全国 高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题

全国2001年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题

第一部分选择题

一、单项选择题(本大题共10 小题，每小题2 分，共20 分)在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。

way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, _______,and kin term.

+first name +title

alone name+last name+title

and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When anguage and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as "subvocal speech," and speech as "_______".( )

thought thought

thought thought

of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition_______.( )

acquisition is a process of habit formation

acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings

are born with an innate ability to acquire language

are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use

第二部分非选择题

二、填空题(本大题共10 小题，每小题1 分，共10 分。)

the course of time, the study of language has come to establish close links with other branches of s________ studies, such as sociology and psychology.

［1］ and dark［1］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c________ distribution.

r________ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.

c________ sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated in the other.

the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of c________ antonyms.

the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an u________ is concrete and context-dependent.

rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For example, Modern English verb ask was Old English askian, with the /k/preceding

the/s/.Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as m________.

many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a

characteristic of societies, b________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.

brain’s neurological specialization for language is called linguistic I

________, which is specific to human beings.

order to acquire a second language, learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is know as language t________.

三、判断说明题(本大题共10 小题，每小题2 分，共20 分。)判断下列各题正误，正者在括号内写“T”，误者在括号内写“F”，并说明理由。

( ) the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.

( ) English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i:/,the larynx is in a state of tension.

( ) compound is the combination of only two words.

( )24.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture.”,and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.”belong to the same syntactic category.

( ) forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.

( ) important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That

is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.

( ) division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.

( ) reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism.

( ) a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on.

( ) children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them.

四、名词解释题(本大题共10 小题，每小题3 分，共30 分。)

transmission (as a defining feature of human language)

medium of language

morphemes

act

dialect

五、论述题(本大题共2 小题，每小题10 分，共20 分。)

do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements Support your statement with examples.

the process of language perception, comprehension and production.：

全国2001 年10 月高等教育自学考试

现代语言学试题参考答案

课程代码：00830

一、单项选择题(本大题共10 小题，每小题2 分，共20 分)

二、填空题(本大题共10 小题，每小题1 分，共10 分)

三、判断改错题(本大题共10 小题，每小题2 分，共20 分)

The contrary is true. The writing system is always a later invention.

Some compounds contain more than two words.

It is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions "morning star" and " evening star." They refer to the same star but differ in sense.

The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is conventional and somewhat arbitrary.

Children first acquire the sounds found in all languages of the world, no matter what language they are exposed to ,and in later stages acquire the " more difficult" sounds.

四、名词解释题(本大题共10 小题，每小题3 分，共30 分)

is a phonetic feature of some is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.

morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal relations and categories,such as-ed,-(e)s,-est in English.

is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the example ,if we say, "The dog is barking," we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the actual dog the word "dog" refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word "dog".

act refers to the act of uttering words, phrases, and is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. For example, by saying "You have left the door wide open",the locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean.

protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages.

ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language,often cutting across regional differences. It is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation, such as racial discrimination or segregation.

are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations,in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For this reason,

registers are also known as situational dialects.

refers to a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language community.

五、论述题(本大题共2 小题，每小题10 分，共20 分)

addition to revealing a linear order, a constituent structure tree has a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, and consequently is believed to most truthfully illustrate constituenrelationship among linguistic elements.

The old men and the women the old men and the old women

the perspective of psycholinguistic analysis,language use in terms of perception,comprehension and production follows a certain patternwhich involves the coordination of various language centers.

When we speak,words are drawn from Wernicke’s area and transferred to Broca’s area, which determines the details of their form and appropriate instructions are then sent to he motor area which controls the vocal tract to physically articulate the words. When we hear something and try to comprehend it,t he stimulus from the auditory cortex is transmitted to Wernicke’s area,where it is then interpreted. When we perceive a visual image,a message is sent to the angular gyrus,where it is converted into a visual pattern.

2005年10月自考《英语写作》试卷+答案（0603）

I.Fill in the following blanks according to what you have learned in Advanced College Composition.(20%)

1.Before writing a composition, a student writer must keep these points in

mind: __________ the first line of each paragraph, leaving a space of 4 or 5

letters; write on ______________, leaving enough space for correction; and

leave one space after any ____________.

2. In the title of a composition, the initial letter of each word must be capitalized except

__________, ________________, and _____________, such as and, or, but,for and the to infinitives.

3. To make it easy for the reader to follow your narration, the __________and

__________ of the events are usually given at the beginning.

4. In describing a place, you are supposed to follow a clear __________ order;

while in describing a scene, three parts should be included: ____________,

__________, and __________.

5. Generally speaking, expository essays have the following characteristics:

_________, _________, __________, ___________, and interesting.

6. If it is a novel or a play or a science fiction, the __________ tense is more

appropriate while the ____________ tense is required for nonfiction such as

history book.

7. Fixing a topic is the first step for an outline, which falls into two types:_____

outline and ___________ outline.

II. Study the following statements and explain why they are not good argumentative theses. (15%)

1.There are many movies about friendships.

2.Friendship is important.

3.You’ll love the movie Thelma and Louise, which is about the friendship of

two women.

4.Movies about men’s friendships earn more money than movies about women’s

friendships.

5.Women always have close friendships, but men seldom do.

III. Read the following passage and answer the questions. (20%)

Americans are Friendly to Strangers

．I asked

myself why I had come to this strange world and what I was doing here. I remembered what my friends at home said about Americans treating strangers.

After I attended college, however, I discovered the opposite of what I had expected.

Even though American social relations are complex, hard to form, and hard

to maintain, I managed to bridge the gap and I was able to have close friendships with some Americans. For example, the first semester I attended college, I became friends with one of the American students who used to attend math

class with me. We used to study together, go to parties together, and he used to help me a lot with my English. Even though he transferred to another university, we always keep in touch with each other. From my experience, I have come to understand that Americans are generally verbal, and long, silent periods are uncomfortable to them. So, when I sit with Americans, I start a conversation

with them by talking about the weather, sports, or about teachers' skill in the classroom. I think conversations make a friendly atmosphere among people.

My experience of tavelling across the country from New Orleans to San Diego

also proved to me that I had the wrong idea about Americans. When I told my

friends that my brother and I were going to drive across the United States and if they wanted to they could join me, they said ,"it is dangerous to drive across America.” You might get killed by one of the truck drivers or get robbed. However,

We didn't pay attention to them because we wanted to find out what America is

really like and how people treat strangers.

On the way From San Diego to El Paso, our car stopped because it ran out of fuel. We got out of the car and waited for anyone to give us a ride. Ten minutes later, a truck pulled off the road. I approached him carefully and I asked him, “Could you please give us a ride to the nearest gas station” He said, “ The nearest station is 35 miles away and you might not find anyone who can drive

you b ack to your car.” Then he came up with a solution to our problem. He

towed our car to the nearest station. When we reached it, I took a 50-dollar bill from my pocket and handed it to him, but he wouldn’t accept it. He told me that he helped me because we needed help.

In general, Americans are friendly to strangers. From my experience, a person

who treats people well will put them in a position where they have to respect

him in return, but if he treats them badly they will treat him in the same way.

Human beings are born with a good nature and they will not behave badly

unless they are forced to. I think a person should judge people by dealing with

them, not by listening to his friends.

1.What is the thesis statement What is the central idea

2.How many examples does the writer give Are the examples explained adequately

3.Are the examples relevant Why

4.Are the paragraphs coherent and unified Why

5.How are the paragraphs organized

IV. Describe a person that you are familiar with. (15%)

V. In your opinion, how serious is the problem of unemployment in your hometown What type of people are unemployed

In a coherent essay, persuade your friends that unemployment is or is not a serious problem that should be solved in your hometown. Write an essay of about 100 words. (30%)

The Problem of Unemployment in My Hometown

二00五年十月<英语写作>答案及评分标准（0603）

I. Fill in the blanks. （每空1分，共20分）

1. indent; every other line; punctuation mark.

2. articles; short prepositions; coordinating conjunctions.

3. place; time.

4. spatial; setting; people; action

5. significant; clear; objective; economical.

6. present; past.

7. topic; sentence.

II. Study and comment on the statements. （每句3分，共15分）

1. The thesis is worth taking a stand about. It is not trivial or obvious.

2. It requires evidence and support because some people disagree with it.

3. It is not just personal preference.

4. It is not a fact, not something that can be verified in a record book.

5. It is specific enough that you can make a good case for it. Statements

with words such as always and never are too broad to support.

III. Read the passage and answer the questions. （每句4分，共20分）

1. The thesis statement is the last sentence of the opening paragraph: After I

ttended college, however, I discovered the opposite of what I had expected.

The central idea of this essay is: Americans are friendly to strangers.

2. Three; The first and the last ones are explained adequately, but the second one is inadequately.

3. The third example is relevant, but the first and the second examples are not so relevant. The main idea of the

essay is“Americans are friendly to strangers,”so the examples should be about how Americans treat strangers,

but instead, the writer cites examples about how he treats Americans. For another, the theme of Paragraph 2

is“having close friends with some Americans,”but the second example does not serve this purpose.

4. Some of the paragraphs are not coherent and unified. For example, in the

opening paragraph the information provided by Sentences 2, 3 and 4 are

irrelevant to the thesis, and the writer fails to make it clear how, according

to his friends, the Americans treat strangers. The example is not relevant

to the topic of the second paragraph. Instead of further emphasizing the

thesis, the closing paragraph introduces some new topics. In addition, the

phrase“from my experience”is repeated twice in the essay, but the

writer fails to relate relevant experience.

5. The paragraphs are organized in a General-Particular Pattern, that is , each

paragraph starts with a topic sentence, which gives general information,

and then specific examples are provided to clarify the theme stated in the

topic sentence.

IV.Describe a person that you familiar with. （15分）

VI. Write an essay of about 100 words. The title is “The Problem of

Unemployment in My Hometown.”（30分）

全国2010年10月自学考试高级英语试题全部题目用英文作答(翻译题除外)，并将答案写在答题纸相应位置上

I. The following paragraphs are taken from the textbooks, followed by a list of

words or expressions marked A to Y. Choose the one that best completes each of the sentences and write the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. One word or expression for each blank only. (25 points, 1 point for each)

Today’s heroes—some of them, anyway—tell us they enjoy their 1 . “And I 2 to myself at the men and the ladies. Who never 3 of us

billion-dollar babies.” The 4

“culture hero” who 5 that is Alice Cooper.

If I said that being black is a greater 6 than being a woman, probably no one would 7

me. Why Because “we all know” there is 8 against black people in America. That there is prejudice against women is an idea that still 9 nearly all men—and, I am afraid, most women—as 10 .

There is, however, another 11 possessed by the best work, which is even more important as a 12 of happiness than is the exercise of 13 . This is the element of constructiveness. In some work, though by no 14 in most, something is built up which remains as a 15 when

the work is completed.

My own state of mind, when I left Watts eight years ago to take up the 16 year at Whittier College, was 17 . It was to me less of a 18 ; it was the stepping off point of an Odyssey that was to take me through Whittier College and Oxford University, to Yale Law School, and back to Watts. I had 19 then, as now, to make Watts my 20 .

W ell, it’s a good life and a good 21 , all said and 22 , if you don’t 23 , and if you know that the big wide world hasn’t 24 from you yet, no, not by a long way, though it won’t be long now. The float bobbed more violently than before and, with a 25 on his face, he began to wind in the reel.

II. Each of the following sentences is given four choices of words or expressions.

Choose the right one to complete the sentence and write the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. (15 points, 1 point for each)

26. The citizens are grateful to the government for the ______ environment.

A. wholesome

B. wholesale

C. noisome

D. tiresome

27. The farmers’ ______ from the contest aroused heated debates.

A. omission

B. exclusion

C. inclusion

D. emission

28. He owed his victory to endurance and ______.

A. instance

B. existence

C. subsistence

D. perseverance

29. He killed his enemy and received a ______ wound himself.

A. moral

B. fateful

C. mortal

D. factual

30. To remove the paint, he had to apply a knife to ______ the table.

A. scrape

B. rub

C. dab

D. peel

31. The local government decided to ______ money for the building of a new post office.

A. distribute

B. divide

C. contribute

D. allot

32. She was ______ of her notorious family scandal.

A. shameful

B. shameless

C. ashamed

D. shamed

33. Since then, the contrast between his two careers has become even more ______.

A. symbolized

B. distinguished

C. predominated

D. pronounced

34. I recall how ______ it was years ago when people littered everywhere in our city.

A. annoying

B. scaring

C. frightening

D. humiliating

35. I don’t complain about the smoking ______ because I hate watching people

smoking in hospitals.

A. programs

B. restrictions

C. arguments

D. advertisements

36. His muscles are firmest and his ______ colds and infections is highest.

A. ignorance of

B. independence of

C. resistance to

D. attribution to

37. Regardless of ______ poll results, a number of objections have been published in newspapers.

A. practical

B. sensible

C. favorable

D. outstanding

38. At British universities, it is ______ to cease work and spend a half-hour

or so sipping tea and eating cookies with the members of one’s department.

A. satisfactory

B. extraordinary

C. contemporary

D. customary

39. The concentration of populations in cities has given ______ to many problems

of housing, education, and medical services.

A. rise

B. reason

C. result

D. response

40. This discovery is highly ______ in the circle of science.

A. measured

B. appreciated

C. calculated

D. experimented

Read the following passage carefully and complete the succeeding three items III, IV, V.

A Wrong Man in Workers’ Paradise

(1) The man had never believed in mere utility.

(2) Having had no useful work, he indulged in mad whims. He made little pieces of sculpture—men, women and castle, quaint earthen things dotted over with sea-shells. He painted. Thus he wasted his time on all that was useless, needless. People laughed at him. At times he vowed to shake off his whims, but they lingered in his mind.

(3) Some boys seldom ply their books and yet pass their tests. A similar thing happened to this man. He spent his earth life in useless work and yet after his death the gates of Heaven opened wide for him.

(4) But mistakes are unavoidable even in Heaven. So it came to pass that the aerial messenger who took charge of the man made a mistake and found him a place in Workers’ Paradise.

(5) In this Paradise you find everything except leisure.

(6) Here men say: “God! We haven’t a moment to spare.” Women whisper: “Let’s move on, time’s a-flying.”All exclaim: “Time is precious.” “We have our hands full, we make use of every single minute,” they sigh complainingly, and yet those words make them happy and exalted.

(7) But this newcomer, who had passed all his life on Earth without doing a scrap of useful work, did not fit in with the scheme of things in Workers’ Paradise. He lounged in the streets absently and jostled the hurrying men. He lay down in green meadows, or close to the fast flowing streams, and was taken to task by busy farmers. He was always in the way of others.

(8) A hustling girl went every day to a silent torrent (silent, since in the Workers’ Paradise even a torrent would not waste its energy singing) to fill her pitcher.

(9) The girl’s movement on the road was like the rapid movement of a skilled hand on the strings of a guitar. Her hair was carelessly done; inquisitive wisps stooped often over her forehead to peer at the dark wonder of her eye.

(10) The idler was standing by the stream. As a princess sees a lonely beggar and is filled with pity, so the busy girl of Heaven saw this one and was filled with pity.

(11 ) “A—ha !” she cried with concern. “You have no work in hand,have you”

(12) The man sighed, “Work! I have not a moment to spare for work.”

(13) The girl did not understand his words, and said: “I shall spare some work for you to do, if you like.”

(14) The man replied: “Girl of the silent torrent, all this time I have been waiting to take some work from your hands.”

(15) “What kind of work would you like”

(16) “Will you give me one of your pitchers, one that you can spare”

(17) She asked: “A pitcher You want to draw water from the torrent”

(18) “No, I shall draw pictures on your pitcher.”

(19) The girl was annoyed.

(20) “Pictures, indeed! I have no time to waste on such as you. I am going.” And she walked away.

(21) But how could a busy person get the better of one who had nothing to do Every day they met, and every day he said to her: “Girl of the silent torrent, give me one of your clay pitchers. I shall draw pictures on it.”

(22) She yielded at last. She gave him one of her pitchers. The man started painting. He drew line after line; he put color after color.

(23) When he had completed his work, the girl held up the pitcher and stared at its sides, her eyes puzzled. Brows drawn, she asked: “What do they mean, all those lines and colors What is their purpose”

(24) The man laughed.

(25) “Nothing. A picture may have no meaning and may serve no purpose.”

(26) The girl went away with her pitcher. At home, away from prying eyes, she held it in the light, turned it round and round and scanned the painting from all angles. At night she moved out of bed, lighted a lamp and scanned it again in silence. For the first time in her life she had seen something that had no meaning and no purpose at all.

(27) When she set out for the torrent the next day, her hurrying feet were a little less hurried than before. For a new sense seemed to have wakened in her, a sense that seemed to have no meaning and no purpose at all.

(28) She saw the painter standing by the torrent and asked in confusion: “What do you want of me”

(29) “Only some more work from your hands.”

(30) “What kind of work would you like”

(31) “Let me make a colored ribbon for your hair,” he answered.

(32) “And what for”

(33) “Nothing.”

(34) Ribbons were made, bright with colors. The busy girl of Workers’ Paradise had now to spend a lot of time every day tying the colored ribbon around her hair. The minutes slipped by, unutilized. Much work was left unfinished.

(35) In Workers’ Paradise work had of late begun to suffer. Many persons who had been active before were now idle, wasting their precious time on useless things such as painting and sculpture. The elders became anxious. A meeting was called. All agreed that such a state of affairs had so far been unknown in the history of Workers’ Paradise.

(36) The aerial messenger hurried in, bowing before the elders and made a confession.

(37) “I brought a wrong man into this Paradise,” he said. “It is all due to him.”

(38) The man was summoned. As he came the elders saw his fantastic dress, his quaint brushes, his paints, and they knew at once that he was not the right sort for Workers’ Paradise.

(39) Stiffly the President said: “This is no place for the like of you. You must leave.”

(40) The man sighed in relief and gathered up his brush and paint. But as he was about to go, the girl of the silent torrent came up tripping and c ried: “Wait a moment. I shall go with you.”

(41) The elders gasped in surprise. Never before had a thing like this happened in Workers’ Paradise—a thing that had no meaning and no purpose at all.

III. In this section, there are ten incomplete statements or questions, followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and write the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. (20 points, 2 points for each).

41. What do you think is the main point of the story

A. The love of a painter for a pretty girl.

B. The opposition between beauty and utility.

C. The change of heart in a girl who used to believe in mere utility.

D. The ideal society where no time is wasted and no idler is tolerated.

42. What is the author’s attitude in this story

A. He is indifferent to the artist.

B. He is in sympathy with the artist.

C. He is absolutely objective in telling the story.

D. He makes fun of those who believe in Paradise.

43. In the sentence “...but they lingered in his mind” in Paragraph 2, “they” refers to ______.

A. his whims

B. his vows

C. the things he made

D. the people he met

44. What is the proper meaning of the phrase “a scrap of” in Paragraph 7

A. a lot of

B. a load of

C. a bit of

D. a pile of

45. In Paragraph 8, with the sentence “...in the Workers’ Paradise even a

torrent would not waste its energy singing”, the author intends to ______.

A. state a fact

B. laugh at the man

C. praise the Workers’ Paradise

D. scoff at the Workers’ Paradise

46. What is the meaning of the phrase “get the better of” in Paragraph 21

A. pick

B. make use of

C. defeat

D. make fun of

47. What is the meaning of the word “quaint” in Paragraph 38

A. disgusting

B. strange

C. ugly

D. disturbing

48. Based on the author’s description of the girl, we know that ______.

A. she was curious

B. she was not very attractive

C. she was much busier than the others

D. she was the princess of the Workers’ Paradise

49. When the elders asked the man to leave the Workers’ Paradise, the man was ______.

A. disappointed

B. worried

C. pleased

D. surprised

50. From the end of the story we can infer that ______.