英汉翻译基础教程考试重点总结
英汉翻译要点归纳
英汉翻译要点归纳一、翻译步骤1.断句：在标点符号、连词、关系词、介词、不定式符号to、分词处断句，找出句子主干On the whole, /（标点符号处）such a conclusion can be drawn /with（介词处） a certain degree of confidence, /but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude /towards the test /as the others /with whom（关系词处） he is being compared, /and（连词处） only if he was not punished/ by lack of relevant information/ which they possessed.2.翻译：根据断句断开翻译并适当调整语序*语序问题：①中文为主语+废话+主要内容英文为主语+主要内容+废话or废话（多为状语）+主语+主要内容中国作为一个发展中的大国高度重视中美两国之间的友谊。
As a major developing country,（状语先译） China attaches great importance to the bilateral relations between China and the U.S（废话后译）.②总分关系：中文先分后总，英文先总后分③事实与评论：中文先事实后评论，英文先评论后事实我们要努力学习英语，这是很重要的。
It is very important（先评论） for us to make efforts to study English.●比较级属于评论性词，最后译3.重读：看是否符合中文习惯二、两个规律1.谓语动词过渡：只译主要动词（强势动词，有感情色彩），不译次要动词（弱势动词，无感情色彩）I give you my support.我支持你（give弱势动词，不用翻译）2.抽象名词译法：【抽象名词：the+n.+of结构中名次通常为抽象名词，且常以“-tion,-sion,-ment,-ing”形式出现】译法：A.有动词词根：译为动词The suggestion of mine is that 我建议……B.无动词词根：进行增词the spirit of our nation我们民族所具有的精神C.AB互换（“偏正互换”译法）在英译汉中偏正→正偏treasury of silt宝贵的泥沙 European’s today当今的欧洲人三、中英文两个差异1.长短差异：中文善用短句，用标点隔开；英文善用长句，不用标点→在进行英译汉时要进行断句翻译2.动静差异：中文是动态性语言，善用动词副词，善用强势动词；英文是静态性语言，善用名词，善用弱势动词→在汉译英中常把ad.转化为v.，把v.转化为n.在经济上，我们要加快（副词）建立（动词）社会主义市场经济体制。
汉译英基础与翻译要点
3．中国的风景很美。 The sceneries of China are very fine. (误)
4．他们没有房子住。 They have no houses to live. (误) 5．比起福克纳他更喜欢海明威。
译文3 His trip left a strong impression on him.
译文4 What he saw on his trip marked (impressed, struck) him deeply.
译文5 He has many unforgettable memories of his trip.
18．兔子的耳朵比猫的长。
The ears of a hare are longer than that of a cat. (误)
13. Make haste, or you will be behind time. 14. Bid farewell to the old and usher in the
16．你小时候读过的那些有趣的故事还记得吗？
When you were a boy do you remember all the interesting stories you read? (误)
17．从汽车的挡风玻璃望过去，我们远远地就看 见了那宝塔。
Looking out of the windshield, the pagoda would be seen by us in the distance. (误)
3. The scenery of China is very fine. 4. They have no houses to live in. 5. He likes Hemingway better than Faulkner. 6. This watch wants repairing.
英汉笔译翻译知识点总结
英汉笔译翻译知识点总结一、翻译基本原则1.忠实原文：译员要尽量准确而精确地传达原文的信息，忠实于原文作者的意图和表达方式；2.流畅通顺：译文的语言应该通顺自然,符合英语或汉语的语法规则和语言习惯；3.意译和直译：在保证忠实原文的基础上，根据两种语言的语言特点和表达习惯进行适当的意译，尤其是对于一些文化、习俗和历史上的隐喻或难以直译的内容；4.语言风格：要根据原文的语言风格和语体特征来选择相应的汉语或英语表达方式,确保译文贴近原文的语言特点；5.语言规范：在翻译过程中要注意遵守语言规范,不使用或尽量避免使用一些不规范或过时的词语和表达方式。
6.专业术语：对于某些特定行业或领域的专业术语,译员需要具备相应领域的专业知识和翻译经验,确保专业术语的准确使用。
二、语言对等1.词义对应：在翻译过程中,需要根据上下文和语境来选择合适的词语或短语,确保译文能够准确传达原文的意思,同时考虑到词语在语言文化中的习惯用法,避免歧义或误解；2.句式结构：要注意保持译文的语法结构和句式特点,尽量做到与原文相对应,并保持句子的逻辑关系和信息传递的连贯性；3.逻辑衔接：译文在表达所传达的信息时,要考虑到原文的表述方式和逻辑关系,保持原文的表达方式,确保译文的逻辑衔接和信息传达的清晰度。
三、文化因素1.习俗和习惯：在翻译过程中要考虑到不同文化背景下的习俗和习惯,尤其是涉及到生活方式、风俗习惯或宗教信仰等方面的内容,需要进行适当的意译或文化调整；2.历史背景：有些原文中的词语或表达方式可能涉及到特定的历史事件或文化背景,译员需要了解相关的历史知识和文化背景,确保译文的准确性和可理解性；3.惯用语和成语：在翻译过程中要注意汉语和英语的惯用语和成语的差异,避免直译误解,尽量使用相近义的惯用语和成语,确保译文的自然流畅。
四、修辞手法1.隐喻和比喻：在翻译中,对于原文中的隐喻和比喻,译员需要根据上下文和语境进行合适的意译,确保译文能够传达原文作者的表达意图和情感色彩；2.排比和对仗：在翻译文学作品时,需要注意原文中的排比和对仗等修辞手法,选择相应的汉语或英语表达方式,保持原文的格调和艺术效果；3.修辞疑问：译员需要充分理解原文的修辞手法和表达方式,并在译文中保留相应的修辞特色,确保译文的艺术性和表现力。
汉英笔译基础教程 翻译技巧及真题[精]
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专八翻译技巧
（九）注意时态
翻译时须注意选择合适的时态。
例：中国古代素来以不怠于物不为物役为最主要的人生哲学。 Ancient Chinese always regard "not confined by material, not driven by material" as the major philosophy. 描述的是一般事实，用一般现在时即可。
专八翻译技巧
（二）谓语最小化原则 1．使用介词短语
例：用什么样的姿态迎接充满希望的新世纪 in what way the young generation should embrace the forthcoming new century replete with hopes (is ……
2．使用不定式短语
上海翻译资格证书考试真题解析
（八）英语避免重复
例：背离古训（古老的真理） depart from established maxims / truths time-honored mottos are always ignored
（九）四字词
吃透原文含义。 例：亡国灭种的民族危机 the national crisis 赴汤蹈火 go through fire and water
上海翻译资格证书考试真题解析
（三）谓语最小化（动词转译） 1．动词变成名词
例：坚持预防为主、综合治理、全面推进、重点突破 adhering to the principle of prevention first, comprehensive control, entire push-on and key-point breakthrough
英汉翻译基础教程考试重点总结
第一单元翻译概论1翻译就是接受语言复制出与原语信息最接近的自然等值体---首先是就意义而言,其次是就风格而言.Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style.2按翻译技巧来分: 直译、意译、音译Literal translation does not mean word-for-word translation. Superficially speaking, it means “not to alter the original words and sentences”, strictly speaking, it strives “to keep the sentiments and style of the original”.例如：paper tiger—纸老虎Free translation is an alternative approach generally used to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to copy its sentence patterns of figures of speech.例如：Adam’s apple—喉结；at sixes and sevens—乱七八糟It rains cats and dogs—大雨滂沱3按翻译原则方向来分: 异化翻译（Foreignization）和归化翻译（Domestication ）归化的例子：as timid as a hare 胆小如鼠at a stone’s throw 一箭之遥wet like a drown rat 湿如落汤鸡as stupid as a goose 蠢得像猪5 傅雷：1951年在《高老头 重译本序》中提出“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。
英译汉基础翻译要点
1Solutions of the problem of old age have to be considered against a historical backbackground of 2slow but substantial changes in Chinese family structure, 3caused by rising living standards and family planning. planning.
3. I leave Peking tonight, hearted with agreement we have reached, cheered by the frankness and fullness our discussions, grateful for the hospitality you have accorded our party.
2. I consider a human soul without education, like marble in the quarry, which shows none of its inherent beauties, until the skill of the polisher fetches out the colors, makes the surface shine, and discovers every ornamental cloud, spot and vein that runs through the body.
3由于人民生活水平的不断提高以 及计划生育， 及计划生育，2中国的家庭结构发 生着缓慢却又具有实质性的变化， 生着缓慢却又具有实质性的变化， 1必须根据这一历史背景考虑人到 老年的问题。 老年的问题。
英汉翻译基础教程考试重点总结
第一单元翻译概论1翻译就是承受语言复制出与原语信息最接近的自然等值体---首先是就意义而言,其次是就风格而言.Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style.2按翻译技巧来分: 直译、意译、音译Literal translation does not mean word-for-word translation. Superficially speaking, it means “not to alter the original words and sentences”, strictly speaking, it strives “to keep the sentiments and style of the original”.例如：paper tiger—纸老虎Free translation is an alternative approach generally used to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to copy its sentence patterns of figures of speech. 例如：Adam’s apple—喉结；at sixes and sevens—乱七八糟It rains cats and dogs—大雨滂沱3按翻译原则方向来分: 异化翻译（Foreignization）和归化翻译（Domestication ）归化的例子：as timid as a hare 胆小如鼠at a stone’s throw 一箭之遥wet like a drown rat 湿如落汤鸡as stupid as a goose 蠢得像猪5傅雷：1951年在《高老头•重译本序》中提出“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。
三、英汉基础翻译要点共35页PPT资料
1. 2. These books, which are only a small part of my collection, I picked up in America.
这些书是我在美国买的，它们在我的藏书中 只占一小部分。
可是，近几年来人们开始意识到城 市也是问题成堆的地方。
如以上例句所示，这种译法最适于 翻译较短的限定性定语从句。有时 较长的也可采用这种译法，以使修 饰关系清晰，句子结构紧凑。 如：
1. 1. This practice book is intended for foreign engineers or students of engineering who have already mastered the elements of English, and who now want to use their knowledge of the language to read books on their subjects.
诚然，一个宏伟的重建计划也许能为许多需要 工作的人提供就业机会。
1. 2. There is no royal road to science, and only those who do not dread the fatiguing climb of the steep paths have a chance of gaining its luminous summits.
他喜欢热情活泼的妹妹，而不喜欢 冷漠高傲的哥哥。
2. 译成后置的并列分句
A．一些结构较复杂，或者意思上又较强 的独立性的限定性定语从句，通常可译 为后置的并列分句。采取这种译法往往 要重复关系代词所代替的词，有时可在 这词之前加指示词“这”、“这些”等， 以使译文明确。如：
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第一单元翻译概论1翻译就是接受语言复制出与原语信息最接近的自然等值体---首先是就意义而言,其次是就风格而言.Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style.2按翻译技巧来分: 直译、意译、音译Literal translation does not mean word-for-word translation. Superficially speaking, it means “not to alter the original words and sentences”, strictly speaking, it strives “to keep the sentiments and style of the original”.例如：paper tiger—纸老虎Free translation is an alternative approach generally used to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to copy its sentence patterns of figures of speech.例如：Adam’s apple—喉结；at sixes and sevens—乱七八糟It rains cats and dogs—大雨滂沱3按翻译原则方向来分: 异化翻译（Foreignization）和归化翻译（Domestication ）归化的例子：as timid as a hare 胆小如鼠at a stone’s throw 一箭之遥wet like a drown rat 湿如落汤鸡as stupid as a goose 蠢得像猪5 傅雷：1951年在《高老头 重译本序》中提出“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。
”6. 钱钟书：1964年在《林纾的翻译》一文中提到“文学翻译的最高理想可以说是“化”，把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入与“化境”。
7 But I hated Sakamoto, and I had a feeling he’d surely lead us both to our ancestors.但是我恨坂田，并预感到他肯定会领着咱们去见祖先。
8 Don’t cross the br idge till you get to it.不必担心太早。
（不必自寻烦恼）9 Do you see any green in my eyes?你以为我是好欺骗的吗？10 Ruth was upsetting the other children, so I showed her the door.鲁斯一直在扰乱别的孩子，我就把他撵了出去。
第二单元英汉对比1汉语和英语的对比研究，始于100年多前《马氏文通》，这是我国第一部汉语语法书，是在比较和模仿拉丁文法的基础上写成的。
2中国传统哲学主张“天人合一”、“万物与我为一”，反映在语言上就是施事主体可以蕴含在行为事件的主观表现中。
3因此在句子构造中，汉语并不把主语看成必要的成分。
正如王力所说：“就句子结构而论，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。
法治的不管主语用得着用不着，总要呆板地求句子形式的一律，人治的用得着就用，用不着就不用，只要能使人听懂说话人的意思，就算了。
”4正因为汉语缺乏主语，语言学家从语言类型学的角度出发，认为汉语是主题显著(topic-prominent)的语言。
5 A dialect is known by every linguist in this room.一种方言被这间屋子里的每一个语言学家所懂得。
有一种方言这间屋子里的每一个语言学家都懂得。
6.I would not believe what he said.他的话，我可不信。
7.I did not remember a single point discussed at the meeting.会上讲了什么，我一点没记住。
8 I know Mr. Wang.王先生我认识。
9. He is the best singer.唱歌，他是最棒的。
11. Even if the monk can run away, his temple cannot run with him.跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。
12. Even if I were to be beaten to death, I will not tell.打死我也不说。
13. Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。
14. If winter comes, can spring be far behind?冬天来了，春天还会远吗？15. We will not attack unless we are attacked.人不犯我，我不犯人。
16. As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain.（由于）天气很好，我们决定去爬山。
17. My sister was expecting me, so I had to go now.我妹妹在等我，我得走了。
18. A body in motion remains in motion at a constant speed in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force.没有外力的作用，运动的物体就连续做匀速直线运动。
19 We knew spring was coming as we had seen a robin.我们看见了一只知更鸟，知道春天快要到了。
20西文句中名物字,多随举随释,如中文之旁支,后乃遥接前文,足意成句。
”(严复)英语句子“多随举随释”，枝杈蔓生,呈树状结构,分叉处有介词,关系代词连接。
而汉语按时间顺序或逻辑顺序逐层展开,节节延伸,犹如竹子。
21 The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungray because he had had no food for two days.男孩哭得心都快碎了，当我问及他时，他说饿极了，有两天没吃了。
22.The moon is so far from the earth that even if huge trees were growing on the mountains and elepants were walking about, we could not see them through the most powerful telescopes which have been invented. 月球离地球非常遥远，即使那边山上长着大树，有大象在跑来跑去，我们用已经发明的最高倍率的望远镜也不能看到它们。
23. Upon his death in 1826, Jefferson was buried under a stone which described him as he had wished to be remembered as the author of the Declaration of Independence and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom and the father of the University of Virginia.1826年杰斐逊逝世。
按他生前遗愿，在他墓地的石碑上刻着：独立宣言和弗吉尼亚州信教自由法令的作者，弗吉尼亚大学创建人之墓。
24 由此可见，英语是“静态”的语言，而汉语则是“动态”的语言。
“英语的静态修辞实质是名词优势和介词优势，而介词优势又是名词优势的必然结果。
因为名词与名词之间要借助介词来联结。
” 因此，在英译汉时常常要变“静”为“动”，摆脱名词化的框架和大量介词的干扰，突出原文的动态色彩。
25. Admittance Free 免票入场26. Out of Bounds 游客止步27. No Admittance Except on Business 闲人免进28. Danger of Death – High Voltage! 高压（电），生命危险！29. Party officials worked long hour on meagre food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.党的干部吃着粗茶淡饭，住着寒冷的窑洞，点着昏暗的油灯，长时间地工作。
30 What film will be on this evening? 今晚放映什么影片？31. He walked around the house with a gun. 他拿着枪，绕着屋子走。
32 A study of that letter leaves us in no doubt as to the motives behind it.研究一下那封信，就使我们毫不怀疑该信是别有用心的。
33. The very first sight of her made him fall in love with her. 他对她一见钟情。
34中国传统哲学以人为本，追求人与自然的和谐，把天、地、人视为一个统一体，即“天人合一”。
《易经》提出了有机整体的图式，把自然现象和人事凶吉都纳入阴阳两极所组成的六十四卦系统之中，为中国传统思维奠定了基础。
35 I have read your articles, but I expect to meet an older man.我读过你的文章，但没料想你会这样年轻。
36 A seaman knows that the sea is all-powerful and can, under certain circumstances, destroy man and the product of his brain and hand, the ship.水手们都知道，大海的威力是势不可挡的；在某些情况下，它能把人及人所制造的船只统统摧毁掉。