跨文化交际要点整理

1. Culture: All the material and spiritual things created by man.2. Communication: Transmission of information/feelings between a sender and a receiver.3. Intercultural/Cross-cultural communication: Communication between people of any two different cultures between countries or within a country.4. Intercultural communication: Usually communication between members of the same culture.5. Intercultural (communicative) competence: Knowledge, attitudes and ability / skills required for intercultural communication.6. Racial, ethnic, international communication: Communication between races, ethnic groups or nations.7. Contact, encounter, interaction, exchange, dialog, negotiation, etc.Culture The total sum of material and spiritual wealth created by the mankind in the process of the social and historical development, especially literature, art, science, technology, architecture, education, traditions and customs, etc.Characteristics of culture:(1) Culture is learned:(2) Culture is dynamic and adaptive:(3) Culture is pervasive (传遍):(4) Culture is interrelated: Spring Festival(5) Culture is largely invisible:(6) Culture is ethnocentric:种族优越感Cultural identity:One’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. intercultural identity：One’s sense of belonging to more than one particular culture or ethnic group in an intercultural situation.Types of intercultural identity /acculturation(1) Assimilation 融入型: Breaking away from one’s ethnic culture and trying to identify with the dominant culture;(2) Integration 融合型: Maintaining contact with the dominant culture while retaining the core values of one’s ethnic culture;(3) Separation 分离型: Adhering to one’s ethnic culture and shunning the dominant culture in the foreign environment;(4) Marginalization 边缘型: Alienated from and unidentified with either one’s ethnic culture or the dominant culture.Communication: Transmission of information between a sender and a receiver. Ingredients/process of communication:Source：The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate. Encoding：Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.Message：The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.Channel：The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print,electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.Noise：The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.Receiver：The receiver is the person who attends to the message.Decoding：Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process.Receiver response：It refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.Feedback：Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.Context：The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.Characteristics of communication:(1) Communication is dynamic: p44(2) Communication is symbolic:(3) Communication is irreversible(4) Communication is transactional:(5) Communication is self-reflective: Thinking about oneself.(6) Communication is contextual and systematic:The necessity and importance of intercultural communication1) It is a historical trend of the modern world: globalization and glocalization;2) It improves ties and enhances understanding between different peoples;3) It reduces the possibilities of conflicts and the dangers of war between nations4) It increases international trade and stimulates domestic economy5) It promotes exchanges in various fields including culture, education, technology, et6) It helps environmental protection on a global scale.Types and features of intercultural communication:1) Intercultural communication: Between different cultures;2) Interethnic communication: Between different ethnic groups;3) Interracial communication: Between different races;4) International communication: Between different nations;5) Inter-class, inter-professional, inter-age, etc. Communication.Major causes of intercultural misunderstanding1) Culture shock 文化震撼/文化休克: 2) Ethnocentrism 民族中心主义: 3) Projected similarity误以为相似: 4) Stereotypes刻板印象/固见: 5) Misevaluation错误评判；6) Prejudice偏见；7) Discrimination歧视Relation between language and culture:1) Language is part of culture;2) Culture can be affected by language;3) Language reflects culture:Relation between language and (intercultural) communication:1) Language is the major tool used in (intercultural) communication;2) Language may pose problems for translation due to its cultural loading;3) Language may cause misunderstanding because of differences in interpreting speech acts (the real intension / meaning of the speaker):Conversational principles1) The Cooperative Principle (CP) (H.P. Grice, 1975, 1989):The maxim of quantity:The maxim of quality:The maxim of relationThe maxim of manner:2) The Politeness Principle (PP) (G. N. Leech, 1983):Tact maxim (得体):Generosity maxim (慷慨):Approbation maxim (赞誉):Modesty maxim (谦逊):Agreement maxim (一致):Sympathy maxim (同情):Speech acts：The way in which speech or words are used to cause acts or actions Assertive (阐述):Directives (指令):Commissives (承诺):Expressives (表情):Declarations (宣告):Nonverbal communication:All types of communication that take place without words.Importance of nonverbal communication:1) It often occurs unconsciously;2) It can define relationship between people;3) It tends to be a more reliable demonstration of the interlocutor’s true meaning (because it is less consciously controlled);4) It can be used to help verbal communication;5) It may easily be misunderstood and cause problems or trouble, especially in cross-cultural communication.Function of non-verbal communication:1) Emphasizing:2) Repeating:3) Substituting:4) Regulating:5) Contradicting:Categories of nonverbal communication:1) Body movement / posture2) Gestures, facial expressions and eye contact3) Touching4) Paralanguage: 副语言High context culture (强语境文化) :A culture in which much is understood in communication by referring to the (extra-linguistic) context so that people tend tospeak out the least.Low context culture (弱语境文化) : A culture in which less is understood in communication by referring to the (extra-linguistic) context so that people tend to speak out the most.China: High-context culture:English-speaking countries: Low-context culture:。