetic modified trees.当然，种植基因改良树木是有好处的，但是真的有利到可以作为首选作物吗?当你仔细审视这些理由的时候，就会发现基因改良树木会带来一些严重的问题。
First, genetically modified trees may be resistant to one particular condition, but it doesn ’ t necessarily ensure their survival. You see: a typical non-modified tree population is genetically diverse. That means that for most threatening conditions, for climate, insects, and pests, whatever,there will be at least some individual trees of any given species tree that are resistant. So, even if the most of one kind of tree were killed, those few resistant ones will survive and ensure the survival of that species of tree. But, genetically modified trees are genetically much more uniform,so if there is supposed to an environmental challenge they have not been designed for, they will all die. So, if the climate changes or new pest engages in, the genetically modified trees will likely be completely wagged out.首先，基因改良树木可能对某种特定问题有抵抗力，但是这却不足以保证它们的生存。
你看，非基因改良的树木种群是具有基因多样性的。
这就意味着无论何种树木，即便是在遭遇极端气候灾害或者虫害的情况下，都至少有部分个体对灾害有抵抗能力。
所以，即便种群中的大多数都死亡了，那么少数有抵抗力的存活下来也能保证这个种群的延续。
但是对于基因改良树木基因是一直的，所以当他们受到他们基因设计里不能低于的环境挑战时，他们会全部死亡。
所以，当气候发生变化或者有新的害虫出现，那么基因改良树木就将全部死亡。
That is the second point. There are hidden causes associated with the growing genetically modified trees. You see, the company that genetically modified tree can charge tree farmers much more for its seeds than unmodified tree seeds would cost. Also, after you ’ ve grown the tree, you can not just collect the seeds and plant the new tree for free. By law, you have to pay the company every time you plant.现在说第二点。
在基因改良树木的生长过程中伴随着一些隐含问题。
你看，公司都是以高于天然种子很多的价格向农民出售基因改良树木种子的。
同时，你现在不能再每年收获之后收集种子，然后来年免费再种了。
因为根据法律规定，你每年都必须向种子公司支付费用。
And finally, genetically modified trees might actually cause even more damage to the local wild trees. You see,genetically modified trees often grow more aggressively than natural trees do.And genetically modified trees are typically planted among natural trees.As a result, the genetically modified trees out compete the native trees for resources: sunlight, soil nutrition and water.Eventually, crowd out the nature trees.最后，基因改良树木可能会对本土野生树木造成更多的损害。