中西方龙文化的对比浅析

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西方的龙文化揭秘中西方的龙文化对比

西方的龙文化揭秘中西方的龙文化对比

西方的龙文化揭秘,中西方的龙文化对比龙在中西方人眼中的文化完全不同,在中国文化中,龙往往指的是一种能够升云起雨,神秘莫测的神兽。

而在西方,dragon被描述为一种巨型怪兽,形似鳄鱼,身披鳞甲,长有巨爪和翅膀,能游水能飞行,还能喷火,凶猛异常,破坏力极大,因此龙在西方属于邪恶的动物。

那么,中西方的龙文化到底存在着哪些差异呢?下面的文章就为您全面阐述。

西方的龙文化西方的龙有着虚幻和事实的两种。

但是西方的文化很大一部分源于现实,那就是说唯物主义比较严重,所以西方的龙是现代恐龙部分的延伸,乃至于意义也是如此。

而且西方圣经中将龙作为了一种怪兽,所以西方很大意义上对圣经的依赖,导致了西方思想对龙的批判。

我看到西方人对中国龙也进行了宣传片,将中国的龙按照我们历史上的描写和他们的想法,做出来了一个纪录片,当然,西方人的描写很现实,把龙描写成了一个真实的怪兽。

中西方的龙文化对比中国的龙和西方的龙长相不一样,文化不一样。

在中国,龙是吉祥的象征;在西方的神话传说中,龙却象征着一种需要靠力量和智慧征服的兽性。

在中国,龙基本上被认为是一种祥瑞之兽。

中国人心中的龙常常是神,或者是神人的坐骑,《礼记·礼运篇》中,龙被称为“龙、麟、凤、龟”四灵之首。

在中国,龙的历史源远流长。

1987年在河南省淄阳发掘了一处距今6000多年的仰韶文化早期的大墓,在男性墓主人身边出土了一条用蚌壳堆塑的龙,人称“中华第一龙”。

内蒙古还出土过一个样子很漂亮的玉龙,它的身体细长,弯曲成C形,龙头很像猪。

这个猪头形玉龙也有5000多年的历史了。

商周时期,龙常常出现在青铜器和骨器上。

那时的甲玉龙(中国西北部的内蒙古出土)骨文中就有“龙”字,“龙”字的写法有100多种。

2000多年前的战国时期,龙多次被生动地描绘在帛画上。

到了汉代,龙的样子就跟我们今天见到的龙差不多了。

以后,经过各个朝代的加工,龙的样子越来越威武神气了。

“角似鹿、头似驼、眼似兔、项似蛇、腹似蜃、鳞似鱼、爪似鹰、掌似虎、形似牛”,龙的样子不同于自然界中的任何一种动物。

中西方龙文化差异对比研究

中西方龙文化差异对比研究

中西方龙文化差异对比研究A Contrastive Study on the Differences between Chinese andWestern Dragon Culture摘要上下数千年,龙已渗透了中国社会的各个方面,成为一种文化的凝聚和积淀。

现如今,龙文化已是中华民族文化的象征,中国人也因身为“龙的传人”而骄傲。

龙文化在中国传统文化中占有重要的地位,每一个致力于学习和传播中国文化的人都要对中国龙文化有一定的了解。

然而,在西方的文化中,龙却是邪恶的代表,是撒旦的化身。

尤其在二十世纪九十年代,西方人对于龙形象的误解。

但是由于中国的国际地位的提升,中西方文化的交流变得更多,使得西方人对于中国龙的形象有了更加深入的认识。

随着时间的变化,通过对于文学甚至电影中龙形象的了解,对于西方龙的认识也发生了改变。

因此本文从东西方龙的起源、形象及其象征意义入手,对东西方龙文化进行对比。

加强东西方文化的深入了解和探讨。

关键词:龙;起源;形象;象征意义AbstractUp and down for thousands of years, the Chinese dragon which penetrated all aspects of society has become a culture of accumulation and cohesion. And nowadays, dragon culture is a symbol of Chinese culture, what`s more, Chinese around the world, proudly proclaim themselves “the offspring of the dragon”. On the contrary, dragon in western culture is the representative of evil and the incarnation of Satan. What`s worse, westerner thinks that defeating the dragon is their mission. However, due to the promotion of China’s international status, there are more and more communication between Chinese and western culture. These interactions give western people opportunities to deeply understanding images of Chinese dragon. With the time goes by, Chinese people also have new recognition of western dragon through literature and movies. Because of these differences, this thesis tries to make a contrastive study on the differences between Chinese and western dragon culture from their origins, images and symbolic meanings. It also introduces the different recognition of different dragon cultures.Key words: Dragon;Origin;Image;Symbolic MeaningOutlineI. IntroductionII. Origins of DragonA. The DefinitionB. The ImageC. Different Symbolic Meanings of Dragon III. Different symbolize meanings of dragonA. Dragon in Proverbs and idioms1. Chinese dragon2. Western dragonB. Dragon in Myths and Legends1.Chinese dragon2.Western dragonC. Dragon in Movies1.Dragon in Chinese Movies2.Dragon in western MoviesD. The reasons for different dragon cultures Ⅳ. Different recognition of dragon cultureA. The western recognition of Chinese dragonB. The recognition of western dragon in China Ⅳ. ConclusionA Contrastive Study on the Differences between Chinese and WesternDragon CultureI. IntroductionFor thousands of years, the dragon has infiltrated all aspects of Chinese society and become a kind of culture and heritage. Dragon culture as an important part of Chinese traditional culture has deeply roots in Chinese culture. In the entire history of Chinese civilization, Dragon culture has been an integral part of its continuous development and improvement. Dragon, involved in the process of accumulation of western civilization, however, formed a distinctive dragon culture.Because of cultural differences, western people are different from Chinese people in understanding and using dragon images. Therefore, this thesis tries to compare and contrast the differences between western and Chinese dragon culture with an aim to allow people to truly understand the meaning of dragon culture in cross-culture communication.What’s more, the dragon culture still influences many aspects of western and Chinese society, such as literature, film and television works, clothing. Therefore, understanding the differences between Chinese and Western dragon culture contributes to understanding the different cultural backgrounds and knowing more implied meaning of the dragon. In addition, it’s better to exchange and communicate in cross-culture communication.II. Origins of DragonAs the most common animal in the legends, dragon does not actually exist, even none ever did exist; it is an imaginary animal. However, few people know the origins of both Chinese and western dragon accurately. This part tries to introduce the different origins of dragon through their different definitions and images.A. The DefinitionA dragon is a legendary creature, typically with serpentine or reptilian traits, that features in the myths of many cultures. There are two distinct cultural traditions of dragons: the European dragons and Chinese dragon.The word dragon entered the English language in the early 13th century from Old French dragon, which in turn comes from Latin draconem (nominative draco) meaning “huge serpent, dragon” from the Greek word, drakon (genitive drakontos) “serpent, giant seafish” .Western dragon also means a fiercely vigilant or intractable person or something dangerous.In Chinese culture, the dragon is the combination of many animals, a symbol of the totem worship in the primitive society. In ancient times, people could not have a reasonable explanation of most natural phenomena so they use natural animals as totems. And Chinese dragons traditionally symbolize potent and auspicious powers, particularly control water, rainfall, hurricane, and floods. The dragon is also a symbol of power, strength, and good luck for people who are worthy of it. With this, the Emperor of China usually used the dragon as a symbol of his imperial power and strength.B. The ImageFor Chinese dragons or western dragons, they have varied appearances. The paper will show their most representative images. As for western dragon, a mythical monster traditionally represented as a gigantic reptile having a lion claws and the tail of a serpent, wings, and a scaly skin. The earliest record of western dragon is William Tyndale’s The New Testament. It is a great red dragon with the image as that it has seven heads and ten horns and on its heads seven diadems; and its tail drew the third part of the stars of heaven; and cast them to the earth. It has a strong power that can breathe out fire. However, dragon in the Chinese history is a totem image. In Beijing, Beihai Park, there is a wall called “Nine-dragon Wall”. The dragon has 27 meters long,5 meters high, 1.2 meters thick. The Chinese dragon’s image combine camel’s or horse’s head, deer’s horns, rabbit’s eyes, bull’s ears, snake’s neck, clam’s belly, fish’s scales, hawk’s claws and tiger’s palms together. In addition, its mouth looks like an alligator’s mouth, horse’s manes and fish’s tail. All in all, its image most like a snake but has four claws. Dragon, an omnipotent animal, both in the air and underground can make clouds and bring them rain. The greatest difference between Chinese and western dragon image is that one has wings, but the other does not.III. Differences between Chinese and Western dragon cultureThousands years ago, western and Chinese ancestors respectively gave the dragon different symbolic meanings. The different symbolic meanings caused a lot of misunderstandings. Chinese introduced themselves “the descendants of the dragon”, however, the western dragon has different understanding of Chinese dragon and their own dragon images. Therefore, this part will describe the differences between Chinese and western dragon culture from proverbs, idioms, myths and legends and movies. Also, I will analysis the causes of different dragon cultures.A. Dragon in Proverbs and Idioms1.Chinese dragonThere are varied proverbs and idioms about Chinese dragon and western dragon. In China, most of dragon`s meanings are positive and inspiring. If a couple get married, Chinese will say “lóngfèngchéngxiáng (龙凤呈祥)” to bless them. Lóngfèngchéngxiáng is a phrase which means dragon and phoenix could bring bliss and auspiciousness. It can also be used as an adjective to describe the love between couples. If they have baby, people would like to bless the baby “shēnglónghuóhǔ (生龙活虎)” and “lóngmǎjīngshén (龙马精神)”. These two phrases exhibit that baby will be like the dragon and tiger full of energy and vigor. Also, in our country, most parents look forward their children to having successful career and life. This situationshould be called “wàngzǐchénglóng (望子成龙)”. What`s more, if their children find a good job or pass in university entrance examination, people call this situation “lǐyǘtiàolóngmén (鲤鱼跳龙门)”. It means a carp could finally be a dragon after its insistent efforts of leaping into the dragon gate. After their daughter grows up, they hope to find a son-in-law of high rank. To describe a respectable son-in-law, people usually use “chénglóngkuaìxǜ (乘龙快婿)” whose literal meaning is that a well-content son-in-law is just like riding a dragon and bringing happiness. If the son-in-law has an elegant handwriting, then the elegant handwriting can be called “Lóngfēifèngwǔ (龙飞凤舞)”. This phrase also means the generous mountains. Although the dragon always means auspicious and blissful things in Chinese culture, sometimes it is still not amiable and approachable to civilians. For example, when people encounter a hazardous places or situation, they often use the phrase “lóngtánhǔxuè (龙潭虎穴)” which means the deep pond and cave where a dragon and a tiger live can be easily used to describe.2.Western dragonOn the contrary, western dragon is regarded as evil, and its symbolic meaning are all derogative and negative. For example, if someone has got the “dragon”, he needs to brush his teeth, because here “dragon” just means bad breath. In another case, when you find a man wearing a pink skirt and blue heels with purple highs, you may want to “dragon” his outfit, or say, “That guy’s outfit is so ‘dragon’.” which means the outfit makes you feel sick. It is so disgusting. Dragon can refer to those impenetrable women vividly. For instance, “She is a real dragon. You`d better keep away from her.” “Dragon” in this sentence has a metaphor meaning of shrew. If you call a woman “dragon”, you mean that she is unpleasant and fierce. For example, “She is a bit of dragon around this place.” A “dragon lady” can be paraphrased as a woman behind the ruler. It means a woman whose identity is the wife of the ruler, and she has much great power just like a female dictator. In Chinese history, there are many descriptions of the “dragon lady”. And it would be really funny if someone takes its translation forgranted as “xiǎolóngnǚ (小龙女)” because they are completely different. In English slang, the phrase “chasing the dragon” means smoking heroin and inhaling the fumes. This slang derives from the description about dragon of ancient legends. Since a dragon can breathe out fire and smoke, someone taking the heroin is like chasing the dragon. Another phrase “dragon teeth” originated from the Greek tale of hero Cadmus. Cadmus killed a fierce dragon and sowed its teeth into a land. Soon after, the dragon`s teeth became some warriors and jumped out from the land to attack Cadmus. Cadmus cast a huge rock among the warriors and these warriors began to kill each other. Therefore, “dragon’s teeth” has a connotation of killing each other and “sowing dragon’s teeth” has a metaphor of disharmony or conflicts .B.Dragon in Myths and Legends1. In Chinese mythologyIn Chinese mythology, dragon is a magical animal which is changeable, and specializes in control over water, rainfall, hurricane, and floods and benefits the crops. According to Dadailiji(大戴礼记), the body of dragon can be changeable, either short or long, slim or huge, dark or bright. In spring, dragon flies in the sky; in autumn, dragon swims in the deep. In Ciyuan(Etymology), there are four patron saints---dragon, phoenix, kylin, tortoise. Dragon is the head of the scale insects. Three Emperors and Five Sovereigns (三皇五帝) in the legend and Shennong(神农), Nvwa, according to ancient records are related with the dragon. Therefore, dragon became the symbol of the imperial power. Emperors always regard themselves as son of dragon and their clothes is decorated with dragons which are called dragon robe. In the book of Chuqiuhechengtu(春秋合诚图), it was recorded that Rao(Chinese emperor) was born by his mother QingDou with his father “a dragon”. What’s more, the Yu(禹)’s father was said to be Huang Dragon. And the dragon helped him to dredge river, so that he could be an emperor. In Han Dynasty, Liu Bang(刘邦) in order to strength his regime and imperial power, coined a legend “His mother dreamed a dragon when she gave birth to LiuBang”, putting himself on the sacred aura. In ourfamous traditional novel Journey to the West to, there are four dragons to make seasonable weather for crop raising. When Sun Wukong(孙悟空), the monkey who protect his master Tang Seng(唐僧) needed water to put out a fire, he asked the king of dragon who control rain to help. So, the dragon also means the kind-hearted and upright which is positive.2. In western mythologyIn western mythology, dragon is the incarnation of evil and its symbolic meaning is negative and ugly. Dragon is sexual and has a hundred sons. But in China, dragon can only give birth to nine sons. In Western culture, dragon always lives in caves and likes collecting treasures especially the gold coins or diamonds so that dragon sometimes symbolize greedy. In Beowulf, dragon is burner and the treasure guard. Once a person stole a gold cup, the dragon breathed out fire to burnout the houses and crops. Finally, Beowulf duelled with dragon and perished together. In Bible, there is a red dragon made flood to pushing away the woman in order to eat her baby. It even agitated other monsters to conquer human and custody. Dragon can breathe out the fire and has a strong body and invulnerability. In German mythology, Siegfried killed a dragon named Fafnir. He took a shower with the dragon’s blood. He ate the dragon`s heart and after that he could understand the birds’ language. So the dragon symbolizes war and strong power. If the king publicize them as the dragon, they are always considered as a king who is bad and not respected. However, in England, dragon can be kind. In the story of King Arthur, the white dragon means Uther Pen-dragon, it is charity and kindness. The red dragon symbolizes V ortigern, it is evil and sinful. Fortunately, the white dragon killed the red dragon and appeared a baby named King Arthur. So, there are two dragons on the hat of English King.C.Dragon in Movies1. Dragon in Chinese MoviesDragons are often used in movies, especially in Chinese. Although dragon is notthe protagonist, its name and figure is widely used in the movies. Chinese directors like using the word dragon to name videos, such as Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon(卧虎藏龙)、Enter the Dragon(龙争虎斗)、Dragon Travels around the World(龙游天下). Actually, these videos are not talking about the dragon, but why the directors named that? The name of Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon is a Chinese idiom referring to hidden or unsuspected forces or powers. While traditional Chinese martial arts films usually place female characters in secondary roles. In Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, there are three powerful women as highlights, each of whom plays a distinct gender role. Traditionally given to men, the most intense fighting scenes are all performed by women, with one exception. Lee uses combat scenes not only to showcase the intricate martial arts but also to emphasize the will, agility, and physical strength of the female leads. It tells people that the ordinary people may have strong powers, and the dragon here refers to the ability and physical strength. The Enter the Dragon does not mean there are fights between dragon and tiger. Here the dragon and the tiger refers to two people who both have the comparable ability. Lee and Han were taught by a teacher, however, Han betrayed his teacher. Commissioned by the master, Lee attended the competition to defeated and cleaned up Han who is traitor in this story. And their battle was so called Enter the Dragon. Dragon Travels around the World describes an emperor Sima Yulong(司马玉龙)travels around his territory to looking for his mother incognito while checking the character of an official. As dragon is the symbol of emperor, people prefer to call him real dragon and the son of god rather than emperor. All in all, most dragon in Chinese videos on behalf of the person whose characters are kind, bright, powerful and honest.2.Dragon in western MoviesIn most western movies, dragon appeared to be killed and the dragonslayer was the hero respected by the masses. For example, George and the Dragon directed by Tom Reeve is a film describing a story of George and dragon. George is a lad whose father wants to kill a dragon. The father once speared into the dragon`s body unfortunately, the dragon was still alive and ate his feet. Therefore, the father insistedasking George to kill the dragon. Finally, George used his father`s lance killing the dragon and became the sage in the eye of human. Actually, the dragon never hurt others. This shows that the entire dragon is evil in their mind and necessary to be killed. Reign of Fire is a film directed by Rob Bowman. It described a boy called Quine who awakened a dragon by accident, and the dragon breathed out fire to burn everything. Finally, his mother was killed and the dragon and its descendants occupied the world. It was a war between dragon and human. However, few of movies described the bright image of dragon. In the film of Dragon Heart, a dragon shared his heart to injured prince. When the prince became a brutal king, his warrior thought it was the fault of dragon. So he decided to revenge and kill that dragon. At last, he found that it was not the fault of dragon but the prince. The dragon sacrificed himself to help overthrow the prince`s tyranny and became a star to guard the land. Therefore, the dragon here symbolized selflessness and protection.D. The reasons for different dragon culturesThe reasons for different dragon cultures are various. First, Chinese and western people have different customs and history. From the description of Chinese dragon’s definition and image, it is easy to find that dragon`s appearance is a combination of bull, deer, tiger, fish and snakes. In their views, snake is a beautiful animal. Because, in Chinese history, people were made by Nv Wa(A goddess in Chinese mythology) whose figure was human’s head with snake’s body. And in history, the ancients thought that the camel’s head symbolizes wisdom; antlers symbolize longevity; bull’s ears mean the brightest and best; the tiger’s eyes symbolize dignity; eagle symbolizes bravery; lion’s nose symbolizes wealth; horse’s teeth mean hard-working; fish’s tail symbolizes flexible, etc. All these contents are auspicious symbol. So, in Chinese, the dragon culture is full of positive energy. But it is totally different in western culture. It is negative and evil. In western culture, the dragon’s image is based on viper, and integrates many different animal characteristics which feel horror and disgust, such as crocodile, lizard, bat, toads and so forth.These animals are mostly living in deep forestand volcano which are cunning and grotesque. Therefore, the dragon in western was not welcomed and loathed by ancients. For a long time, it becomes a sign of the violence and evil.Second, Chinese and western have different mode of thinking. In ancient Chinese, people reverence nature. An important feature of Chinese traditional culture is to emphasize the harmony between man and nature, rather than men conquer nature. Even the emperor also dares to call themselves “the son of nature”, but not has the courage to overcome nature. Dragon is the creation based on the nature and the real life which ancestors put into their fear, dependent, doubts, imagination and worship of nature. In their mode of thinking, dragon can fly in the sky and swim in the ocean, make clouds and bring them rain. People worship and pray it to bring good weather, have a harvest and bless mankind. Therefore, dragon becomes a totem that people hope to get help and have strong power. On the contrary, western believe that “Men conquer nature”. Dragon as the creation of nature was the symbol of monster. It has strong power such as breathe out of fire, toxic teeth. It can kill human, damage the harvest and ruin a country. In order to protect the country, people control it and prevent it from unscrupulous, indiscriminate killing of innocent people. So, western dragon also means war.Third, Chinese and western have different religion. Before the rise of Christian civilization, the dragon in western was kind. But in 1st century AD, the Christian becomes the main denomination; the image of western dragon became evil. As the classic book of Christianity, Bible described a story in the New Testament that Archangel Michael killed the red dragon. In Bible, dragon appeared as the incarnation of the Christian enemy Satan, so in the long spirit reign of Christianity, dragon`s image had been vilified and worse. Hereafter, dragon was been defined as the incarnation of evil. Meanwhile, in the culture of Taoism which was Chinese bishop, they worshiped nature and animals. They thought that dragon can communicate with god and ghosts. Later, Buddhism was introduced into China. And they regarded dragon as a symbol of faith. After that, a lot of Dragon Temples were built in both north and south of China that become an important part of Chinese dragon image.Because of these different national history, religion, customs and ways of thinking, the understanding of Chinese and western culture, the dragon exhibit great differences. What’s worse, during the cross-cultural communication, it is easy to make misunderstanding with each other, especially the dragon’s symbolism.Ⅳ.Different recognition of dragon cultureBecause of the different culture, western people and Chinese have different understanding of their dragon cultures. Also, with the time goes by, people have new recognition of dragon culture. Chinese dragon is regarded as a god controlling the rain and water. However, western dragon is the symbol of monster and flood. They have different definitions, and images. The image of western dragon is widely acquainted and accepted by the world as evil and monster. This part will introduce the different recognition of dragon culture.A.The western recognition of Chinese dragonBecause there are two distinct cultural traditions of dragons: the European dragons and the Chinese dragon. So, this part will introduce the changes of the Chinese dragon image in Europe. According to European historical documents, Mendoza’s Historia del Gran Reino de la China was the most influential Chinese monograph for Europe which published in1585. In this book, dragon was written as Serpents, so until the end of 16th century, the Europe did not have the dedicated translation of dragon. But, as the decorative patterns, beautiful dragon pattern had been used for Church’s decoration. During 17 to 18centuries, European were longing and yearning for Chinese culture. At that time, they were interested in dragon and its symbolic meaning---imperial power. They used the words “elegant, great, noble” to praise the dragon patterns. In 1735, Jean Baptiste du Halde upgraded the definition “national symbol of the Chinese”. At this time, Chinese dragon image was objectively reported, and not be deliberately vilified. On the contrary, they described the dragonimage was closely accompanied with magnificent royal style.After 18th century, European countries were competing for overseas expansion. And the negative image of Chinese bureaucracy occupied the main impression. All these bad impressions influenced the image of Chinese dragon. What`s worse, in 1860, comics named “conquer Chinese dragon” were popular in Europe. They draw a classic scene “St. George slays Dragon”, the angel handed with a lance to spear the so-called Chinese dragon which symbolizes the forces of backwardness. During this time, many western countries issued a large number of such commemorative postcards. For example, in Germany postcard “Western powers conquer China”, western soldiers were draw like St. George riding white horses, wearing silk, taking lance and spearing the huge dragon. These actions leaded to the vilification of Chinese dragon image.With the development of Chinese economy and politics, more and more people choose to study, work and live abroad. Also, there are many foreigners choose to study and work in China. From 1978-2012, the number of study abroad has increase nearly 400 thousand. And the population of American of Chinese ancestry has occupied 12% of the American total population. The population of Chinese in England and France is nearly 430 thousand. Since these people brought Chinese culture to the west, the image of Chinese dragon became bright and positive. And the foreigners who live in China has already experiencing the Chinese dragon culture. They may bring their new thoughts back to their countries. In addition, there are some famous Chinese people who are well known around the world. Li Xiaolong who studied and worked in America. His Chinese kung fu was famous for the world. Because of his name, the Chinese dragon was aware by the west. Cheng Long, another famous star was also known to the world. He was also named dragon and famous for his kung fu. Thus, the west became to know the real meaning of Chinese dragon. What’s more, 2000 was the year which meets the turn of millennium and a century, coincided with the Chinese traditional culture of Dragon Year. At this year, China held the first Chinese dragon culture and art festival. Chinese vice premier Qian Qichen published a paper to declare that Chinese dragon is the symbol of nationalstrength because of its spirit of unity and cohesion. Meanwhile, Chinese who lived in other countries also held the party to celebrate the dragon year. They brought the bright and positive dragon image to the world. In 2005, an academic exchange activity named “Chinese dragon image rectification” was held in Chinese Culture Park. This activity aimed to promote the Chinese dragon image in international level and it suggested naming the Chinese dragon as Chinese pinyin “Long”. Because of improvement of China’s international status and these different activities, more and more western people eliminate their misunderstanding and have new recognition of Chinese dragon.B. The recognition of western dragon in ChinaFrom another point of view, the Chinese people always get the information about western dragon from their movies and literature. In western culture, dragon as a symbol of evil and monster. And the strongest evidence of western dragon comes from the Bible’s Apocalypse. In fact, there are also some positive images of dragon in Bible. For example, the holy mighty angel leader, the crutch in Moses hands that save the tribe for many times, the brass snake that Jesus think could represent himself and so on. Nowadays, we can still find these content in the official bible. For the stories that already talked about many times, such as dragon rob princess, knight hero story, only could be found in the medieval European literature. Prior to this, the Celtic who were throughout the most of Western Europe and the Nordic Vikings were also worship the dragon totem like Chinese people. They consider the dragon as their national symbol and the patron saint. The Celtic descendants even put dragon on their flags today. With the development of technology, the communication throughout world becomes convenient. More and more Chinese people read both ancient and modern literature which have content of dragon image.Good and bad, good and evil, may both appears on anything. And the judgment of good and bad is often related to the position of the people themselves. This is the dialectical thought. Although there is no clear evidence that the dragon is real in theobjective world, it still leaves many imaginations in the myth and legend. People in different culture should widely absorb the knowledge of each other. With the development of our society and world, people will have new recognition of different dragon cultures.Ⅳ. ConclusionBecause of different national histories, religions, customs, ways of thinking and geographies, western dragon and Chinese dragon have many differences in definition, image and symbolic meaning. Compared with the evil and formidable western dragon, Chinese dragon is auspicious and noble. The western people misunderstand the Chinese dragon decades years ago. However, with the development of Chinese economy and politics, there are more and more people study, work and live abroad. These people are helpful to eliminating the misunderstanding of Chinese dragon. Also, many foreigners are willing to come to China and experience the Chinese culture. Therefore, on one hand, China should develop the economy first, so that Chinese international status can upgrade. Chinese should do better to show the real spirit of dragon---unity, selflessness, integrity, so that the world can realize the connotation of Chinese dragon. On the other hand, Chinese people also need to learn more about the knowledge of western dragon before the judgment.。

东西方的“龙”文化差异[1]

东西方的“龙”文化差异[1]

请叫Chinese_long而不是Chinese_dragon中国的龙(龙)都是蛇身的,而外国的龙(准确地说那个字应该是上立下电)。

不知大家注意了没有,中国的十二生肖,只有龙是世间不存在的想象的动物。

其它都是生物界实际存在的动物。

为什么我们的老祖宗会想象出“龙”这一造型?而且关于它的来源与构成,各有种的理解。

究竟应该怎样认识它呢?龙的雏型在新石器时代晚期已萌芽,是以夏族图腾为主体虚拟的想象物。

古人对它有种种解释。

有说〔tng〕蛇没有脚而能飞(见《荀子·劝学》);有鳞的叫蛟龙,有角的叫虬〔qi囚〕龙,无角的叫螭〔chī吃〕龙。

(均见《离骚》洪补引《广雅》)有翅膀的叫应龙(《天问》王注)。

有说龙像狗像牛,《论衡》则说:“龙之像,马首蛇尾。

”还有的说龙的形状是鹿的角,牛的耳朵,驼的头,兔的眼,蛇的颈,蜃〔shè甚〕的腹,鱼的鳞,鹿的脚掌,鹰的爪子。

这显然是晚期发展了龙的形象,比最初的龙越来越复杂,被综合进去的图腾也越来越多,说明它在不断丰富发展。

对于龙的主体原形的探讨,学者们作过许多有益的研究。

有鳄鱼说、晰蜴说、马说等等。

但普遍认同龙的基调是蛇。

最初系统提出这一见解的是闻一多的名篇《伏羲考》。

龙即大蛇,蛇即小龙。

闻一多认为,蛇氏族兼并别的氏族以后,“吸收了许多别的形形色色的图腾团族(氏族),大蛇这才接受了兽类的四脚、马的头、鬣〔liè劣〕的尾、鹿的角、狗的爪、鱼的鳞和须”,而成为后来的龙。

后人在闻一多研究的基础上,作了许多丰富与补充。

考察龙,首先要弄明白,究竟什么是其基调、主干或主体原形。

简单概括一下,就是从龙一出现的初期,一直延续下去,恒定不变,而且是构成龙的主体部分,缺了它,龙就不成其为龙,这才是龙的基调、主干或主体原形。

在龙的身上,倘若抽去了蛇的躯体,那龙便不再存在了。

龙变来变去,头有时像鳄鱼,有时又像马;它的脚有时像蜥蜴足,有时又像狗爪;唯有蛇的修长的身子从未变过。

中国龙与西方龙的文化比较

中国龙与西方龙的文化比较

学院:国际教育交流学院班级:2011级汉硕课程名称:中国文化与跨文化交际任课教师:韩鉴堂姓名:赵晓青学号:11111105中国文化,博大精深,在众多具有代表中华精神意义的事物中,龙的地位尤为彰显。

中国人敬龙,爱龙,把龙奉为图腾,在许多事物上将龙作为装饰,用来表示福祉。

中国有数千年的龙文化,海内外数亿中国同胞称自己为“龙的传人”,将中国文化称为“龙的文化”。

九州大地上,“龙”已经渗透到中国社会的各个方面,称为中国文化的凝聚和沉积,龙成了中华民族的象征,中国文化的象征。

对每一个炎黄子孙来说,“龙的传人”无疑是一种特殊的符号,并且为每个人喜欢,随着世界越来越小,对龙的这样的特殊感情传播到世界各地,在世界各国的华人居住区内,龙是最多并最引起注目的饰物,因而,“龙的传人”,“龙的国度”也得到了世界的认可。

随着全球化进程的推进,人类已经进入了多元文化并存的时代,跨文化交际的地位越来越重要。

未来促进跨文化交际,人们开始对中西方龙文化进行比对,很多人都认为而这之间有很大的差异,虽然它们都是没有考证的传说之物,体积庞大,都能飞翔,能力无边,都是想象中充满传奇色彩的动物,又都在文化中长久的保存下来。

但事实上,中国的龙和西方的dragon是两种完全不同的动物。

Dragon一词与龙的对译正如phoenix与凤凰的强行对译,这样的强行对译对中国文化的理解造成了一定的障碍,所以,笔者试图从中西方文化中dragon和龙的不同起源和发展背景,探索它们在不同文化中的象征和意义。

一、中国龙一)龙的形象关于龙的形象,在中国历史上有很多不同的解释。

《说文》曰:“龙,鳞虫之长,能幽能明,能大能小,能长能短,春分而登天,秋分而入川。

”《广雅》云:“有鳞曰蛟龙,有翼曰应龙,有角曰虬龙,无角月螭(chi)龙。

”宋人罗愿的《尔雅翼·释龙》:“角似鹿、头似驼。

眼似兔、项似蛇、腹似蜃、鳞似鱼、爪似鹰、掌似虎、耳似牛。

”《辞海》解释“龙”为古代传说中的一种有鳞有须,能兴云作雨的神异动物。

中国“龙”与西方“龙”文化对比学习

中国“龙”与西方“龙”文化对比学习

中国“龙”与西方“龙”文化对比学习“龙”是中国传统文化中的重要符号和象征,它被视为中国人民的象征和灵物,同时在中国古代传说中也扮演着重要的角色。

而在西方文化中,同样也存在着对龙的久远崇拜和神秘。

本文将从各个角度比较分析中国“龙”与西方“龙”文化的异同点。

一、历史渊源中国的“龙”文化最早可以追溯到商代的古文字中,而西方的“龙”文化则可以追溯到古代埃及。

在中国,人们相信“龙”是一种上古生物,具有神秘的力量和神秘的能力,是掌握自然规律和人类命运的神灵。

在西方,龙是一种凶恶的怪物,经常出现在古希腊和古罗马的神话传说中,与中国的“龙”传统文化有着很大的差异。

二、形象特征在中国传统文化中,龙被描述为一种长身蛇尾、龙角凤眼、麒麟须獐足、五彩斑斓的神兽,是中华民族的象征。

在西方文化中,龙被描述为一种巨大的爬行动物,通常有翅膀和长长的尾巴,被描绘为一种有着尖牙和利爪的恶龙。

三、含义解读中国的“龙”文化一直被视为吉祥的象征,它代表着权力、富贵和吉祥的象征,被赋予了崇高的地位。

在中国民间传说中,龙是大自然的主宰,也是带来雨水的神,因此被人们尊崇为神明。

而在西方文化中,龙被视为邪恶力量的象征,经常代表着灾祸和毁灭。

四、文化传承中国的“龙”文化一直被传承至今,无论是在书法、绘画、雕塑、戏曲还是舞蹈中,龙都扮演着不可或缺的角色,成为中国传统文化的重要元素。

而在西方文化中,龙文化也深深植根于西方人民的心中,被运用于建筑、绘画、文学等方面。

五、宗教意义在中国传统宗教中,龙经常被视为神灵和主神,被供奉和祈祷。

而在西方文化中,龙则被视为一种邪恶的生物,被用于宗教故事中的反派角色,代表着邪恶和毁灭的力量。

六、象征意义七、神话故事中国传统文化中,有很多关于龙的神话故事,如《白蛇传》、《龙潭虎穴》等等,这些故事都和中国的历史、文化和宗教有着密切的联系。

而在西方文化中,也有许多关于龙的神话故事,如《圣乔治与龙》、《贝奥武夫》等,这些故事都讲述了西方人民对于龙的神秘崇拜和传说。

中国“龙”与西方“龙”文化对比学习

中国“龙”与西方“龙”文化对比学习

中国“龙”与西方“龙”文化对比学习龙是中国传统文化中的一个重要元素,被认为是神话中的神兽,具有神灵的力量和象征意义。

而在西方,龙文化也有着深厚的底蕴,但与中国龙文化有着很大的不同。

下面将对中国“龙”与西方“龙”文化进行对比学习。

1. 龙的形态中国的龙形态多为蛇形,长有鬃毛、长须以及四脚。

它们多为祥云环绕、口吐珠宝,是东方文化中的贵族象征。

而在西方文化中,龙多呈现出类似于巨蜥的形态,大多长有翅膀、坚硬的鳞甲、尖锐的爪子和锐利的牙齿。

2. 龙的象征意义中国的龙自古以来被视为祥瑞吉祥之物,具有祈福、保佑人民平安的象征意义。

龙在中国文化中被视为带来好运和繁荣的代表,也是中国皇帝权力的象征。

而在西方文化中,龙被视为怪物、恶魔等,代表着邪恶、破坏、毁灭。

西方龙所代表的是威胁人类生存的危险形象。

龙的形象在西方文化中常常被用来表现邪恶力量,被勇士们打败。

3. 龙的传说中国文化中有着丰富的龙传说,如“龙生九子”、“龙吟虎啸”等。

其中,最有名的故事是《西游记》中的龙王争宝和龙宫宝库。

龙王争宝中的龙王都是深海中居住的海龙,他们掌管着海洋、天气和水域生物的命运。

而在西方文化中,也有着丰富的龙传说。

例如,希腊神话中的巨龙拉达曼提斯,是所有龙中最有名的一位。

它的身形庞大,能够吐出火焰烧毁一切,代表着人类面临的威胁和障碍。

在英国传说中,圆桌骑士的亚瑟王将会与一只邪恶龙战斗,完成自己作为国王的成就。

4. 龙的艺术表现中国的龙文化在绘画、雕塑、建筑等方面都有着非常重要的表现。

中国画中的龙通常是一种抽象的艺术形式,被视为唯美主义和象征主义的典范。

而在中国古代建筑中,龙被视为一种精神化的设计元素。

而在西方文化中,龙则更多被用来在装饰品、家居用品等领域中进行表现,如盘子、壁挂、雕塑等。

在艺术表现上,西方龙通常更注重形象的真实、生动和具体表现。

总体而言,中国“龙”与西方“龙”在形态、象征意义、传说以及艺术表现方面都有着很大的区别和差异。

浅析中西方龙文化对比

浅析中西方龙文化对比

浅析中西方龙文化对比本文从网络收集而来,上传到平台为了帮到更多的人,如果您需要使用本文档,请点击下载按钮下载本文档(有偿下载),另外祝您生活愉快,工作顺利,万事如意!一、引言在没有此研究之前,人们很容易的把中国龙和西方的dragon等同起来,认为是种动物。

但是真的是小一样。

西方屠龙历史悠久。

在西方非常受欢迎的动画片《驯龙高手》里就讲到了屠龙,和以龙为坐骑。

故事的主人公是一个叫希卡普的维京少年,他住在博克岛,对抗巨龙是家常便饭。

这个少年的思想很前卫他另类的幽默感也小能讨好他的村落的村民和大家长。

他参加了屠龙训练营,他就觉得这是他证明自己是个屠龙高手的机会。

但是当他遇到并结交了一只受伤的龙,他的人生就完全改变,而原本是希卡普证明自己的机会,却成为改变整个部落的未来的机会。

可见,在西方龙是邪恶的象征,人人都想杀死它。

西方dragon 是一种可怕的怪物,它有长长的尖爪,巨大的翅膀,会游泳会喷火,脾气暴躁。

龙代表了丑陋的黑暗势力,一副恶狠狠的样子,人们向往的是光明。

而在中国,龙是神兽,它能呼风唤雨,无所小能。

在著名的古代小说里,中国民问有四海龙土,在《西游记》中也曾经提过。

即东海龙土、南海龙土、西海龙土、北海龙土。

它能上天入海,能管降雨,为干涸的土地带来雨水。

它是权威的神圣的象征,在古代皇帝被称为真龙天子。

只有皇帝才能使用带有龙图腾的东西,百姓用是要杀头的。

而龙的矫健,高高在天,是人们膜拜的对象。

它有神力,给人们带来吉祥和安宁。

在中西方文化里面,我们简单的把中国龙和西方dragon对等起来是小可取的,会让人们产生文化上的误会。

事实上,中国龙和西方dragon并小是同一种龙。

中国龙是美好的为人们带来祥和的吉祥神物。

而西方dragon却是丑陋黑暗势力的化身,它能飞越万里,能喷火,咬死人类。

人们希望战胜它,差异巨大。

西方龙有很多种类,有黑龙耐萨里奥,红龙阿莱克斯塔萨,绿龙伊瑟拉,黄龙诺兹多姆。

它西方传说中的一种动物,是邪恶的使者。

中国“龙”与西方“龙”文化对比学习

中国“龙”与西方“龙”文化对比学习
西方龙的文 化 含 义。 残 酷,暴 力,血 腥。 西 方 的 龙 指 向 残暴 的 人,特 别 是 女 人。 比 如:“Her mother is a real
dragon.”“I will starve him to death,the son or a dragon.”与 龙相联系 的 词 组 或 句 子 大 都 是 贬 义 的。古 希 腊 神 话 中 “Dragons teeth”代 表 着 憎 恨 和 战 争 的 起 源 。 “To sow dragons teeth”意味着摧毁一切。甚 至 龙 曾 经 出 现 在 旗 帜 中 成为战争的象征。在西方的文化中,龙 一 直 是 邪 恶 的 怪 物 形 象,但其也有正面 积 极 的 含 义。 西 方 龙 是 非 常 智 慧,善 于 言 辞,代表知识,力 量,忠 诚 的 守 护 者。 在 神 话 中,赫 拉 克 勒 斯 是希腊神话的英雄,他 的 父 亲 宙 斯 想 让 他 永 生,天 后 赫 拉 却 不喜欢他,要求赫拉 克 勒 斯 必 须 先 完 成 十 二 项 可 怕 的 考 验。 其中第十个考验是偷走巨龙拉冬看守的金苹果。巨龙拉冬 有一百个头,日夜守 候 在 金 苹 果 树 下,帮 夜 神 的 女 儿 看 守 果 树,忠心耿耿从不睡觉。赫拉克勒斯 为 了 对 付 他,煞 费 苦 心, 最后请别人催眠了拉冬,才杀死拉冬 并 偷 得 了 金 苹 果。 而 在 另一个希腊神话金 羊 毛 的 故 事 中,也 有 一 条 看 守 宝 物 的 龙。 英雄伊阿宋为了拿到圣林中的金羊毛,让 爱 人 美 狄 亚 祈 求 睡 神斯拉芙,并请来地 狱 女 神,才 使 一 直 警 惕 的 龙 警 卫 昏 昏 欲 睡。接着伊阿宋又 把 魔 液 洒 在 龙 的 眼 睛 里,令 它 昏 迷 不 醒, 才 拿 到 了 金 羊 毛 。 不 过 这 条 龙 比 较 走 运 ,没 有 被 杀 死 。 四 、东 方 龙 和 西 方 的 异 同 点 :
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中西方龙文化的对比浅析
作者:周倩
来源:《文艺生活·文艺理论》2013年第03期
摘要:龙文化作为一种象征性的文化,长久地存在于中西方文明的历史进程中不断发展完善。

中西方文化所涉及到的龙,可谓都是存在于想象中且带有传奇色彩的动物,虽然都称之为龙,但由于生存环境、民族意识和风俗信仰的不同而注入其形象的象征意义及其文化内涵却大相径庭,认识和理解双方不同的龙文化有利于我们在文化上更好的交流和沟通。

本文旨在分析对比两者的异同之处,从中西方文化中龙的不同起源和发展来探索它们不同的象征意义和不同的文化衍生意义。

关键词:龙;龙文化;形象;起源;象征意义;中西文化差异
中图分类号:G11 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1005-5312(2013)08-0217-02
在中国文化中,龙有着重要的地位和影响。

龙的形象,体现了多民族自远古流传下来的对自然神灵的崇拜,它历经了原始社会的母系氏族、父系氏族和三皇五帝时代,从奴隶社会直至封建社会的终结,时间长达六千年。

可以说,龙始终伴随着中华民族的历史发展进程并得到了全世界炎黄子孙的尊敬。

龙的崇拜最初是原始人将龙尊奉为氏族图腾,它们各自主宰一方,为人类抵挡无法抗拒的灾难,掌控世间命运。

夏朝,龙被镶嵌在国君佩戴的绿松石青铜牌饰上,从此被赋予了高贵地位和权利。

春秋战国时龙的形象发生了演变,头上生出双角、身体生出四肢,成为既能腾云驾雾、遨游水中,又能奔跑如飞的神兽。

至汉代,开国皇帝刘邦史称“河蛟之子”,这一故事对后世平民出身的君王颇有影响,表示“龙种”非凡,命中注定坐龙庭,正式确定了龙是至高至尊的皇权象征。

东汉时龙是东方之神东王公的坐驾,从此,龙又成了上天保佑的象征。

汉代以后,龙被皇家垄断起来,正式成为皇帝的标志。

唐宋以至明清,历代朝廷为了树立帝王至高至尊的地位,巩固皇权,对龙的依赖日益加剧,从皇宫建筑到皇帝的衣、食、住、行,处处可见龙的形象。

不仅中原皇帝如此,少数民族的统治者也纷纷仿效,以此表示自己也是真龙天子。

元世祖忽必烈对龙的垄断越发严格,明令龙纹为皇家专享,市街商店不得织造或贩卖有日月龙凤纹的缎匹,违者除没收其缎匹外,还将痛行治罪。

此外,还明令平民百姓从居住房屋、车舆到日用器皿一律不得用龙凤纹。

明清两朝从皇帝到皇后的朝服多饰团龙纹,龙袍为皇帝专用,袍上饰有五爪龙。

此后五爪龙纳入宫廷的重要礼制,使真龙天子的象征更加明确、细化。

龙的形象是鳄首獠牙,鹿角耸起,蟒身腾绕,鳞甲鲜明,四肢舞动,从海水江崖中腾空而起的水中神圣,龙的地位最终上升为守护江山的象征。

皇宫建筑的装饰纹样,上有蟠龙藻井,下有云龙石陛,前有蟠龙金柱,后有云龙屏障。

朝廷举行大典时,用龙椅、龙案祭祀昊天上帝。

总之,是
与皇帝相关的事物均冠以“龙”字,以示高高在上的特权。

在皇帝自我神化的过程中,龙也随之成为中国神圣至尊的象征。

龙除了象征至高至尊的皇权以外,其寓意深邃、宽广,还被赋予了东方特有的神秘主义。

唐代以后,随着龙王信仰的传播,龙王既是水神又是雨师,壁画中既可为龙,又可人格化,身着朝服,作卿相态。

古人对于掌管水源的龙充满了敬畏之心,天旱时人们抬着龙王像巡游求雨,洪水暴发时人们匍匐在地祈求龙王息怒,退去洪水……自汉代以至清代,历代朝廷都重视农业,它关系到国家的命运。

因此每逢春季都要举行盛大的皇帝亲耕仪式,宫人、百官随驾,牵牛扶犁。

人们相信收成与命运都要祈求龙的护佑。

因此,一年之中凡是与生产相关的活动都要先拜祭龙,祈愿丰收和风调雨顺,从而形成龙的吉庆节日。

而在西方文化中,龙被描述为一种具有魔性的怪兽,凶猛异常,破坏力极大。

正因为对龙的印象如此,龙在西方神话中多是邪恶的化身,造就了西方神话故事中有许多英雄斩杀恶龙的情节,龙成为勇士扬名的牺牲品,这一点与东方的龙有很大不同。

如今西方的龙形象来自波斯、希伯莱、希腊、北欧神话,形如巨大的蜥蜴或鳄鱼,四只脚,一对蝙蝠般的翅膀,有时颈和背上长刺,头上有尖锐的角,贪婪邪恶,会喷火,血有毒等等。

西方学者对龙的涵义也有众多解释,最重要的有如下几种:第一种为蟒或巨大的蛇;第二种为神话中的怪兽,是一种巨大的爬行动物,通常结构像蛇和鳄鱼,有坚硬的爪子,皮肤上有鳞片,有翅膀,有时会吐火,是爬行动物和哺乳动物的结合;第三种解释则出自《圣经》,在旧约的拉丁文和希腊文译本中,海里和陆地上的两种巨兽也许和龙有关。

在希腊神话中,较早被提及的龙是与众神之神宙斯作战的龙形巨人,这些龙形巨人是大地女神盖亚与天神乌拉诺斯所生,他们面目狰狞,须发杂乱,身后拖着一条带鳞的尾巴。

在大部分希腊神话中,龙都扮演着这样的反抗者角色,但却屡屡被神和英雄击败,甚至沦为被愚弄的对象。

除此之外,在古希腊神话中,龙还扮演着另一个重要角色——忠诚的守护者。

赫拉克勒斯偷得金苹果的故事、伊阿宋取金羊毛的故事中,都有一条看守宝物的龙。

后来,龙又有着不详和灾难的寓意,在希腊神话中,国王播下了龙牙,长成了相互残杀的武士,后来“播种龙牙”在英语中意味着挑起战争。

公元 2 世纪,西方龙的形象出现了比较大的变化,它有毒、能喷火,长着蝙蝠状的大翅,腆着大肚子,怪模怪样而且贪财、狡诈、残暴。

这种模样已经与中国龙的形象完全不同了。

在《圣经》故事中,魔鬼撒旦化成一条大红龙,它有七个头,每个头上都戴着王冠,贪婪地吞吃着新生的婴儿。

于是,西方龙就从“守财奴”堕落成了最邪恶的魔鬼,被描述成罪恶、狡诈和残忍的代表。

在上述神话的演变中,西方龙从一开始只是负责看守宝物的动物,无所谓好坏,也无多少神性到后来变为罪恶的象征,反映出龙在人们的心目中,通常具有正反两方面的矛盾特性:光明与黑暗,创造与破坏,同时将所有这些特性结合成为一体。

人们对龙的总体概念既不全是褒义也不全是贬义,但是可以肯定:龙象征着支持着物质世界的原始力量,可以向正邪两方向转化。

西方的龙与中国的龙的差别在于:首先从形态特征和习性上看,西方的龙普遍都长有翅膀,这是不可或缺的部分;中国的龙便自由依托于自己那腾云驾雾的本领就可翱翔于蓝天,有羽翅的特征极少出现在中国的龙身上。

其次,中国的龙是云雨的化身,隐藏于天际和水泽之中,降以甘露来滋润地面万物。

西方的龙大多为喷火类型,它们大多栖息于深山老林和峭壁洞穴之中,一旦出现,对人世来说就是一场灾难。

再次,东西方龙的衍生意义存在很大的差异。

龙在中国文化中大多带有褒义色彩,从龙身上体现的融合团结、善变创新、无畏奋进等特质,集中反映了人类为追求幸福而征服大自然的共同本质要求,最本质的共同需求构成了共同的信仰。

并且中国的各个民族都有以龙为主题的传说和故事,人们以赛龙船,舞龙灯来欢庆节日,恳求来年的风调雨顺,这些都充分体现了象征的褒义性;而龙在西方文化中,其衍生出来的言语却多用龙表示贬义。

它们大多从一开始就充当了神话中被勇士打败的魔兽或是与上帝对立的魔鬼的象征。

原因在于,希腊文明是西方文明的源头,早在古希腊时代,以商业为目的航海事业就得到了充分发展,古希腊文明对农耕依赖程度不及中华文明,他们自然就无须像中国人那样对主宰风雨的龙顶礼膜拜。

相反,由于航海过程中往往会遇上蛇、蜥蜴、鳄鱼之类凶猛恶毒的兽类,以这些猛兽为基调的龙就成为邪恶势力的象征,与之作斗争便成为他们追求的无上荣耀,龙也就顺理成章的成为了勇士们扬名的牺牲品;这也和西方传统的个人英雄主义有着渊源,龙在西方文化中也是财富的守护着,只有打败了龙才能获得财富,龙也成了西方文化中推崇冒险和显示力量的主要参照物之一。

对比浩瀚的中西方文化,尽管两方的龙几乎是完全不同的动物,但不能否认的是,它们又具有一些共同特征。

从塑造的理念上看两方是相通的,中西方的龙都是人类依照现实存在的多种猛兽作为参照而将它们的形象汇集于一身来创造出来的,最终诞生出龙这种充满传奇色彩的动物。

它们身躯都很庞大而且具有飞行技能,外形的部位特征上也有十分相似的地方,而且它们总会与自然元素联系到一起,常与土地、天空、水和火有关。

不管中西方文化中的龙型生物的形象如何不同,都体现了人类的一种永恒的精神崇拜,以及对水、对火、对天空的向往,是对征服自然界所有不在人类控制之下的力量的渴望。

参考文献:
[1]刘志雄,杨静荣.龙与中国文化[M].北京:人民出版社,1992.
[2]梁学成.中外民俗[M].西安:西北大学出版社,2004.。

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