Unit 15英汉句法结构对比

We have learned…
This is the cat. This is the cat that killed the rat. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house that Jack built.
静态与动态
英语叙述呈静态,汉语叙述呈动 态。汉语倾向于多用动词，而英 语则倾向于多用名词、介词短语、 形容词等等。 所以，在英译汉时，要注意从静 态到动态的转化，而汉译英时则 相反。
英语介词译成汉语动词
He walked around the house with a gun. 他拿着枪，绕着屋子 走。 He is a man above vulgar interests. 他是一个脱离了低级 趣味的人。
形合与意合
英语句子中各成分的相互结合多 用适当的连接词语，而中文句子 则多依靠语义的贯通，语境的映 衬，少用连接词。即英文重形合， 中文重意和。所以，在翻译中， 要注意增减连接词。
Examples review
我买了7本书，一共7元钱。 I bought seven books which cost me 7 Yuan. If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远么？ I went to dance with a girl who has a Southern accent. 我同一位操南方口音的姑娘跳舞。
2.
Each one must do his utmost or the labor of all is vain. 每个人都必须竭尽全力，否则就会徒劳无益（前功尽 弃）。 I congratulate myself on my narrow escape. 我庆幸自己死里逃生。 我厂生产的地毯图案新颖、色调雅致、美丽大方、富 丽堂皇。 The carpets made in our factory are beautiful and magnificent for their novel designs and elegant colors.
替代与重复
这是英语和汉语的一个重要差异： 英语重替代（即多用代词，包括 人称代词、指示代词、不定代词 和关系代词，还有表示替代的词 so, do）；汉语重重复，重复现 象比比皆是。
Examples review
我们的民族是一个伟大的民族。
Ours is a great nation/ our nation is great one.
Go on…
中国一贯主张裁军，反对一切军备竞赛，既反 对常规军备竞赛，更反对核军备竞赛；既反对 地面上的军备竞赛，也反对在太空进行的军备 竞赛。 China consistently stands for disarmament and is opposed to all kinds of arms race, whether it is conventional or nuclear, on the ground or in outer space.
More
任何人不得将个人利益置于国家利益和 社会利益之上。 Nobody shall place his own interests above those of the state and the society. 南北问题尖锐地摆在我们的面前，解决发展问 题与解决和平问题同等迫切重要。 The North-South relations have become an acute issue. To seek development and peace are equally urgent and important tasks.
keys
1. whoever wants to join the spring outing should sign up and pay the expenses before Friday. Those of you who want to go on the spring outing are required to sign up and hand in the payment before Friday. If any of you wants to take part in the spring outing, please sign up and pay for it before Friday.
• 小孩子受了惊吓就会哭。 Little children will cry when they are frightened. • 他不愿意，我们干吗强迫他干？ Why should we force him to do it if he is unwilling?
More
原文：近闻夫人健康如常，颇感欣慰。 译文：It is a supreme comfort to me when I am informed that you are as healthy as ever. 原文：亡羊补牢，犹未为晚。 译文：It is not too late to mend the fold even after some sheep have been lost.
Some further thoughts
四字格 汉语中有大量的四字词组。四字格的特点是：内容言 简意赅，形式整齐划一，语音顺口悦耳，表达效果形 象生动．
e.g.
But there had been too much publicity about my case. 但我的事现在已经搞得满城风雨,人人皆知了。 I had been completely honest in my replies, withholding nothing. 我的回答完全是坦坦荡荡,直言无隐。
A man from other planets A machine for cutting paper Went out through the rain
英语adj/adv译成汉语动词
The rocketing price of housing has tremendously dampened the enthusiasm of potential house buyer. 房价飙升，严重挫伤了潜在购房者的积 极性。 What film will be on this evening? 今晚放什么电影？
革命是解放生产力，改革也是解放生产力。
Revolution means the emancipation of the productive force, and so does reform.
你答应了帮他就应当帮助他。
You should help him since you promised to do so.
Especially 关联词
Even if you go there, there won’t be any
result. 原译：即使你去了也不会有什么结果。 改译1：你去了也不会有什么结果。 改译2：你去也白去。 The wind was so strong that he found it difficult to keep on his feet. 原译：风如此之大，以致他发现站住脚很困难。 改译：风太大了，他感到很难站稳。
2. I think the clothes in the shop would still be too expensive even if we could get a 40 percent discount. In my opinion, the clothes in the shop are still too high-priced even if they are discounted by 40 percent. The price of the clothes in the shop is still more than I would pay even if they are 40 percent off.
辨别错误—虚假对应
中国人有在正月十五晚上吃元宵、赏灯的习俗 Chinese have the custom that they eat sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice flour and appreciate festive lanterns at the night of January 15. 错误之处： 冠词、搭配、动词、介词、不忠于原文。
1.ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
改译：The Chinese have the custom of eating yuanxiao (sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice four) and watching festive lanterns on the fifteenth evening of the first lunar month. 其他译法：There is a Chinese tradition of eating … According to custom, people in China eat…. In china, it’s the custom (for people) to eat…
2. 他的不合作态度使这个项目进展十分缓慢。
原译：The project makes less progress because of his incooperation. 错误之处：时态；形容词比较级；名词 改译1：The project is making very slow progress due to his lack of cooperation. 改译2：The project is proceeding rather slowly because of his uncooperativeness. 其他译法： 1. His uncooperative attitude accounted for the slow progress of the project. 2. His uncooperative attitude resulted in the project’s slow progress.
Unit 15 英汉思维的差异
抽象思维与形象思维 直线思维与曲线思维 复杂与简约 主体突出与主客体交错 树状与竹状 替代与重复 形合与意合 静态与动态 主语与主题
树状与竹状
英语句子是树状结构，主干如树干， 各种成分一个一个挂靠上去，枝繁叶 茂； 而汉语句子是竹状结构，按时间或逻 辑顺序，层层铺开，一节节连下去。 因此，翻译时要注意树状与竹状结构 间的转化．
这就是那只猫。 这就是那只捉住了老 鼠的猫。 ---老鼠偷吃了蛋糕。 ---老鼠偷吃了放在屋 里的蛋糕。 ------屋子是杰克盖的。
Example I
The moon is so far from the earth that even if huge trees were growing on the mountains and elephants were walking about, we could not see them through the most powerful telescopes which have been invented. 月球离地球非常遥远，即使那边山上长 着大树，有大象在跑来跑去，我们用已 经发明的最高倍率的望远镜也看不到它 们．
Example II
Upon his death in 1826, Jefferson was buried under a stone which described him as he had wished to be remembered as the author of the Declaration on Independence and the father of the University of Virginia. 1826年杰斐逊逝世.按他生前遗愿,在他墓 地的石碑上刻着:独立宣言的作者,弗吉利 亚大学创建人之墓.