2006浙江大学年食品微生物考博试题
微生物考博试题及答案
微生物考博试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 细菌的基本形态包括：A. 球状B. 杆状C. 螺旋状D. 所有以上选项答案：D2. 以下哪种微生物不属于病毒？A. 噬菌体B. 流感病毒C. 酵母菌D. HIV病毒答案：C3. 微生物学中，以下哪种培养基是用于分离和培养细菌的？A. SDA培养基B. PDA培养基C. TSA培养基D. 所有以上选项答案：C4. 微生物的新陈代谢类型包括：A. 自养型B. 异养型C. 光能型D. 所有以上选项答案：D5. 以下哪种微生物是厌氧性微生物？A. 大肠杆菌B. 酵母菌C. 乳酸菌D. 所有以上选项答案：C6. 微生物学中，以下哪种染色方法用于检测细菌的细胞壁？A. 革兰氏染色B. 酸性染色C. 碱性染色D. 所有以上选项答案：A7. 以下哪种微生物是嗜热微生物？A. 嗜热细菌B. 嗜冷细菌C. 嗜酸细菌D. 嗜盐细菌答案：A8. 微生物的繁殖方式包括：A. 二分裂B. 出芽C. 孢子形成D. 所有以上选项答案：D9. 以下哪种微生物是人体肠道中常见的有益菌？A. 大肠杆菌B. 乳酸菌C. 金黄色葡萄球菌D. 所有以上选项答案：B10. 微生物学中，以下哪种培养基是用于分离和培养真菌的？A. SDA培养基B. PDA培养基C. TSA培养基D. 所有以上选项答案：A二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1. 微生物的分类依据包括形态学特征、生理学特征、__________特征和__________特征。
答案：遗传学、生态学2. 微生物的培养条件包括__________、__________、__________和__________。
答案：温度、pH值、氧气供应、营养物质3. 微生物的代谢途径包括__________代谢、__________代谢和__________代谢。
答案：发酵、呼吸、光合作用4. 微生物的遗传变异可以通过__________、__________和__________等方式发生。
浙江大学医学分子生物学2006+答案年考博真题试卷
3、EST：表达序所产生的cDNA序列。随着高通量测序技术的进步，使人们越来越相信，大规模地产生EST，结合生物信息学的手段，将为人们提供一种快速有效的发现新基因的方法。
9、Genome：基因组，有机体或细胞中的所有DNA，包括核中的染色体和线粒体中的DNA。
10、RNA in situ hybridization：RNA原位杂交，是利用cDNA为探针来检测与其互补的mRNA链在细菌或其他真核细胞中的位置，是检测基因组织特性表达的常用方法。
11、单克隆抗体：每个B淋巴细胞有合成一种抗体的遗传基因。动物脾脏有上百万种不同的B淋巴细胞系，含遗传基因不同的B淋巴细胞合成不同的抗体。当机体受抗原刺激时，抗原分子上的许多决定簇分别激活各个具有不同基因的B细胞。被激活的B细胞分裂增殖形成该细胞的子孙，即克隆由许多个被激活B细胞的分裂增殖形成多克隆，并合成多种抗体。如果能选出一个制造一种专一抗体的细胞进行培养，就可得到由单细胞经分裂增殖而形成细胞群，即单克隆。单克隆细胞将合成一种决定簇的抗体，称为单克隆抗体。
6、AFLP：扩增片段长度多态性，其特点是把RFLP和PCR结合了起来。其基本步骤是：把DNA进行限制性内切酶酶切，然后选择特定的片段进行PCR扩增(在所有的限制性片段两端加上带有特定序列的“接头”，用与接头互补的3’—端有几个随机选择的核苷酸的引物进行特异PCR扩增，只有那些与3’—端严格配对的片段才能得到扩增)，再在有高分辨力的测序胶上分开这些扩增产物，用放射性法、荧光组cDN.7×105，同时为保证cDNA片段的完整性，插入片段的平均大小应不小于1kb。
食品微生物的试题及答案
食品微生物的试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. 食品微生物学是研究微生物与食品之间关系的科学，下列哪项不是食品微生物学的研究内容？A. 食品中微生物的种类和数量B. 微生物在食品加工过程中的作用C. 微生物引起的食品变质D. 微生物在食品保存中的应用答案：D2. 食品中常见的有害微生物包括哪些？A. 细菌、酵母和霉菌B. 病毒、细菌和寄生虫C. 细菌、病毒和霉菌D. 细菌、酵母和寄生虫答案：C3. 下列哪种微生物不是食品腐败的主要原因？A. 细菌B. 酵母C. 霉菌D. 原生动物答案：D4. 食品微生物检测中常用的计数方法是？A. 稀释倒平板法B. 显微镜直接计数法C. 比浊法D. 所有上述方法答案：D5. 食品微生物的控制方法不包括以下哪项？A. 冷藏B. 热处理C. 辐射D. 增加食品的pH值答案：D二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）1. 食品微生物学在食品工业中的应用包括哪些方面？A. 食品的发酵B. 食品的防腐C. 食品的检测D. 食品的包装答案：ABC2. 食品微生物检测的目的是？A. 评估食品的卫生状况B. 确定食品的安全性C. 监控食品的保质期D. 以上都是答案：D3. 食品微生物污染的来源可能包括？A. 原料B. 环境C. 人员D. 包装材料答案：ABCD4. 食品微生物控制的方法有哪些？A. 物理方法B. 化学方法C. 生物方法D. 以上都是答案：D5. 食品微生物学研究的微生物类型包括？A. 细菌B. 酵母C. 霉菌D. 病毒答案：ABCD三、判断题（每题1分，共10分）1. 所有微生物都会导致食品变质。
（错误）2. 食品微生物学不涉及食品的发酵过程。
（错误）3. 食品微生物检测可以评估食品的卫生状况。
（正确）4. 微生物在食品保存中没有应用。
（错误）5. 食品微生物的控制方法包括冷藏和热处理。
（正确）6. 食品微生物污染的来源不包括原料。
（错误）7. 食品微生物检测的目的之一是确定食品的安全性。
浙江大学 2006年(春)攻读博士研究生入学考试题
浙江大学2006年（春）攻读博士研究生入学考试题考试科目_____________英语______________ 编号_________________ 注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷上或者草稿纸上均无效。
Section ⅠListening Comprehension (20 marks, 1 mark each)Part ADirections: You will hear an interview with Jason Donovan, an Australian actor and pop singer. Listen and complete the sentences in questions 1-5 with the information you’ve heard. Write no more than 3 words in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below.Part BDirections: You will hear a conversation between two speakers, David and Mary. Answer the questions 6-10 while you listen. Use no more than 5 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the questions.Part CDirections: Questions 11-13 are based on the following conversation between Carlos and his sister Jean. You now have 15 seconds to read questions 11-13.11. What arrangement had Carlos and Sandra made for tonight?A. Meet around the underground station.B. Stay at home.C. See the evening performance.D. Walk in the rain.12. Why is Carlos angry with Jean?A. Because she did not tell Carlos about Sandra’s phone call as soon as he got home.B. Because she forgot to tell Sandra that Carlos couldn’t get tickets.C. Because she did not stay at home and wait for Carlos’ phone.D. Because she kept Carlos waiting for half an hour.13. What will Carlos finally do?A. Wait at home for Sandra’s phone.B. Hurry up and try to get the theater before Sandra does.C. Buy tickets for the performance of Romeo and Juliet tonight.D. Phone Sandra to tell her that he will be late.You now have 30 seconds to check your answers to Questions 11~13.Directions: Questions 14~16 are based on the following interview. You now have 20 seconds to read questions 14~16.14. According to the woman, how will rival gangs benefit from the Leisure Center?A. They can express aggression in sports.B. Their athletic skills can be improved.C. They can find something to do in their leisure time.D. They can find employment in the Centre.15. What is the man’s attitude towards the new scheme?A. He believes the scheme might help to solve the problem of gang warfare.B. He doubles whether rival gangs will be interested in the scheme.C. He doesn’t think the scheme could work because of lack of funds.D. He is afraid that there might be fights between rival groups in the Leisure Center.16. Which of the following is true of the scheme promoted by the woman?A. It has received much support from the local people.B. It is aimed primarily at rival gangs.C. It has been in operation for years.D. There have been many reports on it in newspapers.You now have 30 seconds to check your answers to Questions 14~16.Directions: Questions 17~20 are based on the following talk introducing the success of Coco-Cola. You now have 15 seconds to read questions 18~20.17. Who invented Coca-Cola and when?A. Frank Robinson, in 1888.B. Asa G Candle, in1879.C. Dr.Pemberton, in 1886.D. Jacob, in 1895.18. What has played the most important role in Coca-Cola’s success?A. A catchy name.B. Advertising.C. Its taste.D. Competition.19. Which of the following is true of Coca-Cola in World War II?A. Every American soldier could have a bottle of Coca-Cola for free.B. The company made a lot of money by selling Coca-Cola to soldiersC. About five billion bottles of Coke were sold in American.D. The company tried to open up its foreign markets for Coca-Cola.20. What do doctor say about Coca-Cola?A. It is both delicious and nutritious.B. It contains too much sugar.C. It does you no good.D. It may be harmful to your health.You now have 40 seconds to check your answers to Questions 17~20.SectionⅡVocabulary (15 marks, 1 mark each)Directions:There are 15 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer SheetⅠwith a single line through the center.21. You will only be allowed to leave early in _____ circumstances.A. exceptionalB. coincidentalC. peculiarD. imperative22. His latest _____ was buying a second- hand car which turned out to have a faulty engine.A. agonyB. stigmaC. wrathD. folly23. The champagnes had caused his face to _____ and his eyes were bright.A. flourishB. freshC. fleshD. flush.24. He needs a hobby to keep him busy and stop him from getting into ____ .A. mischiefB. nuisanceC. hostilityD. bustle25. Poor sight and hearing are common ____ of old age.A. presentationsB. afflictionsC. outcomeD. relevance26. The dream of many scientists has been to create a _____ motion machine – one that would always continue moving once it had been started.A. transientB. temporaryC. perpetualD. periodic27. Only a small ____ of those attending the convention came from outside the state.A. fractureB. fragmentC. fractionD. fragrance28. Chemicals from the factory up the river ______ the water, killing many fish and making the water totally unfit for human use.A. corruptedB. infectedC. contaminatedD. stained29. It is strictly illegal to _____ a gun, knife, or any other weapon when boarding an airplane.A. shelterB. disguiseC. concealD. veil30. To ____ the boredom of studying it is a good idea to take frequent breaks.A. intensifyB. aggravateC. illuminateD. alleviate31. Although we felt ____ for the child who had lost his parents, there was really not much we could do to comfort him.A. compassionB. compassC. companionD. compartment32. The police were _____ by the crime and were never able to solve it.A. hinderedB. enlightenedC. baffledD. detained33. _____ for the top-of-the–range car include a compact disc player, electric windows and a sunroof.A. accessoriesB. componentsC. decorationsD. colleagues34. The author uses the ____ of bees when describing the workers at the bakery.A. correlationB. equivalentC. analogyD. parallel35. The books will be ____ from our warehouse tomorrow to your address.A. dispatchedB. disputedC. dismissedD. dispersedSection ⅢCloze Test (20 marks, 1 mark each)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D).You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Almost all of us believe that we live in an age of uncouth manners, that thing were better in some previous era. For example, the 18th century in England is __36__ as a period of high refinement in social intercourse. We look back __37__ nostalgia to the soft candle light, the __38__ courtesies, the hand kissing – unwilling to confront the brutal reality of a century in which dueling to the death was __39__ and gentlemen were expected to drink themselves under the table.Manners __40__. In our day, it is considered good manners to be clean –indeed we spend billions of dollars on __41__ designed to keep us ―fresh.‖ In the 18th century, __42__, most doctors and church authorities frowned on bathing, and wo men’s elegant hairdos were often full of lice.The changeability of manners makes the whole subject difficult to __43__. To take one example: It was not considered bad manners in the 18th century for a man to wear his hat __44__. You would take it off to __45__ a lady, but then you’d put it right back on you head.The reason __46__ this is perfectly plain. In the first place, the hat served as a __47__ of rank throughout most of history, a __48__mark of status, in the second place, you couldn’t draw a sword easily if you were __49__ a hat in your hand.There is a __50__ to be learned from this. For the most part, manners are merely self-protective __51__ appropriate to the customs of a particular age. There customs sometimes become __52__ and symbolic, but they invariably __53__ from some practical need. Thus, on meeting somebody, we commonly shake right hands –a formal custom of no present day __54__. But in an age when every carried weapons, it was a demonstration everybody carried weapons, it was a demonstration that one was prepares to converse without a weapon in one’s hand, a sign of __55__. What we think of as ―good manners‖ was merely a way of saying, ―I mean you no immediateviolence, if you can show that your intention is the same.‖36. A) renowned B）considered C）known D）famous37. A) by B）on C）in D）with38. A) elaborate B）detailed C）exquisite D）exotic39. A) general B）familiar C）commonplace D）cruel40. A) vary B）change C）fluctuate D）turn41. A) output B）produce C）goods D）products42. A) by contrast B）by the way C）on the contrary D）on the way43. A) approach B）attack C）access D）accommodate44. A) outdoors B）indoors C）externally D）internally45. A) face B）greet C）confront D）meet46. A) for B）why C）behind D）because47. A) sign B）signature C）signal D）symbol48. A) visual B）valuable C）visible D）victorious49. A) taking B）holding C）pulling D）putting50. A) letter B）lecture C）legacy D）lesson51. A) instruments B）tools C）devices D）equipments52. A) familiarized B）formalized C）legalized D）modernized53. A) derive B）originate C）obtain D）acquire54. A) emphasis B）sense C）significance D）use55. A) understanding B）friendship C）unity D）peaceSection ⅣReading Comprehension (20 marks, 1 mark each)Directions:There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Passage 1Why do we care so much about appearance? Is it some kind of mass psychosis? Or is it nature? Do other species do the same thing? If a male squid is cling to anundersea rock, and two female squids swim past, dose the male look at them and decide which one is more beautiful? Does he notice the shapes of their beaks, the way the undersea light glints from their skin slime, the size of the suckers on their tentacles, and does he think to himself, in some squid way, ―Well, the one on the left is ugly, but the one on the right is a BABE‖?We may not know what squids think about beauty, but there is no question what popular Western culture thinks about it. Watch any TV show; open any magazine; go to any movie. You can’t avoid the obvious conclusion: Popular Western culture thinks beauty is a very, very big deal. Especially feminine beauty. This is one of the two big reasons why I’m glad I’m a man.Men definitely get more slack in the beauty department. A man can be bald, or carry a few dozen extra pounds, or have bad skin or a big nose, and still be considered attractive. Granted, there’s a definite ― beauty‖ standard for males: the square jawed male models with rippling abdominals, Tom Cruise, and of course John F. Kennedy Jr. These men are considered beautiful. And regular men cannot hope to look like them. But regular men CAN look at, say, Tom Hanks, or Sean Connery without his wig, or Al Pacino--- who is a Registered Sex object --- and say: ―Hey, I don’t look THAT different.‖Regular women can’t look at female romantic lead movie stars, or supermodels, and say this. More and more, it seems, the women who are certified as beautiful look less and less like the vast majority of women. It is not enough for a woman to have the right cheekbones, the right eyes, the right mouth, the right nose and flawless skin. Beautiful women, it has been decided, must also be extraordinarily tall, and they must have no more body fat than a Bic pen. If you don’t meet these criteria, then …sorry! You’re the ugly squid!56. What is the author’s purpose of mentioning squids in the first paragraph?A. To prove that squids have a lot in common with human beings.B. To show that appearance is the common concern of all species.C. To show that males squids care about female squids more than vice versa.D. To show that the concern for appearance is more psychological than physical.57. Why does the author consider being a man a lucky thing?A. Because he can avoid the public attention as much as he wants.B. Because he does not have to care too much about his appearance.C. Because popular Western culture favors masculinity more than femininity.D. Because men do not have to appear on TV or magazines as often as women.58. What is the main idea of the third paragraph?A. Men visit the beauty department less often than women.B. Men are considered beautiful if they look different from others.C. There are different standards for male beauty and female beauty.D. Men do not have to be perfect in order to be considered attractive.59. What is true of a certified beautiful woman?A. She is thin, tall and had perfect skin.B. She is different from the majority of women.C. She is different from the majority of women.D. She has the right cheek bones, the right eyes and the right mouth.60. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A. Standards of BeautyB. Beauty Men VS WomenC. Concern for Appearance: a Universal TruthD. Who Cares More about Beauty: Men or Squids?Passage 2Try ordering a medium coffee at most coffee bars. They look at you as though you asked for a flagon of mead.The word medium, especially in food and beverages, is going the way of the ―cup‖ of coffee. Drink size have become a free-for-all of image build, divorced from any real description of quantity.The move away from medium is partly attributable to economic—companies trying to squeeze out a few more cents by exaggerating sizes.To be sure, medium hasn’t died altogether. There are medium olives and mediumgarbage bags. There are medium eggs: they are often the smallest. Bigger eggs are classified as large, extra- large and jumbo. Paper towels now come in large and jumbo too.Small products are flourishing, but they aren’t called small. For example, cereal, aspirin and shampoo are sold in tiny packages.‖But they’re never called tiny,‖say Lorna Opatow, president of the marketing research firm of Opatow Associates. ―They’re called individual or one time or disposable.‖When it comes to sizing, the masters are fast food restaurants. At McDonalds’s the soft-drink sizes are regular, medium, large and, on occasion, super-size.―Nobody wants a small drink anymore,‖ says McDonald’s spokesman Chuck Ebeling.‖We live in an era when people carry a liter bottle of water as though it were a pencil over their ear.‖At Burger King there are still small, medium and large drinks. But what do those words mean? In 1954, when the chain started, it called a 12-ounce regular and 16-ounce large. Today the small is 16 ounces and the large is 32 ounces.The king of more is 7-Eleven, which boasts that it makes America’s biggest drink, the 64-ounce Double Gulp. Karen Raskopf, a 7-Eleven spokeswoman,sys no other country gulps as American does: the chain’s international stores don’t sell the Double Gulp. Indeed in Europe and Japan a small size is often equated with luxury—the 61/2-ounce Perrier bottle, for example.Behind the size inflation in beverages is a simple fact: the actual cost of the additional beverage is a minute portion of the price. ‖The packaging and handling costs for a drink are a substantial part of the cost,‖ says Ebeling of McDonald’s. ―If we package it in a large size, that’s more efficient for us.‖Amazingly, Pasqua Coffee, a national chain based in San Franciso, is sticking with small, medium and large. ―We want to offer quick service,‖ says Robert Mann, vice president of operations. ―We don’t want to waste time correcting customers’coffee grammar.‖61. What is the major reason for ―size inflation‖ in the United States?A. Small products mean higher cost in packaging.B. The number of overweight Americans is increasing.C. People think they can save money by buying in bulk.D. Things in large size sell more quickly than things in small size.62. Why aren’t enormous sizes popular in Europe or Japan?A. Because Japan and European countries are much smaller in size.B. Because Europeans and the Japanese do not drink as much as the Americans.C. Because Europeans and the Japanese are more more money-minded than the Americans.D. Because things in smaller size are considered more luxurious in Europe and Japan.63. The expression ―a pencil over their ear‖(Para.6) most probably means______.A. something normalB. something peculiarC. something extra-largeD. something extraordinary64. Why does Pasqua Coffee still offer ―small, medium, and large‖ sizes?A. Because fixing extra-large coffees takes more time.B. Because they want to provide more efficient service.C. Because they don’t want to hear the customers’ ungrammatical sentences.D. Because people in the west prefer small-sized coffees more than people in the east.65. What is the author’s point of view toward large sizes?A. This is a trend that will go on and on.B. He reserves his judgment on this trend.C. Profit is the real motive behind this trend.D. This trend should be inhibited as far as possible.Passage 3Each year more than 500,000 people in the U.S. are victims of some form of identity fraud, according to the National Notary Association(NNA). The growth ofInternet commerce is putting the personal security of consumers at even greater risk. High- tech identity fraud could become a more serious problem in the future through the misuse of digital signaturcs.The U.S. Congress and several dozen state governments have enacted legislation that gives electronic signatures the same status as hand written ones in commercial use and in executing a variety of ―acknowledgements, verifications, and oaths.‖ But these measures do not elaborate on the role the notary, an impartial third party who verifies the identity of people who sign important documents.The notary makes sure that an individual signing a document is indeed the person he or she purports to be. The notary also observers the person’s willingness to sign a document and the signer’s awareness of what the document entails. Without being in the same room with the singer, a notary cannot make these determinations.The mandatory physical presence of the document signer before a notary has long been recognized under w. In 1955, a Texas court said, ―A notary can no more perform by telephone those notarial acts which require a personal appearance than a dentist can pull a tooth by telephone,‖ according to the NNA.Some states now permit notaries to use electronic signatures. Some states legislatures have also passed laws that allow any person to unilaterally create so –called ―notarized‖ electronic signatures without a notary. Meanwhile, companies are streamlining the processes for e-business and legal transactions, some claim to provide ―electronic notarization‖ for online transactions.These may still fall short of true notarization because they try to circumvent the ―personal appearance‖aspect of notarization and really do nothing to certify the signer’s awareness and willingness,‖ writes Milton G.Valera, president of the notary association.Valera insists that the basic notary principles and process remain the same despite technological changes. Fraud deterrence still depends on face–to-face interaction between a notary and the signer of a document. The arrival of complex signature technology, with its new potential for fraud, could increase the importance of notaries in the future.Notaries for the digital age may need to undergo technical training, testing, and certification programs to supplement their traditional functions.‖The National Notary Association does not foreclose on the possibility that future communications technology may allow interactive audiovisual linkups between a notary and signer that may prove to be a reliable alternative to personal presence,‖ say Valera.66. The growth of Internet Commerce has resulted in _______.A. the decline of identify fraudB. frequent use of digital signatureC. the disappearance of the notaryD. the inferiority of handwritten signatures67. What the Texas court said in 1955 shows that _______.A. the notary is outdated when telephone records are availableB. to find a notary is as painful as to pull a toothC. a notary is extremely important in the process of verificationD. a notary is useless without the required physical presence68. It can be inferred from the passage that ______.A. an electronic signature without a notary is invalid in the business worldB. some companies managed to certify the signer’s awareness and willingness through ―electronic notarization‖C. the identity fraud becomes impossible in e-business and online-transactionsD. the present ―electronic notarization‖has twisted the basic principles of traditional notaries69. The phrase ―foreclose on‖ in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to ―___‖.A. look forward toB. interfere withC. take possession ofD. believe in70. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A. Alternative to the NotariesB. Notaries in the Digital AgeC. E-documents in the Digital TimeD. Deterrence to Identity FraudPassage 4Ironically, one great unsolved problem in Darwin’s master work, On the Origin of Species, was just that: How and why do species originate? Darwin and his later followers were faced with a seeming paradox. They described evolution as a continuous and gradual change over time, but species are distinct from each other, suggesting that some process has created a discontinuity, or gap, between them.Credit for doing the most to crack this puzzle goes to Ernst Mayr, perhaps the greatest evolutionary scientist of the twentieth century. Along with Theodosius Dobzhansky, George Gaylord Simpson, and others, Mayr achieved the ―modern synthesis‖in the 1930s and 1940s that integrated Mendal’s theory of heredity with Darwin’s theory of evolution and natural selection.Born in 1904 in Germany, Mayr trained as a medical student but realized he had a greater passion for studying birds and biology. Emigrating to the United States, he became a curator at the American Museum of Natural History, working on bird classification while formulating his key ideas about evolution. In 1942 he published his most important work, Systematics and the Origin of species. Mayr moved to Harvard University in 1953 and served as director of the school’s Museum of Comparative Zoology from 1961 to 1970. Since then, he has published a number of books and chapters and received the prestigious Japan Prize for Biology in 1983.In his landmark 1942 book, Mayr proposed that Darwin’s theory of natural selection could explain all of evolution, including why genes evolve at the molecular level. On the stubborn question of how species originate, Mayr proposed that when a population of organisms becomes separated from the main group by time or geography, they eventually evolve different traits and can no longer interbreed.It’s this isolation or separation that creates new species, said Mayr. The traits that evolve during the period of isolation are called ―isolating mechanisms,‖and discourage the two populations from interbreeding.Moreover, Mayr declared that the development of many new species is what leads to evolutionary progress. ―Without speciation, there would be no diversificationof the organic world, no adaptive radiation, and very little evolutionary progress. The species, then, is the keystone of evolution.‖71. What do we learn about Ernst Mayr?A. He was the first man to reject Darwin’s theory of evolution.B. He began his career as a medical doctor in Germany.C. He failed to explain how and why species originate.D. He helped define the modern synthesis of evolutionary theory.72. Mayr’s work on species and speciation helped scientists understand______.A. evolution as a continuous change over timeB. the evolution from one species to anotherC. Darwin’s theory of natural selectionD. the evolution of genes at the molecular level73. According to Mayr, what leads to the formation of new species?A. Geographic isolation.B. Species interbreeding.C. Heredity.D. Natural selection.74. What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?A. A biographical account of Mayr’s life.B. Mayr’s contributions to the field of evolutionary biology.C. Awards and honors Mayr has received.D. Mayr’s passion for bird-watching and biology.75. The word ―crack‖ in Paragraph 2 most probably means_____.A. analyzeB. locateC. presentD. solveSection ⅤTranslation (25 marks)Directions: Translate the following into English. Write your English version on Answer Sheet 2.76. 遗传与环境究竟哪一个影响更大？从某种程度上讲，一个人生来具有的潜力将决定他一生的作为。
微生物考博试题及答案
微生物考博试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 微生物学是研究下列哪类生物的科学？A. 植物B. 动物C. 微生物D. 病毒答案：C2. 以下哪种微生物是原核生物？A. 酵母菌B. 霉菌C. 细菌D. 原生动物答案：C3. 微生物的分类依据不包括以下哪项？A. 形态特征B. 生理特性C. 遗传信息D. 地理分布答案：D4. 微生物的培养基中通常不包含以下哪种成分？A. 碳源B. 氮源C. 无机盐D. 空气答案：D5. 以下哪种微生物是厌氧性微生物？A. 大肠杆菌B. 酵母菌C. 乳酸菌D. 金黄色葡萄球菌答案：C6. 微生物的代谢类型中，以下哪种是异养微生物的代谢方式？A. 光合作用B. 化学合成C. 异化作用D. 同化作用答案：C7. 微生物的遗传物质主要存在于哪个部位？A. 细胞核B. 线粒体C. 核糖体D. 质粒答案：A8. 以下哪种微生物是病毒？A. 噬菌体B. 酵母菌C. 霉菌D. 细菌答案：A9. 微生物的分类中，以下哪种分类单位最大？A. 种B. 属C. 科D. 门答案：D10. 微生物的培养过程中，以下哪种条件是必需的？A. 光照B. 氧气C. 温度D. 湿度答案：C二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）11. 微生物的分类依据包括以下哪些？A. 形态特征B. 生理特性C. 遗传信息D. 地理分布答案：A, B, C12. 微生物的培养基中通常包含以下哪些成分？A. 碳源B. 氮源C. 无机盐D. 空气答案：A, B, C13. 微生物的代谢类型中，以下哪些是异养微生物的代谢方式？A. 光合作用B. 化学合成C. 异化作用D. 同化作用答案：C, D14. 微生物的遗传物质主要存在于以下哪些部位？A. 细胞核B. 线粒体C. 核糖体D. 质粒答案：A, D15. 微生物的培养过程中，以下哪些条件是必需的？A. 光照B. 氧气C. 温度D. 湿度答案：B, C16. 微生物是指那些肉眼不可见的微小生物，包括______、______、______和病毒等。
食品微生物考博复习
1试述微生物与当代人类实践的重要关系？①在微生物与工业发展的关系上，通过食品罐藏防腐，酿造技术的改造，纯种厌氧发酵的建立，液体深层通气搅拌大规模培养技术的创建以及代谢调控发酵技术的发明，使得古老的酿造技术迅速发展成工业发酵新技术；②微生物在当代农业生产中具有十分显著的作用，例如，以菌治害虫和以菌治植病的生物防治技术；以菌增肥效和以菌促生长的微生物增产技术；以菌做饲料和以菌当蔬菜的单细胞蛋白和食用菌生产技术；以及以菌产沼气等生物能源技术。
③微生物与环境保护的关系越来越受到当代全人类广泛的重视。
微生物是占地球面积70%以上的海洋和其他水体中光合生产力的基础；是一切食物链的重要环节；是污水处理中的关键角色；是生态农业中最重要的一环；是自然界重要元素循环的首要推动者；以及是环境污染和监测的重要指示生物；等等。
④微生物与在食品上的应用。
调味品，发酵食品，酸乳，蔬菜加工。
⑤微生物在医药方面的应用。
抗菌素，维生素。
⑥微生物在能源生产方面也有重要的作用。
2微生物有哪五大共性？其中最基本的是哪一个？为什么？微生物的五大共性：（一）体积小，面积大（二）吸收多，转化快（三）生长旺，繁殖快（四）适应强，易变异（五）分布广，种类多其中最基本的是微生物的多样性，原因是：微生物因其体积小，重量轻和数量多等原因，可以到处传播以至达到“无孔不入”的地步。
不论在动，植物体内外，还是土壤，河流，空气，平原，高山，深海，污水，垃圾，海底淤泥，冰川，盐湖，沙漠，甚至油井，酸性矿水和岩层下，都有大量与其相适应的各类微生物在活动着。
3试述微生物的多样性？（1）物种的多样性（2）生理代谢类型的多样性（3）代谢产物的多样性（4）遗传基因的多样性（5）生态类型的多样性4.什么是微生物？它包括哪些类群？微生物是一切肉眼看不见或看不清的微小生物的总称。
不是分类学之一，都是一些个体微小，构造简单的低等生物。
它包括属于原核类的细菌（真细菌和古生菌），放线菌，蓝细菌，支原体，立克次氏体和衣原体；属于真核类的真菌（酵母菌，霉菌和），原生动物和显微藻类；以及属于非细胞类的病毒和亚病毒（类病毒，拟病毒和阮病毒）。
还有农科院、农大、浙江大学等)分子生物学往年考博试题(2021整理)
中科院2002年分子遗传学〔博士〕注：1、A卷考生必须答复以下5题，每题20分。
B卷考生任选四题答复，每题25分。
一、请举出细胞中的各种RNA分子的名称、特征和功能。
如何从RNA动身开展功能基因组的研究。
二、真核生物的基因表达操纵〔controlofgeneexpression〕和信号传导〔signaltransduction〕有紧密的关系，请举出一个你熟悉的例子分不讲明这两个概念的含义及其联系。
三、目前差不多有一些现成的软件用来猜测基因组全序列中的基因。
为了设计这些软件，你觉得哪些关于基因和基因组的分子遗传学知识是必须的？请讲明理由。
四、在真核生物中转座子能够分为几种类型？请分述每种类型的结构和特征。
如何利用转座子进行分子遗传学的研究和功能基因组的研究。
五、自从克隆的多利羊诞生以来，报界经常传播所谓克隆动物的缺陷，有一种讲法是克隆动物会早衰，有人推测早衰的缘故可能是：〔1〕被克隆的体细胞核的染色体端粒变短或〔2〕被克隆的体细胞核的基因表达程序差不多处在发育上成熟的时期。
现在请你从染色体DNA 复制的角度作支持第〔1〕种可能的阐述，并从基因表达调控的角度做反对第〔2〕中可能的阐述。
中国海洋大学博士进学考试试题分子生物学2002年名词解释：基因组学基因组大小基因组复杂度基因表达正操纵顺势调控元件开放阅读框架基因芯片内含子肽核酸内含肽咨询答题：1、表达遗传中心法那么，目前在用的重要分子生物学技术有哪些？请用中心法那么解释这些技术的工作原理。
2、基因全然结构如何？〔即含有基因的DNA区域具有什么结构能使基因遗传信息传递给蛋白质？〕3、什么是遗传变异？变异的实质是什么？现在使用的分子标记系统各利用了哪些变异？基本上如何利用的？4、用哪些方法能够获得一段DNA的大量拷贝？分子克隆是获得大量拷贝的技术之一。
请对历史上使用过的和目前仍在使用的分子克隆载体做评述〔描述特点，对比异同〕5、DNA测序的方法是什么？目前在用的方法和原始方法有什么不同？有一段100千碱基对的DNA片断〔没有重复区段〕，请设计最正确测序策略。
食品微生物 试题及答案
食品微生物试题及答案**食品微生物试题及答案**一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 食品微生物学是研究微生物与食品之间关系的科学，下列哪项不是食品微生物学的研究范畴？A. 微生物在食品加工中的应用B. 微生物引起的食品腐败变质C. 微生物在食品污染中的作用D. 微生物在食品包装中的作用**答案：D**2. 下列哪种微生物不是食品腐败的主要微生物？A. 细菌B. 酵母C. 霉菌D. 病毒**答案：D**3. 食品中常见的致病性微生物不包括以下哪种？A. 沙门氏菌B. 李斯特菌C. 大肠杆菌D. 乳酸菌**答案：D**4. 巴氏杀菌法主要用于哪种食品的杀菌？A. 果汁B. 牛奶C. 罐头食品D. 干制食品**答案：B**5. 食品中添加防腐剂的主要目的是什么？A. 增加食品的营养价值B. 提高食品的口感C. 延长食品的保质期D. 改变食品的颜色**答案：C**6. 下列哪种微生物不是通过空气传播的？A. 细菌B. 酵母C. 霉菌孢子D. 病毒**答案：B**7. 食品中微生物的生长繁殖主要受哪些因素的影响？A. 温度、pH值、水分活度B. 光照、氧气、盐分C. 温度、氧气、盐分D. pH值、光照、水分活度**答案：A**8. 食品微生物检测中常用的微生物计数方法是？A. 显微镜直接计数法B. 平板菌落计数法C. 滴定法D. 比浊法**答案：B**9. 食品中微生物的控制方法不包括以下哪种？A. 热处理B. 冷藏C. 添加防腐剂D. 增加食品的脂肪含量**答案：D**10. 食品微生物学中的“HACCP”指的是什么？A. 危害分析和关键控制点B. 卫生和清洁程序C. 健康和安全检查程序D. 危害分析和清洁控制点**答案：A**二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）1. 食品微生物学研究的内容包括哪些？A. 微生物的分类和鉴定B. 微生物的生理和代谢C. 微生物与人类健康的关系D. 微生物在食品加工中的应用**答案：ABCD**2. 食品中常见的腐败微生物包括哪些？A. 细菌B. 酵母C. 霉菌D. 病毒**答案：ABC**3. 食品中微生物污染的来源可能包括哪些？A. 原料污染B. 环境污染C. 人为污染D. 包装材料污染**答案：ABCD**4. 影响食品中微生物生长的因素包括哪些？A. 温度B. pH值C. 水分活度D. 氧气**答案：ABCD**5. 食品中微生物控制的方法包括哪些？A. 热处理B. 冷藏C. 干燥D. 添加防腐剂**答案：ABCD**三、填空题（每空1分，共20分）1. 食品微生物学是研究微生物与________之间的关系的科学。