Longfellow
朗费罗
朗费罗朗费罗，H．w．(Henry Wadsworth Longfellow，1807-1882)19世纪美国最伟大的浪漫主义诗人之一。
1807年2月27日出生于缅因州波特兰城一个律师家庭。
1822年进入博多因学院，与霍桑是同班同学。
毕业后去过法国、西班牙、意大利和德国等地，研究这些国家的语言和文学。
1836年开始在哈佛大学讲授语言,文学长达十八年，致力于介绍欧洲文化和浪漫主义作家的作品，成为新英格兰文化中心剑桥文学界和社交界的重要人物。
1839年出版第一部诗集《夜吟》，包括著名的《夜的赞歌》、《生命颂》、《群星之光》等音韵优美的抒情诗。
1841年出版诗集《歌谣及其他》，其中有故事诗《铠甲骷髅》、《金星号遇难》，也有叙事中含有简朴哲理的《乡村铁匠》、《向更高处攀登》等。
诗中充溢了淬质奋发的精神和乐观情绪。
这两部诗集在大西洋两岸风靡一时，他从此以诗人闻名于世。
朗费罗于1845年发表诗集《布吕赫钟楼及其他》，因收有《斯普林菲尔德的军火库》、《桥》、《努伦堡》和《布吕赫钟楼及其他》等佳篇而为人称道。
《海边与炉边》(1849)包含了诗人向读者宣告创作意图的《献辞》以及通过造船的形象讴歌联邦的缔造的长诗《航船的建造》1850年发表了《李君裕的悲惨命运》。
[编辑本段]主要创作朗费罗的主要诗作包括3首长篇叙事诗，或“通俗史诗”：《伊凡吉林》(1847)、《海华沙之歌》和《迈尔斯·斯坦狄什的求婚》(1858)。
1854年辞去哈佛大学教职，专事创作。
次年发表《海华沙之歌》。
这是采用印第安人传说而精心构思的长诗，写印第安人领袖海华沙一生克敌制胜的英雄业绩，以及他结束部落混战，教人民种植玉米，清理河道，消除疾病等重要贡献。
在美国文学史上这是描写印第安人的第一部史诗，但诗的素材主要来源于斯库尔克拉夫特的著作，作者缺乏直接的生活体验；诗的韵律完全模仿芬兰史诗《卡勒瓦拉》，当时虽然受到了读者的赞赏，却遭到后代一些评论家的责难。
美国文学史-第10次-朗费罗和布莱恩特
• Seek'st thou the plashy brink • Of weedy lake, or marge of river wide, • Or where the rocking billows rise and sink • On the chafed ocean-side?
• 你想要飞往何处？ 要寻觅杂草丛生、潮湿的湖岸？ 大河的边沿，还是磨损的海滩？ 那里有动荡的巨浪起起落落
• Vainly the fowler's eye Might mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong, As, darkly seen against the crimson sky, • Thy figure floats along.
• 也许，猎鸟者的眼睛 徒劳地看着你远飞，想要伤害你， 当红色的天空衬着你的身影， 你飘摇而去。
• Act— act in the glorious Present!
• Heart within, and God O’er head!
Stanza 7
• Lives of great men all remind us • We can make our lives sublime,
• And, departing, leave behind us • • Footsteps on the sands of time;
3. there is a joyousness in his poetry. A
spirit of optimism and faith in the goodness of life which evokes immediate response in the emotion of his readers. 4. He was among the first American writers to use native themes. He wrote about the American scene and landscape, the Indians, the American history and tradition. While the other writers explored the unhappy depths of the inner, Longfellow’s poetry directed to the hearts of the ordinary Americans
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Professor A
translator Writing lyric poems (抒情诗) known for their musicality The first American to translate Dante Alighieri’s The Divine Comedy(但丁的神圣)
智艺无穷，时光飞逝
这颗心，纵然勇敢坚强 也只如鼙鼓，闷声敲打着 一下又一下，向坟地送丧
In the world's broad field of battle In the bivouac of Life, Be not like dumb,driven cattle! Be a hero in the strife!
With the appearance of the song of Hiwatha in 1855,Longfellow’s poetical reputation was established.
Tell me not,in mournful numbers "Life is but an empty dream!“ For the soul is dead that slumbers And things are not what they seem.
也许我们有一个兄弟 航行在庄严的人生大海 遇险沉了船，绝望的时 刻 会看到这脚印而振作起 来
Let us,then,be up and doing With a heart for any fate; Still achieving,still pursuing Learn to labor and to wait.
英美文学 Longfellow
Trips to Europe
Professorship
Longfellow's Childhood Home---Portland, Maine
Longfellow National Historic Site
Mary Storer Potter became Longfellow's first wife in 1831 and died four years later
He
The
poet's 70th birthday in 1877 was celebrated around the country.
Style of his poetry
purity
Style
gentleness
musicality Directness moralization sweetness
婚（1858）
Drama: Michael Angelo «迈克尔 安吉洛» Translation: Divine Comedy «神曲»
His works:
A Psalm of Life 《人生礼赞》
Voices of the Night
(夜吟)
Hymn to the Night 《夜的赞歌》
a a d d
"The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls" has three stanzas of five lines each. The rhyme scheme for the entire poem is aabba aacca aadda, with the "alls"sounding words ("walls," "stalls," "falls") making up many of the rhymes. Note that in each stanza, Longfellow repeats the rhymed words "falls" and "calls." Note, also, the repetition of the same refrain at the end of each stanza. This unvarying repetition helps to create the impression of an unchanging natural world.
longfellow的诗歌初雪创作背景
题目：初雪——Longfellow诗歌的创作背景在19世纪美国文学史上，亨利·朗费罗（Henry Wadsworth Longfellow）堪称是一位传奇的诗人和散文家。
他的作品长盛不衰，其中以《初雪》（Snow-Flakes）一诗在文学界享有盛誉。
这首诗描绘了初雪飘落时的美景，唤起了人们对自然的敬畏与赞美。
但这首脍炙人口的诗歌究竟是如何创作出来的呢？下面让我带你一起深入探索。
一、诗歌创作背景1. Longfellow的生平亨利·朗费罗出生于1807年，是美国文学的先驱之一。
他的作品描绘了当时社会的风貌和人民的生活，以及对自然的热爱和赞美。
他深受欧洲文学风格的影响，同时也极具个人风格，成为美国浪漫主义文学的代表人物之一。
2. 初雪的创作环境朗费罗创作《初雪》时正值19世纪，他深受欧洲文学和文化的影响，同时也受到美国本土风景和自然的启发。
他所处的环境是一个浪漫主义文学蓬勃发展的时代，而当时美国正处于快速工业化和城市化的进程中，人们对自然的敬畏心情日益浓烈。
二、诗歌分析1. 对自然的赞美《初雪》这首诗以其深刻对自然的敬畏赢得了读者的心。
诗中描述了雪花飘落的场景，描绘了大自然的奇妙和美丽。
这与当时美国人民对自然环境的热爱和向往有着密切的联系，也表达了朗费罗对自然的深厚情感和敬畏之心。
2. 热爱与乐观《初雪》这首诗歌中流露出朗费罗对生活的乐观态度和对生命的热爱。
尽管雪花纷飞，寒冷临身，但诗人通过对初雪的赞美和歌颂表达了对幸福的向往和对生命的热爱。
这种正能量的情感也使《初雪》成为一首传颂美好和热爱的经典之作。
三、个人观点和理解在我看来，朗费罗的《初雪》是一首承载着对自然景色的赞美以及对生活的热爱的优美诗篇。
通过对初雪的描绘，诗人表达了对自然的敬畏之情，同时也表达了对生活的乐观态度和热爱之情。
这种通过自然景色来抒发对情感和生活态度的诗歌表达方式，充分展现了朗费罗的浪漫主义情感和富有启迪性的写作风格。
longfellow简介
Henry Wadsworth LongfellowHenry Wadsworth Longfellow MonumentWhen this staute was unveiled on M and Connecticut Streets NW, the place was absolutely buzzing. The heroic bronze figure sat draped in his academic robe, book in hand, and looked out on the streets packed with the wide spectrum of adoring fans: men, women, and children “of all races and nationalities.”It was May 7, 1909. The Marine Band played "The Star-Spangled Banner" and "America the Beautiful" while the flag that had previously covered thestatue “floated above the heads of the great throng.” Then a Reverend blessed the ceremony—such was the power of the man!And yet for all the pomp with which it was dedicated, when DCist went to see this monument of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow one recent evening, we could hardly see him. The man described as “the joyful, enthusiasti c mouthpiece of what was best in his time” sits unlit, alone, and stranded on an island in the middle of the noisy intersection southeast of Dupont Circle.Rev. George R. Grose wrote in the Zion’s Herald that at the dedication there was a large shield in the middle of the platform which read (from Longfellow’s “The Building of a Ship”):“Thou, too, sail on, O Ship of State!Sail on, O Union, strong and great!Humanity, with all its fears,With all the hopes of future years,Is hanging breathless on thy fate!”The only inscription we could find was one word: LONGFELLOW.Even though interest in the monument has obviously waned considerably—our contact at the NPS said, “In my six years here, no on has ever asked about the monument”—the original context of the monument’s construction is, as the Revisiting Series tends to find with most forgotten monuments, rather fascinating.The monument was erected not only as a testament to one of this country’s greatest poets, but also as a statement of American culture. For at the time of the unveiling, according to Grose, there were no national monuments in D.C. that commemorated American literature.Grose mentions the Poets’ Corner in Westminster Abbey, and is both relieved and jubilant that the nation was able to raise the $35,000—“by gifts from rich and poor”—to celebrate Longfellow’s contribution to American literature and society. Grose was sure the monument cemented the U.S.’s legitimacy in global culture and expressed the nation’s propulsion into a new age. Indeed, L ongfellow, “while he makes us feel the nobility of his white soul, and brings close to our view the great, simple, normal life of humanity,” would be a fine model for America as it sought to keep its morals and traditions in order while adjusting to a frenetically industrialized, internationalizing modernity.There may not be “flags, wreaths, and festoons of laurel and bunches of iris, the poet’s favorite flower,” commemorating Longfellow anymore, but surely we have space in our hearts for a little appreciation for one of the most important figures in American literature. So next time you find yourself stuck in traffic or transitioning from one Dupont bar to another, take a second to pay your respects. Remember peaceful old Longfellow, the poet who was not only "the purest democrat known to humanity," but a crucial player in this country's cultural maturation.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (February 27, 1807 – March 24, 1882) was an American poet whose works include Paul Revere's Ride, A Psalm of Life, The Song of Hiawatha and Evangeline. He also wrote the first American translation of Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy and was one of the five members of the group known as the Fireside Poets. Longfellow was born and raised in the Portland, Maine area. He attended university at an early age at Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine. After several journeys overseas, Longfellow settled for the last forty-five years of his life in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in a wood frame house once occupied during the American Revolution by General George Washington and his staff.Early life and educationBirthplace in c. 1910Longfellow was born in 1807 to Stephen and Zilpah (Wadsworth) Longfellow in Portland, Maine, and grew up in what is now known as the Wadsworth-Longfellow House. His father was a lawyer, and his maternal grandfather, Peleg Wadsworth Sr., was a general in the American Revolutionary War. He was descended from the Longfellow family that came to America in 1676 from Yorkshire, England and from Priscilla and John Alden on his father's sideLongfellow's siblings were Stephen (1805), Elizabeth (1808), Anne (1810), Alexander (1814), Mary (1816), Ellen (1818), and Samuel (1819).Longfellow was enrolled in a "dame school" at the age of only three, and by age six, when he entered the Portland Academy, he was able to read and write quite well. He remained at the Portland Academy until the age of fourteen and entered Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine in 1822. At Bowdoin, he met Nathaniel Hawthorne, who became his lifelong friend. He was a 5th great grandson of John Howland and Elizabeth Tilley who were on the Mayflower.First European tour and professorship at BowdoinAfter graduating in 1825, he was offered a professorship at BowdoinCollege with the condition that he first spend some time in Europe for further language study. He toured Europe between 1826 and 1829 (visiting England, France, Germany, Holland, Italy and Spain), and upon returning went on to become the first professor of modern languages at Bowdoin, as well as a parttime librarian. During his years at the college, he wrote textbooks in French, Italian, and Spanish and a travel book, Outre-Mer: A Pilgrimage Beyond the Sea. In 1831, he married Mary Storer Potter of Portland.Second European tour and professorship at HarvardHenry Wadsworth LongfellowLongfellow was offered the Smith Professorship of French and Spanish at Harvard with the stipulation that he spend a year or so abroad. His 22-year old wife, Mary Storer Potter died during the trip in Rotterdam after suffering a miscarriage in 1835. Three years later he was inspired to write "Footsteps of Angels" about their love.When he returned to the United States in 1836, Longfellow took up the professorship at Harvard University. He settled in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he remained for the rest of his life, although he spent summers at his home in Nahant. He began publishing his poetry, including "Voices of the Night" in 1839 and "Ballads and Other Poems", which included his famous poem "The Village Blacksmith", in 1841.Marriage to Frances "Fanny" AppletonFanny Appleton LongfellowLongfellow began courting Frances "Fanny" Appleton, the daughter of a wealthy Boston industrialist, Nathan Appleton. During the courtship, he frequently walked from Harvard to her home in Boston, crossing the Boston Bridge. That bridge was subsequently demolished and replaced in 1906 by a new bridge, which was eventually renamed as the Longfellow Bridge. After seven years, Fanny finally agreed to marriage and they were wed in 1843. Nathan Appleton bought the Craigie House, overlooking the Charles River as a wedding present to the pair.His love for Fanny is evident in the following lines from Longfellow's only love-poem, the sonnet "The Evening Star," which he wrote in October, 1845: "O my beloved, my sweet Hesperus! My morning and my evening star of love!"He and Fanny had six children:Charles Appleton (1844-1893)Ernest Wadsworth (1845-1921)Fanny (1847-1848)Alice Mary (1850-1928)Edith (1853-1915)Anne Allegra (1855-1934).When the younger Fanny was born on April 7, 1847, Dr. Nathan Cooley Keep administered the first obstetric anesthetic in the United States to Fanny Longfellow.Longfellow retired from Harvard in 1854, devoting himself entirely to writing. He was awarded an honorary doctorate of Laws from Harvard in 1859.The death of FrancesLongfellow was a devoted husband and father with a keen feeling for the pleasures of home. But his marriages ended in sadness and tragedy.On a hot July day, while putting a lock of a child's hair into an envelope and attempting to seal it with hot sealing wax, her dress caught fire causing severe burns.She died the next day, aged 44, on July 10, 1861. Longfellow was devastated by her death and never fully recovered. The strength of his grief is still evident in these lines from a sonnet, "The Cross of Snow" (1879) which he wrote eighteen years later to commemorate her death:Such is the cross I wear upon my breastThese forty five years, through all the changing scenesAnd seasons, changeless since the day she died.DeathLongfellow died on March 24, 1882, after suffering from peritonitis for five days.He is buried with both of his wives at Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 1884 he was the first American poet for whom a commemorative sculpted bust was placed in Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey in London.Longfellow's workLongfellow was such an admired figure in the United States during his life, that his 70th birthday in 1877 took on the air of a national holiday, with parades, speeches, and the reading of his poetry. He had become one of the first American celebrities.His work was immensely popular during his time and is still today, although some modern critics consider him too sentimental. His poetry is based on familiar and easily understood themes with simple, clear, and flowing language. His poetry created an audience in America and contributed to creating American mythology.Longfellow's poem "Christmas Bells" is the basis for the Christmas carol "I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day".Longfellow's home in Cambridge, the Longfellow National Historic Site, is a U.S. National Historic Site, National Historic Landmark, and on the National Register of Historic Places. A two-thirds scale replica was built in Minneapolis, Minnesota at Minnehaha Park in 1906 and once served as a centerpiece for a local zoo.Noted minister, writer and abolitionist Edward Everett Hale founded organizations called the Harry Wadsworth Clubs.TriviaA number of schools are named after him in various states, including Maine, Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Wisconsin, California, Minnesota, Montana, Pennsylvania, New York and Texas."Longfellow Serenade" is a pop song by Neil Diamond.In March 2007 the United postal service made a stamp after him.。
longfellow-A_Psalm_of_Life
strife 争吵、冲突
• Trust no future. howe’er pleasant! 别相信未来，哪怕未来多么欢乐！ • Let the dead Past bury its dead! 让死去的往昔将死亡一切埋葬！ • Act— act in the glorious Present! Heart within, and God O’er head! 上帝在上，我们胸怀勇气， 行动吧———趁现在活着的好时光！
Footsteps, that, perhaps another, 也许有个遭了船灾的苦难弟兄， Sailing o’er life solemn main, 他曾在庄严的人生大海中飘航， A forlorn and shipwrecked brother, 见到我们的脚印， Seeing, shall take heart again, 又会满怀信心。
• Not enjoyment , and not sorrow, 我们的归宿并不是快乐，也不是悲伤， • Is our destined and our way; 实干才是我们的道路， • But to act, that much to-morrow. Find us farther than to-day. 每天不断前进，蒸蒸蒸日上。
By Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
It’s About…
• Background of the poem • Poem appreciation • Brief analysis
Background of the poem
• The most beautiful English的 shipwrecked 失事
• • • •
Let us then be up and doing, With a heart for any fate; Still achieving, still pursuing Learn to labor and to wait.
Longfellow
1
君勿消沉与我言：人生如梦空辗转！
精神不振何异无，且勿世事表面看。 莫唱伤感调： 梦幻是人生！ 须知灵魂睡， 所见本非真。
21
1 In this opening stanza, Longfellow declares himself to be a believer in life hereafter来世.
Longfellow states this clearly when he writes, "And the grave is not its goal." It means that life doesn't end for people simply because they die; there is always something more to be hopeful and optimistic for.
人生得意须尽欢，莫使金樽空对月。
When hopes are won, oh, drink your fill in high delight And never leave your wine cup empty in moonlight!
天生我材必有用，千金散尽还复来。
Heaven has made us talents; we’re not made in vain. A thousand gold coins spent, more will turn up again.
5
I shot an arrow into the air, 我把一支箭射向空中 It fell to earth I knew not where; 不知它落在何方 For so swiftly it flew the sight 飞得那么快 Could not follow it in its flight飞行 . 眼睛难以追寻它的方向
Henrywadsworthlongfellow朗费罗课件
REPUTATION
Until now we can you see, Longfellow is a lucky writer compared with other writers who are nameless while they are living. Some of them had no readers or even misunderstood by people. But Longfellow was popular and loved by people while his living time.
不知不觉我内心也满怀渴望不知不觉我内心也满怀渴望想要了解奥秘而探索海洋想要了解奥秘而探索海洋那汪洋大海跳动的心脏那汪洋大海跳动的心脏使我心潮起伏激情回荡使我心潮起伏激情回荡
HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW
(1807-1882)
Fireside Poets
writing lyric poems known for their musicality
Some of his lines and phrases are so well known that they have entered the American language.
.
Some of his lines and phrases – "A boy's will is the wind's will," 男孩的梦是风之梦，男孩的理想大如天。 "Ships that pass in the night," 过夜的船――萍水相逢的人 "Footprints on the sands of time" 能把足迹留在时间的流沙上
Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow
HoБайду номын сангаасors and Reputation
He received honorary degrees from famous colleges and universities, including Cambridge and Oxford. He was the first American poet to gain a favorable international reputation. He was given a private audience by Queen Victoria. The poet's 70th birthday in 1877 was celebrated around the country. After death, Longfellow became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey.
Emerson’s Distaste
In his famous essay "The Poet," Emerson claims that men who are skilled in the use of words are not true poets, saying, "...we do not speak now of men of poetical talents, or of industry and skill in metre, but of the true poet". And slightly later, he adds, "For it is not metres, but a metre-making argument, that makes a poem". According to Emerson, a poet who values form over thought is not a poet at all, but rather merely a skilled manipulator of words. For him, a poet must be the articulator of some genuine thought or argument; it does not suffice to merely create a poem solely on the sound and effect of words. In 1844, the same year that Emerson published his essay, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow published "The Day is Done," a poem that argues directly against the point made in "The Poet." Longfellow is hyperaware of the meter, rhyme, word choice, and overall sound of his poem; in fact, those elements are what make the poem a cohesive and successful piece of work. As a result of Longfellow's attention to the effect of the words and seeming disregard for what Emerson would call a "metremaking argument," "The Day is Done" serves as a counterargument to Emerson's initial claim.
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Country America
Professorships Bowdin(1826-1829),Harvard(1836-1854). Birth and Death
Birth: Portland, Maine, February 27, 1807. Death: Cambridge,Match24,1882.
Evaluation
• He was also important as a translator; his translation of Dante became a required possession for those who wanted to be a part of high culture. • He also encouraged and supported other translators. In honor of Longfellow's role with translations, Harvard established the Longfellow Institute in 1994, dedicated to literature written in the United States in languages other than English. • Exercised a great influence in bringing European culture to the US • Did much to popularize American folk themes abroad • Contemporary writer Edgar Allan Poe wrote to Longfellow in May 1841 of his "fervent admiration which [your] genius has inspired in me" and later called him "unquestionably the best poet in America&ntimentality
Evaluation
• During the last years of his life, Longfellow received many honors, including honorary degrees from Cambridge and Oxford Universities in England. • After his death, a bust of Longfellow was placed in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey—the first American to be so honored. • In the late 19th century, Longfellow was without a doubt the most popular American poet.
After death
• After his death, he became the only American to be honored with a bust(半身像） in the poet’s corner of Westminster Abbey.
Major works
Lyrics: Voices of the Night « 夜吟»(1839);
Mary Storer Potter became Longfellow's first wife in 1831 and died four years later
After a seven-year courtship, Longfellow married Frances Appleton in 1843.
• Contribution
Evaluation
• He is the most important one of the “New England Poets (other poets: William Cullen Bryant, James Russell Lowell, Oliver Wendell Holmes and John Greenleaf Whittier). • Based on his knowledge of European literary tradition, he became a master of sonnets and reflective lyric.
Ballads and Other Poems « 歌谣及其他»(1842) Poems on Slavery «奴隶制度诗篇 » （ 1842）
Long poems: Evangeline
« 伊凡吉林» （1847）;
Song of Hiawatha« 海华沙之歌» （1855）; Courtship of Miles Standish
Longfellow's Birthplace , Portland, Me.
Brief introduction
When he returned to the United States three years later, he taught European languages at Bowdoin. He served as a professor of modern languages at Bowdoin College from 1829---1835. Then he taught modern languages at Harvard from 1836 to 1854. His first marriage ended in 1835, when his wife died. In 1843, he married the daughter of a wealthy industrialist who gave him wealth, and domestic happiness. In 1861,his second wife died . He spent his last days in Cambridge. He is the only American man of letters to be honored with a bust in the Poet’s Conner in Westminster.
Trips to Europe:
(1826-1829),(1835-1836),(1868-1869)
Two marriages:
Mary Storer Potter Longfellow(1831-1835)
Fanny Appleton Longfellow(1843-1861)
Before death
Brief introduction
In the fall of 1822, the 15-year-old Longfellow enrolled at Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine, alongside his brother Stephen. Following his graduation in 1826 from Bowdoin College, where he was a classmate of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Then Longfellow went to Europe to study language ( France, Spain, Italy, Germany and England) for 4 years. He studied languages In Madrid, he spent time with Washington Irving and was particularly impressed by the author's work ethic. Irving encouraged the young Longfellow to pursue writing.
• He did a great service to American literature in domesticating certain forms from European literature. • His search for new forms and his efforts in conveying didacticism in popular poems brought him a popularity with the common readers in America that has never been approached by any other poet.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow （1807-1882）
亨利· 华兹伍兹· 朗费罗
by禹雨 王婧美
HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW
(1807-1882) Henry Wadsworth Longfellow is noted as the most popular American poet of the nineteenth century. His poetry and narrative works are lyrical with an easy rhythm, making them memorable. Uplifting with topics the "every man" can relate to, Longfellow's poetry hums in people's minds like a favorite song.
1.Receiving honorary degrees from Cambridge and Oxford 2.Invited to Windsor by Queen Victoria 3.Called by request upon the Prince of Wales 4.Breakfasting with British Prime Minister 5.Elected member of Russian Academy and Spanish Academy 6.75th birthday celebrated by the nation