科技论文 methodology 分析
Second, another difficulty arises with the passive when
you write about the procedure you used and compare it with the work of other researchers. One way to make sure that your own contribution is clear and easy to identify is by marking it with words —In this study, or In our experiments.
Try building the model of Methodology.
Model
1. Provide a general introduction and overview of the
materials/methods. Restate the purpose of the work Give the source of materials /equipment used Supply essential background information
In Sentence 1. the writer offers a general overview of
the subsection. In Sentence 2 the writer provides background information and justification. In Sentence 3 the writer provides an overview of the procedure/ method itself. In Sentence 4 the writer provides details about what was done and used and shows that care was taken.
In addition, we don’t add ‘by the researcher’ or ‘by me’
at the end.
Task:
Check your target journal, wherever possible it is
clearer to use the Present Simple passive for what is normally done and the Past Simple passive to indicate what you did yourself.
There are two common errors in the way passives are
used in this section. First, look at these two sentences: (a) A flexible section is inserted in the pipe. (Present Simple passive) (b) A flexible section was inserted in the pipe. (Past Simple passive)
you now need to be able to communicate information
about a new procedure, a new method, or a new approach so that everyone reading it can not only carry it out and obtain similar results, but also understand and accept y: How do I start the Methodology/Experiments section? What type of sentence should I begin with? What type of information should be in this section, and in what order? How do I end this section?
2. Provide specific and precise details materials and methods
(i.e. quantities, duration, sequence, conditions, locations, sizes) Justify choices made Indicate that appropriate care was taken.
central report section
Here is a typical sentence from such a guide:
The Methodology should contain sufficient detail for
readers to replicate the work done and obtain similar results.
Linguistic features语言特征
Describe the stylistic features of the sample methodology in the
following ways: 1. Lexical Features: (1) highly technical words; (2)nominalization; 2. Syntactic/grammatical Features: (1) more declarative sentences 多陈述句 (2)more long sentences. 多长句 (3)frequent use of “it” introduced sentences。 it引导的无人称句 (4)The frequent use of prepositional phrases and participle phrases介 词短语和分词结构的普遍使用 (5) frequent use of passive voice.被动语态 的广泛使用 (6) tenses used: simple present tense一般现在时, present perfect tense现在完成时， simple past tense 一般过去式
In Sentence 5 the writer continues to describe what
was done in detail, using language which communicates that care was taken. In Sentence 6 the writer describes what was done by referring to existing methods in the literature. In Sentence 7 the writer provides more detailed information about the method and shows it to have been a good choice.
In Sentence 8 the writer provides more details of the
method. In Sentence 9 the writer mentions a possible difficulty in the methodology.
Task3.
3. Relate materials/ methods to other studies. 4.Indicate where problems occurred.
Model
Unlike the Introduction model, in which all the items
of each component are likely to be used, this is a ‘menu’ from which you select items appropriate to your research topic and the journal you are submitting to.
Structure
The title of this section varies in different disciplines
and in different journals. It is sometimes called Materials and Methods, or it can be called Procedure, Experiments, Experimental, Simulation, Methodology or Model. This section reports what you did and/or what you used.
Task 1.
Read the example below. The title of the paper is
Changes in the chemistry of groundwater in the chalk of the London Basin. Don’t worry if the subject matter is not familiar to you or if you have difficulty understanding individual words, especially technical terms like groundwater. Just try to get a general understanding at this stage and familiarise yourself with the type of language used.
methodology词根词缀
方法论词根词缀探究在研究方法和哲学领域，methodology 是一个非常重要的概念。
本文将探讨 methodology 词根词缀的含义、起源以及其在现代研究中的应用。
下面是本店铺为大家精心编写的3篇《方法论词根词缀探究》，供大家借鉴与参考，希望对大家有所帮助。
《方法论词根词缀探究》篇1一、methodology 的词根词缀含义methodology 这个词源于古希腊语，其中 methodeia 意为“方法”、“技巧”,而 logos 则表示“言语”、“理性”。
因此，methodology 可以被理解为“研究方法的理性分析”。
在现代研究中，methodology 被用来指称一种关于研究方法的理论和实践的学问，这种学问旨在帮助研究者选择、设计和实施最为有效和可靠的研究方法。
二、methodology 的起源methodology 的概念可以追溯到古希腊时期，当时哲学家们开始关注知识获取的方法和过程。
在随后的几个世纪中，这种方法论思想被不断发展和完善，直到 19 世纪，方法论才开始成为一种独立的学科领域。
在 20 世纪，随着社会科学研究的迅速发展，方法论的应用范围也得到了拓展。
此时，方法论开始涉及到更多的研究领域，如社会学、心理学、经济学等。
三、methodology 在现代研究中的应用在现代研究中，methodology 的应用可以分为以下几个方面: 1. 研究设计在进行研究之前，研究者需要制定一份详细的研究设计方案。
这个方案包括研究的目的、研究问题、研究假设、样本、数据收集方法和分析方法等。
methodology 为研究者提供了选择和设计研究方法的指导。
2. 研究质量评估methodology 可以帮助研究者评估研究的质量。
通过检查研究设计、数据收集和分析方法等方面的合理性和可靠性，可以判断一项研究的质量和可信度。
3. 研究结果解释methodology 也可以帮助研究者解释研究结果。
通过理解研究方法的局限性和优点，可以更好地理解研究结果的含义和适用范围。
英语论文分析学习第3节methodology
Abstract
Introduction
methodology
results
Discussion/conclusion
The contents of a research article or thesis
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Warming up question:
what kind of research methods do you use in your field.?
APA format
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General structure of the methods Section
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definition
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Quantitative the systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena via statistical, mathematical or computational techniques.
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Model analysis-Sentence1
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practice: read the 3 examples and decide what are the ways to introduce the Methodology? ways
英国论文写作中定量研究（Quan...
英国论文写作中定量研究（Quan...Methodology作为英文论文中的重要部分，基本是不可或缺的。
在英文论文写作中，Methodology就是研究方法，其中比较常见的就是Quantitative Analysis）与定性研究(Qualitative Analysis)。
有很多学生对这两种研究方法不太熟悉，下面就给大家讲解一下。
定性研究(Qualitative Analysis)定性研究,“Qualitative Analysis"基于对所研究对象的深入分析或了解。
通常情况下，当样本规模比较小，但是需要对所研究问题需要有全面、详细和丰富的描述时,会采用定性研究。
比如,采用案例分析(case study)时，重点是用语言文字详细描述你的研究、访谈和选择案例的过程如何展开。
定性研究(Qualitative Analysis)经常使用灵活的数据收集方法,需要表达出从参与者的角度来理解问题，并强调时间发生的背景和意义。
定性研究(Qualitative Analysis)常用的数据收集方法为:participant observation, focus group, qualitative interviews, discourse analysis, documentary analysis, and visuamethods。
其中最常用的方法是访谈(Qualitative Interviews)。
定性访谈的重点就是研究者通过一系列诱导式的提问从被采访者中获得他们经验的深入理解。
定性研究(Qualitative Analysis)通常在社科类英文论文中用到，因为社会科学中的硏究很多情况下只能靠客观观察，并且硏究的可重复性很低，所以我们常常使用归纳法来得出结论。
定性研究(Qualitative Analysis)的目的就是用定性的资料来说明、解释或者预测真实世界的现象。
这种方法获得的资料比较丰富，另外一个优点是给研究者较大的诠释空间,来弥补定量研究的不足。
英文科技论文写作(专业英语)
更新或改进；基础研究着重理论上的新见解，计算方法的另 辟新径
• 学术性
• 透过对所研究的客体外象的观测，分析探讨其内在本质，将感性认 识进行理论上的深化； • 切忌将一连串现象无分析归纳的无序堆砌，而将论文写成实验报告 或工作总结。
• 真实性
• 错误、虚假、失实将导致论文科学性和学术性的丧失，甚至可能涉 嫌有剽窃行为； • 不凭主观臆断和好恶随意舍取数据和素材，引证他人成果必须给出 出处，但只提取与文章密切相关的重要信息用以引证，
References
• 要按所投杂志规定的格式准确书写。
• 卷号、期数、页数、年份等一定要核对 无误。
一些常见的技术问题
• 不宜使用长句子及不常见的词汇。 • 主从复合句必须有从句也有主句。 • 正确使用名词的单复数
• 不及物动词不可用被动语态。如不可用：was appeared， was occurred等。 • 不宜使用省略式词汇。如：does’nt, should’nt 等。 • 在两个或数个并列成分的最后两个中间加and 连接。
Results and discussion
• 实验结果是整篇论文的基础，因此必须用明白、 流畅的语言陈述你所得到的结果。 • 要求
– 数据及图表的内容及含义交代清楚，有条理；
– 对数据及现象的归纳、演绎、解释、立论要有逻辑 性、自洽性。
– 语句要准确、流畅、多样化，不宜重复使用相同的 句型和词汇。
Author(s),Affiliation(s)andaddress(es)
• 姓氏和名字要弄清楚，以免发生以名代姓。
– Ji-HongZhu或JihongZhu
• 单位和地址信息准确清楚，使读者能按所列信息 顺利地与作者联系。
科技英语不同类型的范例解析2
The next section of the paper is the Introduction . In many journals this section is not given a title. As its name implies, this section presents the background knowledge necessary for the reader to understand why the findings of the paper are an advance on the knowledge in the field. Typically, the Introduction describes first the accepted state of knowledge in a specialized field; then it focuses more specifically on a particular aspect, usually describing a finding or set of findings that led directly to the work described in the paper. If the authors are testing a hypothesis, the source of that hypothesis is spelled out, findings are given with which it is consistent, and one or more predictions are given. In many papers, one or several major conclusions of the paper are presented at the end of this section, so that the reader knows the major answers to the questions just posed. Papers more descriptive or comparative in nature may begin with an introduction to an area which interests the authors, or the need for a broader database.
技论文写作整理系列(5)——Materials & method
科技论文写作整理系列(5)——Materials & methodAbuck此部分分为“内容－要点－写法－举例”四部分。
1.内容1-1在写法上，根据需要可以分层分段步步深入，也可以按层次另设分层小标题。
在内容上，要把受试对象、实验或处理方法、实验器材、详细步骤等如实写出，并提供理论依据，以便读者以同样的方法可以重复。
注意几点：若运用通用的或众所周知的方法，不必详细叙述，只写明什么方法即可。
⌝若是引用别人报道过的方法，标明出处即可，不必全部照抄。
但若这种方法大家并不熟悉，也可简单地予以介绍。
若对别人的方法有实质性改进，应重点写明改进的部分，而且说明理由。
⌝对自创的新方法，则要详细介绍，以便他人重复。
1-2（对象、资料、病例等）（研究、调查、实验、计算、编程等）①内容：简明、准确叙述研究工作是如何进行的例：调查对象与方法：包含对象与对象的选择方法，调查方法（如有问卷必须作为附件置于正文之后），调查结果（数据等）的处理方法。
材料与方法：包含实验材料与材料选择标准，实验器材（型号、厂家等），实验方法（自我设计，若采用他人方法要注明），操作的环境、条件和程序等。
1-3总的要求是：Readers must be able to reproduce your results, evaluate the validity of your results and the soundness of your methods, and follow the logic in the paper. 即：结果的可重演性、方法的可靠性以及前后的逻辑性。
具体内容包括：•简要说明研究设计（study design / protocol），如：回顾（retrospective / review），前瞻（prospective），临床（clinical），动物（animal），实验（experimental），活体内（in vivo）活体外（in vitro），原位（in situ）随访（follow-up），对照（controlled），随机（random / randomized），双盲交叉（double-blind crossover），人群（population / cohort / migrant），对比（comparative），流行病学（epidemiological）等研究性质；•详细说明研究对象（subject）情况，包括动物（animal）的性别（sex）、年龄（age）、物种（species）、品种（breed）、生理状态（physiological state）; 微生物菌株（strain）、血清型（serotype）及其他区别特性（identity characteristics）；随机分组方法（methods of anyrandom assignment of subjects to groups）和选择标准（criteria for admission to study groups）；•详细说明所用的药物（drug），激素（hormone），试剂（reagent）和其他化学品（chemical）的名称、商标（trademark）、生产厂家（manufacturer）及所在地（location）；•简要说明测定方法（method of measurement），包括名称，引文和偏差（variations）；简要说明统计学分析方法（method of statistic analysis）2.要点2-1Methods部分一般可以按照实验对象、实验设备、实验材料、实验记录、实验分析方法等几个方面来进行组织。
英文科技论文写作与学术报告（2019秋）作业答案
英⽂科技论⽂写作与学术报告（2019秋）作业答案英⽂科技论⽂写作与学术报告(2019秋)作业答案第⼀章1. Which one is NOT included in “logics in writing paper”?A Logical presentation in writing paperB Good language flowC Good structure and clarity in the paperD Good theoretical analysis2. Which is the CORRECT statement in the following?A If the reader want to know the result of the paper, they can read the introduction.B If the reader want to intuitively know the key ideas behind the paper, they should read the introduction.C It's optional that we summarize the contribution of the paper in the "abstract".D If the readers want to know all the glory details, they can read the introduction.3. Which of the following practice we should follow when writing scientific paper in English?A Modesty is a good characteristic in Chinese culture.B When writing scientific paper, we should point out the shortcomings of our research using a specific section.C We should confidently show the contributions of our research.D The English culture is so similar to Chinese that Chinese readers can just follow their culture when writing an English scientific paper.4. What does “delivery” means in the context of writing an Engligh scientific paper?A The meaning of “delivery” is similar to the concept of those delivery companies.B “Delivery” means the contributions of your research.C “Delivery” means how much do the writers know the background of the readers.D The “responsibility of delivery” is on the writer rather than on the reader.5. Which one is the CORRECT expression of “博⼠后流动站”?A Postdoctoral program.B Post-doctor mobile station.C Post-doctor flow station.D Postdoctoral moving station.6. Which of the following translation is authentic?A 注意安全---- take care.B 第⼀教学楼---- No.1 teaching building.C ⼩⼼落⽔---- fall into water carefully.D 投诉电话---- law suit phone number.7. What should we do in writing a scientific paper?A In order to emphasize our views, we should put our strong emotions into the text.B Slightly present our political comments is allowed.C We should follow the mainstream ideas of general public.D We should present facts, theories, proofs, experiments, testing results objectively.8. Which of the following is WRONG about the title of scientific paper?A It normally is not a sentence.B It is better to use the fewest possible words to adequately describes the contents of the paper.C The order of the words in the title is very important.D It is better to use a complete sentence.9. Which of the following is WRONG about the abstract of scientific paper?A It is the summary of the paper.B It is better to use abbreviation to make the abstract shorter.C It describes the key ideas of the paper.D It gives the results of the paper.10. Which is NOT advised in the introduction section?A Clearly explain the background of our research.B Clearly explain the problem we do.C Explain the academic and/or impact.D Using mathematical functions to explain our model.11. Which of the following is RIGHT regarding the literature review?A It is better to comment on the existing work positively.B It is better to comment on the existing work objectively.C It is better to comment on the existing work negatively.D It is better to criticize the results obtained by other researchers to highlight our contributions.12. Which of the following is RIGHT about the references of introduction of scientific paper?A It is better to cite as many foreign references as possible.B It is better to cite many your own previously published papers.C It is better to cite as many domestic references as possible.D Recent references should be cited13. What may the reviewer thinks if you cite too many your own publications?A You really contribute a lot to the community.B Other researchers are not interested in the subject.C You have a say in this research area.D They will think you have sufficient references.14. If the a reference has 5 authors, how many authors should you include in the reference list?A Only the first author.B Only the first and second author.C Only the first and corresponding author.D All five authors.15. What should you do in the “Problem description and formulation”?A If you clearly know the meaning of a variable, it’s ok that it is not defined.B You should present the problem you are trying to solve.C Usually you should describe your system configuration, environment and so on.D You should put the organization of your paper here.16. Which of the following statement is NOT correct?A If you have a theorem, you should put th e proof in the section of “methodology.”B In the section of “simulation/numerical result”, you should present the description of the practical or experiment system, description of the data and the associated system.C In the section of “simulation/numerical result”, you can use tables, figures and graph to better present your contribution.D In the conclusion remark or the conclusion, you can just repeat your conclusion remark as the abstract.17. What you can do if you want to show acknowledgment?A It’s not appropriate to put acknowledgment in the front page.B You can put a separate section of acknowledgment in your paper.C If you acknowledge Albert Einstein, you should thank him based on the fact.D The length of acknowledgment should be strictly constrained.18. Which is CORRECT when you list the references?A It’s ok if you put as many references as you can.B To enrich your paper, you should can list something that is not referred to in your paper.C Every reference you list must be referred in the main text.D It’s proper for you to list many home made references.19. What does “proof reading” mean?A 证明阅读.B 校对.C 证明读物.D 证明在读.20. What is TRUE if at the procedure to submit a paper?A Usually we submit the entire manuscript to a conference or journal.B All conferences require you to submit the abstract first, from which the organizer will determine whether you need to submit the whole text.C We should submit a hard copy to the publisher with your signature.D The reviewers’ comments are not v ery important when you modify your paper.21. If the publisher sends the proof to you, when should you give a reply?A In about 2 days.B In about 2 weeks.C In about 2 months.D In about 2 years.22. Which of the following may not be the reason to reject a scientific paper?A There are many grammatical mistakes in the paper.B There are many simple sentences in the paper.C There are many direct translations in the paper.D There are some spelling mistakes of authors' names in references.23. Which of the following is TRUE?A Font size should keep consistency only in each paragraph.B Font size should keep consistency only in each part of the paper.C Font size should keep consistency in the entire paper.D It doesn't matter how the font size used.24. Which of the following is TRUE about use of mathematical equations?A It is better to use as many equations as possible.B It is better to use as few equations as possible.C It is better not to use any equations at all.D It is better to have a balanced use of equations.25. Which statement is NOT true?A You should keep consistence in equations and reference format.B You should keep consistence in format of authors of all references.C The format between different paragraphs should be kept the same.D You should not use synonyms in order to keep consistence.26. What is NOT necessary when you want to better write your paper?A Use spelling check to make sure all the words are spelled correctly.B Use grammar check to find out inconsistency.C Carefully check the spellings of the names in references.D Use many hard and complicated sentences to polish your expressions.27. Which of the following author names may NOT be the right format of the reference?A X. Guan, S. Zhang, S. Li, W. WangB Guan, X., Zhang, S., Li, S., Wang, W.C Xiaohong Guan, San Zhang, Si Li, Wu WangD Guan Xiaohong, Zhang, S., S. Li, W. Wang28. Which is NOT the general style of the reviewers?A FrankB BrutalC SarcasticD Implicit29. If the reviewer gives a lot of critical comments and requests for modification, what are the correct attitudes we should have?A The reviewers are giving us hard time on my paper.B The reviewer is incompetent because he cannot understand what I write.C We should modify our paper according to the reviewers’ comments to get our paper published.D The reviewer is biased on me.30. Which one is NOT the good advices on responding to reviewers?A We need to examine carefully all the comments made by the reviewers and the Associate Editor.B We have to differentiate those comments that must be fully addressed from those that are desirable to be addressed.C We only need to address the comments that they are correct as we believe.D We need to respond to EACH and EVERY point raised by the reviewer and the referee.31. In order to help the reviewers save time, we shouldA List our original reviews and the response side by side.B Tell the reviewers that we have modified the paper carefully.C Send back a paper with enough modification to the reviewers.D Just select some critical comments to response.32. Which is the WRONG response to reviewers if we don’t agree with their comments?A We had better not to argue with the reviewer.B Show the reviewers that the main text is revised according to their comments.C If we must disagree with their comments, we should do it very professionally with no rancor or sarcasm.D Ignore those comments or explain what we originally meant.33. Which one is the good action in responding to reviewers?A We explain to the reviews what we have revised to addressed their comments.B If the criticism of the reviewers makes us uncomfortable, we should ignore and try to feel better.C If the reviewers think that the contributions are not enough, we should request the Associate Editor to have other reviewers review our paper.D If the reviewers think that the contributions are not enough, we should have patience, waiting they change mind.34. Which description of the review system is CORRECT?A The author knows the reviewer, but the reviewer doesn’t know the author.B The authors do not know the reviewer, but the reviewer knows the authors.C The reviewers know each other.D The author knows the reviewer, and the reviewer know the author, too.第⼆章1. What are the CORRECT statements in the following?A Making presentations in English is only important for scholars.B Making presentations in English is only important for businessmen.C Making presentations in English is only important for scholars and businessmen.D Making presentations in English is important for many careers.2. Which of the following is WRONG about making presentations in English?A It can make a good impression.B It can show how smart you are.C It is only necessary when you attend an academic conference.D It may be the turning point in many cases.3. Which is NOT the correct statement in the following?A You should overestimate the audience's capability to show smart they are.B You should assume responsibility of delivery.C You should make a lot of efforts to prepare your slide.D You should make a lot of efforts to practice your presentation.4. Which of the following is WRONG about using Powerpoint to make presentations?A It uses audio and visual channels of communications and more information transfer in the same amount of time.B You cannot make the last minute change under any condition.C Preparing the slides forces you to organize and rehearse you talk and help you uncover weak spots.D You can synchronize with sound recording and presenting without physical presence.5. Which statement is NOT the correct one in the following?A It is better to use multiple slides or the animation feature to control the display of information on your slide.B It is better not to make a slide crowded.C It is better not to copy texts form your thesis to the slide directly.D It is better to put many words in the slide to make your audience get the information clearly.6. Which statement about the font size in the slide is NOT mentioned in the video?A Usually the minimal font size for text is 18 points.B Occasionally in graphics 14 points can be used.C Very rarely the minimal font size for text can be 12 points.D Very rarely in detail graphs you can use 12 points.7. Which is the main function of a road map in your presentation?A To beatify your slides.B To increase the number of your slides.C To tell the audience where your talk is.D To concretely show conclusions of your research.8. Which is NOT the correct statements in the following?A It is OK to change notations half way through a talk by copying those in another talk to save efforts.B When using a graphic notation, make the graphics distinctive and use it repeatedly.C Use one consistent name or label to denote one thing throughout the talk.D Always define things, your problem statement, mathematical symbol, your goal, etc.9. Which of the following may NOT be a necessary part of presenting experimental results?A Conditionals defined.B Procedures detailed.C Diagram labeled.D Conclusions stated.10. For a 30 minutes talk, what is the appropriate number of slides?A No more than 15.B No less than 15.C No more than 10.D No less than 20.11. What is a good presentation?A Use many beautiful animations, but the content is not fulfilled.B The topic of your presentation is interesting in your aspect.C The subject of your presentation is welcomed by the audience.D The words in your slide are of large size to make the audience look clearly.12. Which is the appropriate time of preparing slides according to Prof. Ho of Harvard University?A About 5 minutes per slide with graphics.B About 15 minutes per slide with graphics.C At least 5 minutes to make one slide in presentation.D At least 15 minutes to make one slide in presentation.13. Which is NOT the correct statements in the following?A You can prepare some slides for some expected question.B You can take the questions in the rehearsal as pre-reviews.C You cannot say I don't know even if you don’t have an answer.D You can offer the approach to finding the answer if necessary.14. Which statement is NOT correct about preparing slides for expected questions?A It will impress the audience that how much efforts you made to make this presentation.B From this way you can improve your presentation in the rehearsal.C It may make the audiences difficult to raise new questions.D It can help you answer the questions better.15. What would most probably happen if you read the slides in your presentation?A It seems that you have prepared a lot.B It will make the audience easily to get bored.C It seems that you are not confident enough.D The time you spend in presentation is easily to over the limitation.16. When should you mention your main goal in making presentations?A Mention your main goal early to capture attention of the audience.B Mention your main goal at any time is Ok.C Mention your main goal late to keep audience in suspense.D Never mention your main goal at all.17. Which is NOT the correct statements in the following?A Watch where you stand when you speak.B Keep the laser pointer on all the time to attract the attention of audience.C Don't keep your hands in the pocket.D Record your talk and listen to and view it.18. Which of the following expression is proper for the speaker/audience?A What you are talking about is nothing, but general theory of relativity.B It is a stupid question, my first-year graduate student can answer that.C I have just talked about that, why did you ask such a question again.D It is really a good question, thanks for your asking.19. Which is the CORRECT statement in the following?A The speaker should answer the question before the audience finishes it to save time.B The speaker should not be polite, because it may make others feel that you are not knowledgeable.C The speaker should listen carefully before answering the question.D The speaker should say directly that your question is irrelevant.第三章1. Which statement is WRONG about sharing credit in writing scientific paper?A If your wor k is built on somebody else’s work, you should state clearly.B There is a harsh punishment for plagiarism.C It is acceptable to write a couple of paragraphs rephrasing other people’s words and provide a simple numbered reference.D If you list the references at the end of the paper, you should cite all the references your listed in the text.2. What should you do if you want to cite a general theory of relativity of Albert Einstein?A Just copy the original words of the theory.B Put quotations on the original words of the theory.C Using your own words to express meaning of the theory without reference.D Simply providing a numbered reference after copying the original words.3. Which of the following is NOT appropriate when you acknowledge others in your paper?A You thank someone sincerely and properly in the acknowledge section of the paper.B A scientist is not related to your paper, but you put his name in your paper because he is very famous worldwide.C If the idea is from other people, you should acknowledge them.D Before you use somebody else’s document, you should ask for permission.4. Which of the following is unacceptable in terms of sharing credit?A If I want to reuse the graph and picture of my paper that has been previously published, I still ask for the permission and copyright from the publisher.B I have to make sure that it is really my work before I claim my contribution in the paper.C I am generous to collaborators in some cases that their contributions are not very clear cut.D I claim in my paper that the idea is just from myself and has nothing to do other discussants so that all the contributions are owing to me.5. What does “take credit” means in the video?A Take your credit card.B Claim your contributions.C Guarantee that your results are credible.D Be honest while discussing with others scholars.6. What do the IEEE journals rely on to determine the order of authorship?A Authors’ contributions.B The alphabet of authors’ names.C Seniority.D Radom.7. What should you do if you don’t know the reference format?A Simply follow the reference format in one of your referenced paper.B Just use your custom reference format.C Follow the instructions of the conference or the journal.D Try a variety of formats in your reference list.8. Which format for citing references is not right?A [10] studies the strategic implications of forward contracting in commodity markets that exhibit an oligopolistic structure.B The strategic implications of forward contracting in commodity markets that exhibit an oligopolistic structure have been studied [10].C Liski and Montero studied the strategic implications of forward contracting in commodity markets that exhibit an oligopolistic structure [10].D Reference [10] studies the dynamic vehicle routing problem.9. Which statement of the following is NOT right about the importance of attending academic conferences?A Academic conference is very important for professors, but it is unworthy for students.B Academic conference is a place where we can exchange ideas and acquire the most up-to-date information and ideas.C We are able to meet colleagues and join the research networks of the academic conference.D There is a career opportunity in attending the conference for students.10. What activities can you choose to participate in during an academic conference?A Plenary and keynote speech.B Panel discussion session.C Paper presentation session.D All the above.11. Which statement in an academic conference is NOT correct?A Panel discussion often discusses the important issues on a specific topic and invites the panelists to sit in front of the stage.B Plenary and keynote speech often discusses the future development and research directions.C Attendants are advised to the plenary and keynote speeches.D Paper presentation requires an author of the paper to present the paper as long as one likes.12. What’s the poster session?A The authors of the paper make a poster in the specified area.B A session with many posters which aim to promote the conference.C If the attendees are interested in your poster, they will buy the poster.D The authors show their contributions using a poster without oral presentation or discussion with others.13. What should you NOT do if you want to meet the session chair?A Submit my bio information before the session starts.B Meet the session chair at authors’ breakfast.C Chat with the session chair during others’ presentation.D Locate my session and be aware of the arrangement ahead of time.14. Which one is not necessary for the authors before making presentations?A Read the program carefully.B Locate your session.C Take part in other sessions.D Be aware of the time and the slot for your presentation.15. What should you NOT do in the session of an academic conference?A Prepare the slides strictly according to the time limit of the schedule.B Answer questions at the session.C Do not show up in the arranged session and others can communicate with me by E-mail.D Meet session chair before the session starts.16. What main benefits you will get if you volunteer to serve the academic community?A Earn money.B No benefits but simply for personal interest.C Build a good relation with the colleagues in your field.D Get offers from famous professors who attend the conference.17. Which one of the following is NOT the reason for a scholar to provide academic service?A Academic service is a way to integrate into the world of science and technology.B Academic service is a way to have an influence in international academic community.C Academic service is paid much.D Academic service proves that you play an important role in academic community.18. What is the benefit from serving as a reviewer for a journal or conference?A Keep one up in the field.B Maintain critical skill.C Enhance curriculum vitae for students.D All the above.19. Which one is NOT included in the reviewing tasks?A Provide rating scales on quality and publishability.B Provide rating scales on the originality or creativity.C Help the authors to modify the paper.D Give comments on the correctness of the method.20. Which statement about reviewer is NOT true?A The reviewer may encourage the author to improve the paper.B If you are a reviewer, you should keep confidentiality.C You are responsible to give comments to the author whether the paper is accepted or rejected.D You only need to be specific and constructive to the beginning authors.21. Which one is not essential to be a good reviewer?A You have to volunteer to be a reviewer first.B You should provide a good review.C You need to have the experience of reviewing papers from all regions.D You should have credibility on reviewing papers.22. What should you do if you want to become an associate editor?A Publish at least five papers in the journal to know the standard and practice.B Have a reputation to provide good reviews in a timely fashion.C Be a leading researcher in a variety of areas with a good list of publications.D Find a good advocate to speak for you, usually a primary editor is enough.23. Which statement about accepting or declining to handle papers is NOT true?A You cannot handle papers only in your narrow areas of expertise.B You cannot accept all the papers in all areas.C You need to handle papers in our primary and secondary areas of expertise.D Once you accept the paper to handle, the first task is to tell the author about this.24. Which statement about securing reviewers is NOT true?A Usually you should assign the review task to the reviewers four to six days ahead.B You should glance over the paper to roughly understand what the paper is about.C In choosing the reviewers, one of the important principle is that we should align the interest of the reviewers with ours.D If you actually need minimum 3 reviewers, you need to properly find five or even six candidate reviewers.25. In order to avoid conflict of interest and preserve confidentiality, what should you do?A Ask the advisor the review students’ paper because the advisor clearly know the paper.B If Reviewer A has total different view to Author B, you should not ask Reviewer A to review Author B’s paper to avoid conflict.C You should let the reviewers and author know each other for better communication.D Send emails to all the reviewers simultaneously for saving effort.26. When you handle the paper and find it interesting, which behavior is correct?A You can just directly use the information.B You should communicate with the author as an associate editor or editor.C You should communicate with the author as a researcher to request to share some information.D You should tell the author that you are handling his paper.27. What should you NOT do to prepare a recommendation or decision letter?A Combine reviewers' comments and your own reading of the paper to provide an appropriate, impartial, and constructive recommendation.B Provide a general comment, and also the specifics of the recommendation, the analysis of the reviews, and justification for your recommendation.C Tell which part to cut, how the paper should be reorganized, how the paper should be revised.D If you recommend to reject the paper, you can simply do it without explanation.28. What is NOT allowed in the recommendation of an associated editor?A Provide a general comment.B Provide the specifics of the recommendation.C Provide the analysis of the reviewer.D Provide the information of all reviewers.29. Which statement about handling the resubmitted paper is NOT true?A We only need to ask the reviewers with critical comments previously on the revised version for conditionally accepted papers.B For revise and resubmit papers, have a mix of new and old reviewers to do a thorough and complete reviews.C We need to ask all the reviewers to handle the conditionally accepted papers.D The reviewers should be provided with the document detailing how the previous comments were addressed.30. As an associate editor or editor, when you suffer some difficulties, what should you do?A Report the difficulties early.B It’s our duty to handle the papers, so we should solve the difficulties by ourselves.C If you are busy, delay the task of handling papers and do it when you are free.D Simply ask another editor to take place of you.31. Which one is true according to the communication protocol?A Once you receive a request on paper handling, you need to response as soon as possible.B In all journals, the associate editor can directly communicate with editor in chief.C If you are busy with your personal affairs, you can response after the deadline.D Never report progress if it is negative.32. What should you NOT do as the session chair?A You need to read the program carefully and locate your session to chair.B You have to identify your session authors, collect bios information and check the facility beforeyour session starts.C You should control the presentation time and follow the schedule.D When you find there are several authors no show, you should combine the session with somebody else, who is unsigned.33. Which of the statement is TRUE for a conference session chair?A If some attendees registered on site attending a session, invited them to make a presentation.B To stimulate Q AND A, you should appoint one of the audience to ask questions.C To stimulate Q AND A, you should ask a question yourself first.D You should report only the number of attendees to the program committee.第四章1. What are the considerations on choosing research topics?A Demand from social and economic developmentB Curiosity and personal interestsC Combing social requirements with personal interestsD All the above2. Which of the following is NOT the form of interdisciplinary research?A Researchers from different fields collaborate to work on particular problemsB One from field A works on the problem of field BC One from field B works on the problem of field BD Researchers from different fields propose a new field3. If you encounter a problem in a different field, which statement is NOT true?A You may often suffer the resistance.B An outstanding result may come out from you.C You may have different angle on the problem.D You just waste your time since it is not your field.4. Which of the following is NOT advised when you are choosing a research topic?A Comprehensive understanding of the state of art in well-established areas。
毕业论文中的Methodology部分怎么写——英国启航论文
毕业论文中的Methodology部分怎么写——英国启航论文各位同学们都知道，毕业论文是由很多个部分构成，每个部分都有着其特定的写作内容与写作要求。
今天，英国启航论文小编要和大家说的就是毕业论文其中的一个构成部分——methodology，又称方法论部分。
方法论的具体写作要求如下：（1）对材料的描述应清楚、准确。
材料描述中应该清楚地指出研究对象（样品或产品、动物、植物、病人）的数量、来源和准备方法。
对于实验材料的名称，应采用国际同行所熟悉的通用名，尽量避免使用只有作者所在国家的人所熟悉专门名称。
（2）对方法的描述要详略得当、重点突出。
应遵循的原则是给出足够的细节信息以便让同行能够重复实验，避免混入有关结果或发现方面的内容。
如果方法新颖、且不曾发表过，应提供所有必需的细节；如果所采用的方法已经公开报道过，引用相关的文献即可（如果报道该方法期刊的影响力很有限，可稍加详细地描述）。
（3）力求语法正确、描述准确。
由于材料和方法部分通常需要描述很多的内容，因此通常需要采用很简洁的语言，故使用精确的英语描述材料和方法是十分重要的。
需要注意的方面通常有：①不要遗漏动作的执行者，如：“To determine its respiratory quotient, the organism was...”，显然，the organism不能来determine；又如：“Having completed the study, the bacteria were of nofurther interest.”，显然，the bacteria不会来completed the study。
②在简洁表达的同时要注意内容方面的逻辑性，如：“Blood samples were taken from 48 informed and consenting patients...the subjects ranged in age from 6 months to 22 years”，其中的语法没有错误，但6 months的婴儿能表达informed consent？③如果有多种可供选择的方法能采用，在引用文献时提及一下具体的方法，如：“cells were broken by as previously described”不够清楚，应改为：“cells were broken by ultrasonic treatment as previously described”。
methodology 模板
文章标题：深度解析方法论模板：从简到繁一、引言方法论是指在研究中所采用的研究方法和研究设计的基本原则和规范。
在科研、学术论文或者实践中，方法论的选择对于研究的成败至关重要。
本文将深度探讨方法论模板，帮助读者全面理解和灵活运用。
二、方法论模板的概念与意义方法论模板是指在进行学术研究或实践中，所采用的一种固定的研究方法和设计框架，用以指导研究的整个过程。
方法论模板的选择对于研究的深度和广度具有重要的影响。
一个合理的方法论模板可以有效地指导研究者进行全面、深入的研究，并确保研究的可靠性和可信度。
三、方法论模板的分类及应用1. 定性研究方法论模板在社会科学领域中，定性研究方法论模板被广泛应用。
通过对个案的深入分析和解释，揭示出事物的内在规律和现象的深层含义。
定性研究方法论模板侧重于研究对象的质性特征和内在结构，具有独特的研究价值。
2. 定量研究方法论模板定量研究方法论模板通过量化研究对象的特征和变量，利用统计学的方法进行分析和解释。
定量研究方法论模板侧重于研究对象的数量特征和变化规律，能够客观、准确地反映现象和问题。
3. 实证研究方法论模板实证研究方法论模板结合了定性和定量研究的特点，旨在通过实证数据和案例分析来验证研究假设和观点。
实证研究方法论模板具有综合性和系统性的优势，能够全面、深入地揭示研究对象的特征和规律。
四、方法论模板的实际应用与案例分析以社会科学领域为例，通过对不同国家文化背景下的领导力特点进行调查和分析，运用定性研究方法论模板，揭示出不同文化下领导力特点的内在规律。
结合定量研究方法论模板，通过量化分析各国领导力特点的差异和变化趋势。
通过实证研究方法论模板，验证和论证研究假设，得出科学的结论和结论。
五、方法论模板的个人观点与理解在我看来，方法论模板并非一成不变的模式，而是应根据具体研究对象和目的来灵活选择和应用。
方法论模板应结合实际情况和研究需求，在深度和广度的要求下，不断完善和优化。
只有在具体研究实践中不断总结经验和改进方法，才能取得更为可靠和丰富的研究成果。
Methodology例文
3.1 IntroductionThe purpose of this chapter is to provide the reader with an understanding of the methodology and relevant research approaches adopted in our research. In this chapter, we explain the research philosophy, approaches and strategies, and why the methodology has been adopted, at the same time, the constraints associated with data collection and the limitations to the work will also be discussed.The research aim for this dissertation is to investigate the current human resource management practices of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in China. Obtaining effective data and information is of vital concern to build an accurate picture of the issue being studied. To a large extent, methodology determines the outcomes of any research. Therefore, it is crucial to choose appropriate research methods and conduct them effectively in order to answer the research question and meet the research objectives well.3.2 Discussion of Methodology Theory3.2.1留学生论文网Research PhilosophyThe first question that any researcher should raise before conducting a real research project is what research philosophy you will adopt, this is very fundamental step and generally speaking, there are three views about the research philosophy that dominate the literature: positivism, interpretivism and realism (Saunders et al., 2003).The key idea of positivism is that the social world exists external, and its properties should be measured through objective methods, rather than being inferred subjectively through sensation, reflection or intuition (Smith et al, 1991). If your research philosophy is positivism, you will assume the role of an objective analyst, make detached interpretations about data collected in a value-free manner and emphasize on a highly structured methodology to facilitate replication (Gill and Johnson, 1997) and quantifiable observations that lead themselves to statistical analysis.By contrast with positivism, interpretivism is often associated with the term social constructionism which is critical of positivism and argues that rich insights into this complex world are needed. The role of the interpretivist is to seek to understand the subjective reality of those that they study in order to be able to make sense of and understand their motives, actions and intention (Saunders et al., 2003). In other words, social constructionism offers that reality is subjective and it is socially constructed and given meaning by people (Seddighi, 2005).Finally, realism recognizes the importance of understanding people’s socially constructed interpretations and meanings, or subjective reality, within the context of seeking to understand broader social forces, structures or processes that influence, and perhaps constrain, the nature of people’s views and behaviors (Saunders et al., 2003).(责任编辑：留学生论文网) Based on the differences of three philosophies, this research is of an exploratory nature which is a kind of social constructionism. As Cooper and Schindler (1998, p. 131) state that, “exploratory studies tend toward loose structure with objective of discovering future research tasks”. Besides, MacDaniel and Gates (1999, p.63) claim that “exploratory research is usually small-scale research undertaken to define the exact nature of the problem and gain a better understanding of theenvironment within which the problem occurred”. All of these fit well with the objectives and other conditions of my research project. Therefore, we adopt the interpretivism philosophy of an exploratory nature in this study.3.2.2 Research ApproachInductive and deductive approachesThere are two basic research approaches available when conducting business research including deductive and inductive methods (Saunders et al., 2000). Their characteristics are described in the following table:Table 3.1 Comparison of Deductive and Inductive Research ApproachInduction emphasizes Deduction emphasizes-gaining an understanding of the meanings humans attach to events -scientific principles-a close understanding of the research context -moving from theory to data-the collection of qualitative data -the need to explain causal relationships between variables-a more flexible structure to permit changes of research emphasis as the research progresses -the collection of quantitative dataresearcher independence of what is being researched-a realization that the researcher is part of the research process the application of controls to ensure validity of data-less concern with the need to generalize -the operationalisation of concepts to ensure clarity of definition-a highly structured approach-the necessity to select samples of sufficient size in order to generalize conclusions (Saunders et al., 2003)The deductive approach is usually regarded as an effective way to test theories, where people develop a theory and a hypothesis (or hypotheses) and design a research strategy to test the theory (Saunders et al., 2000). The focus is on whether or not the suggested theory fits, and is appropriate for the organization (Saunders et al., 2000; Seddighi, 2000). The deduction to research owes much to what we would think of a scientific research, in which you develop a theory and hypothesis and design a research strategy to test the hypothesis (Saunders et al., 2003).On the other hand, inductive approach is usually used to build theories, in practice, people need to collect data and develop theory as a result of data analysis. Nevertheless, the two methodologies are not mutually exclusive, in reality; they are often used jointly in business and management studies (Seddighi, 2000). However, it is important to point out that the choices of research approach should base on the research question and research objectives.(责任编辑：留学生论文网)Therefore, there is no question that the inductive approach is appropriate for this particular research. I will use the inductive approach, from data to theory, by collecting the data first and then developing new hypothesis as a result of the data analysis. In reality, the research focuses on not only understanding why something happens in the business sector but also describing what happens. As the inductive approach usually only tell people why something happens rather than describe what happens (Saunder et al., 2000), it would have advantage to combine the two approaches in this particular research according to the nature and purpose of this research.Quantitative and Qualitative ApproachThere are two main types of marketing research in terms of the two, essentially different types of data that are generated by fundamentally different research approaches-quantitative and qualitative methods (Adcock et al., 1995).Quantitative research involves the collection of information that can be expressed using a numerical measure (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). However, it includes not only numerical data such as sales figures, market share, market size and demographic information, but also the numerical aspects of other data, often derived from primary research, such as questionnaire-based surveys and interviews (Adcoco et al., 1995). Obviously, the quantitative research usually involves large-scale surveys that enable a factual base to be formed with sufficient strength to allow statistically rigorous analysis (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). Therefore, the success of quantitative research to a large extent depends on establishing a representative sample that is large enough to ensure that the data collected are reliable and objective. Due to time and financial constraint, obviously, it is unpractical to conduct a truly quantitative based research regarding the timetable and the requirement of the research project. That is not saying that quantitative data will not be utilized in this project. In fact, it is important to obtain the quantitative data from secondary sources in order to support the argument.Qualitative research, on the other hand, usually involves the collection of non-numerical data that is open to interpretation, such as customer’s opinions, where there is no intention of establishing statistical validity (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). The essence of qualitative research is that it is ‘diagnostic’; therefore, it is especi ally useful for investigating attitudes, motivations, beliefs and intentions. In practice, they are usually based on small-scale samples; therefore, it cannot be generalized in numerical terms (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). Chisnall (1997) further characterized the method as impressionistic rather than conclusive, he also pointed out that the approach could provide a better understanding of certain factors that might influence buying decisions. However, it is important to point out that the results generalized from the process are often subjective. But for all its limitations, qualitative research is an effective way to reflect the complexity of the interrelationships associated with marketing activities (Chisnall, 1997).(责任编辑：留学生论文网)Therefore, there is no question that the inductive approach is appropriate for this particular research. I will use the inductive approach, from data to theory, by collecting the data first and then developing new hypothesis as a result of the data analysis. In reality, the research focuses on not only understanding why something happens in the business sector but also describing what happens. As the inductive approach usually only tell people why something happens rather than describe what happens (Saunder et al., 2000), it would have advantage to combine the two approaches in this particular research according to the nature and purpose of this research.Quantitative and Qualitative ApproachThere are two main types of marketing research in terms of the two, essentially different types of data that are generated by fundamentally different research approaches-quantitative and qualitative methods (Adcock et al., 1995).Quantitative research involves the collection of information that can be expressed using a numerical measure (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). However, it includes not only numerical data such as sales figures, market share, market size and demographic information, but also the numerical aspects of other data, often derived from primary research, such as questionnaire-based surveys and interviews (Adcoco et al., 1995). Obviously, the quantitative research usually involves large-scale surveys that enable a factual base to be formed with sufficient strength to allow statistically rigorous analysis (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). Therefore, the success of quantitative research to a large extent depends on establishing a representative sample that is large enough to ensure that the data collected are reliable and objective. Due to time and financial constraint, obviously, it is unpractical to conduct a truly quantitative based research regarding the timetable and the requirement of the research project. That is not saying that quantitative data will not be utilized in this project. In fact, it is important to obtain the quantitative data from secondary sources in order to support the argument.Qualitative research, on the other hand, usually involves the collection of non-numerical data that is open to interpretation, such as customer’s opinions, where there is no intent ion of establishing statistical validity (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). The essence of qualitative research is that it is ‘diagnostic’; therefore, it is especially useful for investigating attitudes, motivations, beliefs and intentions. In practice, they are usually based on small-scale samples; therefore, it cannot be generalized in numerical terms (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). Chisnall (1997) further characterized the method as impressionistic rather than conclusive, he also pointed out that the approach could provide a better understanding of certain factors that might influence buying decisions. However, it is important to point out that the results generalized from the process are often subjective. But for all its limitations, qualitative research is an effective way to reflect the complexity of the interrelationships associated with marketing activities (Chisnall, 1997).(责任编辑：留学生论文网) Commonly, secondary data come from printed sources (Books, Magazines, Journals, and trade Newspapers) and in electronic sources (CD-ROM encyclopaedias, Software packages, or online services, such as the Internet.) Books are general resource to provide relevant theory support for the study. Journals are a useful resource for information on a daily basis. They could provide the latest views and development in the particular area of study. The Internet is also very helpful for the data collecting, especially professional websitesAdvantages of Secondary Data CollectionThe most important factor determining me to use the secondary data is that it is easy to do and helps to save both time and money. My research dissertation has to be completed within three months, which implies constraints from the budget, time, and some other factors. Usually, it is much less expensive to use secondary data than to collect the primary data. Furthermore, the verification process is more rapid and the reliability of the information and conclusion is greatly enhanced.Disadvantages of Secondary Data CollectionAlthough secondary data collection is very useful for us to collect the existing information, the information collected through this method may be incomplete. Using this technique requires people to be quite clear about what they are looking for and this technique is restricted to the data that already exist. It is not a flexible way to collect data. If you are not clear about what youare looking for, you may spend much time but not collect the data you need. So this method of documentation should be used base on the assumption that you have the clear objective about what kind of data you want to collect.And the data and information that you want to collect through this method must be the real and existing information available in the market. So this method just can help to collect the past and historic information and can not collect the in-depth information. The data sources of secondary data collection are from the public and existing materials and are not directly from the customers or other market sources.3.3.1.2 Primary Data CollectionThere are many data collection techniques to collect primary data from the research including interview, questionnaires, focus group and case study and so on. Primary data collection is every important for us to collect in-depth data and information, while secondary data collection only can provide us with the existing and skin-deep data and information.Table 3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Primary DataAdvantages of Primary Data Disadvantages of Primary Data:Can probe deeper answers Takes timeCan get detailed information on what causes problems or benefits. More opportunities for bias creep in when results are "coded"Can also elicit more honest and more sensitive information Also the ever-present problem of all self-report measuresBy using interviews, future change agents can also introduce themselves to the people in an organization, and establish both rapport and trust Accuracy(责任编辑：留学生论文网)Due to the advantages of primary data, it is important for us to collection primary data through data collection techniques like interviews. Primary data collection can provide us with the in-depth data and information related to our research questions. Therefore, primary data collection is crucial to the success of my research despite of its main disadvantage that it could take a long time and cost much to collect the data and information.3.3.2 Data Collection MethodsAccording to the different types of research, there are many different data collection techniques such as interviews, questionnaires, survey, observation, focus group, and documentation review and so on (Saunders et al, 2003). The different data collection techniques have their different advantages and disadvantages, and should be adopted according to the different research purposes. In this research, three data collection methods of documentation review, in-depth interviews and observation will be adopted.3.3.2.1 Documentation ReviewAmong data collection techniques, documentation review is the method to quickly and accurately collect the existing information and historical information. This method is to collect data through reviewing the formal company documents and reports about production, sales and finance. (Saunders et al, pp. 104, 2003)Advantages and LimitationsWe choose this method of documentation review, because this method is easy to do and has few limits to the market environment and we need to use this method to collect some existing and historic data and information for the research. This method of documentation review has many advantages and is generally used in the case study. The information collected through documentation review is factual information and through this method, we can get the comprehensive and historical information with few biases. So this method is very useful for us to understand the real information about the company at the beginning, because the documents about the company are all announced by the company, and are real and open to all the people concentrating on the company.Although the research method of documentation review is very useful for us to collect the existing information, this method often takes time and the information may be incomplete. Using this technique requires people to be quite clear about what they are looking for and this technique is restricted to the data that already exist. It is not a flexible way to collect data. If you are not clear about what you are looking for, you may spend much time but not collect the data you need. So this method of documentation should be used base on the assumption that you have the clear objective about what kind of data you want to collect. And the data and information that you want to collect through this method must be the real and existing information available in the market. So this method just can help to collect the past and historic information and can not collect the in-depth information. The information sources of this method are from the public and existing materials and are not from the customers or other market sources.(责任编辑：留学生论文网)3.3.2.2 In-depth InterviewsGenerally, Observation, interviews and questionnaires are three main primary data collection methods (Sekaran, 2000). According to the purpose of this project and the restriction of time and geography, I will mainly focus on the method of interviews to collect qualitative data. The semi-structure interview has been used to collect data.Interview is a good data collection technique to get the in-depth information and it is particularly useful for getting the story behind a participant’s experiences. This method is used when we want to fully understand the impressions or experiences of someone or want to learn about their answers to the questionnaires. (Creswell, pp.125, 1994) Interview is the process of the communication between the interviewer and interviewee. The communication includes the free talking and the discussion about the assigned questions. This data collection technique provides people with a communication way to know the information they want to know from other people or know the opinions of other people on the assigned questions. This method of interview has strong pertinence to investigate the special issue and widely used in the market research to obtain the in-depth information.Advantages and LimitationsThis data collection technique of interviews has many advantages. It is the most direct way for market researchers to communicate with the interviewees. Through this face-to-face way, themethod of interviews can collect the full range and depth of information from the interviewees. This kind of information is very useful and may not be collected through other ways. And this method can be flexible with the different interviewees and the interviewers can determine and choose the questions based on their thoughts and objectives to discuss with the interviewees and obtain the data and information they need. Besides, it is also a good way to develop the relationship with the clients. (Creswell, pp.136, 1994)And data collection technique also has many disadvantages and may lead to the biases of the collected information, because the use of this method may take much time, may be hard for people to analyze and compare, may be costly and the interviewer may bias the responses and opinions of the interviewees. On the one hand, the interviewees may not tell the full information they know or may tell the wrong information to the interviewers. And on the other hand, the interviewers may misunderstand the information from the interviewees and causes the bias during the process of data collection.3.3.2.2 Participant ObservationAccording to Collis and Hussey (2003), the method of participant observation is where the researcher becomes a working member of the group or situation to be observed. The aim of this method is to understand the situation from the inside: from the viewpoints of the people in the situation, and the researcher shares the same experiences as the subjects and this form of research can be particularly effective in the study of small groups/small firms. Participant observation can be overt (everyone knows it is happening) or covert when the subjects being observed fro research purposes are unaware it is happening (Collis and Hussey, 2003).(责任编辑：留学生论文网)Company, and this company is one of SMEs in China. This company is a good case for the author to study the research question about the current human resource management practices of SMEs in China, and this is the reason for the author to choose this company for internship. During the period of internship, the author also studies the research questions through observation in daily work of the company.3.3.3 Sample SelectionBesides the company in which the author worked during the period of internship, the author also chose other ten small and medium sized enterprises in the sample for research. There are many SMEs in the whole China, so it is impossible for the research to include all SMEs in the sample. Because the author was working in Beijing during the period of internship, so ten SMEs in Beijing were randomly selected in the sample.3.3.4 AccessI contact with these SMEs in the sample to make an appointment with their directors and managers for interviews. The interviews will be conducted in these companies.Based on the method of interview to collect primary data from the directors or managers of these selected SMEs, I just simply make the sources anonymous and the information about the interviewees such as the name and position will be kept in confidentiality. This technique will not affect the data collection and the research. The true and effective data and information collectedfrom these anonymous sources will be used to analyze the research questions.3.4 In-depth Interview DesignIt is true that the quality of the data to a large extent depends upon the structure of the interview as well as the design of each individual question (Saunders et al., 2003). Interview is the method that may take much time and lead to the bias. So we must design the appropriate questions and design the process of the interview. In order to collect the data and information we need for the analysis, I design the questions according to our research aims and objectives.The research aim of our paper is to investigate the current human resource management practices of Chinese SMEs. Based on this main research aim and other research objectives that have been decided before the research, the research should focus on the current practices of human resource management in Chinese SMEs including the status quo of the current human resource management for Chinese SMEs, the main problems involved with Chinese SMEs in human resource management. So the questions designed for the interview must help collect the data and information focusing on these aspects relating to research aim and objectives. The collected data must help the study to realize the research objectives.Besides the contents of the questions, the process of interview is also very important. I plan to start with some simple closed format questions focusing on some general information about human resource management of Chinese SMEs and then majority of questions with open format are created during the interview for the interviewees to express their opinions freely. This way that asking the general questions first and then discussing the in-depth questions gives both the interviewer and the interviewee more flexibility to communicate and discuss the issues. One important point for us to attention is that we should ask the questions in a clear, easy and simple way for the interviewees to understand and discuss.(责任编辑：留学生论文网)The designed questions for the interview are summarized as follows:1）Do you think human resource management is important to the development of the enterprise?2）What do you think of the current human resource management in your enterprise?3）What are the differences between practices of human resource management in China and those in the western developed countries?4）What do you think of the role of human resource management to SMEs in China?5）Do you think the current human resource management in your enterprise is effective or not?6）What are the main problems involved with the human resource management in your company?7）As a SME in China, do you think your enterprise have to face more problems in human resource management compared with the large enterprises in China?8）What are your suggestions for Chinese SMEs to improve their human resource management?3.5 Data AnalysisThe data collected in this research include both the quantitative data and the qualitative data,so the different methods of data analysis have to be adopted to analyze the different types of data.3.5.1 Analysis of Quantitative DataQuantitative data refers to numerical and standardized data, which usually can be analyzed through using of diagrams and statistics (Saunders et al., 2000). Basically, data can be divided into categorical and quantifiable data, it is important to edit and code data before start analysis (Saunders et al., 2000). In practice, it is useful to conduct exploratory data analysis in the initial stages of data analysis, this approach highlights the importance of using diagrams to explore and understand data (Saunders et al., 2000). For instance, pie charts and percentage component bar charts can be used to explain the proportions of customers agreeing or disagreeing with the statements which are presented in the questionnaire. “Subsequent analysis will involve describing your data and exploring relationships using statistics” (Saunders et al., 2000). Finally, it is essential to re-emphasis the importance of using PC software programmes during the process of data analysis, such as SAS, APAK EXCEL etc (Greenfield 2002).3.5.2 Analysis of Qualitative DataIt is obvious that qualitative data here refers to the data collected by semi-structured interviews and the possible secondary source of data. According to the nature of qualitative data, it is important to develop data categories and to classify them into appropriate categories before analysis, “otherwise the most that can result will be an impressionistic view of what it means” (Saunders et al., 2000, p381). It is also important to recognize the relationship between different categories of data, as well as to develop and test hypotheses with regard to the research question and objectives (Saunders et al., 2000). In reality, it is necessary to develop a provisional set of categories from the research question, research themes and initial propositions, the categories should be closely related to the research question. In short, it is critical to conduct data analysis effectively in order to answer the research question and achieve research objectives.(责任编辑：留学生论文网)3.6 Ethical Issues“Research ethics refer to the appropriateness of researchers’ behavior in relation to the rights of those who bec ome the subject of your work and are affected by the work” (Saunders et al., 2000, p142). They are likely to occur during the whole process of the research: seeking access, data collection, and data analysis and reporting (Skearan, 2000). There are some ethical issues to be considered in my research. First is privacy, which may be seen as the cornerstone of the ethical issues that confront those who undertake research. In my interviews, I will not ask the participants to fill their name and I will keep all the information I have got from the interviews as confidentiality. No matter during the design and initial access stage, the data collection stage or the analysis and reporting stage, the confidentiality and anonymity are always important. I will not attempt to apply any pressure on intended participants to grant access. Once access has been granted, I will remain within the aims of my research project that I shared and agreed with my intended participants. Sometimes, the findings may be used to make a decision that could adversely affect the collective interest of those who will be my participants, it is ethical for me to refer to this possibility even though it may reduces the level of access that I will achieve. The last problem is netiquette, which has b een developed to provide a heading for a number of “rules” or。