Toungue Twister 2 Consonants-Frictives & Affricates英语语音绕口令
2023年12月英语六级听力原文含翻译第二套
翻译在最终Conversation OneM: Guess what? The worst food I've ever had was in France.W.Really.That'.odd..though.th.Frenc.wer.al.goo.cooks.M.Yes.That'.right..suppos.it'.reall.lik.anywher.else.though.Yo.kno w.som.place.ar.good.Som.bad.Bu.it'.reall.al.ou.ow.fault.W: What do you mean?M.Well.i.wa.th.firs.tim.I'.bee.t.France.Thi.wa.year.ag.whe..wa.a.sc hool..wen.ther.wit.m.parents.friends.fro.m.father'.school.They'.hire..c oac.t.tak.the.t.Switzerland.W: A school trip?M.Right.Mos.o.the.ha.neve.bee.abroa.before.We'.crosse.th.Englis. Channe.a.night.an.w.se.of.throug.France.an.breakfas.tim.arrived.an.t h.coac.drive.ha.arrange.fo.u.t.sto.a.thi.littl.café.Ther.w.al.were.tire.an.hungry.an.the.w.mad.th.grea.discovery.W: What was that?M: Bacon and eggs.W: Fantastic! The real English breakfast.M.Yes.Anyway.w.didn'.kno.an.better.s.w.ha.it.an.ugh...!W: What was it like? Disgusting?M.Oh.i.wa.incredible.The.jus.go..bow.an.pu.som.fa.i.it.An.the.the.pu.som.baco.i.th.fat.brok.a.eg.ove.th.to.an.pu.th.whol.lo.i.th.ove.fo.a bou.te.minutes.W.I.th.oven.You'r.joking.Yo.can'.coo.baco.an.egg.i.th.oven!M.Well.The.mus.hav.don.i.tha.way.I.wa.hot.bu.i.wasn'.cooked.The r.wa.jus.thi.eg.floatin.abou.i.gallon.o.fa.an.ra.bacon.W: Did you actually eat it?M.No.Nobod.did.The.al.wante.t.tur.roun.an.g.home.Yo.know.bac.t. teabag.an.fis.an.chips.Yo.can'.blam.the.really.Anyway.th.nex.nigh.w. wer.al.give.anothe.foreig.speciality.W: What was that?M.Snails.Tha.reall.finishe.the.off.Lovel.holida.tha.was!Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.Questio.1.Wha.di.th.woma.thin.o.th.French?Questio.2.Wh.di.th.ma.trave.wit.o.hi.firs.tri.t.Switzerland?Questio.3.Wha.doe.th.ma.sa.abou.th.breakfas.a.th.littl.Frenc.café?Questio.4.Wha.di.th.ma.thin.o.hi.holida.i.France?Conversation TwoM.Yo.sa.you.sho.ha.bee.doin.well.Coul.yo.giv.m.som.ide.o.wha.“doin.well.mean.i.fact.an.figures?W.Well.“doin.well.mean.averagin.￡1,lio.pounds.An.“s.year.w.di.slightl.ove.50,00.an.thi.y ear.w.hop.t.d.mor.tha.60,000.So.that'.goo.i.w.continu.t.rise.M.Now.that'.gros.earnings..assume.Wha.abou.you.expenses?W.Yes.that'.gross.Th.expenses.o.course.g.u.steadily.An.sinc.we'v.move.t.t hi.ne.shop.th.expense.hav.increase.greatly.becaus.it'..muc.bigge.shop.S..coul dn'.sa.exactl.wha.ou.expense.are.The.ar.somethin.i.th.regio.o.si.o.seve.thous merciall.speaking.it'.fairl.low.an.w.tr.t.kee. ou.expense.a.lo.a.w.can.M.An.you.price.ar.muc.lowe.tha.th.sam.good.i.shop.roun.about.Ho.d.th.lo ca.shopkeeper.fee.abou.havin..sho.doin.s.wel.i.thei.midst?W.Perhap..lo.o.the.don'.realiz.ho.wel.w.ar.doing.becaus.w.don'.mak..poin. o.publicizing.Tha.wa..lesso.w.learne.ver.earl.on.W.wer.ver.friendl.wit.al.loca.sh opkeeper.an.w.happene.t.mentio.t..loca.shopkeepe.ho.muc.w.ha.mad.tha.wee k.H.wa.ver.unhapp.an.neve.a.friendl.again.S.w.mak..poin.o.neve.publicizin.th. amoun.o.mone.w.make.Bu.w.ar.o.ver.goo.term.wit.al.th.shops.Non.o.the.hav. plaine.tha.w.ar.puttin.the.ou.o.busines.o.anythin.lik.that..thin.it'..nic.f riendl.relationship.Mayb.i.the.di.kno.wha.w.made.perhap.the.wouldn'.b.s.frien dly.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.Questio.5.Wha.ar.th.speaker.mainl.talkin.about?Questio.6.Wha.doe.th.woma.sa.he.sho.trie.t.do?Questio.7.Wha.d.w.lear.abou.th.good.sol.a.th.woman'.shop?Questio.8.Wh.doesn'.th.woma.wan.t.mak.know.thei.earning.anymore?Passage OneBirds are famous for carrying things around.Some, like homing pigeons, can be trained to deliver messages and packages.Other birds unknowingly carry seeds that cling to them for the ride.Canadian scientists have found a worrisome, new example of the power that birds have to spread stuff around.Way up north in the Canadian Arctic, seabirds are picking up dangerous chemicals in the ocean and delivering them to ponds near where the birds live.Some 10,000 pairs of the birds, called fulmars, a kind of Arctic seabird, make their nests on Devon Island, north of the Arctic Circle.The fulmars travel some 400 kilometers over the sea to find food.When they return home, their droppings end up all around their nesting sites, including in nearby ponds.Previously, scientists noticed pollutants arriving in the Arctic with the wind.Salmon also carry dangerous chemicals as the fish migrate between rivers and the sea.The bodies of fish and other meat-eaters can build up high levels of the chemicals.To test the polluting power of fulmars, researchers collected samples of deposit from 11 ponds on Devon Island.In ponds closest to the colony, the results showed there were far more pollutants than in ponds less affected by the birds.The pollutants in the ponds appear to come from fish that fulmars eat when they're out on the ocean.People who live, hunt, or fish near bird colonies need to be careful, the researchers say.The birds don't mean to cause harm, but the chemicals they carry can cause major problems.Questions 9 to 12 are based on the passage you have just heard.Questio.9.Wha.hav.Canadia.scientist.foun.abou.som.seabirds?Questio.10.Wha.doe.th.speake.sa.abou.th.seabird.calle.fulmars?Questio.11.Wha.di.scientist.previousl.notic.abou.pollutant.i.th.Arctic?Questio.12.Wha.doe.th.speake.war.abou.a.th.en.o.th.talk?Passage TwoIn recent years, the death rate among American centenarians—people who have lived to age 100 or older— has decreased, dropping 14 percent for women and 20 percent for men from 2023 to 2023.The leading causes of death in this age group are also changing.In 2023, the top five causes of death for centenarians were heart disease, stroke, flu, cancer and Alzheimer's disease.But by 2023, the death rate from Alzheimer's disease for this age group had more than doubled—increasing from 3.8 percent to 8.5 percent—making the progressive brain disease the second leading cause of death for centenarians.One reason for the rise in deaths from Alzheimer's disease in this group may be that developing this condition remains possible even after people beat the odds of dying from other diseases such as cancer.People physically fit enough to survive over 100 years ultimately give in to diseases such as Alzheimer's which affects the mind and cognitive function.In other words, it appears that their minds give out before their bodies do.On the other hand, the death rate from flu dropped from 7.4 percent in 2023 to 4.1 percent in 2023.That pushed flu from the third leading cause of death to the fifth.Overall, the total number of centenarians is going up.In 2023, there were 72,197 centenarians, compared to 50,281 in 2023.But because this population is getting larger, the number of deaths in this group is also increasing— 18,434 centenarians died in 2023, whereas 25,914 died in 2023.Questions 13 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.Questio.13.Wha.doe.th.speake.sa.abou.th.ris.o.dyin.fo.America.centenari an.i.recen.years?Questio.14.Wha.doe.th.speake.sa.abou.Alzheimer'.disease?Questio.15.Wha.i.characteristi.o.peopl.wh.liv.u.t.10.year.an.beyond?Recording OneOkay.S.let'.ge.started.And to start things off I think what we need to do is consider a definition.I'm going to define what love is but then most of the experiments I'm going to talk about are really focused more on attraction than love.And I'm going to pick a definition from a former colleague, Robert Sternberg, who is now the dean at Tufts University but was here on our faculty at Yale for nearly thirty years.And he has a theory of love that argues that it's made up of three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment, or what is sometimes called decision commitment.And these are relatively straightforward.He argued that you don't have love if you don't have all three of these elements.Intimacy is the feeling of closeness, of connectedness with someone, of bonding.Operationally, you could think of intimacy as you share secrets, you share information with this person that you don't share with anybody else.Okay.That'rmatio.tha.i sn'.share.wit.othe.people.The second element is passion.Passion is the drive that leads to romance.You can think of it as physical attraction.And Sternberg argues that this is a required component of a love relationship.The third element of love in Sternberg's theory is what he calls decision commitment, the decision that one is in a love relationship, the willingness to label it as such, and a commitment to maintain that relationship at least for some period of time.Sternberg would argue it's not love if you don't call it love and if you don't have some desire to maintain the relationship.So if you have all three of these, intimacy, passion and commitment, in Sternberg's theory you have love.Now what's interesting about the theory is what do you have if you only have one out of three or two out of three.What do you have and how is it different if you have a different two out of three?What's interesting about this kind of theorizing is it gives rise to many different combinations that can be quite interesting when you break them down and start to look them carefully.So what I've done is I've taken Sternberg's three elements of love, intimacy, passion and commitment, and I've listed out the different kinds of relationships you would have if you had zero, one, two or three out of the three elements.Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.Questio.16.Wha.doe.th.speake.sa.abou.mos.o.th.experiment.mentione.i.h i.talk?Questio.17.Wha.doe.Rober.Sternber.argu.abou.love?Questio.18.Wha.questio.doe.th.speake.thin.i.interestin.abou.Sternberg'.th re.element.o.love?Recording TwoHi! I am Elizabeth Hoffler, Master of Social Work.I am a social worker, a lobbyist, and a special assistant to the executive director at the National Association of Social Workers.Today we are going to be talking about becoming a social worker.Social work is the helping profession.Its primary mission is to enhance human well-being and help meet thebasic needs of all people, with a particular focus on those who are vulnerable, oppressed, and living in poverty.We often deal with complex human needs.Social work is different from other professions, because we focus on the person and environment.We deal with the external factors that impact a person's situation and outlook.And we create opportunity for assessment and intervention, to help clients and communities cope effectively with their reality and change that reality when necessary.In thousands of ways social workers help other people, people from every age, every background, across the country.Wherever needed, social workers come to help.The most well-known aspect of the profession is that of a social safety net.We help guide people to critical resources and counsel them on life-changing decisions.There are more than 600,000 professional social workers in the country, and we all either have a bachelor's degree, a master's degree, or a PhD in Social Work.There are more clinically trained social workers than clinically trained psychiatrists, psychologists, and psychiatric nurses combined.Throughout this series you will learn more about the profession, the necessary steps to get a social work degree, the rich history of social work, and the many ways that social workers help others.Later in this series, you will hear from Stacy Collins and Mel Wilson, fellow social workers at the National Association of Social Workers.Stacy is going to walk you through the step-by-step process of becoming a social worker, and Mel will tell you about the range of options you have once you get your social work degree, as well as the high standards of responsibility he social workers must adhere to.The National Association of Social Workers represents nearly 145,000 social workers across the country.Our mission is to promote, protect, and advance the social work profession.We hope you enjoy this series about how you can make a difference by becoming a social worker.Next, we are going to talk about choosing social work.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the recording you have just heard.Questio.19.Wha.doe.th.speake.mainl.tal.about?Questio.20.Wha.d.socia.worker.mainl.do?mon.accordin.t.th.speaker?Questio.22.Wha.i.Me.Wilso.goin.t.tal.abou.i.th.series?Recording ThreeToday, I'd like to talk about what happens when celebrity role models get behind healthy habits, but at the same time, promote junk food.Currently, there's mounting criticism of Michelle Obama's “Let's Move!”campaign, which fights childhood obesity by encouraging youngsters to become more physically active, and has signed on singer Beyoncéand basketball player Shaquille O'Neal, both of whom also endorse sodas, which are a major contributor to the obesity epidemic.Now there's a lot more evidence of how powerful a celebrity— especially a professional athlete— can be in influencing children's behavior.In a report published by the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity at Yale University, researchers studied 100 professional athletes and their endorsement contracts.The team focused on athletes since they are theoretically the best role models for active, healthy lifestyles for children.After sorting the deals by category, they determined that among the 512 brands associated with the athletes, most involved sporting goods, followed closely by food and beverage brands.Sports drinks, which are often high in sugar and calories made up most ofthe food and drink deals, with soft drinks and fast food filling out the remainder.Of the 46 beverages endorsed by professional athletes, 93% relied exclusively on sugar for all of their calories.It's no surprise that high-profile athletes can influence children's eating behaviors, but the scientists were able to quantify how prevalent these endorsements are in the children's environment.Advertisements featuring professional athletes and their endorsed products tend to get impressive exposure on TV, radio, in print and online.And in 2023, the researchers reported that children ages 12 to 17 saw more athlete-endorsed food and beverage brand commercials than adults.One reason any campaign wants a popular celebrity spokesperson is because kids are attracted to them no matter what they are doing.We can't expect kids to turn off that admiration when the same person is selling sugar.At best, kids might be confused.At worst, they'll think the messages about soda are the same as the messages about water, but those two beverages aren't the same.If children are turning to athletes as role models, it's in their best interest if their idols are consistent.Consistent messaging of positive behaviors will show healthier lifestylesfor kids to follow.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.Questio.23.Wha.i.th.ai.o.Michell.Obama'.campaign?Questio.24.Wha.doe.researc.fin.abou.advertisement.featurin.professiona. athletes?Questio.25.Wha.doe.th.speake.thin.kids.idol.shoul.do?对话一男: 你猜怎么着？我吃过旳最难吃旳食物是在法国吃旳。
正畸学英文
正畸学英文A: activator肌激动器;Adams clasp箭头卡;adjunctive orthodontec treatment辅助性正畸治疗;adolescence青春期;adolescent spurt青春萌动期;adult orthodontic treatment 成人正畸治疗;advanced stages of root resorption严重牙根吸收;alignment 排齐;aluminum shield铝挡板; alveolar bone 牙槽骨; alveolar bone height 牙槽骨高度;amniotic cavity 羊膜间隙(是指在外胚层和滋养层间的空腔);anchorage control支抗的控制; Angle Class II malocclusion安氏II类错合;Angle classification 安氏分类法;anterior crosssbite 前牙反合;anterior face height 前面高;anterior neuropores 前区神经孔;anterior open bite 前牙开合;anterior overbite 前牙深覆合; anterior shift 前伸移位; anteroposterior maxillary excess 上颌前突;anteroposterior relationship近远中关系;antiplaque agents 抗菌斑生成剂;apical root resorption根尖吸收;apically repositioned flap 龈瓣根向转移;apposition (of teeth)定位(牙);arch form (of bone)弓形(牙槽骨);arrow clasp 箭头卡;articulare 关节点，asymmetry非对称性;average growers正常发育者B: ball clasp球行卡环; base of the tongue舌根; behavioral sciences 行为科学; bilaminar disk双层胚盘; biologic considerations 生物因素;biometric norm 生物测量正常值;bionator生物调节器;Blanche test 变白测试(用于测试上颌唇系带是否附丽过低，或延伸至腭侧切乳头);blastocele;blastocyst cavity 分裂腔;blastocyst 囊胚;blastomere 分裂球;bodily movement 整体移动;body image 身体形象;body of the tongue 舌体;bonded bracket粘结式托槽;bonded(fixed)appliance 粘结式(固定)矫治器;bonded retainer粘结式保持器;bonding of molars 磨牙粘结术;bone loss 骨缺失;bracket system 托槽系统;Brodie syndrome 布罗迪综合征(患者表现为下颌骨偏小畸形，下颌骨后缩或上颌骨巨大，同时伴有后牙正锁);brushing instructions 刷牙医嘱;buccopharyngeal membrane 颊咽粘膜C:C clasp C型卡环;calcification钙化;cartilaginous neurocranim软骨性颅;cartilaginous viscerocranium软骨性面颅;center of resistance 阻抗中心;center of rotation 旋转中心;cephalometric standards 头影测量标准值;cervical , attachment颈带;cessation 停止;chief concern 主诉;chlorhexidine洗必泰;chondrocranium软骨颅;chondrogenesis软骨生成;chorion绒毛膜; chorionic cavity绒毛腔;circumpubertal acceleration 青春快速发育期;Class I molar relationship 磨牙I类关系;Class II elastics II类弹性牵引;Class III subdivision III类亚类; cleavage 分裂;clefting 裂;clockwise rotation 顺时针旋转。
影像学英文
肾柱 renal colums
肾上腺 adrenal gland
输尿管 ureters, ureteral , uretero
膀胱 urinary bladder , bladder
尿道 urethra
睾丸 testis
附睾 epididymis
髂外动脉 external iliac artery
锁骨下动脉 subclavian artery
椎动脉 vertebral artery
乳房内动脉 internal mammary artery
颈内静脉 internal jugular vein
颈外静脉 external jugular vein
甲状腺 thyroid (gland )
甲状旁腺 parathyroid (gland )
上颌窦 maxillary sinus
气管 trachea
食管 esophagus
乳腺 breast, mammary gland
额 front
枕 occiput
胰尾 tail of pancreas
钩突 uncinate process
脾 spleen
脾门 splenic hilum
肾周脂肪 perinephrit fat
集合系统 collective system
肾 kedney
肾盂 renal calyes
无名动脉 innominate artery
颈内静脉 internal jugular vein
甲状腺上动脉 superior thyroid artery
乳房内动脉 internal mammary artery
肌肉群英文之欧阳主创编
斜方肌（Trapezius）、三角肌（Deltoids）、肱二头肌（Biceps）、肱三头肌（Triceps）、肱桡肌（Brachioradialis）、胸年夜肌（Pectoralis Major）、背阔肌（Latissimus Dorsi）、菱形肌（Rhomboids）、前锯肌（Serratus Anterior）、腹直肌（Rectus Abdominus）、腹斜肌（Obliques）、腹横肌（Tranverse Abdominus）、竖脊肌（Erector Spinae）、髂腰肌（Iliopsoas）、臀肌（Gluteals）、股后肌群（Hamstrings）、股四头肌（Quadriceps）、阔筋膜张肌（Tensor Fascia Latae）、内收肌群（Adductors）、胫骨前肌（Anterior Tibialis）、腓肠肌（Gastrocnemius）、比目鱼肌（Soleus）平衡(Balance)它是对整个身体形态来说，是指人体比例协调和全身肌肉成长匀称。
充氧(Burns)当你锻?到最后几次试举，肌肉中感到有些轻微的不适，它不是有害的，而只是包抄肌肉周围的神经感觉到疲劳的积累而产生的，它说明肌肉开始要求提供更多的氧气。
助力(Cheating)当举起重量到一定高度时，呈现「死点」(举到一定的高度，再也上不去)，给以收缩着的肌肉，加上一定的助力，使其继续完成。
练线条(Cutting Up)减缩身体内脂肪，使肌肉线条清晰。
清晰度(Definition)肌肉能看出明显的线条，没有过剩的脂肪。
收缩(Contractions)在健美锻?的术语中，是指肌肉缩短而产生阻力作用。
密度(Density)这是指肌肉的坚硬度、细弱度和结实度。
肌肉膨胀(Hypertrophy)肌肉通过锻?后增粗，它和肌肉增长是同义词。
最佳状态(Groove)当你?用杠铃或哑铃做一个举措时，以最好的途径和最年夜限度地集中用力在某一部位的肌肉上。
颅底中英文孔口诀
The Chinese and English mnemonics for skill base foreamina are different in their language and cultural background, but they share the same purpose of helping people remember the names and locations of the foreamina
Classification and
characteristics of Chinese
and English origin
02
formulas for the skill base
A mnemonic for the forest of the enemy criminal fossa
Summary
Definition and characteristics
Definition
The skull base foramina is the foramina on the base of the skull, which are the openings for nerves and blood vessels to pass through Mnemonics are a set of memory aids used to help people remember information
Future prospects
With the continuous advancement of medical science, it is expected that the Chinese and English mnemonics for skill base will continue to evolve, further improving medical education and clinical practice
Muscles-of-the-Thigh-notes
Muscles of the ThighAnterior compartment. Acts on hip and knee joint∙Psoas major act on hip joint∙Sartorius and rectus femoris act on both hip and knee joint∙The vastus muscle act on the knee jointContains of 7 musclesInnervation1.Psoas major-Anterior rami(L1, L2, L3)2.Illiacus- Femoral nerve(L2,L3)3.Vastus medialis-Femoral nerve (L2,3,4)4.Vastus intermedius-femoral nerve(L2,3,4)5.Vastur lateralis- femoral nerve(L2,3,4)6.Rectus femoris- femoral nerve(L2,3,4)7.Sartorius- femoral nerve(L2,3)Origins and insertions1.Psoas majororigin:posterior abdominal wall(Lumbar transverse process, intervertibral disc and bodies of the lumbar vertebrae(T12, L1-L5.Insert: Lesser trochanter of femur2. IlliacusOrigin:Posterior abdominal wall(iliac fossa).Insert: lesse trochanter of femur3.Vastus medialisorigin:femur,begins at the intertrochanteric line→pectineal line and descends along medial lip of linea asper and onto medial supracondylar line.Insert:medial aspect of quadriceps femoris tendon and medial border of patella4.Vastus intermediusorigin:upper two-thirds of femur and intermuscular septum.Insert: deep aspect of quadriceps femoris tendon and lateral border of patella5.Vastur lateralis-largest.Origin:from superior part of the intertrochanteric line of the femur→lateral margin offemur→attaches there to the gluteal tuberosity→lateral lip of linea aspera.Insert: quadriceps femoris tendon and lateral border of patella.6.Rectus femoris-2 headsorigin from pelvic bone. 1-staight head: originates from anterior inferior iliac spine. 2-reflecteed head: originates from ilium superior to the acetabulum.Insert: both heads unite and insert in quadriceps femoris tendon and base of patella!7.sartorius femoral-most superficialorigin: anterior superior iliac spine.Insert: proximal shaft of tibiaFunction1.Psoas major:flexes the thigh at the hip joint2.Illiacus:flexes the thigh at the hip joint3.Vastus medialis:extend the leg at the knee joint4.Vastus intermedius: extend the leg at the knee joint5.Vastur lateralis: extend the leg at the knee joint6.Rectus femoris: flexes the thigh at the hip joint. Extends the leg at the knee joint7.sartorius femoral: flexes the thigh at the hip joint. Extends the leg at the knee jointMedial compartment6 muscles of the medial compartmentInnervation1.gracilis-obturator nerve(L2,3)2.pectineus-femoral nerve(L2,3)3.adductor longus-obrutor nerve(L2,3,4)4.adductor brevis-Obturator nerve(L2,3)5.adductor magnus-adductor part:obturator nerve. Hamstring part: tibial division of sciaticnerve(L2,3,4)6.obturator externus-obturator nerve (L3,4)Origins and insertion1.Gracilisorigin-the outer surface of ishiopubic ramus of the pelvis.Insert: medially on the proximal border of the tibia. It lies between Sartorius in the front, and semi-tendinosus behind.2.Pectineus:origin-attached to the pectineal line on the pelvis.Insert: to an oblique line that extends from the lesser trochanter to the linea aspera onposterior surface of the femur3.Adductor longusorigin-on the external surface of body of pelvis (on a triangular depression under the pubic crest and lateral to the symphysis.Insert:on the linea apsera on the middle of the shaft of femur.4.Adductor brevisorigin:lies posterior to the pectineus and adductor longus. Origin on body of pubis andinferior pubic ramus.Insert: posterior aspect of femur and upper aspect of linea aspera5.Adductor magnus: Largest and deepest muscle.Adductor part: origin-ischiopubic ramus.Insert: on the femus along the vertical line onto the medial supracondylar line.Hamstring part: origin-ischial tubesosity and descends inferiorly and vertically.Insert: into the adductor tubercle on the medial condyle of distal head off femur.6.Obturator externus:origin-external aspect of obturator membrane and adjacent bone. Merge posteriolaterally, posterior to the neck of femur and hip joint.Insert: into oval depression on the laterall wall of trochanteric fossaFuntion:7.Gracilis:adducts thigh at the hip joint. Flex leg at knee joint8.Pectineus: adduct and flex thigh at hip joint9.adductor longus: adducts and medially rotates thigh at hip joint10.adductor brevis:adducts thigh at hip joint11.adductor magnus:adducts and medially rotates thigh the hip joint12.obturator externus: laterally rotates thigh at hip jointPosterior compartmentInnervation1.Biceps femoris-long head: tibial division of the Sciatic nerve, short head: common fibulardivision of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)2.Semi tendinosus-sciatic nerve-tibial division (L5, S1, S2)3.Semi membranosus- sciatic nerve-tibial division (L5,S1,S2)Origin and insertion1.biceps femoris: lateral, got 2 heads.Long head: origin- inferiomedial part of the upper area of ischial tuberosity.Short head: lateral lip of linea aspera of femur.Insert: both heads form a tendon. Insert on lateral head of fibula2.Semi-tendinosus: medial to biceps femoris.Origin: inferiomedial part of upper area of ischial tuberosity, the muscle ends in the lower half of the shaft and →forms a long tendon→ curves on medial condyle of the tibia.Insert: medial surface of tibia, behind the tendon of gracilis and tendon of Sartorius.3.Semi-memrabnosus:lies deep to semi-tendinosus muscle.Origin: ischal tuberosity.Insert: medial tibial condyle.Function1.Biceps femoris: flex leg at knee joint. Long head extends and laterally rotates the hip. Whenknee is partelly flexed femoris can rotate leg laterally at knee joint2.Semi-tendinosus: flex leg at knee joint, extend thigh at hip joint. Also rotate thigh medially athip joint, and medially rotates the leg at knee joint3.Semi-membranosus: flex leg at knee joint, extends thigh at hip joint. Medially rotate thethigh at hip joint and leg and knee joint!Muscles of the LegPosterior compartmentSuperficial group : gastrocnemius, plantaris, soleusDeep group: popliteus, flexor hallicus longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posteriorLateral compartment: fibularis longus, Fibularis brevisAnterior compartment: tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, fibularis tertius.Lumbar plexus2 from 12 from 22 from 3The lumbar plexus is formed by anterior rami of L1-L3, and much of L4. It also got a little of T12 Nerves:1.Iliohypogastric nerve2.Ilio-inguinal nevre3.Genitofemoral nerve-femoral and genital branches.teral cutaneous nerve5.Obrutator nerve6.Femoral nerve(II G ot L ove O f F amily)Iliohypogastric nerve and ilio-inguinal nevre comes from L1 (2 from 1)Genitofemoral nerve comes from L1+L2 and Lateral cutaneous nerve comes from L2+L3 (2 from 2) Obrutator nerve comes from L2+L3+L4 and Femoral nerve comes from L2+L3+L4. (2 from 3)Funtion1.Iliohypogastric nerve L1Motor: internal oblique and transverses abdominis muscleSensory: posteriolateral gluteal skin and skin in pubic region2.Ilio-inguinal nevre L1Motor: internal oblique and transverses abdominis muscleSensory:skin of upper medial thigh. And skin over the root of male gender and anteriorscrotum OR mons pubis labius majus3.Genitofemoral nerve L1+L2Motor: Genital branch→-Male: innevates cremasteric muscleSensory: Genital branch→Male:skin on anterior scrotum. Female: skin of mons pubis andlabium majus. Femoral branch→ supply upper anterior thigh.teral cutaneous nerve L2+L3Motor: noSensory: supply anterior and lateral thigh down to the knee5.Obrutator nerve L2+3+4 anterior and posterior branches. Both supply:Motor:medial compartment of thighSensory: skin of medial aspect of thigh6.Femoral nerve L2+3+4Motor:iliacus, pectineus, Sartorius, rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius,vastus lateralis muscles. Articular branches supply hip and knee joint!Sensory:skin of anterior surface of thigh, and saphenous nerve supplies skin of the medialsurcafe of the legFemoral arteryThe femoral artery is a continuation of the external iliac artery nad begins as the external iliac artery passes under the inguinal ligament to enter the femoral triangle.The femoral artery is palpable in the femoral triangle inferior to the inguinal ligament, between the anterior superior iliac spine and the symphysis.1.First the femoral artery passes vertically down the femoral triangle, then enter theadductor canal2.Then leave through the adductor hiatus of the adductor magnus muscle3.After that it becomes the popliteal artery behind the knee.4 small branches branch from the femoral artery in the femoral tirangle: superficial epigastric artery, superficial circumflex iliac artery, superficial external pudendal artery, deep external pudendal artery. These branches supply lower abdomen, upper thigh and perineum.The biggest branch of femoral artery is Deep artery of thigh-originates from the lateral side of the femoral artery.1.The deep artery of thigh pass first between pectineus and adductor longus2.Then passes inferiorly and between adductor brevis and longus!3.Then more inferiorly it passes between adductor longus and adductor magnus,EVENTUALLY penetrate adductor magnus to connect with other branches of poplitealartery behind the knee.The deep artery of thigh has branches∙Lateral circumflex femoral artery∙Medial circumflex femoral artery∙ 3 perforating arteries.Lateral circumflex femoral artery: one ascending vessel: connect with a branch of the medial circumflex femoral artery to supply the head and neck of the femur.one descending vessel: connect with a branch of popliteal artery.and one transverse vessel: connects with other branches and circulate around the proximal shaft. Then form the cruciate (korsband) anastomosis around the hip.Medial circumflex femoral arteryThe main trunk of this artery is on the top of the adductor magnus, there it divides into 2 major branches deep to the quadrates femoris muscle:One branch: descends to the trochanteric fossa→connect with branches of the gluteal and lateral circumflex femoral artery.The other branch: passes laterally→connect with the lateral circumflex femoral artery+inferior gluteal artery+first perforating artery→forms an anastomotic network of vessels around the hipThe 3 perforating branches of Depp artery of thighThe deep artery of thigh descends in front of the adductor brevis muscle. The first perforating branch originates above the brevis, the seond one originates in front of the brevis, and the last third one originates below the brevis.All 3 penetrate the magnus muscle and supply the posterior compartment of the thighSaphenous veinThe largest superficial vein in the thigh.It originates from a venous arch in the foot and ascends along the medial side of the thigh. Then it enters the saphenous ring to connect with the femoral vein in the femoral triangle. (the saphenous ring lies just under the inguinal ligament)NervesFemoral nerve: originate from lumbar plexus L2-L4→enters the femoral triangle by passing under the inguinal ligament. In the triangle, the femoral nerve is lateral to the femoral artery.Before passing under the inguinal ligament: the femoral nerve gives off 2 branches: nerve to iliacus + nerve to pectenius.After passing under the inguinal ligament: divides to anterior and posterior branches. Anterior: gives anterior cutaneous branch→supply skin of the front thigh and knee.Posterior: gives of a long cutaneous branch→sephanous nerve→supply skin on the medial surface of the knee, leg + footObturator nerve: a branch of the lumbar plexus (L2-L4). Enter the psoas muscle and then comes out from the medial side of that muscle.Enter the medial compartment through the obturator canal. When it enters the thigh it divides to anterior and posterior branches, they have the adductor brevis between( seperates the two brnaches)Posterior: is posterior to the adductor brevis and anterior to the adductor magnus (the branch lies between these muscles)Supply: obturator externus, adductor brevis and part of adductor magnus.Anterior: is anterior to the adductor brevis, but lies under the adductor longus and pectenius muscles.Supply: gives branchs that supply the adductor longus, adductor brevis, gracilis. Cutaneous branches innervate the medial side of the thigh.Sciatic nerve: a branch of lumbosacral plexus (L4-S3). Descend into the posterior compartment of thigh. Innervate all muscles posteriorly. Near the knee, or sometimes within the pelvis, the sciatic nerve divides into tibial nerve and common fibular nerve. These to enter the popliteal fossa and join the popliteal artery and vein.Tibial nerve: supply all posterior muscles, except of the short head of biceps femoris muscle (that is innervated by the common fibular nerve).It enters the popliteal fossa→enter posterior compartment of the Leg→contineous to the footInnervates: all posterior muscle of the thigh (of the short head of biceps femoris muscle)Posteriolateral skin of the lower half of the Leg, lateral side of ankle and foot and little toe, skin of the foot, skin on the sole of the foot and toes.Common fibular nerve: first it enters the lateral aspect of the leg and then goes to the anterior aspect of the LegInnervates: all muscles in the lateral and anterior aspect of the Leg, extensor digitorum brevis (lies on the dorsal aspect of the foot). Skin of the lateral aspect of the Leg + ankle, and dorsal aspect of foot and toes.The inguinal canal.......Femoral canalThe femoral canal is an anatomical compartment, located in the anterior thigh. It is the smallest and most medial part of the femoral sheath.The femoral canal is located in the anterior thigh, within the femoral triangle.It has four borders and an opening:∙Medial border– Lacunar ligament.∙Lateral border– Femoral vein.∙Anterior border– Inguinal ligament.∙Posterior border– Pectineal ligament and superior rami of the pubis.The opening to the femoral canal is located at its superior border, known asthe femoral ring. The femoral ring is closed by a connective tissue layer –the femoral septum. This septum is pierced by the lymphatic vessels exiting the canal.The femoral canal contains:∙Lymphatic vessels – draining the deep inguinal lymph nodes.∙Deep lymph node – the lacunar node.∙Empty space.∙Loose connective tissue.The empty space allows distension(töjning?) of the adjacent femoral vein, so it can cope with increased venous return, or increased intra-abdominal pressure.Obturator canalAlmost vertically passageway at the anteriosuperior egde of obturator foramen. Borders:Above: superior pubic ramus (abturator groove)Below: by the upper margin of the obturator membrane(the membrane fills almost the entire obturator foramen), and by muscles (obturator externus and internus), the muscles are attached to the outer and inner surface of the membrane and surrounding bone.Obturator nerve and vessels enter thorugh this canal.Abdominall wall5 anteriolateral group3 flat muscles. The fibers begin posteriolaterally and pass→anteriorly∙Internal oblique, external oblique and transverses abdomunis muscles2 vertical muscles, near the midline∙Rectus abdominis and pyramidalis muscles.External oblique∙Most superficial, immediately under the superficial fascia.∙Its fibers pass inferiomedially∙Its aponeuroses are entwined(flätad) and forms the linea alba, which extends from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis∙The lower border of the aponeuroses forms the inguinal ligament on each side. It passes from anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle∙Other ligaments formed by extensions of the fiber of the inguinal ligament are: Lacunar ligament→crescent(halvmåne) shaped, at the medial end of the inguinalligament, passed backward to attack to the pectin pubis on superior ramus ∙Another ligament is: pectineal (cooper’s ) ligament→extends from lacunar ligament along the pectin pubis of the pelvic brim.Internal oblique∙Deep to the external is the internal oblique muscle.∙It’s smaller and thinner∙Most of its fiber pass superiomedially (motsats till external, formar kors X) Transversus abdominis∙Deep to the internal oblique∙Named after the way most of its fiber pass. They pass transversallyTransversalis fascia: it’s a continuous layer of the deep fascia that lines the abdominal cavity, it continuous down to the pelvic cavity.Anteriorly: the fascia moves to the midline and is associated with the same fascia from the opposite side:Inferiorly: it is continuous with a fascia on the inferior surface of the diaphragmPosteriorly: it is continuous with the deep fascia posteriorly that covers the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall, then it attaches to the thoracolumbar fascia.The tranversalis fascia attaches to the fascia of the upper region of pelvic bone and pelvic cavity it’s called the parietal pelvic fasciaRectus abdominis∙Long flat muscle, paired muscle, separated in the midline by the linea alba. The muscle gets thinner and wider when it ascends from the pubix symphysis to thecostal margin. It is intersected (skuren) by 3 or 4 fibrous band called tendinousintersection, these are easily visible on well trained peoplePyramidalis∙Very small, anterior to rectus adbominis∙May be absent∙Base on pubis∙Apex on the linea alba (superiorly and medially)The Rectus SheathThe rectus sheath is formed by the aponeuroses of the three flat muscles, and encloses the rectus abdominus and pyramidalis muscles. It has an anterior and posterior wall for most of its length:∙The anterior wall is formed by the aponeuroses of the external oblique, and of half of the internal oblique, which splits at the lateral margin of the rectus abdomins∙The posterior wall is formed by the aponeuroses of half the internal oblique and of the transversus abdominus.Approximately midway between the umbilicus and the pubic symphysis, all of the aponeuroses move to the anterior wall of the rectus sheath. At this point, there is no posterior wall to the sheath; the rectus abdominus is in direct contact with the transversalis fascia.The area of transition between having a posterior wall, and no posterior wall is known as the arcuate line (is an arch of fibers)Innervation1.External oblique-anterior rami of lower six thoracic spinal nerve (T7 to T12)2.Internal oblique- anterior rami of lower six thoracic spinal nerve (T7 to T12) andL13.Transversus abdominis- anterior rami of lower six thoracic spinal nerve (T7 to T12)and L14.Anterior rami of lower 7 thoracic spinal nerve ( T7 to T12)5.Anterior ramus of T12Origin and insertion1.External obliqueOrigin: lower 8 ribs (rib 5-12)Insertion: lateral lip of iliac crest, aponeurosis ending in linea alba2.Internal obliqueOrigin: thoracolumbar fascia, lateral 2/3 of inguinal ligament, iliac crestInsertion: inferior border of 3 or 4 ribs, aponeurosis in linea alba,pubic crest and pectineal line3.Transversus abdominisOrigin: thoracolumbar fascia, medial lip of iliac crest, 1/3 of ingiúinal ligament, costal cartilage, lower 6 ribs (rib 7-12)Insertion: aponeurosis end in linea alba4.Rectus abdominisOrigin: pubic crest, pubic tubercle, and pubic symphysisInsertion: costal cartilage(rib 5-7)5.PyramidalisOrigin: its base on the pubis and pubic symphysisInsertion: its apex is attached to linea alba superiorly and mediallyFunctionExternal oblique: flex the trunk, lateral flexion, rotation of the vertebrae → turning anterior part of abdomen to OPPOSITE sideInternal oblique: flex the trunk, lateral flexion, rotation of the vertebrae → turning anterior part of abdomen to SAME sideTransversus abdominis: compress abdominal contents. Because of the transverse fibers this muscle can’t help with flexion of vertebraeRectus abdominis: flex vertebral column, tense abdominal wallPyramidalis: tense linea albaPopliteal fossaThe popliteal fossa is formed byThe margins of the upper part of the fossa:Medially: distal ends of semi-tendinosus and semi-membranosus muscleLaterally: by distal end of biceps femoris muscleThe margins of the lower part of the fossa:Medially: medial head of gasrtocnemius muscleLaterally: lateral head of gasrtocnemius muscle and plantaris muscle.Roof of the fossa: formed by deep fasciaFloor of the fossa: formed by the capsule of the knee joint, and a little bit of the femur and tibia, and more inferiorly by the popliteus muscle.Contents: popliteal artery and vein, and tibial and common fibular nerves.Medially of the fossa: artery (even most deep=hard to palpate). In the middle of the fossa: vein. Laterally of the fossa: nerve (The nerves are the most superficial of the fossa)The tibial nerve: desends through the fossa—exit to the medial margin of the plantaris and out of there→then it enters the posterior aspect of the LegCommon fibular nerve: follows the tendon of biceps femoris in the lateral margin of the fossa→ continuo to the lateral side of the fibula →enters lateral aspect of the Leg.Popliteal artery: is the major blood supply of leg and foot. It passes in the posterior compartment of the leg, and lies between the gastrocnemius and popliteus muscles.It passes under a tendinous arch (between fibula and tibia head) →then it reaches the posterior aspect of the leg and there is divides to anterior and posterior tibial artery.Anterior: passes through aperture in the interosseous membrane. supply anterior compartment of the leg and connineous to the dorsal aspect of the foot.Posterior:supply posterior and lateral compartments of the leg. It has 2 branches: circumflex fibular artery+fibular artery-----------The thoracic cavityThe thoracic cavity is enclosed by the thoracic wall and the diaphragm below. The diaphragm is subdivided into 3 major compartments: left & right pleural cavity, each surrounding a lung, and mediastium.MediastiumIt’s a central partition that separates th e 2 pleural cavities that encloses each lung.It extends from the sternum to the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae and from the superior thoracic aperture to the diaphragm(inferior thoracic aperture)Borders of the mediastium:Lateral: It’s made by the med ial aspect of the parietal pleuraInferior: formed by the diaphragmSuperior: formed by the superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet)Posterior: formed by the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae.The mediastium contains:∙The heart∙Thymus gland∙Pericardial sac∙The trachea, and the major arteries and veinsThe mediastium is separated into the superior mediastium and inferior mediastium. It’s a horizontal plane passing through the sterna angle and the intervertebral disc between T-4 and T-5 that seperates the mediastium.Inferior mediastiumThe inferior part is further subdivided into anterior, middle and posterior mediastium. It’s divided by the pericardium, that encloses the pericardial cavity surrounding the heart.The anterior: lies between the sternum and the pericardiumThe posterior: lies between the pericardium( that encloses the heart) and the thoracic vertebrae.The middle: the pericardium and the heart is the middle mediastium.Anterior mediastiumPosterior to the sternum, anterior to the pericardial sacBorders:∙Superior border: a line from the sterna angle to the intervertebral disc between T-4 and T-5 vertebrae (seperates it from the superior mediastium)∙Inferior border: diaphragm∙Lateral border: bordered by the mediastinal part of parietal pleura on either side.Contents: a portion of thymus, fat, lymphnodes, connective tissue, thoracic vessels and ligament.Posterior mediastiumPosterior to the pericardial sac and diaphragm, anterior to the thoracic vertebraeBorders∙Superior: a line from the sterna angle to the intervertebral disc between T-4 and T-5 vertebrae (seperates it from the superior mediastium)∙Inferior: diaphragm∙Laterally: bordered by the mediastinal part of parietal pleura on either side.Middle mediastiumThe pericardium is a fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the major vessels. It’s composed of two things:1.Fibrous pericardium- tough connective tissue-defines the boundaries of the middlemediastium- innervated by the frenic nerve and supplied by the peri-cardiaco-phrenic vessels2.Serous pericardium-thin and consist of two layers: parietal layer→lines the innersurface of the fibrous percarium. The other layer is: viscerallayer(epicardium)→forms the hearts outer covering.Vessels & nervesPericardium is supplied by branches of:1.Internal thoracic artery2.Peri-cardiaco-phrenic artery3.Musculophrenic artery4.Inferior phrenic arteryNerves: pericardium is inntervated by branches of the vagus nerve (X), the symphatic trunks and the phrenic nerves.The parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium come together at the roots of the great vessels. The space between them contains a fluid called the pericardial cavity.This space allows for the uninhibited movement of the heart.Superior mediastium: posterior to the manubrium of the sternum and anterior to the first 4 thoracic vertebrae.The boundaries:Superiorly: an oblique plane passing from the jagular notch to the upper border of the first thoracic vertebraeInferiorly:a plane passng from sterna angle to the intervertebral disc between T-4 and T-5 (separates it from the inferior mediastium)Laterally: it is bordere by the mediastinal part of the parietal pleura on either side.It includes following structures:1.Thymus2.Trachea3.Thoracic duct4.Superior vena cava5.Left superior intercostals vein6.Left recurrent laryngeal branch of the left vagus nerve7.Right and left brachio-cephalic veins8.Arch of the aorta with its 3 large branches9.Esophagus10.Vagus nerve11.Phrenic nerve12.Other small nerves, vessels and lymphatics.Pleural cavitiesOne on either side of the mediastiumSuperiorly the extend above the first rib, into the root of the neckInferiorly they extend to the level just above the costal margin.Medially it is bordered by the mediastium.Each pleura is divided into 2 major types, based on location:Parietal pleura-associated with the walls of the pleural cavityVisceral pleura-the line that surround each lung, adheres and cover the lung.The pleural cavity is a space enclosed by the 2 pleura types. In the space there are a serous fluid.Parietal pleura3 parts: pleura related to the ribs and intercostals space is: the costal partPleura covering the diaphragm is: the diaphragmatic partPleura covering the mediastium is: the mediastinal partHilum of lung: it on the medial side of the lung, where the root of the lung is. It’s on the level of T-5 to T-7. Here the pleura from the upper and lower part is not attached to each other. From here structures like vessels, nerves, airway, lymphatics pass through between lung and mediastium. Here the mediastinal pleura is attached directly to the visceral pleura (no parietal pleura between).Only the parietal pleura is innervated and we can feel pain, the visceral is not innervated and we can’t feel pain there.Visceral pleuraIt’s attached to the surface of lung. The visceral is continuous with the parietal at the hilum of lung.Pleural recessesThe lungs do not completely fill the anterior/posterior inferior regions of the pleural cavities. This result in recess in which 2 parietal cavities face each other.During forced inspiration the lungs can extend into these regions (fills the regions). There are 2 kind of recesses: costomediastinal recess and costodiaphragmatic recessCostomediastinal recess: occurs on the medially but more on the inferior aspect, where costal pleura faces the mediastinal pleura. The largest recess is on the left side.costodiaphragmatic recess: the lagest and most important recess, which occurs between the costal pleura and the diaphragmatic pleura. The recess’s boundaries is the inferior margin of the lung to the inferior margin of the pleural cavity.After forced expiration: the recess is deppest. After forced inspiration: the recess is shallowest (thinnest)。
小学上册第十二次英语第一单元测验卷
小学上册英语第一单元测验卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The ________ (compass) shows directions.2.The ____ is often seen in gardens foraging for food.3.Which fruit is red and often used in pies?A. BananaB. CherryC. OrangeD. Kiwi4.What is the capital of Iceland?A. ReykjavikB. OsloC. HelsinkiD. CopenhagenA Reykjavik5.The sun is shining ________.6.The Earth's structure can be understood through the study of ______ waves.7.The horse gallops across the ______.8.helps plants to __________ (生长). Sunlight9.The __________ is the part of a plant that absorbs sunlight.10.I want to _______ (去探访) a farm.11.The __________ (法国大革命) changed France's political landscape.12.We should _____ (encourage) pollinator habitats.13.The ________ can live in water.14.My grandmother is a __________ (历史学家).15. A circuit breaker protects against electric ______.16.The squirrel gathers nuts before _________. (冬天)17.What do we call the person who teaches in school?A. DoctorB. TeacherC. ChefD. Artist18.ers bloom only at ______. (有些花只在夜间开放。
Spinning superstrings at two loops strong-coupling corrections to dimensions of large-twist
2
shall focus on the first possibility, i.e. on the “semiclassical scaling small” limit or SCSS (called “slow long string limit” in [11])1 SCSS : ℓ=
1 π
R. Roibana,b, 1 and A.A. Tseytlinb,c, 2 Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 , USA b The Isaac Newton Institute, Cambridge, U.K. c Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
a
1 2
radu@ Also at Lebedev Institute, Moscoion
The spinning folded closed string state in AdS5 for which the difference between the energy E and the spin S scales as ln S [1] played a remarkable role in the recent progress in the quantitative understanding of the AdS/CFT duality (see, e.g., [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]). With spin J in S 5 added [2], this state can be thought of as being dual to Tr(D S ΦJ ) operators in the sl(2) sector of the N = 4 SYM theory, interpolating between the near-BMN operators for √ J ≫ S and small-twist operators for small J . The resulting quantum string energy E (S, J, λ) (or the gauge theory anomalous dimension ∆ = E − S − J ) is a non-trivial function of three arguments that can be explored in various limits, uncovering and testing important features of the underlying Bethe ansatz [8]. Our aim here will to compute the 2-loop string correction to this energy in an important J -dependent scaling limit [5, 11], extending earlier 2-loop result found in the J = 0 case [13, 16], and to compare it to the prediction made recently in [14] on the basis of a conjectured relation of this scaling limit to the O (6) sigma model. √ Let us begin by reviewing what is known about E (S, J, λ) in various relevant limits. String 1 with the semiclassical expansion can be organized as an expansion in the inverse tension or √ λ S J semiclassical parameters S = √ , J =√ (or “frequencies”) being kept fixed [2, 11] λ λ E = √ √ 1 1 1 λ E (S , J , √ ) = λ E0 (S , J ) + √ E1 (S , J ) + √ E2 (S , J ) + ... . λ λ ( λ )2 (1)
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Tongue Twister 2
[f]
1.Five fat French fleas freeze. 五只肥胖的法国跳蚤冻住了。
2.The firefighter fell from the fifth floor. 消防员从五楼掉了下来。
3.He filled the fridge with fresh fruit and other food. 他将新鲜水果和其它食品填满冰箱。
4.Fish fresh fried. Fried fresh fish. Fish fried fresh. Fresh fried fish. 油炸的新鲜鱼。
[v]
5.I love every view of the valley. 我爱山谷的每一个景致。
6.He saved twelve gloves for Vera. 他为维拉保存了12只手套。
7.Vandals waxed Valerie’s white van. 汪达尔人给瓦莱尼亚的白色货车打蜡。
8.The vicious visitors visited the virtual village. 恶毒的访问者拜访了虚拟的村庄。
[s]
9.Speak less and listen more. 少说多听。
10.The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 太阳从东方升起，从西方落下。
11.Miss Smith wants us to send her a silk dress. 史密斯小姐希望我们寄一条真丝裙给她。
12.Small smart snakes smelt smoked steaks. 聪明的小蛇闻出了熏牛排的味道。
[z]
13.Please excuse those boys. 请原谅那些男孩子。
14.There are roses and daisies in the vase. 花瓶里有玫瑰和雏菊。
15.Britain rules the waves, Mussolini waives the rules. 不列颠统治海洋，墨索里尼藐视制度。
16.Ray’s wife raised rice. The rice Ray’s wife raised was wild rice. 雷的妻子种水稻。
雷的妻子
种的水稻是野水稻。
[θ]
17.All things thrive at thrice. 万事成功于再三尝试。
18.Something is better than nothing. 有总好过没有。
19.Thick ticks think thin ticks are sick. 粗勾勾认为细勾勾令人讨厌。
20.He thought deeply about health, faith and death. 他深沉地思考着健康、信仰和死亡的问题。
[ð]
21.That leather is smoother than this. 那张皮比这张平滑。
22.Neither the father nor the mother went farther. 父亲和母亲都没有继续往前走。
23.Those warm words soothed both brother and sister. 那些温暖的话安抚了兄妹的心。
24.The father asked the mother whether she has bathed the baby. 父亲问母亲她是否已经给婴
儿洗澡。
[ʃ]
25.The shop sells the best fashion of shoes. 这家商店卖的鞋最时尚。
26.The chef was good at making fish dishes. 这位厨师做鱼很拿手。
27.The shy girl blushed and rushed out of the shop. 那羞涩的女孩脸一红，冲出了商店。
28.She sells seashells on the shining seashore and the shells she sells are seashells, I’m sure. 她
在阳光灿烂的沙滩上卖海贝壳，我确定她卖的贝壳是海贝壳。
[ʒ]
29.It’s my pleasure to do the measure. 我很乐意量尺寸。
30.Following the collision was confusion. 碰撞后是一片混乱。
31.Television programs bring children great pleasure. 电视节目给孩子带来了许多欢乐。
32.It’s their decision to make a film version of “Treasure Island”. 是他们决定要将《金银岛》搬
上银幕的。
[h]
33.I hope you’ll have a happy holiday. 希望你假日愉快。
34.He hurt his hand with a heavy hammer. 他用锤子砸伤了手。
35.Her husband hurried home because he was hungry. 她的丈夫因为肚子饿而赶回了家。
36.The hairy hare stares at the hairier hare, and the hairier hare stares at the hairiest hare. 多毛的
野兔盯着更多毛的野兔，更多毛的野兔盯着最多毛的野兔。
[tʃ]
37.Richard draws a picture each day. 理查德每天都画一幅画。
38.That charming French child came in March. 那个迷人的法国孩子是三月份来的。
39.Charles had chicken and French fries for lunch. 查尔斯中餐吃的是鸡和炸薯条。
40.Charlie’s chilly cheap chip shop sells Charlie’s cheap chips. 查理寒冷的卖便宜炸薯片的商
店卖查理便宜的炸薯片。
[dʒ]
41.Jack and Jill enjoyed their marriage. 杰克和吉尔很享受他们的婚姻。
42.George drove his jeep across a large bridge. 乔治架着他的吉普车穿过了那座大桥。
43.The German actor fell off the edge of the stage. 那个德国演员从舞台边上掉了下去。
44.Is it a jar of orange juice or a jar of apple juice in the cage? 笼子里是一罐橙汁还是一罐苹
果汁呢？。