英文眼科病例模板描述
看眼科的英语作文
看眼科的英语作文Title: A Glimpse into Ophthalmology: Exploring the World of Eye Care。
Introduction:Ophthalmology, the branch of medicine dedicated to the study and treatment of eye disorders, plays a crucial role in preserving and improving vision. In this essay, we delve into the fascinating field of ophthalmology, exploring its significance, advancements, and the diverse range of conditions it addresses.Significance of Ophthalmology:The eyes serve as windows to the world, facilitating our interaction with the environment. Thus, preserving ocular health is paramount for maintaining overall well-being. Ophthalmologists specialize in diagnosing and treating various eye ailments, ranging from refractiveerrors like myopia and hyperopia to complex conditions such as glaucoma, macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. By addressing these issues, ophthalmologists not only enhance visual acuity but also alleviate discomfort and prevent potential vision loss.Advancements in Ophthalmic Technology:The field of ophthalmology has witnessed remarkable technological advancements, revolutionizing diagnosis and treatment modalities. Optical coherence tomography (OCT),for instance, enables high-resolution imaging of retinal structures, facilitating early detection of retinal diseases. Additionally, laser-assisted procedures such as LASIK and photocoagulation have become standardinterventions for refractive errors and retinal disorders, respectively. Moreover, innovations like artificial intraocular lenses and corneal implants have transformed cataract surgery, offering improved outcomes and enhanced visual quality for patients.Common Eye Conditions and Their Management:1. Refractive Errors: Conditions like myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism result from abnormalities in the eye's focusing mechanism. Corrective measures includeprescription eyeglasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery.2. Cataracts: Characterized by clouding of the eye's natural lens, cataracts impair vision and may necessitate surgical removal followed by intraocular lens implantation.3. Glaucoma: A group of progressive optic nerve disorders often associated with elevated intraocular pressure. Treatment aims to lower pressure through medications, laser therapy, or surgical procedures to prevent irreversible vision loss.4. Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD): AMD affects central vision, impairing activities like reading and driving. Management strategies include anti-VEGF injections, photodynamic therapy, and lifestyle modifications.5. Diabetic Retinopathy: A complication of diabetes characterized by damage to retinal blood vessels, leading to vision impairment or blindness. Management involves strict glycemic control, laser treatment, and intravitreal injections.Collaborative Approach in Ophthalmic Care:Ophthalmology often necessitates a multidisciplinary approach, involving collaboration with other healthcare professionals such as optometrists, neurologists, endocrinologists, and primary care physicians. This interdisciplinary synergy ensures comprehensive patient care, particularly in cases where ocular conditions are manifestations of systemic diseases like diabetes or hypertension.Future Directions:The future of ophthalmology holds promise with ongoing research endeavors focused on novel treatments, gene therapy, stem cell transplantation, and artificialintelligence applications for early disease detection and personalized treatment regimens. Moreover, efforts to improve global access to eye care services, especially in underserved regions, remain a priority to combat preventable blindness and visual impairment.Conclusion:In conclusion, ophthalmology stands at the forefront of medical specialties, safeguarding one of our most precious senses. Through continuous innovation, collaboration, and a patient-centric approach, ophthalmologists strive to enhance visual outcomes, improve quality of life, and contribute to the broader goal of global eye health. As we navigate the complexities of ocular diseases, let us appreciate the profound impact of ophthalmology in preserving sight and enriching lives worldwide.。
有关于视力疾病英语作文
有关于视力疾病英语作文英文回答：As someone who has experienced vision problems firsthand, I understand the impact that vision diseases can have on a person's life. One of the most common vision diseases is myopia, or nearsightedness. This condition causes distant objects to appear blurry, making itdifficult to see things clearly unless they are close to the eyes. I remember struggling to read the whiteboard in school and having to sit at the front of the classroom just to see the teacher's writing clearly.Another common vision disease is hyperopia, or farsightedness. This condition makes it difficult to see objects that are close to the eyes, while distant objects may appear clear. I have a friend who has hyperopia, and she often complains about having to hold books or papers at arm's length in order to read them properly.Glaucoma is another vision disease that affects many people. It is characterized by increased pressure in the eye, which can damage the optic nerve and lead to vision loss. My grandfather was diagnosed with glaucoma, and hehad to undergo surgery to relieve the pressure in his eyes. Although the surgery was successful, he still needs to take medication to manage the condition and prevent further damage to his vision.Cataracts are also a common vision disease, especially among older adults. This condition causes the lens of the eye to become cloudy, leading to blurred vision anddifficulty seeing in low light conditions. My grandmother had cataracts in both of her eyes, and she had to undergo surgery to have them removed. After the surgery, her vision improved significantly, and she no longer needed to wear glasses.Lastly, there is age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is a leading cause of vision loss in older adults. This disease affects the macula, which is responsible for central vision. As the macula deteriorates, it becomesdifficult to see fine details and perform tasks such as reading or driving. My aunt was diagnosed with AMD, and she now relies on magnifying devices and special lighting to help her with daily activities.Overall, vision diseases can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life. They can affect one'sability to perform daily tasks, engage in hobbies, and even maintain independence. It is important to seek regular eye exams and take proactive steps to protect our vision, such as wearing sunglasses to protect against UV rays and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.中文回答：作为一个亲身经历过视力问题的人，我了解视力疾病对一个人生活的影响。
视力检查报告英语作文400字
视力检查报告英语作文400字Visual Acuity Examination Report.Patient Information.Name: [Patient's Name]Date of Birth: [Date of Birth]Address: [Patient's Address]Phone Number: [Phone Number]Email Address: [Email Address]Examination Date: [Date of Examination]Examiner: [Examiner's Name]Chief Complaint: Blurred vision, difficulty seeingclearly at various distances.History of Present Illness: The patient complains of decreased visual acuity, particularly in the right eye. The patient noticed the gradual onset of blurred vision over the past few months, initially affecting only distant objects but more recently affecting near vision as well. The patient denies any pain, redness, or other ocular symptoms.Past Medical History: The patient has a history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia, which are currently controlled with medication. The patient has no previous history of eye problems.Family History: No significant ocular history in the patient's family.Medications:Lisinopril 10 mg daily for hypertension.Atorvastatin 20 mg daily for hyperlipidemia.Allergies: No known drug or food allergies.Visual Acuity:Right Eye: 20/60。
角膜炎病历书写范文
角膜炎病历书写范文英文回答：Patient Name: John Smith.Age: 35。
Date of Admission: 10/15/2021。
Chief Complaint:The patient presents with redness, pain, and blurred vision in the right eye for the past 3 days.History of Present Illness:The patient reports a gradual onset of symptoms, including eye pain, light sensitivity, and excessive tearing. He denies any trauma or foreign body sensation in the eye. The symptoms have not improved with over-the-counter eye drops.Past Medical History:The patient has a history of seasonal allergies and occasional dry eye symptoms. He denies any previous eye infections or surgeries.Medications:The patient takes over-the-counter allergy medication as needed.Family History:Non-contributory.Social History:The patient is a non-smoker and denies alcohol or drug use.Review of Systems:Negative for fever, chills, headache, or changes in vision in the left eye.Physical Examination:Visual acuity 20/30 in the right eye, 20/20 in the left eye. Slit-lamp examination reveals corneal opacity, conjunctival injection, and decreased corneal sensation in the right eye. The left eye examination is unremarkable.Diagnosis:Right eye keratitis, likely due to bacterial or viral etiology.Plan:The patient will be started on topical antibiotic eye drops and will be scheduled for a follow-up appointment in 3 days to monitor the response to treatment.英文回答结束。
英文病例报告范文 低视力
英文病例报告范文低视力When examining a patient with low vision, it is essential to take a thorough medical history to ascertain the underlying cause of their visual impairment. This may involve asking about previous eye conditions, family history of eye diseases, and any other relevant medical issues that may contribute to the low vision.在检查视力低下的患者时，需要对其进行全面的病史调查，以确定视力受损的潜在原因。
这可能涉及询问之前的眼部状况、家族中是否有眼部疾病史以及可能导致低视力的其他相关医疗问题。
Furthermore, performing a comprehensive eye examination is crucial to assess the current visual abilities of the patient. This may involve testing visual acuity, visual fields, color vision, contrast sensitivity,and other parameters to determine the extent of the visual impairment and tailor appropriate management strategies.此外，进行全面的眼部检查对评估患者当前的视觉能力至关重要。
这可能涉及测试视力、视野、色觉、对比敏感度和其他参数，以确定视力受损的程度，并制定适当的管理策略。
白内障病历模板
长期医嘱记录单姓名年龄岁科别眼科病室床号床住院号第1 页长期医嘱记录单姓名年龄岁科别眼科病室床号床住院号第2 页临时医嘱记录单姓名年龄岁科别眼科病室床号床住院号第1 页临时医嘱记录单姓名年龄岁科别眼科病室床号床住院号第2页绵阳万江眼科医院眼科入院病历（一）X片号：科别：眼科病室：病床：住院号：CT号：绵阳万江眼科医院姓名：眼科入院病历（二）住院号：绵阳万江眼科医院姓名：眼科入院病历（三）住院号：首次病程记录2013-05-05 10:02患者姓名,性别,年龄岁,因“左眼雾视半年”收入我院。
其病例特点如下：1. 病员系老年性别性，年龄岁，起病缓，病程长。
2. 以“左眼雾视半年”为主症。
3. 既往史：患“胃病”10余年。
4. 体格检查：T:36.9oC P:78次/分R:20次/分BP:110/60mmHg。
全身皮肤粘膜无黄染，浅表淋巴结未扪及肿大；头颅无畸形，颈软无抵抗，气管居中，甲状腺无肿大；心肺腹未见明显阳性体征，肛门及外生殖器未查，脊柱四肢无畸形、活动自如，生理反射存在，病理反射未引出。
5.专科情况：Vod：0.3，Vos：0.04，双眼角膜透明，前房清晰，深度正常，虹膜纹理清晰，瞳孔圆，直径约3mm，对光反射存在，右眼晶状体混浊分级：N0C0P0 ，核硬度分级：Ⅰ，左眼晶状体混浊分级：N0C0P0 ，核硬度分级：Ⅰ，右眼底模糊见视盘边界清，左眼底窥不清。
眼压：右眼13.0mmHg；左眼13.0mmHg。
双眼泪道冲洗泪道通畅，无分泌物。
6. 辅助检查：眼B超：。
综上所述，入院诊断：入院诊断诊断依据：1.病员系老年性别性，年龄岁，起病缓，病程长；2.病员以“左眼雾视半年”入院；3.专科情况：Vod：0.3，Vos：0.04，右眼晶状体淡黄色混浊，左眼晶状体黄色混浊，右眼底模糊见视盘边界清，左眼底窥不清。
眼压：右眼13.0mmHg；左眼13.0mmHg。
鉴别诊断：与外伤性白内障鉴别，患者否认眼部外伤史，亦无外伤相关体征，故不支持。
眼科医生英语阅读短文
眼科医生英语阅读短文眼科医生英语阅读短文指的是用英语撰写的关于眼科医生以及眼部健康的文章或短文。
这类短文通常包含关于眼科疾病、诊断、治疗等方面的信息，同时也可能涉及眼科医生的工作和生活。
以下是一些示例：1."The Role of an Optometrist": This article discusses theresponsibilities and duties of an optometrist, including providing eye exams, prescribing glasses and contact lenses, and managing ocular health. It also highlights the importance of regular eye exams and the role of optometrists in preventing vision loss.2."Common Eye Diseases and Their Symptoms": This brief article listssome of the most common eye diseases, including glaucoma, cataracts, macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. It summarizes the symptoms and potential impacts of each disease to raise awareness and encourage individuals to seek medical attention promptly.3."Vision Correction Procedures": This article provides an overview ofvarious vision correction procedures, including laser eye surgery, glasses, contact lenses, and orthokeratology. It explains the benefits and risks of each procedure and helps individuals understand their options for improving their vision.总结来说，眼科医生英语阅读短文指的是用英语撰写的关于眼科医生以及眼部健康的文章或短文，旨在传播眼科知识、提高公众对眼部健康的重视，同时帮助人们了解眼科医生的工作和职责，以及常见眼科疾病的防治方法。
青光眼完整病历范文
青光眼完整病历范文英文回答：I was diagnosed with glaucoma a few years ago during a routine eye exam. The doctor noticed increased pressure in my eyes and recommended further testing to confirm the diagnosis. After a series of tests, including a visual field test and optical coherence tomography, it was confirmed that I had glaucoma.Glaucoma is a progressive eye disease that damages the optic nerve and can lead to vision loss if left untreated. It is often called the "silent thief of sight" because it can develop slowly over time without any noticeable symptoms. In my case, I didn't experience any symptoms until the disease had already progressed to a moderate stage.Treatment for glaucoma typically involves using eye drops to lower intraocular pressure and regular monitoringto track the progression of the disease. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to improve drainage and reduce pressure in the eye.Living with glaucoma has been challenging, but I have learned to adapt to the changes in my vision and prioritize my eye health. I make sure to take my eye drops regularly and attend all follow-up appointments with my eye doctor.It's important to stay proactive and informed about my condition to prevent further vision loss.中文回答：几年前，我在一次例行的眼科检查中被诊断出患有青光眼。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
1、A Discribe SampleA vertical OCT tomogram is acquired through the macula which shows from above down neurosensory retinal detachment to the inferior fovea in the scan fields. The fovea is obviously elevated to 1000μm,2、ACUTE RETINAL NECROSISOCT shows cystoid macular edema and diffuse outer retinal edema and exudates.3、AIONThe papillary swells and is elevated obviously. The physiologic cup slmost disappears. The peripapillary retinal nerve fiber swells, the thickness of which is increased obviously.4、BECHETThere is cystoid edema in the macula, with well-defined detachment of neurosensory retina in the fovea and diffuse periphery retinal edema. (serous detachment of neurosensory retina ) Retina in the fovea is thinned. Sporadic hyperreflective points due to the exudates of hard lipids shadows the reflection from the tissues below. The margin of the optic disc is elevated obviously, which represents papilledema. ( papilledema) The retina in thefovea is thickened. Hyperreflective band just anterior to the neur5、BEST DISEASERPE/choriocapillaris in the macula is elevated, in deeper layer of which there is moderate reflective band.(RPE solid elevation)There is serous pigment endothelium detachment in the superior of vitell6、CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY There is serous retinal detachment in the macula, with retinal edema or cystoid edema. The neurosensory retina is elevated in the fovea, with the thickness of . Liquid dark area exists below. The RPE/choroicapillaris reflective band is clearly visible or damaged. The RPE may be elevated and detached.7、CHOROIDAL HEMANGIOMARetina is sphere-like elevated. Neurosensory retinal detachment is visible in the margin of the tumor. The reflective band of RPE/choroidocapillay is disordered，only sporadic and thin choroidal reflective bands are visible in below. The retina is elevated, with serous retinal detachment around the tumor, intraretinal fluid in the retina above the tumor. (RPE damage) There isintraretinal department with tissues connecting in between in the retina above the tumor. There is shallow retinal detachment in the8、CHOROIDAL OSTEOMAThe RPE/choroid reflective band is enhanced and broadened irregularly, partially elevated and breaks in temperal papillary. The shallow neurosensory retinal detachment is observed in the macula, (neurosensory retinal detachment). The retina in the fovea is thinned, The retina is intraretinal departed with reflection of tissues in between, representing secondary retinoschisis in the macula and papillary, with disordered reflection. 9、CNVThe strongest reflective band (RPE/CC) ruptures. There is a multilayer hyperreflction subretinal elevation in the rupture. Neurosensory retinal detachment, retinal edema and exudation are visible.10、CONTUSION OF RETINAThere is full-thickness retina loss in the macula, with surrounding neurosensory retina edema. (macular hole and edema) Moderate reflection in the fovea and the both sides hyperreflection of hemorrhage are observed whenRPE hemorrhagic detachment exists. The choroidal reflective band is enhanced in the temporal fovea, which represents choroid rupture.(choroid rupture with hemorrhagic RPE detachment) The RPE/choriocapillaris reflective band is broken and disordered in the temporal fovea, with the reflective11、DIABETIC RETINOPATHY(macular edema)The neurosensory retina shows thickened thickness and diffuse reduced interlaminar reflection in the macula and periphery retina. There are sporadic hyperreflective points in outer retina shadowing the reflection returning from below, due to hard exudates. The serous neurosensory retina detachment exists in the macula, with detachment cavity shown as fluid dark area. The local elevation of retinal nerve fiber layer shows enhanced reflection and shadows the reflection returning from below, wh12、DrusenHard drusen shows the local elevation of RPE and tissues below, with hyperreflectivity. Soft drusen shows semispherical elevation of RPE.13、Dry AMDHard drusen shows the local elevation of RPE and tissues below, with hyperreflectivity. Soft drusen shows semispherical elevation of RPE.RPE/choriocapillaris is elevated well-defined. (hard drusen) The neurosensory retina is normal or thinned in corresponding area. The reflection band of RPE/choriocapillaris is elevated like semisphere or merged-semisphere. There is moderate density reflection band below, connecting with the choroidal reflection band. (soft drusen) . Retina above is thinned, while the reflection band of RPE/choriocapillaris is enhanced.(choroidoretinal geographic atrophy). The RPE reflection band disappears somewhere.(RPE a14、EPIRETINAL HEMORRHAGERetina seems to be elevated, with dense hyperreflection anterior to the retina. All the reflection from tissues behind it disappears. It’s hard to identify the hemorrhage is located under the inner limiting membrane or behind the posterior limiting membrane of the vitreous.15、EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE IN THE MACULA The epiretinal membrane appears as a streaky-like enhanced reflective band just attached anterior to theneurosensory retina. The depression of the fovea disappears, and macular edema forms. The thickness of the retina is increased in the fovea, with steep contour and pseudohole forms.16、EPIRETINAL MEMBRANEThe moderate and high reflective band is shown adhered tightly anterior to the retina, which may track the retina, resulting in retinal pucker and retinal edema.17、GLAUCOMA RETINAL NERVE FIBER LAYER The reflection of retinal nerve fiber layer is thinned diffusely.18、GLAUCOMAThe physiologic cup is enlarged and deepened, the reflective band is thinned or breaks in the superior cup wall. The cup is enlarged.19、HARD EXUDATIONPotted and sheet hyperreflection is shown in outer plexiform layer, attenuating the reflection behind.20、IDIOPATHIC CNVRetina swells and is thickened. Serous retinal detachment is shown, while choroidal neovascular is visible under the macula.21、IDIOPATHIC CNV-1There is cystoid edema in the fovea. The hyperrefletive points in the outer retina which attenuate the tissues behind represent the hard exudation. Hemorrhagic or serous neurosensory retinal detachment forms. The RPE/choriocapillaris reflective band is fusiform-like enhanced in the upper macula, consistent with choroidal neovascular. The topography map shows that the retina is thickened, white and red, in the fovea and above (correspongding the CNV) .22、JUVENILE RETINOSCHISISCystoid alteration is seen in the macula, and the cavity is departed by tilted and vertical tissues. Peripheral neurosensory retina shows intraretinal department, with column tissues connecting in between. The thickness of the retina is increased in the fovea, especially in the inferonasal retina, with the superotemporal retina thinned. (cystoid macular edema). The inner wall ruptures after cystoid alteration in the macula, then the lamellar hole forms.(lamellar macula hole) . Neurosensory retinal detachme23、MACULAR HOLEFull-thickness hole: loss of full-thickness retina shows no reflection. Lamellar hole: The loss of the inner retina, part of the reflection is absent. stage I macular hole shows disappearance of the normal foveal contour and a low reflection field in below , but the inner layer of the retinal doesn’t break in the macula. Vitreous traction to the fovea is visible. Alleviation happens spontaneously in some cases. Stage II shows the breaks of inner surface and small full-thickness loss of the retina, accounti24、MELANOMA OF CHOROIDThe retina shows a flat and uneven elevation, the reflective band of the RPE/choriocapillaris is enhanced mildly, while the reflective band of the retina is almost normal. The pigment eddothelium is elevated in the fovea, with serous retinal detachment and disorders of the reflective band of RPE above the fovea. (RPE damage) Neurosensory retina is elevated and detached. (retinal detachment).25、NORMAL MACULAThe thickness of the retina of the fovea is mm. There is no significant abnormality in the macular contour. 26、NORMAL OPTIC DISCThe superior, inferior and nasal margin of the optic disc is elevated mildly. The physiologic cup is small and shallow. The depression and the slope are symmetric. The moderate reflective band representing the tissues before the cribriform form is visible in the bottom of papillary, under which is the hyperreflective band of the cribriform plate. (normal optic disc).27、OPTIC DISC PITThe vertical scan through the optic disc shows a dark area without reflection, because of loss of cribriform plate in the inferior papillary, which represents optic disc pits. Horizontal scan shows loss of cribriform plate in the temporal optic disc, which connects with outer retinal retinoschisis and edema in the macula. Neurosensory retinal detachment exists in the macula, and there is only inner tissue with thin-wall, which represents outer wall hole. (optic disc hole and retinal edema and retinoschisis 28、OPTIC NERVE ATROPHYThe normal elevation of the papillary margin disappears. The physiologic cup shallows, with thinning of the peripapillary retina and reflection band of the retinal nerve fiber layer.29、OPTIC NEURITIS(epiretinal hemorrhage) The reflection in front of the retina is enhanced and attenuates, while hemorrhage is shaped in fluid level, attenuating the tissues below. The inner limiting membrane departs from the retina in superior of hemorrhage level.(intraretinal hemorrhage)The retina is elevated where retina hemorrhage exists. The intraretinal hemorrhage is shown as dark area, attenuating the reflection from below. The retinal detachment exists above the hemorrhage field.(subretinal hemorrhage) neurosensory30、PapilledemaThe margin of the papillary is moderately or mildly elevated. The physiologic cup gets shallow and elevated. (mild edema) Papillary is elevated obviously like mountain, and the cup almost disappears. (obvious edema) The papillary is elevated highly, and the cup disappears. (high cranial pression papilledema) The papillary is elevated, with papilledema, peripheral retina edema, cystoid macular edema, obvious retina edema in the posterior pole.(stasis retina edema) The papillary gets edema, with margin eleva31、PATHOLOGIC MYOPIAOCT shows thinning of the neurosensory retina in the central macula. The intralamellar department exists in the outer retina and inner retina, with columns connecting in between. The reflectivity of outer neurosensory retina in the inner side of RPE is visible (secondary retinoschisis) , as well as detachment of neurosensory retina. Neurosensory retina in the macula losses partially and epiretinal membrane forms.(retinoschisis and lamellar hole)OCT shows loss of full-thickness neurosensory retina in the m32、PCVPolypoidal choroidal vasculopathy shows cone-like steep elevation. There is thin discontinuous streaky-like hyperreflective band departing from RPE in the side of elevation, which is consistent with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. The neurosensory retina is thin above the elevation. Moderate reflective points are visible below the elevation, attenuating the reflection from choroid. There is neurosensory retinal detachment, with exudation in outer retina and hemorrhage pigment endothelium detachment besi33、PIGMENT ENDOTHELIUM DETACHMENT Retinal pigment endothelium is elevated, with fluid dark area or reflective points below, shadowing the reflection from bruch membrane and choroid.34、POSTERIOR VITREOUS DETACHMENTA moderate reflective band departs with the retina, floating in the posterior vitreous cavity like an irregular curve or a semiarc.35、RAO(In the early stages of CRVO) There is cystoid macular edema, uncomplete posterior vitreous detachment tracking the macula. Retina shows edema and enhanced reflection, is thickened. The dark area of photoreceptor is broadened. (CRAO edema recedes)The cystoid edema in the macula recedes, uncomplete posterior vitreous detachment is thinned and weak. The dark area of photoreceptor is broadened. (CRAO atrophy stage)the thickness of the retina in the centre is mildly thinned, uncomplete posterior vitreous detac36、REDIATION RETINOPATHYThere are retinal cystoid edema ,intraretinal exudation and neurosensory retinal detachment in the macular,(neurosensory retinal detachment)OCT shows serous neurosensory retinal detachment, neurosensory retinal cystoid edema and diffuse edema in the macular.(papilledema)papillary elevates, the physiologic cup almost disappears.(retinal exudates)Well-defined edema and elevation of retinal nerve fiber layer consistent with the soft exudates attenuates the reflection from below. The exudates appear as the37、RETINAL ANEURYSM(epiretinal hemorrhage) The reflection in front of the retina is enhanced and attenuates, while hemorrhage is shaped in fluid level, attenuating the tissues below. The inner limiting membrane departs from the retina in superior of hemorrhage level.(intraretinal hemorrhage)The retina is elevated where retina hemorrhage exists. The intraretinal hemorrhage is shown as dark area, attenuating the reflection from below. The retinal detachment exists above the hemorrhage field.(subretinal hemorrhage) neurosensory38、RETINAL DETACHMENTNeurosensory retina is elevated. The fluid below shows liquidity dark area with non-reflection, or potted or sheetmoderate or high reflection in the liquidity dark area. 39、RETINAL DETACHMENT-1 Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (mild and moderate retinal detachment in the macula)Retinal detachment exists in the macula and inferior retina, with retinal edema. (highly retinal detachment in the macula)highly retinal detachment exists in the macula, OCT cann’t show RPE/choriocapillaris reflective band.(neurosensory retinal department)Outer and inner neurosensory retinal departs。