06 减词法(翻译)
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第六章 常用翻译技巧-减词法(省略法)
7.We knew spring was coming as (because) we had seen a robin. 我们看见了一只知更鸟，知道春天快要到了。 （省略表示原因的连词） 8. If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？ （省略表示条件的连词）
二、从修辞角度来看
（1）对重复出现的有些英语句子，英译汉时可作适 当省略。 Applicants who had worked at a job would receive Preference over those who had not. 所有申请者中，有工作经验的优先录取。 （试比较：“所有申请者中，有工作经验的，比没有 工作经验的，优先录取。”）
他消瘦而憔悴，看上去一副可怜相。
2. We live and learn. 活到老，学到老。
(译文中省略了作 主语的人称代词)
English-Chinese Written Translation. Copyright (C) 2006 by Wei Jianhua. All Rights Reserved
English-Chinese Written Translation. Copyright (C) 2006 by Wei Jianhua. All Rights Reserved
(四) 省略前置词（介词）
13. The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949. 一九四九年中华人民共和国成立。 （省略表时间的in） （试比较：中华人民共和国成立于一九四九年。） 14. Smoking is prohibited in public places. 公共场所禁止吸烟。 （省略表地点的in） （试比较：不准在公共场所吸烟。） “鱼跃于渊”
9.翻译技巧之减词法
• Whether the laws are good or bad, they cannot complain, they cannot question, they cannot suggest changes. • 无论法律是否公正，他们都无法抱怨、无法 无论法律是否公正，他们都无法抱怨、 质疑、无法建议修改。 质疑、无法建议修改。
• 2.英语中的泛指人称代词作主语时，常常可以省略， 英语中的泛指人称代词作主语时，常常可以省略， 英语中的泛指人称代词作主语时 翻译成无主句。 翻译成无主句。 • As you come into the room, you’ll notice a piano. • 一进房间门，就会看见一台钢琴。 一进房间门，就会看见一台钢琴。 • One can never be too careful in one’s work. • 工作越仔细越好。 工作越仔细越好。 • Fight when you can win; move away when you cannot win. • 打得赢就打，打不赢就走。 打得赢就打，打不赢就走。 • We have 7 days a week and 24 hours a day. • 一周有七天，一天有 小时。 一周有七天，一天有24小时 小时。
• 3. 作宾语的代词 翻译时也可以省略 宾语的代词 翻译时也可以省略. 的代词,翻译时也可以省略 • Please take off the old picture and throw it away. • 请把那张旧画摘下来扔掉。 请把那张旧画摘下来扔掉。 • Gathering facts, confirming them, suggesting theories, testing them, and organizing findings– this is all work of science. • 收集事实并加以论证，提出理论并加以检验，以 收集事实并加以论证，提出理论并加以检验， 及整理研究成果——这全都是科学工作的内容。 这全都是科学工作的内容。 及整理研究成果 这全都是科学工作的内容
2006-2007第一学期汉英翻译课程参考答案(试卷A)
2006-2007第一学期汉英翻译课程参考答案（试卷A）制定教师：田翠芸审核人：____________ 考试时间：2007－1－10一、按要求翻译下列句子或段落（30%）（40 minutes）1．词语的理解与搭配（共5分）（1）他们意识到学习知识的重要性。
（1分）They are aware of the importance of acquiring knowledge.（2）夜已很深了。
（1分）The night is well advanced. /It was in the dead of night. (in the dead of night夜深人静时) /It was late at night. (汉英）（×The night is deep. ）（3）每晚我都要花一小时学习政治理论和企业管理知识。
（1分）I would spend one hour every evening studying political theories and acquiring knowledge concerning business management. (×I would spend one hour every evening studying political theories and knowledge concerning business management.)（4）新学期已经过去了一星期了。
（1分）One week has passed since the new term began. (×Our new term has passed one week).（5）这种型号的车床价格便宜。
（1分）The price of the lathe of this type is low. (×The price of the lathe of this type is cheap).2．增词法(共4分)（1）留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。
第4讲英汉翻译中增词法和减词法
1.1.1英语中的名词为复数形式时 (1) I saw bubbles rising from under the water. (2) The first electronic computers went into
operation in 1945.
第4讲英汉翻译中增词法和减词法
(3) Cargo insurance is to protect the trader from losses that many dangers may cause.
第4讲英汉翻译中增词法和减词法
1.2 语义的需要（意义表达）
1.2.5 被动语态句中的谓语
(1)All matter is known to possess weight. 。 (2)The plan is considered practical.
第4讲英汉翻译中增词法和减词法
1.2 语义的需要（意义表达）
1.1.3 增加量词
(1) To the east and the south a faint pink is spreading.
(2) The sun rose thinly from the sea. (3) A stream was winding its ways through
the valley into the river.
第4讲英汉翻译中增词法和减词法
1.2 语义的需要（意义表达）
1.2.9 无连词的并列句
Liquids contract in freezing; water is an important exception to the rule.
第4讲英汉翻译中增词法和减词法
1.2 语义的需要（意义表达）
his great arms about his mother’s neck and then was away. 3) Ice is a solid. If we heat it, it melts and becomes water. 4)The products should be sampled to check their quality before
operation in 1945.
第4讲英汉翻译中增词法和减词法
(3) Cargo insurance is to protect the trader from losses that many dangers may cause.
第4讲英汉翻译中增词法和减词法
1.2 语义的需要（意义表达）
1.2.5 被动语态句中的谓语
(1)All matter is known to possess weight. 。 (2)The plan is considered practical.
第4讲英汉翻译中增词法和减词法
1.2 语义的需要（意义表达）
1.1.3 增加量词
(1) To the east and the south a faint pink is spreading.
(2) The sun rose thinly from the sea. (3) A stream was winding its ways through
the valley into the river.
第4讲英汉翻译中增词法和减词法
1.2 语义的需要（意义表达）
1.2.9 无连词的并列句
Liquids contract in freezing; water is an important exception to the rule.
第4讲英汉翻译中增词法和减词法
1.2 语义的需要（意义表达）
his great arms about his mother’s neck and then was away. 3) Ice is a solid. If we heat it, it melts and becomes water. 4)The products should be sampled to check their quality before
翻译技法-减词法
1.这决不是明朝的建筑。 That is anything but a building of the Ming Dynasty. 2. 他无可指责。 He is above blame. 3.这座大厦历经大地震后毫发未损，仍然屹立不倒。 The building survived the great earthquake, remained intact and was still standing there.
省词法
一。连词的翻译法
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. She has to do all the cleaning and washing and cooking and shopping and a hundred and one other things. How long will it be before supper is ready? You cannot learn anything until you rid yourself of complacency. It is four years that he has lived here. He didn’t tell me the truth, though I knew it. He occasionally gave a nod, as if in confirmation of some opinion, though he was not thinking of anything in particular.
英语是形合语言，词与词之间，分句与分句之间要靠连词联结，因此连词使用很 频繁。汉语是意合语言，分句间多靠意义联结。英语的连词在使用上有两 种情况：a. 同时兼有结构意义合所指意义； b. 只有结构意义而不具所指意 义。 英汉语连词往往不能等同：but 但， before 在…之前
省词法
一。连词的翻译法
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. She has to do all the cleaning and washing and cooking and shopping and a hundred and one other things. How long will it be before supper is ready? You cannot learn anything until you rid yourself of complacency. It is four years that he has lived here. He didn’t tell me the truth, though I knew it. He occasionally gave a nod, as if in confirmation of some opinion, though he was not thinking of anything in particular.
英语是形合语言，词与词之间，分句与分句之间要靠连词联结，因此连词使用很 频繁。汉语是意合语言，分句间多靠意义联结。英语的连词在使用上有两 种情况：a. 同时兼有结构意义合所指意义； b. 只有结构意义而不具所指意 义。 英汉语连词往往不能等同：but 但， before 在…之前
翻译中减词.
动词的省译
These facts are related to the problem. 这些事实与这个问题有关。（汉语用介词结构做谓语） These animals made an adjustment to the new environment in a short time. 这些动物短时间内就适应了新环境。 Oculists find that a child’s eyes do not reach full development until about twelve years of age. 眼科医生发现，儿童的眼睛要到大约12岁才发育完全。 Now we have solved the problem and have arrived at the same conclusion as they arrived at. 现在我们已解决了这个问题，并且得出了和他们相同的结论。
Exercises
If you are a twinkler, you have the ability to walk into a room and bring the sunshine with you, making everyone else want to bask in it. 满怀喜悦的人能把阳光带进他所走进的房间， 使别人愿意沐浴在这阳光中.
As it is late, let us go to bed. 不早啦，睡吧！ The city has a dense manufacturing population. 这个城市有稠密的工业人口。 The products should be sampled to check their quality before they leave the factory. 产品出厂前应该进行抽样检查。 Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers… 史书上最经常出现、最为显赫的人物，大多是些伟 大的征服者、将军和军事家。
减词法(omission)
strength. 当兵的应该效忠祖国。
骆驼的力量远不及大象。
英语中有许多含有不定冠词的常用 短语。汉译时，这种短语中的不定冠词一般省略不译。 on a large scale 大规模的 a large number of 大量 as a matter of fact 事实上 make an exception of 将……除外 on a fifty-fifty basis
He hid behiຫໍສະໝຸດ d the door. 他躲在门背后。
3．其他介词的省略
一些用于其他场合的介词短语，汉译时若译文 已明确体现有关介词的意思，这些介词也经常 减译，以避免画蛇添足之嫌。
(1) The products produced by this factory are good in quality and low in price.
一、 由于英汉语法差异而造成的省译
1.省略代词 2.省略代词it 3.省略连接词 4.省略冠词 5.省略介词
二、逻辑上的省译
三、修辞上的省译
语法差异而造成的省译
省略代词（英语代词的使用频率远远高于汉语。因此，英文汉译时往往
按照汉语习惯将原文中的一些代词省略)
一、省略作主语的人称代词
1.根据汉语习惯，在指代关系明确的情况下，假如前后两句
在对开分的基础上
go a long way 达到很远，用得很久
但是,在不定冠词明显地表示数量 “一”，或是表示“每一”、“同一”之 意时，往往就不宜将其减译。 She stared at me without saying a word.
她一句话不说地瞪着我。
（五）省略介词
1.表示时间的介词常可省略不译
个虚词，并不指代上下文中具体的事物，一般主要用于表示自然 现象、时间、距离、环境及一般情况等。汉译时，常将这一非人 称代词it省略。）
骆驼的力量远不及大象。
英语中有许多含有不定冠词的常用 短语。汉译时，这种短语中的不定冠词一般省略不译。 on a large scale 大规模的 a large number of 大量 as a matter of fact 事实上 make an exception of 将……除外 on a fifty-fifty basis
He hid behiຫໍສະໝຸດ d the door. 他躲在门背后。
3．其他介词的省略
一些用于其他场合的介词短语，汉译时若译文 已明确体现有关介词的意思，这些介词也经常 减译，以避免画蛇添足之嫌。
(1) The products produced by this factory are good in quality and low in price.
一、 由于英汉语法差异而造成的省译
1.省略代词 2.省略代词it 3.省略连接词 4.省略冠词 5.省略介词
二、逻辑上的省译
三、修辞上的省译
语法差异而造成的省译
省略代词（英语代词的使用频率远远高于汉语。因此，英文汉译时往往
按照汉语习惯将原文中的一些代词省略)
一、省略作主语的人称代词
1.根据汉语习惯，在指代关系明确的情况下，假如前后两句
在对开分的基础上
go a long way 达到很远，用得很久
但是,在不定冠词明显地表示数量 “一”，或是表示“每一”、“同一”之 意时，往往就不宜将其减译。 She stared at me without saying a word.
她一句话不说地瞪着我。
（五）省略介词
1.表示时间的介词常可省略不译
个虚词，并不指代上下文中具体的事物，一般主要用于表示自然 现象、时间、距离、环境及一般情况等。汉译时，常将这一非人 称代词it省略。）
英语翻译之减词法
• We assure you of our reciprocating your courtesy at any time.
• 除了英语中的代词和连接词在汉语译文中 可以省略外，还有冠词、动词不定式符号、 部分介词等均可以省略。
• 冠词的减译法：
• Winter is the best time to study the growth of trees. Although the leaves are gone and the branches are bare, the trees themselves are beautiful.
• 译文：这正是近两个世纪（即自从一种复杂的、 相互依赖的货币经济开始取代相对自给自足的前 商业化社会）以来全世界工业化国家所谓的“经 济周期”。
• Without making foreign direct investment commitments, firms can engage in international business through exporting and importing, licensing of non-affiliated foreign firms, sale of technology, foreign management contracts, and selling turnkey projects.
• 增词法练习： • 1. The quantity you required is so small that we
shall have to burden ourselves with extra freight because the shipping charges are less than the minimum freight.
• 除了英语中的代词和连接词在汉语译文中 可以省略外，还有冠词、动词不定式符号、 部分介词等均可以省略。
• 冠词的减译法：
• Winter is the best time to study the growth of trees. Although the leaves are gone and the branches are bare, the trees themselves are beautiful.
• 译文：这正是近两个世纪（即自从一种复杂的、 相互依赖的货币经济开始取代相对自给自足的前 商业化社会）以来全世界工业化国家所谓的“经 济周期”。
• Without making foreign direct investment commitments, firms can engage in international business through exporting and importing, licensing of non-affiliated foreign firms, sale of technology, foreign management contracts, and selling turnkey projects.
• 增词法练习： • 1. The quantity you required is so small that we
shall have to burden ourselves with extra freight because the shipping charges are less than the minimum freight.
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三、省略连词
• • • • • • • • • • • • He looked gloomy and troubled. 他看上去有些忧愁不安。 Despite the privation, and the mounting toll of dead and wounded, morale remained intact, and people still smile in the street. 尽管供应不足，伤亡增加，然而士气并未受到影响。街上，人们照常脸有笑容。 We know spring was coming because we had seen a robin. 我们看到了一只知更鸟，知道春天快要到了。 If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 如果冬天来了，春天还会远吗？ You’ve got to be careful of these eastern lawyers. If you are not careful, they’ll take you and turn you inside out. 对这些东部的律师可得小心/提防。你若一不小心，他们就会抓/逮住你，把你整的够呛。 At last, on June 6, 1944, after the European war basically decided and Hitler licked, the allies launched their long-delayed western front. 一九四四年六月六日，在欧洲战局基本已见分晓、希特勒败局已定之后，盟军才终于开辟 了（他们的）久违的西线战场。
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• A boy is always a boy. • 孩子总是孩子。
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六、适当省略原文重复或在汉语中略显啰嗦的表达
• Instead of one old woman knocking me about and starving me, everybody of all ages knocked me about and starved me. • 那时打我并且使我挨饿的不只是一个老太婆，而是老老少少各式各样的人。 • As scheduled, American and Chinese diplomats met on January 20, at the Chinese Embassy. It was their first get-together in more than two years. • 美中两国外交官按照预定计划于一月二十日在（波兰）中国大使馆会晤。这是 两年来第一次。 • University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not. • 报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先。 • There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead. • 天没有下雪，树叶从树上落下来，草叶枯死了。 • 天未下雪，但叶落草枯。
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二、省略代词：泛指的人称代词
• We live and learn. • 我们活到老，学到老。 • You can never tell. • 你很难说。 • Everywhere you can find new types of men and objects in New China. • 新中国你处处可以看到新人、新事物。 • Even as the doctor was recommending rest, he know that this in itself was not enough, that one could never get real rest without a peaceful mind. • 尽管医生建议休息，他知道休息本身是不够的，如果心情不平静，一个 人是休息不好的。acher should have patience in his work. • 当教员的应当有耐心。 • The horse is a useful animal. • 马是有益的动物。 • The moon was slowly rising above the sea. • 月亮慢慢从海上升起。 • The girl standing at the window is his sister. • 站在窗口的（那个）姑娘是他妹妹。
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• And on June 5, 1985, we’ll celebrate our victory. • 一九八五年六月五日，我们将庆祝胜利。 • Smoking is not allowed in the store-house. • 仓库禁止吸烟。 • 仓库重地，禁止吸烟。 • Many factories have been set up since liberation in their home town. • 解放以来，他们的故乡建立了许多新的工厂。
• 注意：省略不是把原文中的思想内容随意删去，而只是删去一些可有 可无的，或者有了反嫌累赘，抑或违背译入语习惯的词。
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二、省略代词：人称代词（主格、宾格）、物主代词
• But it’s the way I am, and try as I might, I haven’t been able to change it. • 但我就是这个脾气，我虽然几经努力，我却未能改变过来。 • Laura wished now that she was not holding that piece of breadand-butter, but she had nowhere to put it and she couldn’t possibly throw it away. • 这时劳拉宁愿她手里没有这块涂上黄油的面包，她拿着又没有地方放， 她又不可能扔掉。 • The more he tried to hide his warts, the more he revealed them. • 他越是要掩盖他的烂疮疤，就越是会暴露他们。 • She laid her hand lightly on his arm as if to thank him it. • 她轻轻地把手放在他的胳膊上，好像要感谢他（好像表示感谢）。
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• You must excuse me, I shall not speak of the matter again. • 请你原谅我，我以后不再提这事了。 • He sat, cursing himself, till his tea was stewed. • 他坐着咒骂自己，直到把他的茶煮浓了。 • I am 78 years old; I have been confined to my room with a paralytic stroke for the past 14 months. • 我七十八岁了；由于患了瘫痪性中风，十四个月来一直呆自 己房间。 • 我七十八岁了；中风导致瘫痪，十四个月来一直出不了门。
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四、省略介词
• The people’s Republic of China was found in 1949. • 一九四九年中华人民共和国成立。 • 中华人民共和国成立于一九四九年。 • In July, 1956, Egypt had seized the Suez Canal. • 一九五六年七月，埃及占领了苏伊士运河。 • Smoking is prohibited in public places. • 公共场所禁止吸烟。 • Now complaints are heard in all parts of that country. • 该国各地怨声载道。 • “Contrary, then,” answered another, in deep but softened tones. “And now, kiss me, for minding so well.” • “那好，相反，”另一个人以深沉而柔和的语调答道。“那就亲亲我吧， 我学得 这么用心。”
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• I can do it, and so can you. • 我能做，所以你也能做。 • When the board was spinning slowly, you could see all the different colors. • 当纸板慢慢旋转的时候，你就能看出各种不同颜色。 • If it should rain tomorrow, I shall stay at home. • 假如明天下雨我就呆在家里不出去。 • As the temperature increases, the volume of water becomes greater. • 随着温度增高，水的体积就增大。
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• I saw a boy and a girl on my way home. The boy and had a book and the girl a doll. • 我回家时，看见一个男孩子和一个女孩子。男孩子拿着一本 书，女孩子抱着一个洋娃娃。
• When I got to the wharf, the steamer had already started. • 当我到码头的时候，汽船已经开了。
减词法/省略
王贵华
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一、基本概念
• 省略法是指在翻译是舍去原文中需要而译文中不需要的成分。“省略 或减词基本上是改善汉语行文的手段。英文中有些词在译文中不一定 个个都要写出来，写了不能算错，但省略掉会使译文更简洁。 • 主要有两种情况： – 原文中的某些词所表达的意思已经融入译文中，无须再用一个专 门的词汇来表达，特别是译入语中没有或不活跃的词类。也就是 说，译文中虽无其词而已有其意，不言而喻。 – 原文中某些重复的表达，在译文中可以承前或承后省略。