美国文学简史精读笔记
美国文学简史精读笔记
The coming of Imagism
1.the first Imagisttheorist, the English writer T.E. Hulme(休姆）
Imagism （意向主义）
(1)Imagism came into being in Britain and US around 1910 as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation.
（2）The Imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominantimage.
(3)Imagism is characterized by the following three poetic principles: i) directtreatment of subject matter; ii) economy of expression; iii) as regards rhythm,to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence ofmetronome; iv) Ezra Pound’s In a Station of the Metro isa well-known imagist poem.
the third phase ofImagism (1914-1917) :the representative: Amy Lowell——Aymgism (艾米主义）；Vorticism(漩涡主义）
The influence ofancient Chinese poetry upon imagists
Ezra Pound (爱兹拉·庞德）
Cathay (1915)《中国》avolume of Chinese translation.
He blue-penciled The Waste Land《荒原》the most significant American poem of the twentieth century.Cantos 《诗章》，a mod ern epic Pound’smajor work of poetry。HughSelwyn Mauberley 《休·塞尔温·莫伯利》
In a Station of theMetro《在地铁站》
The apparition of thesefaces in the crowd; 这几张脸在人群中幻景般闪现；
Petals on a wet, blackbough. 湿漉漉的黑树枝上花瓣数点。
T.S. Eliot （T.S.艾略特）
The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock《杰·阿尔弗雷德·普鲁弗洛克的情歌》—started 1915—is seen as a masterpiece of the Modernistmovement,
Literary terms: soliloquy (独白）interior monologue (内心独白）dramatic monologue （戏剧独白） motif （主旨，主题）epigraph （题词）
The Waste Land
In 1922, Eliot published TheWaste Land 《荒原》in The Criterion《标准》. Which was thought as the most significant American poemof the 20th century and helped to establish a modern tradition of literaturerich with learning and allusive thought.
3) The Hollow Men《空心人》(1925)
4) Ash Wednesda y《圣灰星期三》 (1927)
5)Four Quartets《四个四重奏》（1943）: Eliot regarded Four Quartets as hismasterpiece, and it is the work that led to his being awarded the Nobel Prize inLiterature (1948).
Eliot also madesignificant contributions to the field of literary criticism, stronglyinfluencing the school of New Criticism
In 1920 T.S. Eliotpublished his The Sacred Wood,《圣林》 containing his famous critical essay "Tradition and the Individual Talent",《传统与个人才能》
Wallace Stevens（华莱士史蒂文斯） (1879–1955) was an American Modernist poet
He won the Pulitzer Prize forPoetry for his Collected Poems in 1955.
William Carlos Williams wasan American poet closely associated with modernism and imagism. He was also a pediatrician and general practitioner ofmedicine with a medical degreefrom the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Robert Lee Frost （罗伯特弗罗斯特）
His work frequentlyemployed settings from rural life in New England in the early twentiethcentury
Frost was honoredfrequently during his lifetime, receiving four Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry
Francis Scott Fitzgerald （F.S`·菲茨杰拉德）
The spokesman of the “roaring 20s” “the Jazz Age”
美国梦的实践者“爵士乐时代的桂冠诗人”和“喧嚣的二十年代的代言人”
In 1920 Fitzgerald’sfirst novel This Side of Paradise 《人间天堂》（1920）
second novel entitled The Beautiful and Damned《美丽的和可诅咒的》（1922）
his best novel The Great Gatsby《了不起的盖茨比》（1925）
the novel Tender is the Night《夜色温柔》 (1934).
The Last Tycoon《最后的大亨》, a novel about Hollywood and the film industry.
Fitzgerald’s books ofshort stories include Flappers andPhilosophers《时髦女和
哲学家》(1921), Tales of the Jazz Age《爵士时代的故事》 (1922), All the Sad Young Man 《一代悲哀的年轻人》(1926)
Ernest Hemingway（厄内斯特海明威）
His economicaland understated style had a strong influenceon 20th-century fiction, won the NobelPrize in Literature in 1954.
He was generallyregarded as spokesman for the Lost Generation.
The Lost Generation （迷惘的一代）
1.The Lost Generation is a term first used by GertrudeStein to describe the
post-World War I generation of American writers: men andwomen haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by thedestructiveness of the war.
2. Full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought themeaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of thefinest American literature to date.
3.The three best-known representatives of Lost Generationare F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway and John Dos Passos.
his first novel, TheTorrents of Spring《春湖》,but The Sun Also Rises《太阳照
常升起》(1926) about the disillusionment of the lost generation wasan immediate success. With the success of A Farewell to Arms (1929)《永别了武器》, he firmly established his reputation as agreat American writer.
The Sun Also Rises《太阳照常升起》
Hemingway employed an epigraph（题词）in the novel which had been said by Gertrude Stein to describe the expatriatesin Paris “You are a lost generation.” The novel paints the image of the lostgeneration.
A Farewell to Arms《永别了武器》
It is an anti-war novel, describing thelove between an American soldier Frederic Henry （弗瑞德里克亨利）andan English nurse Catherine.（凯瑟琳）
For Whom the Bell Tolls《丧钟为谁而鸣》
It tells of a volunteerAmerican guerrilla in the Spanish Civil War.
The Old Man and the Sea.《老人与海》It tells of a Cuban fisherman, Santiago（桑提亚哥）,who catches a big fish, only to see it devoured by sharks. The novelhighlights the theme that man can be destroyed but not defeated. （你尽可以把他消灭，但就是打不败他）It is a representation of life as a struggle against unconquerable forces in which only a partialvictory is possible. This book led to Hemingway's receipt of the Novel Prizein 1954.
1)Hemingway was famousfor his novels and short stories written his spare, laconic, terse, clear,telegraph-like, yet intense prose with short sentences and very specificdetails. This style is his famous “Iceberg Theory”:（冰山理论）
Hemingway terms courageas “grace under pressure” these heroes are called Hemingway heroes or the code hero:（硬汉）
Hemingway heroes refer to some protagonists in Hemingway's works. Such a hero usually anaverage man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent. Andusually he is a man of action and of few words. His such an individualist,alone even when with other people, somewhat an outsider, keeping emotions undercontrol, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place where one can not gethappiness. For
Faulkner’s firstnovel Soldier’s Pay《士兵的报酬》 was accepted by the publishers in 1926.
Faulkner’s second novel Mosquitoes (1927)《蚁群》 is a satirical story about a group of southern artists andintellectuals.
The years from 1929 to1942 were a period of amazing literary output for Faulkner, such as The Sound and the Fury(1929)《喧嚣与骚动》and AsI Lay Dying (1930). 《我弥留之际》
He was awarded theNobel Prize for literature in 1950
Fifteen of his majorworks are set in Yoknapatawpha County（约克纳帕塔法县） and itsmain town, Jefferson. （杰弗逊镇）
Major works 1.The Sound and the Fury 《喧嚣与骚动》The book is divided into 4 sections, largelyreliant on Stream of Consciousness and Multiple Point of View.
Stream of Consciousness: （意识流）
Stream of Consciousness or interiormonologue, is one of the modern literary techniques. It was first used in 1922by the Irish novelist James Joyce. The modern American writer William Faulknersuccessfully advanced this technique. In the stories, action and plots are lessimportant than the reactions and inner musings of the narrators. Time sequencesare often dislocated. The reader feels himself to be a participant in thestories, rather than an observer.
Multiple Point of View(多重视角)
Faulkner was a master at presentingmultiple points of view, showing within the same story how the charactersreacted differently to the same person or the same situation. The use of thistechnique gave the story a circular form wherein one event was the center, withvarious points of view radiating from it. The multiple point of view techniquemakes the reader recognize the difficulty of arriving at a true judgment.
2. Light in August《八月之光》
3. Go Down, Moses.《去吧，摩西》
4. As I Lay Dying 《在我弥留之际》
5. Absalom, Absalom!《押沙龙，押沙龙！》
Two famous shortstories:“A Rose for Emily” 《纪念埃米莉的一朵玫瑰花》“The Bear”《熊》
Sinclair Lewis （辛克莱`刘易斯）
he became the first writer from the United Statesto be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature
But it was not until1920 when Main Street《大街》 appeared that he established his position as a veryeffective novelist.
Lewis published Babbitt《巴比特》which is generallyregarded as his best book
His other novels ：Arrowsmith (1925)《阿罗史密斯》, and Dodsworth(1929).《杜德史沃斯》
John Dos Passos （多斯·帕索斯）
major works:U.S.A 《美国》或《美利坚》
The trilogy comprises The 42nd Parallel (1930)《北纬42度》, 1919(1932), and The Big Money(1936) 《赚大钱》Dos Passos used experimental techniques in these novels:
the “Newsreels”（新闻短片）, the “Biographies”（人物小传）, and the“Camera Eye”（摄相机镜头）(see page 263-264) to paint a vast landscape ofAmerican culture during the first decades of the 20th century.
John Steinbeck （约翰·斯坦贝克）
Steinbeck’s literaryreputation was further built up by his next three novels: In Dubious Battle 《胜负未决》(1936), OfMice and Men(1937)《人鼠之间》about the tragic friendship of two migrantworkers, and The Grapes of Wrath(1939)《愤怒的葡萄》. His masterpiece The Grapes of Wrath wona Pulitzer Prize in 1940. In 1947, he published The Pearl. 《珍珠》
In 1962, he was awarded the Nobel Prize forliterature.
American Drama
Eugene O’Neill （尤金·奥尼尔）
EugeneO'Neill was a great American playwright and the founder of modern Americandrama. He won Nobel Prize for literature and Pulizter Prize four times inhis life.
Literaryachievements
Beyond the Horizon (1920) 《天边外》(naturalism)（自然主义）
The Emperor Jones (1920) 《琼斯王》(symbolism andexpressionism)（象征主义和表现主义）
The Hairy Ape (1922) 《毛猿》(naturalism)（自然主义） (p286)
Desire under theElms (1924) 《榆树下的欲望》 (Oedipus complex)（俄狄浦斯情结/恋母情结）
The Great God Brown (1926) 《伟大之神布朗》
The Iceman Cometh (1946)《送冰人来了》
Long Day’s Journeyinto Night (1956)《进入黑夜的漫漫旅程》(autobiographicalplay)(naturalism)（自传体戏剧自然主义） ( p287)
O’Neill was a tireless experimentalist in dramatic art. Hetook drama away from the old traditions of the last century and rooted itdeeply in life. he introduced the realistic or even the naturalistic aspect oflife into the American theater. The stylistic aspect of O’Neill’s art merits notice for itsvariety and its display of consummate craftsmanship. He borrowed freely fromthe best traditions of European
dramas be it Greek tragedies, or the realism ofIbsen, or the expressionism of Strindberg, and fused them into the organic artof his own. He borrowed freely from modern literary techniques such as thestream-of-consciousness device with the help of which he managed to reveal theemotional and psychological complexities of modern man. O’Neill’s ceaselessexperimentation enriched American drama and influenced later playwrights suchas Tennessee Williams, and Edward Albee. It is possible that he will go down inthe history of American drama as the American Shakespeare. （P288）
Tennessee Williams （田纳西·威廉斯）
The Glass Menagerie (1944) 《玻璃动物园》
A Streetcar Named Desire (1947)《欲望号街车》 , winning the first Pulitzer Prize
Other best plays are Summer and Smoke (1948)《夏日烟云》,
The Rose Tattoo (1950)《玫瑰纹身》
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof(1954)《热铁皮屋顶上的猫》. won himhis second Pulitzer Prize, dealing with sultry sex and violence in humorousterms.
Arthur Miller （亚瑟·米勒）
All My Sons(1947)《吾子吾弟》, Deathof a Salesman(1949)《推销员之死》（winningthe Pulitzer Prize）, The Crucible (1953) 《严峻考验》and A View fromthe Bridge (1955)《桥头眺望》
A typical theme of Arthur Miller’s plays concerns thedilemma of modern man in relation to his family and work. What occurs often ina Miller play is that the hero finds himself under a pressure from his societyand its ethics, tries in vain to extricate himself from the physical andspiritual quandary into which he has fallen and finds release only in death, oftenin the form of actual or virtual suicide. The world is harsh. There is littleor no choice for the hero. Either he submits to the impossible demands ofsociety, or he rejects them. He dies in either case. Miller is, however, , notcompletely pessimistic. Reading his plays, one feels a faith in man and inlife, however vague it may be, though very often gloom overweight hope.（P299）
Edward Albee （爱德华·阿尔比）
The Zoo Story (1958)《动物园的故事》, The Sandbox(1959)《沙箱》, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1962).《谁害怕弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫》
His early works reflecta mastery and Americanization of the Theatreof the Absurd.（荒诞剧）
Postmodernism（后现代主义）（P312-313）
Postmodernismrepresents a new mode of perception and a way of writing. In poetry it strivesto go against the vogue of the New Critical poem and its parent style, the HighModernism of the previous decades. It its thematic concerns, Postmodernismviews the world as one that is not to be molded, but as formless andunpredictable. Postmodernism does not endeavor to impose on life and reality,but is willing to embrace it for what it is. And it tends to use topics andsubjects of a personal, even a forbidden, nature. In its formal aspects,Postmodernism seeks for a freedom in literary expression.
Postmodernism asserts its own identify byvirtue of its negation, partial in some cases, of its inheritance.Postmodernist novel exhibits its own unique features such as metafiction, blackhumor, and forms of avantgardism.
The Beat Generation（垮掉的一代）（P362）
In the 1950s, there wasa widespread discontentment among the postwar generation, whose voice was oneof protest against all the mainstream culture that America had come torepresent. This has come to be known as the Beat Generation. The word “beat,”which Ginsberg and his friend Jack Kerouac picked up from a junkie friend oftheirs, represented a non-conformist, rebellious attitude toward conventionalvalues concerning sex, religion, the arts, and the American way of life. It wasan attitude that resulted from the feeling of depression and exhaustion and theneed to escape into an unconventional sometimes communal, mode of living.“beat” literature offered something like a fresh breath of wind both in theprose and poetry of the 1950s and 1960s. The most enduring works arerepresented by Jack Kerouac’sOn the Road杰克·克鲁亚克的《在路上》andWilliam Burroughs’s Naked Lunch威廉·巴勒斯的《裸体午餐》 in prose and Al len Ginsberg’s Howl 艾伦·金斯堡的《嚎叫》 and Lawrence Ferlinghetti’s Pictures from the Gone world劳伦斯·弗林盖特《小时的世界之画面》 in poetry.
Allen Ginsberg （艾伦·金斯堡）
The poet laureate of the Beat Generation.Thespokesman for the Beat Generation
In 1955, at the Six Gallery, he read aloud hispoem “Howl” to his friends. This night has been called “the birth trauma of theBeat Generation.”
in 1956, with the help of his friend, he published Howl and Other poems which is a consummate work of carefully wordedinvectives, a torrent of deliberate voluble curses, spearheaded against anAmerica that has destroyed “the best minds” of the postwar generation.
Howl《嚎叫》 is now regarded as the most significant long poem of thecontemporary period, ranking among others, with Whiteman’s “Song of Myself” (惠特曼的《自我之歌》)and T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land（艾略特的《荒原》）.(P370)Ginsberg’s other collections include Kaddishand Other Poems《卡迪西》, EmptyMirror《空镜》, Reality Sandwiches《现实的三明治》, White Shroud, Poems 1980-1985, 《白色尸衣，诗集1980-1985》and etc
Saul Bellow （索尔·贝娄）
Bellow was awardedthe Pulitzer Prize, the Nobel Prize for Literature
His best-known worksinclude The Adventures of Augie March《奥吉·玛琪历险记》, Hendersonthe Rain King《雨王汉德逊》 , Herzog《赫索格》, Mr.Sammler's Planet《赛姆勒先生的行星》Seize the Day《只争朝夕》,Humboldt's Gift《洪堡的礼物》 and Ravelstein《拉维尔斯坦》
《小王子英文版》精读笔记——第一章
《小王子英文版》精读笔记——第一章 第1 章 [ Chapter 1 ] ◆magnificent /m?ɡ?n?f?snt/ adj. 壮丽的;令人印象深刻的 ◆primeval /pra??miv?l/ adj. 原始的 ◆a boa constrictor 一条蟒蛇 ◆boa /'b???/ n. 蟒 ◆constrictor /k?n'str?kt?/ n. 大蟒 ◆swallow /'sw?l??/ v. 吞下 ◆called True Stories from Nature 可以看做非限制性定语修饰a book（解释补充说明）◆in the act of doing (sth.) 正在做某事时 ◆prey /pre?/ n[U].猎物v.捕食 ◆swallow sth. whole 把……囫囵吞下 ◆whole /h??l/ adj. 完整的 ◆chew /t?u?/ vt.咀嚼 ◆succeed in doing 成功地做某事 ◆drawing /'dr??(r)??/ n. 图画 ◆masterpiece /'mɑ?st?pi?s/ n. 杰作 ◆frighten /'fra?t(?)n/ v.使惊恐;吓唬 ◆show sth. to sb. 把某物给某人看 ◆digest /da?'d?est/ v.消化 ◆ask sb. sth. 询问某人某事 ◆whether the drawing frightened them 宾语从句 ◆be frightened by... 被……吓坏(吓一跳) ◆digesting an elephant 现在分词短语作后置定语 完整版笔记持续更新中ing 公主号：中学英语Club
如何做文献阅读笔记
研究生如何做文献阅读笔记？ 说实在的，我自己也不是很会读书。读书的速度也不快，只是喜欢读书罢了。阅读文献，对于开题期间的研究生和写论文期间的研究生是很重要的功课，不可忽视，这种能力是需要训练的。关于做读书和文献阅读笔记，这里谈点个人的看法，算是跟年轻朋友们的交流，也希望得到专家们的指教。 如何选择和阅读文献？ 1. 阅读文献，要力求对一个方面或一个主题，或者一个概念的历史发展都要搞清楚，清楚来龙去脉。文献有新有旧，有些学科或专题文献的半衰期很长，经典文献的阅读是很重要的，只下载几篇新文献是很难理解全貌的。 2. 要有意识阅读大家的文献，阅读某个领域或专题中程碑式的文献或文献综述。这些文献对于初学者了解一个学科或领域的发展很有帮助，对于某个阶段的重要文献提供了一个查找的捷径。从中可以很快了解一些相关理论和学说、重要结果的进展。 3. 要善于分析自己研究领域中一些国内外代表性实验室的论文，通过分析一个实验室的论文目录，可以了解这个实验室的发展过程和研究兴趣的发展、拓展。 4. 要善于分析本领域一些代表性学者的论文，通过分析这些引领学科或领域发展的科学家的论文目录，同样可以看到他（她）个人研究兴趣和研究生涯的发展，以及他（她）所领导的研究团队的发展过程。 如何做阅读笔记呢？ 5. 在广泛阅读的基础上，要善于总结和整合，类似Minireview 的方式。如果能将类似相近的一些重要文献（如10-20 篇），进行整合和归纳，理出最新的几个专题的进展，无疑会加深对所阅读的文献的理解。那么笔记记什么？记录新进展。哪些是新进展？需要广泛阅读才能知晓。 6. 阅读任何文献或专著，一定要记录清楚文献题目、出处、作者、发表年代、期卷、页码等等信息，这些信息是以后引文时必须的，不要嫌麻烦，如作者栏目是需要将所有作者都要记录全的。 7. 有些重要文献需要精读，读几遍是不行的，要很熟悉。这类文献在不同时期读有不同时期的理解，如开题阶段，可能比较注重某个方向或领域的理论和观点、实验方法和技术手段；在实验阶段，可能比较注意进行结果之间的比较，根据文献结果和变化规律，对自己的结果进行一些趋势预测；在论文写作阶段，可能会比较关注结果分析、理论学说的验证等等。与之相应，多数文献是需要泛读的，可能只需要读读题目，可能只看看摘要，也可能只浏览一下图表等等。 8. 要重视论文的题目和摘要，这是很重要和简洁、精炼的信息。一篇论文的精华部分都在这里了。同样文章中的一些重要信息也是需要特别关注的，如生态生理学特别关注物种对环境的适应，那么环境条件就是很重要的信息了，如物种的分类地位、生物学习性、地理分布，以及分布区的海拔、气候和植被等等。 9. 阅读文献和专著是需要积累的，要坚持不懈，多研究和教学工作恐怕一生都要坚持阅读新文献和著作。读文献有个量变到质变的过程，阅读量大了，积累多了，需要总结的方面就多了。这样日久天长，通过知识的整合，知识框架会逐渐完善，自己肚子里的“货”就会感觉逐渐充实起来了，用和取的时候就会很自如。 10. 从初学者到专家的转变，只要有心，只是一个时间问题。信息就是资源，知识就是信息的积累和过滤、整合。无论参加学术会议，还是讨论会，有些人说了
常耀信《美国文学简史》(第3版)笔记和考研真题详解(9-14章)【圣才出品】
第9章地方色彩小说?马克?吐温 9.1复习笔记 I.Local Colorism（地方色彩主义） The vogue of local color fiction was the outgrowth of historical and aesthetic forces that had been gathering energy since early19th century.Local colorism as a literary trend first made its presence felt in the late1860s and early seventies.It is a variation of American literary realism. Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historians of a vanishing way of life,recorders of a present that faded before their eyes.They concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions.They tended to idealize and glorify,but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life.Major local colorists are Bret Harte,Hanlin Garland, Harriet Beecher Stowe,Kate Chopin and Mark Twain. 地方色彩小说的流行是自19世纪早期以来历史和艺术力量凝聚的产物。作为一种文学潮流，地方色彩主义在19世纪60年代晚期和70年代早期初展头角。它是美国现实主义文学的一个分支。 地方色彩主义作家是怀念正在消逝的生活方式的历史家，他们记录了在他们眼前逝去的现在。他们致力于展示描述自己地方的特色，倾向于赞颂地方生活并将其理想化，但是他们又注意不失地方生活的真实色彩。主要的地方色彩主义作家包括布莱特·哈特、汉林·加兰德、哈里耶特·比彻·斯托、凯特·肖邦及马克·吐温等。 II.Mark Twain(1835-1910)（马克·吐温） 1.Life（生平） Mark Twain,pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens,is a great literary giant of America. He was brought up in the small town of Hannibal,Missouri,on the Mississippi River.He was twelve when his father died and he had to leave school.He was successively a printer’s apprentice,a tramp printer,a silver miner,a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi,and a frontier journalist in Nevada and California.This knocking about gave him wide knowledge of humanity. With the publication of his frontier tale,he became nationally famous.His first novel The Gilded Age was an artistic failure,but it gave its name to the American of the post-bellum period.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was his masterwork.Mark Twain was essentially an affirmative writer.But toward the latter part of his life,due to some tragic events,he changed to an almost
科研文献阅读笔记模板(word版)(个人版本2.0)(1)
文献阅读（实习）笔记 主要内容：___________________________________ 阅读时间：___________________________________
(本页特意留作空白)
目录 文献1： (3) 文献2： (4) 文献3： (5) 文献4： (6) 文献5： (7) 文献6： (8) 文献7： (9) 文献8： (10) 文献9： (11) 文献10： (12) 文献11： (13) 文献12： (14) 文献13： (15) 文献14： (16) 文献15： (17) 文献16： (18) 文献17： (19) 文献18： (20) 文献19： (21) 【鼠标左键单击目录内容中任意区域，再单击右键弹出菜单，选择“更新域”，在弹出的对话框中选 择“更新整个目录”，即可自动更新目录内容及也页码】 【若还需要大批量添加文献阅读记录（超过19个），则在复制未填笔记的空白模板后连续粘贴多个。 粘贴完毕后，用鼠标选定“文献××”的数字部分，将鼠标对准数字部分，单击右键弹出菜单，选 择“选择相似文本”命令，即可完成文献阅读笔记的编号更新。若觉得此操作过于繁琐，可直接手 工更改编号。】 （上述两段说明若不需要可删除）
（注：若目录的总页数为奇数，则需要再插入一个“下一页”的分隔符，以确保打印时正文第1页的位置，若不需打印可忽略此操作）
文献1： 编号：时间： 标题： 来源（期刊/书籍名称）： 年，卷（期）：页 作者： 国家或组织名称： 文献价值：高中低无阅读内容：文摘、前言、方法、结果、讨论、结论 要点：（可以是好的问题、好的语言表达、好的文章结构、好的方法。实习的同学可以写一天中遇到的专业问题） 思考：（文章的不足，有没有办法解决等）
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9分达人阅读AmateurNaturalists精读笔记汇总
Amateur[??m?t?(r)] Naturalists[?n?t?r?l?st] Ecologists[i:?k?l?d??sts] are using a wealth of unusual data to predict he impact of climate change. 生态学家们通过大量民间数据来预测气候变化带来的影响 a wealth of Sn.大量;丰富If you say that someone or something has a wealth of good qualities or things, you are emphasizing that they have a very large number or amount of them. FORMAL 正式 ...such a wealth of creative expertise[?eksp?:?ti:z]... 如此丰富的创造性Un.专门技能 The city boasts[b??st]v.有，拥有（值得骄傲的成就或财产）a wealth of beautiful churches. 这座城市拥有众多美丽的教堂 A: Tim Sparks slides a small leather-bound装订的notebook out of an envelope[?env?l ??p]. Tim Sparks从信封里取出了一本皮面笔记本 slide out of The book’s yellowing pages contain beekeeping notes made between 1941 and 1969 by the late Walter Coates of Kilworth, Leicestershire. 笔记本的纸页已经微微泛黄，它记载了在Kilworth, Leicestershire居住的已故的养蜂人Walter Coates从1941年到1969年间的养蜂记录 late adj.已故的；已逝的；（尤指）新近去世的Y ou use late when you are talking about someone who is dead, especially someone who has died recently. His growing pile[pa?l] of local journals 他那堆越来越多的地方日报 a pile of
美国文学简史名词解释定义
American Puritanism: Puritanism was a religious reform movement that arose within the Church of England in the late sixteenth century. Under siege from church and crown, it sent an offshoot in the third and forth decades of the seventeenth century to the northern English colonies in the New World--- a migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual, and social order of New England, Puritanism, however,was not only a historically specific phenomenon coincident with the founding of New England; it was also a way of being in the world---a style of response to lived experience---that has reverberated through American life ever since. Doctrinally, Puritans adhered to the Five Points of Calvinism as codified at the Synod of Dort in 1619:(1) unconditional election ( the idea that God had decreed who was damned and who was saved from before the beginning of the world); (2) limited atonement ( the idea that Christ died for the elect only); (3) total depravity (humanity's utter corruption since the Fall); (4) irresistible grace (regeneration as entirely a work of God, which cannot be resisted and to which the sinner contributes nothing); and (5) the perseverance of the saints (the elect, despite their backsliding and faintness of heart , cannot fall away from grace). American Dream: The American Dream is the faith held by many in the United States of America that through hard work, courage, and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations. Nowadays the American Dream has led to an emphasis on material wealth as a measure of success and\ or happiness. Gothic tradition: Gothic novel or Gothic romance is a story of terror and suspense, usually set in a gloomy old castle or monastery. In an extended sense, many novels that do not have a medievalized setting, but which share a comparably sinister, grotesque, or chaustrophobic atmosphere have been classed as Gothic. It contributed to the new emotional climate of Romanticism. Historical novel: a novel in which the action takes place during a specific historical period well before the time of writing ( often one or two generations before, sometimes several centuries), and in which some attempt is made to depict accurately the customs and mentality of the period. The central character---real or imagined---is usually subject to divided loyalties within a larger historic conflict of which readers know the outcome. The pioneers of this genre were Walter Scott and James Fenimore Cooper American Romanticism:Romanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. The romantic period in American literature stretched from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil
文献阅读笔记(样例供参考)
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Ralph Waldo Emerson:拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生 Nature 《论自然》Self-Reliance 《论自立》Essays 《随笔集》名篇：The American Scholar 《美国学者》（has been regarded as “American Declaration of Intellectual Independence”被誉为美国思想的独立宣言） The Poet Henry David Thoreau:亨利·戴维·梭罗 Walden 《瓦尔登湖》 Nathaniel Hawthorne:纳撒尼尔·霍桑 The Scarlet Letter《红字》 The House of the Seven Gables 《七个尖角阁的房子》 Mosses from an Old Manse《古厦青苔》 The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》 The Marble Faun 《玉石神像》 Ethan Brand 《伊桑布兰德》 Young Goodman Brown 《好小伙子布朗》 Dr. Heidggeger’s Experiment 《海德格博士的体验》 The Ambitions Guest 《野心勃勃的客人》 The Greast Stone Face 《巨石脸》
论语读书笔记(精选10篇)
论语读书笔记（精选10篇） 论语读书笔记（精选10篇） 细细品味一本名著后，想必你一定有很多值得分享的心得，让我们好好写份读书笔记，把你的收获和感想记录下来吧。那要怎么写好读书笔记呢？下面是小编为大家整理的论语读书笔记，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。 论语读书笔记篇1我国是世界文明古国之一，有着悠久的历史和源远流长的文化，其中最有代表性的就是《论语》。这不仅是儒家学说的经典，更是中华传世名著。它章节简短，以雍容典雅的语调简洁凝炼的格言警句来表达深刻的思想，让人们受益匪浅，也让我感触颇深。 《论语》中的许多哲理近乎常识，却仍然深沉，世俗中有高远，平凡中见伟大，其中令我印象最深刻的就是这句话：“弟子入则孝，出则弟，谨而信，泛爱众，而亲仁。行有余力，则以学文。”孔子教育他的弟子，无论在家还是出外都要孝敬父母，敬爱兄长，言行谨慎而诚信，广泛地关爱民众，并且亲近有仁德。做到这些以后，如果还有时间和精力，那么就可以用来读书学习文献知识了。是啊，做事之前先要学会做
人。作为教师，我们教育学生的时候不单单只教他们掌握知识，更重要的是要让他们学会如何做人，明白做人的道理。只有这样才能教出品德高尚，成绩优异的好学生。 《论语》，孔子智慧之精华，他告诉了我们怎样做人，怎样处事。我们作为教师，要有一颗平常心孜孜不倦地追求，去做好我们每天该做的事情，在平凡的岗位上实现我们不平凡的人生价值。 论语读书笔记篇2论语是孔子写的一本名著，分别有二十篇，第一篇是学而第一、第二篇是为政第二、第三篇是八佾第三…… 今天我读了第一篇学而第一，心里有很多感受。其中有一段使我觉得很有道理，这句话就是“子曰：学而时习之，不亦说乎?有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎?人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎?” 意思是：孔子说：“学了后，时时去温习它，不也很高兴吗?有志同道合者从远方来共学，不也很快乐吗?别人不了解自己的才能，却不抱怨，不也算得上君子吗?”最让我深刻感受的句子，就是第这一句。 我觉得这句话正好指明了我的缺点，我也要感谢这句话，让我知道了如何改正。以前我总是学了的东西就扔在一边不管了，而如今知道了学完的东西要时时去温习才行。而且就是因为这个问题才让我几次考试没得满分。
化学元素周期表,元素周期律 精读笔记!!
一．元素周期表 1.原子序数=核电荷数=核内质子数=核外电子数 2.主族元素最外层电子数=主族序数 3.电子层数=周期序数 4.碱金属元素:密度逐渐增大,熔沸点逐渐变大,自上而下反应越来越剧烈 银白色金属,密度小,熔沸点低,导电导热性强 5.判断元素金属性强弱的方法: 单质与水(酸)反应置换出氢的难易程度 最高价氧化物的水化物(氢氧化物)的碱性强弱 单质间的置换 6.卤族元素:密度逐渐增大,熔沸点逐渐升高 与氢气反应剧烈程度越来越弱,生成氢化物稳定性渐弱 7.判断元素非金属性强弱的方法: 与氢气生成气态氢化物的难易程度以及氢化物的稳定性 最高价氧化物的水化物的酸性 单质间的置换 8.质量数:核内所有质子和中子的相对质量取近似整数相加 9.核素:具有一定数目质子和一定数目的中子的一种原子 10.同位素:质子数相同而中子数不同的同一元素的不同原子互称为同位素 天然稳定存在的同位素,无论是游离态还是化合态各同位素所占的原子个数百分比一般是不变的在相同状况下,各同位素的化学性质基本相同(几乎完全一样),物理性质有所不同 12.原子相对原子质量=1个原子的质量/（1/12 C12的原子质量） 13.原子的近似相对原子质量=质量数 14.元素的相对原子质量=各同位素的相对原子质量的平均值=A·a％+B·b％… 15.元素的近似相对原子质量=各同位素质量数的平均值=A·a％+B·b％… 二．元素周期律 1.K、L、M、N、O、P、Q（1,2,3,4,5,6，7，）层数越大，电子离核越远，其能量越高 2.能量最低原理 3.各电子层最多容纳电子数：2n^2 4.最外层不超过8，次外层18，倒数第三层32 5.原子半径：同周期主族元素，原子半径从左到右逐渐减小
英国文学简史&美国文学简史--背诵版
1. Beowulf赏析 英国现存最早、最完整的民族史诗。1反映当时部落社会的面貌。背景取自欧洲。2古Anglo-Saxon人崇拜英雄的部落文化。政治观点：“王”，权利来自武力，王权的继承还需要仁义。3历史事实+神话传说。 主人公Beowulf英勇顽强。自我牺牲精神。爱护臣民。有责任感。 简洁明快。头韵。隐喻：用复合词来比喻某种事物或现象。 2. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight赏析 传奇文学是贵族人生理想的反映，与平民百姓没有丝毫的关系。 头韵诗。2个主题：1砍头游戏检验Gawain的勇敢和信守诺言。2女主人的诱惑检验Gawain的诚实和忠贞。 以重读音节为基础的韵律。每一个stanza后面有一个只有一个重读音节的短促诗句，再加一个abab韵的4行诗节。语言朴素自然，流畅通顺。 反映出Norman征服的宗教影响：基督教成统治地位。Gawain是基督徒，拥有人的弱点。他在困境中祈求圣母玛利亚的帮助，又因死亡的威胁而背弃诺言。他身上有亚当的影子，原罪的概念。 3. Chaucer特点 “英国诗歌之父”。人文主义。现实主义。明快、诙谐。伦敦方言创作。首创heroic couplet。钟情于中世纪的文学形式。第一个用韵脚韵律诗，以重音-音节为基础的格律诗。 一方面用贵族式的理想眼光看待生活。一方面又以现实的态度思考。 1法国影响时期—2意大利影响时期—3成熟时期 强调人权，今生今世幸福快乐的权利，反对神权与禁欲主义。反对滥用宗教教义。 人物：个人与社会关系的主题。突出人物之间性格冲突和物质利益矛盾。幽默讽刺地描写了新兴资产阶级所反感的阶级出身问题。人物形象是立体的，有独特的气质和性格。 押尾韵。八音节对偶句（octosyllabic couplet），iambic pentameter的heroic couplet。 4. Canterbury T ales赏析 现实主义。但未能摆脱中世纪的偏见。 轻松、欢快 文艺复兴的先驱。人生来就有谋求世俗幸福的权利。 General Prologue+24个故事。每个故事有“小引”、“开场语”、“结束语”。 General Prologue：赞扬骑士、骑士之子、乡勇。讽刺院长嬷嬷的矫揉造作。 24个故事题材：多是关于爱情婚姻。还有揭露了宗教的压迫、僧侣的道德败坏、官吏的专横。 Iambic pentameter couplet, 即heroic couplet 5. Hamlet赏析 Shakespeare的巅峰之作。尽管讲的是丹麦故事。但反映的却是英国的事情。人文主义。对他所生活的那个时代的方方面面进行了评论。复仇悲剧。 家丑引起Hamlet对美好世界、人类善良的怀疑。个人悲剧演变成社会的悲剧，变成铲除罪恶、匡扶正义的巨大社会责任心。Hamlet的悲剧在于，他的责任是如此艰巨，自己又是日次势孤力单。他的弱点：多愁善感，疑虑重重；善于思考，贫于行动。他代表了善于思考，贫于行动的新兴资产阶级。 6. The Merchant of V enice赏析 Shylock—唯利是图，爱财如命的拜金主义者。作为犹太民族受到歧视和迫害。 Portia—人文主义者对新女性的理想 7. Francis Bacon
文献阅读笔记模板
文献阅读记录 一、文献：文献的名称 二、文献出处：期刊名称***年第***期第***卷***-***页 三、文献主要内容：主要针对***问题进行分析，首先构建了***结构模型，在此结构的基础上运用***方法进行***工作，说明了***问题，得出了***结论。 四、主要贡献评论： 1、将霍尔三维结构引入到水利水电工程当中，将以前没有运用过的东西引入，是一种创新。通过时间维、知识维、逻辑维构建水利水电工程三维结构，其中逻辑维分为阐明问题、明确目标、方案综合、系统分析、方案选择、决策和实施；时间维分为勘测阶段、规划阶段、设计阶段、施工阶段和运行阶段；知识维分为水工规范和合同管理。 2、研究对象为整个水利水电工程的寿命周期，而不是像其他大多数文献所研究的诸如工程施工、工程运行等单个阶段的风险，将大系统理论的知识运用到了水利水电工程的风险评估当中。 3、结合了霍尔三维结构和层次分析法，通过两种方法的结合运用，为水利水电工程风险评估提供了又一种途径。 五、局限性评论： 1、上述水利水电工程大系统三维结构的划分没有很好的体现水利水电工程的特点，即对于霍尔三维结构在水利水电工程中的运用没有能够很好的结合水利水电工程的特色，缺少三维结构的优化。 2、对于层次分析法没有进行具体的运用分析，只是进行了方法描述，没有结合实例进行说明，缺少例证。没有说明霍尔三维结构与层次分析法相结合的风险评估在水利水电工程领域的适用性。文章的结论说服力不够。 六、后续研究设想： 1、结合水利水电工程的特点，对于水利水电工程中的霍尔三维结构进行优化。提出一种更加符合水利水电工程特色的霍尔三维结构模型。 2、通过实例证明霍尔三维结构结合层次分析法的风险评估方法在水利水电工程领域的适用性。