紫色论文定稿
PILGRIM’S PROGRESS: CELIE’S PURSUIT OF FEMALE SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS INTHE COLOR PURPLEAbstract: This essay discusses the course of the heroine in The Color Purple, Celie’s pursuit of her self-consciousness. Even though her life is full of hardship, Celie persists in looking for her self-consciousness and finally she successfully achieves the value of herself. This essay is based on historical evidences and womanism. It analyses Celie, a black woman growing up in the South. She writes letters to God in which she tells about her life——her roles as a daughter, a wife, a sister, and a mother. In the course of her story, Celie meets a series of other black women who help shape her life: Nettie, Celie's sister, who becomes a missionary teacher in Africa. She also becomes Celie’s spiritual dependence after Celie knows that God doesn’t exit in reality, and the guardian of Celie’s two children who symbolize Celie’s hope; Shug Avery, the Blues singer, who her husband Mr. X is in love with, and who becomes Celie’s salvation; Sofia, the strong-willed daughter-in-law of Celie whose strength and courage inspire Celie. Celie finally gets rid of those troubles which have been bothering her. Through the constant awareness of the life and the influence from a few women around her, she realizes her true self, having her own work, life, family. And at last she forgives her husband which symbolizes the compromise between black women and black men. There is a special spirit on her. The spirit is that she dare fight with adversity, dare pursuit life. And there is always a strong belief of optimism in her. This essay names the course pilgrim’s progress.Key words: Celie letters black woman womanism God The Color Purple论文摘要本论文探讨的是《紫色》这部小说中的女主人公，茜利，在她充满坎坷困苦的一生中，去不断的追求女性自我意识并最后实现自我价值的过程。
本文从历史角度及女性主义入手，分析茜利，一个生长在美国南方的黑人妇女，写信给上帝去讲诉她作为女儿、妻子、姐姐、妈妈的角色的一生。
同时，有几个影响了她一生的黑人妇女，聂蒂，她的妹妹，一个非洲的传教士，她不但是茜利认识到上帝不可能真正走入她的生活中帮助她后的精神寄托，也是象征着黑人妇女希望的茜利的两个孩子的监护人；莎格.埃佛里，蓝调歌手，她丈夫的情人，成为了她的拯救者；索非亚，她的儿媳，意志坚定，一直激励着她。
最后，她终于摆脱了一直困扰她的那些烦恼。
通过对生活的不断认识，以及周围的几个女人对她的影响，找到了一个真实的自我，完全拥有了自己的工作，生活，家庭，并原谅了她的丈夫。
在她身上有一种精神，一种敢于与逆境搏斗的精神，敢于探索人生的精神和对自己对生活充满信心的乐观主义精神。
最后她实现了自己的人生价值，自我意识得到了体现。
本论文称这个过程为天路历程。
关键词：茜利；信；黑人妇女；妇女主义；上帝；《紫色》ContentsⅠ. Introduction (1)Ⅱ. Pursuit of Self-consciousness through Suffering (6)A. Cultural and Historical Background (6)1.Womanism (6)2. Historical Events of the Novel’s Coming into Being (11)B. Exploration of Self-consciousness through Suffering (12)1. Two Oppressions Upon the Black Women (12)2. Celie’s Unusual Childhood (13)3. Celie’s Unhappy Marriage life (14)4. The Stepson’s Wife, Sophia’s Affection (15)5. Shug’s Coming into Celie’s Life (16)6. Celie’s Leaving for Her Own Life (18)7. Nettie’s Letters (19)8. Women Themselves, the Only Goddesses to Save Themselves (20)9. The Final Independence of Celie (21)Ⅲ. Conclusion (24)Notes (27)Bibliography (29)Pilgrim’s Progress: Celie’s Pursuit of Female Self-consciousnessin The Color PurpleⅠ. IntroductionAlice Walker is one of the most important and prominent contemporary black American woman writers. She is a novelist, a critic, and a poet at once. Her novel The Color Purple causes the critics’attentions due to her new conception and unique techniques. After its publication in 1982, the novel immediately became the best seller in the United States. In 1983, it won both the Plitzer and the American Book Award. In 1984, it was adapted for film by Steven Spielberg. Alice Walker became the first Plitzer winner among the American black women writers. She rose on the stage of the American literature like a brilliant star and has become well known to every family.Alice Walker was born in Eatonton, Georgia on February 9, 1944. A black child born into poverty, Walker started her life with many disadvantages. Her family lived as sharecroppers in the Deep South. At the age of eight, Walker lost eyesight in one of her eyes when an elder brother accidentally shot her with a BB gun. Her childhood was typical like other black women of her time; she often had to confront racism and sexual abuse. Due to the loss of eyesight and scars on her face, Walker soon grew isolated from the rest of her community, spending most of her time reading and writing about people around her. During this period, she developed a deep bond with her mother and other women relatives who inspired her to become an independent blackwoman. Despite these obstacles, Walker grew up to be quite successful. She graduated at the top of her high school class and soon graduated from college. Walker lived in Mississippi during the Civil Rights Movement and was an avid activist for minority and women’s rights. In 1983, Walker was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for her most famous novel－The Color Purple. Walker will be remembered not only as an award-winning author, but also as a leader for black women’s rights.Alice Walker’s achievements as a writer are equally at home with poetry and fiction--it’s worth remembering her first appearance in book form as a poet, not as a novelist or fiction writer. Indeed, as an essayist alone she would be a noteworthy presence in American letters. But it is her novels that she is best known for, and it is her novels that the full complexity of her vision is most evident in.Until now, Walker has published five novels: The Third Life and Grange Copeland (1970), Meridian (1976), The Color Purple (1982), The Temple of My Familiar (1989), and Possessing the Secret of Joy (1992). Her short stories have been collected in two volumes－In Love & Trouble(1973) and You can’t Keep a Good Woman Down (1982). Walker’s publication of poetry has kept pace with her novels－Her collections are Once (1968), Five Poems (1972), Revolutionary Petunias &Poems (1973), Good Night, Willie Lee, I’ll See You in the Morning (1979), and Horses Make a Landscape Look More Beautiful (1984). She has published two important collections of her ownessays, －In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens (1983) and Living by the Word (1988);a significant collection of the writings of Zora Hurston; and a young adultbiography of Langston Hughes.The Color Purple, Alice Walker's third novel, was published in 1982. The novel brought fame and financial success to its author. It also won her considerable praise and much criticism for its controversial themes. Many reviewers were disturbed by her portrayal of black males, which they found unduly negative. When the novel was made into a film in 1985 by Steven Spielberg, Walker became even more successful and controversial. While she was criticized for negative portrayal of her male characters, Walker was admired for her powerful portraits of black women. Reviewers praised her for her use of the epistolary form, in which written correspondence between characters comprises the content of the book, and her ability to use black folk English. Reflecting her early political interests as a civil rights worker during the 1960s, many of her social views are expressed in the novel.In The Color Purple, as in her other writings, Walker focuses on the theme of double repression of black women in the American experience. Walker contends that black women suffer from discrimination by the white community, and from a second repression from black males, who impose the double standard of white society on women. As the civil rights movement helped shape Ms. Walker's thinking regarding racial issues at home, it also shaped her interest in Africa. During the 1960s, a strong interest in ethnic andracial identity stimulated many African Americans to look for their roots in Africa. The primary theme of The Color Purple, though, reflects Walker’s desire to project a positive outcome in life, even under the harshest conditions. Her central character triumphs over adversity and forgives those who oppressed her. This central theme of the triumph of good over evil is no doubt the source of the book’s great success.The color purple is about thirty years of the life of Celie, a southern black woman born at the turn of the twentieth century, and growing up in the South. In her teens，she is raped by her stepfather, who sells the two children whose mother is Celie.Celie is married off to Albert, whom she calls Mister. Albert expects Celie as a wife, to work in his fields and to accept his beatings which was, a common belief in the world among husbands at that time. Her sister, Nettie, runs away because of the mistreatment of her stepfather, and later is adopted by a black missionary couple who takes her to Africa. The novel consists of three sets of letters: Celie’s letters to God, about the incest and abuse she can not speak or write of to anyone else; Nettie’s letters to Celie, mainly about her experience in Africa; and Celie’s letters to Nettie, emphasizing the theme of sisterhood at the core of this novel’s concerns. Celie writes letters to God in which she tells about her life--her roles as a daughter, a wife, a sister, and a mother. In the course of her story, Celie meets a series of other Black women who help shape her life: Nettie, Shug Avery, Sofia, and Squeak. Throughout the story, though, Celie is the center of thiscommunity of women, the one who knows how to survive. This paper will discuss this topic “how the black woman finally find her real value of life” through several parts: unit structure of Blacks; the fate of Black slaves; the characters of the novel. It talks about the black women’s statues in the society and the contradiction between the Black and the White, then between women and men. The real value at last breaks through the unit of the society, the community of Blacks, and then the old way that they hold. It expresses the whole meaning from the character of the author, the host in the novel and the community of Blacks. The aim is to tell women’s real value of life in the society of USA and the world.Ⅱ.Pursuit of Self-consciousness through SufferingA. Cultural and Historical Background1. WomanismWalker's works are all inseparable from her deep understanding of the history and culture of the South which provide her with a way of seeing the contemporary world and a field of expressing the true meaning of life for the black people, especially black women. Walker sensed the misery of black people, especially women, many of whom have lived the most miserable life at the bottom of American society for long. Black people suffered from inhumane slavery, plunder and oppression. And today, they still live in a dreadful plight under racial discrimination and segregation, which has been difficult to ravel out since the black stepped on the land. The history of black people itself has been imbued with humiliation. The division of lines of color was, and is still rigidly in place, though the civil rights movement constantly claims credit for desegregation in schools, housing and public transportation. In the state Georgia in which Walker grew up, it was illegal for a black person to enter a public restaurant, library or swimming pool. Her marriage to a white man was also illegal in the state of Mississippi. It is thus clear that, black females, together with black males have undergone great hardships from racial prejudice, yet they have also been fretted by sexual discrimination inside. Black men frequently vent depression, frustration and indignation on their long-suffering wives, who can find nowhere to take it out. Sufferingfrom racial and sexual oppression, black women have to endure more than black men and white women. They even live beyond the margin where black men and white women are respectively kept, in the white patriarchal society.Miserable life experiences stimulated black women to write for themselves. However, it had been excluded out of the “mainstream”of American literature for a long time. Alice Walker discovered that her years at first a prestigious black college and then a prestigious white one had left her with a “blind spot” in her education for there she could hear “not one word about early black women writers”1. After moving to Mississippi in 1976, she audited a course at Jackson State University taught by the poet Margaret Walker, one of the few black women writers whose works were in print. Ironically, even there the focus was solely on black male writers such as Langston Huges, Richard Wright, Ralph Ellison, and James Baldwin; black women writers were mentioned, but not read, partly because their works were largely unavailable. Since most of the writing were out of print, or cast off, Walker could only found Zora Neale Hurston-an excellent black woman writer’s name from “verbal footnotes” of white authoritative theories. When asked why black woman writer has been so ignored in America, Walker answered in an interview with John O’Brien:…she's a woman. Critics seem unusually ill-equipped to intelligently discuss and analyze the works of black women. Generally they do not even make the attempt; theyprefer, rather, to talk about the lives of black women writers, not about what they write. And, since black women writers are not-it would seem-very likable-until recently they were the least willing worshippers of male supremacy--comments about them tend to be cruel. 2Being neglected, black female writers had to be kept in a state of silence for long. So readers could only see black women images-slaves or viragos-in the white literature or black male writers’works, which could not truly or objectively reflect black woman’s world inside out. As a result, since 1970s, Alice Walker, along with many other African-American women writers and critics, advocated Black Feminist Movement from different race, class, and cultural experiences. They endeavored to explore the complexity of black womanhood in white America so as to quest for their own literary tradition.In 1983, Alice Walker coined the term womanism to replace the word feminism and to express her appreciation of her own female gender. She defines the word womanist in the preface of her essay collection In Search of Our Mothers'Gardens (1983) essentially as the one who is committed to the survival and wholeness of entire people, male and female. This idea significantly expands the theory of feminism, thus coalesces a rich cross section of women under the generic conception of womanist. A womanist is identified as “a woman who loves other women or sometimes individual man, sexually and/or nonsexually, a womanist is the one who loves music, lovesdance, loves the moon, loves the spirit, loves love, loves the folk, loves herself.”3 Compared with feminist, the concept of womanist has wider humanitarian concerns, and gains more dimensions in terms of their constitution. To be more specific, womanism has the following characteristics, which are shown in The Color Purple:a) Womanists search for the source of literary creation in Afro-American women heritage and tradition. They emphasize that Afro-American women heritage and tradition give Afro-American women creativity.b) Womanists attribute Afro-American women’s misfortune to the combined racism and sexism. While disclosing patriarchy’s oppression upon Afro-American women, womanists point out that racism corrupts Afro-American men and consequently deepens Afro-American women’s suffering.c) Womanists attach great importance to sisterhood, which is the escape hatch for the oppressed Afro-American women.d) Womanists believe that Afro-American women’s self-respect and self-improvement will influence Afro-American men and ultimately will make them get rid of their patriarchal prejudice and make them respect women.e) Womanists believe that mutual understanding and communication between Afro-American men and women will improve and perfect their relationship.To sum up, a womanist is a psychologically rounded human being, or as is put by Walker, “womanist is to feminist as purple to lavender.”4 Womanism, otherwise known as black feminism, is a form of feminism at a deeper level. In retrospect of Walker’s women in her earlier works, notably those appeared in her story collection In Love and Trouble: Stories of Black Women (1973), the characters fight helplessly against their oppressors in a hostile environment with a confused sense of self. Most of them experience certain degrees of identity crisis. For one reason, they still remain on the level of physical existence at most; the goal of spiritual wholeness is yet to be achieved. For another, these women are too isolated to support each other in their helpless struggle. Downtrodden by sophisticated power relations and deceived by the ideological misconception about themselves, many of them find themselves lack of power to alter their lives otherwise. To effect any changes, the real battle with whatever form of oppression has to begin from one’s heart. Disillusioned as they might be in their lives, Walker’s lavender women strive to explore the possibilities of life and to achieve their selfhood, that is, a sense of themselves as autonomous, self-directed individuals. And these figures attained their purple color in Walker’s most noted novel The Color Purple (1982). In this book, an array of black women characters, each experiencing various forms of baptism of self-discovery, emerges with dignity from their pilgrimage. Instead of having their self-identity defined by their men or any external forces, these women learn to define their own selves.2. Historical Events of the Novel’s Coming into BeingThe Color Purple is set in the American South from the 1920s to 1940s; inevitably it reflects some events of that time. 1n the early twentieth century the South was still largely rural and agricultural. Sharecropping replaced slavery as the central source of black labor, upon which southern agriculture still relied. However, it made no change for blacks’ hard lives. Poverty was widespread. From 1915, many blacks broke away from sharecropping to seek a better life in the industrial northern cities, participating in the exodus from the South. This is called the Great Migration. However for those who stayed, both men and women, life remained hard. They had to struggle under the twin burdens of extreme poverty and entrenched discrimination. By the 1920s, after almost half a century’s post Civil War period of Reconstruction, African Americans in the South as well as elsewhere won little improvement of their civil rights. Aided by a reactionary Supreme Court, the Southern backlash against Reconstruction had solidified into the Jim Crow’s regime of enforced segregation between blacks and whites and white domination. Based on the principle of white supremacy, Jim Crow laws created separate societies for blacks and whites. From theaters to drinking fountains, and from schools to theaters and cemeteries, blacks were faced with signs that turned them away. Restrictions constantly reminded blacks of their inferior status in the white’s eyes. Aside from creating separate societies for the whites and blacks, Jim Crow laws ensured that when blacks and whites did mix, they would do so onterms that guaranteed white dominance. Like Jim Crow laws, which flourished in the south from the 1880s to the 1930s, lynching arose as a white reaction against black freedom, a way for Southern whites to control the blacks. Lynching had sexual and economic aspects in the South, for a common excuse was the alleged rape of a white woman by a black man. As black antilynching crusader Ida B. Wells pointed out, a rape charge could be provoked by consensual relations between a black man and a white woman, or by nothing more than eye contact that a white perceived as a threat. It could furthermore serve as a manufactured excuse for getting rid of a black man who was prospering financially, or one whose attitude was not submissive enough to please local whites. The Color Purple reflects the history of African Americans’ hard life at that period of time.B. Exploration of Self-consciousness through Suffering1. Two Oppressions Upon the Black WomenPeople may know about racial discrimination and sexual discrimination, but they may not know how extensive they are, how they work and how they are interrelated. The following much celebrated passage in Huston's Their Eyes were Watching God can give us an accurate answer, “so the white man throw down the load and tell the nigger to pick it up. He picks it up because he has to, but he doesn't tote it. He hands it to his woman folks. The nigger woman is the mule of the worlds so far as I can see. ”5The mule of the world-this is the role black women are forced to play in the domestic, social and political circumstances, and this is also the fate of the black women in The Color Purple. In this novel, Alice Walker spares no details and delineates a clear picture of the two oppressions the black women endure.Black women don’t have any right in the society. They think that they should have no rights before, and they are told that they should obey their fathers and their husbands, I means that they should obey their fathers before they get married and obey their husbands after they get married. Through all their life, they live like a slave, like an animal. But it is not right. Because nowadays, everyone has equal rights, human beings are equal. No one is a slave to another. So the black women must realize that they should fight for their equal rights, for their social status, and for their own happy life. They can choose what kind of life they like, what job they want, even whatever they want which is not out of law.2. Celie’s Unusual ChildhoodCelie begins her story with a quote from her sexually abusive father and then begins her letter writing to God. At the start of the story, she is 14 years old and her mother is refusing to have sex with her father due to just having a baby. Her father then decides to begin sexually abusing Celie. He also tells Celie he is going to keep doing it. Celie’s mother has died. Even up to her death, Celie’s mother is demanding and mean to Celie, especially when Celiebecomes pregnant. After Celie has her baby girl, she believes that her father takes the baby to the woods and kills her. Now she is pregnant again. Celie’s father begins ignoring the pregnant Celie and starts looking at Nettie, Celie's younger sister. Celie then has a boy, and the boy is sent to others. She knows nothing about physiology, and she dare not speak to her mother, because she is threatened by her stepfather, “You better not never tell nobody but God. It'd kill your mammy.”6She can’t go to school like other children and is compelled to stay at home to cook, undertake all housework. She is painful and baffled; she doesn’t understand the affair happens to her. Hence she writes to God and puts questions to God. God is an object of indetermination, and is a kind of unreal belief. She will not get the answer from God. Writing letters to God well reflects the solitude on the spirit of Celie.3. Celie’s Unhappy Marriage LifeAt the age of 22, Celie is discarded by her stepfather like discarding an old thing and marries Mr.X who has four children. Mr.X does not love her at all; he marries her just for the sake of the children, the household chores and his farm. He beats Celie arbitrarily. At this time Celie has become accustomed to suffering already. It represents Celie's emotion from pain and suffering to numbness.Celie finds that she has just moved to another place, and also has no status. Her husband treats her as a worker. All the work in the house and farm need her to do. And her husband doesn’t love her. She also feels alone. Noone can understand her, so she has to write to God, to express her feelings, she can only show her inner world to God, in order to get some of her selfhood. And during her writing to God, she finds her self-consciousness. She realizes that maybe she can have a better life, maybe she can look for her true happiness.4. The Stepson’s Wife, Sophia’s AffectionSophia’s coming shows the influence of woman's rights on Celie. Celie’s stepson Harpo falls in love with Sophia. But both of their fathers oppose their marriage. Sophia is one of the representative womanists in the novel. She has strong resistant spirit since her childhood. She will not allow others to order her as they do to Celie. She runs away with Harpo and gets married. Harpo wants his wife to be like his servant, but Sophia has her own personality and dignities and never lowers the head towards men, she says, “all my life I had to fight. I had to fight my daddy. I had to fight my cousins and my uncles.”7 Now she has to fight against her husband. Celie envies Sophia’s spirit of fighting. She is aware of her benumbed female consciousness. Sophia educates Celie with action. She lets her know that women also have their own consciousness and can protect themselves.Sophia refuses to be the maidservant of the mayor and strikes back, so she is sentenced to prison for twelve years. She suffers a lot in the jail and her life is close to death. In order to save Sophia, Harpo’s girlfriend Squeak goes to find the warden to ask for a favor, but is raped by him in his office. Finally,Sophia is compelled to be a servant at the mayor’s home for eleven years. It not only reflects racial discrimination, the corruption of the law enforcement, the despicable action of the officials, but also deeply touches Celie, and makes her further recognize the society and woman’s position in the society. Black women suffer from the dual oppression of the race and sex; the white women also suffer the sexual discrimination of white men. The wife of the mayor Millie, in her husband’s eyes, is just an accessory, which can be played arbitrarily. The mayor buys her a small automobile, but refuses to teach her how to drive. “Everyday he comes from the town he look at her, look out the window at her car, say, how you enjoying Miz Millie. She fly off the sofa in a huff, slam the door going in the bathroom.”8 The white mayor hurts his wife more skillfully than black men do to black women. The occurrences of these matters educate Celie and inspire her racial and sexual consciousness. Celie becomes the comrade of Sophia. Sophia says she always wants to kill the white, and Celie says, “Too many to kill off I say. Us outnumbered from the start. I speak we knock over one or two, though, here and there, through the years, 1 say.”95. Shug’s Coming into Celie’s LifeShug Avery is sick and no one will help her. Everyone talks about her, and laughs at her. Celie listens as the preacher and the other women call Shug a “street cleaner”and a “hussy”. When they get home from church, Mr. Xtells Harpo and Sofia to go and get Shug and bring her home. Celie is beyond herself with excitement.Even as ill as she is, Shug is still dressed to kill. They bring her upstairs and Celie helps to take off her caked on makeup and clean her up. Sick, sallow looking, and feverish, Shug is still beautiful to Celie. As Celie is cleaning her up, though, Shug looks over at Celie and starts to cackle. Celie feels that she can be servent of Shug. She must live with her selfhood. That is the understanding of self-consciousness of Celie. It makes Celie deeply realize that she should find her value.Mr.X makes his sweetheart stay at his home to convalesce. Shug Avery is in love with Mr.X and they have three children. Because of Mr.X’s father’s opposition, they cannot get married. Shug Avery is a liberal professional singer, and she sings to make a living independently. Shug is the object of worship for Celie. Before Celie gets married, she has seen a photo of Shug, “All night long I stare at it. Now when I dream, I dream of Shug Avery. She be dress to kill, whirling and laughing. Shug Avery was a woman. The most beautiful woman I ever saw. She more pretty than my mama. She bout then thousand times more prettier than me.”10For Shug’s coming, Celie doesn’t hate her; on the contrary, she is excited. She takes care of Shug meticulously, which makes Shug recovers soon. The sincerity and kindness of Celie moves Shug profoundly. They like each other and become good friends. Shug makes。
紫色论文范文.doc
一些学者也对艾丽丝·沃克的“妇女主义”主张进行了探讨。例如，沈黎明在《寻求精神的解放—对〈紫色〉女主人公茜莉的妇女主义解读》中人认为：“‘妇女主义’作为一个始终的主题在对西丽的刻画上得到强有力的体现。”但是该文对妇女主义思想及其核心思想没有清晰的阐释，论证过程理由不充分，使得作者的这一思想不能在西丽寻求精神的解放之路上深刻得体现出来。谢莉莉的《〈紫颜色〉与艾丽丝·沃克的“妇女主义”》通过对小说的分析，深入探讨了妇女主义思想内涵及其对美国黑人妇女解放事业的积极意义。刘源在《〈紫颜色〉与艾丽丝·沃克的“妇女主义”》中指出：“艾丽丝·沃克的《紫色》是一步优秀的张扬黑人女权主义的代表作。”他将艾丽丝·沃克的妇女主义视为黑人的女权主义，通过对《紫颜色》中体现的反性别与反种族主题的分析，揭示了沃克的妇女主义思想。刘永安和王福田则认为《紫色》的写作手法及对女性社会问题的深刻揭示上体现了女性主义文学的发展趋势—妇女主义，该文认为妇女主义是女权主义的分支，但没有谈及两者的区别与联系。李洁平在《妇女主义在〈紫颜色〉中主题的构建作用》认为沃克的妇女主义不是狭隘的，她认识到黑人妇女不但是黑人，更是女人，是人，妇女解放也意味着男人的解放，乃至全人类的解放，这一点在《紫色》中表露无疑。而祝小丁认为，《紫色》的结局充分体现了艾丽丝·沃克的妇女主义思想和对黑人女性命运的关注。在众多的对沃克的妇女主义思想的研究中，祝小丁创造性地进行了全面的论证，既看到了该思想的进步性，同时又看到了其时代局限性：即妇女主义实质上是一种调和折中论，它只是沃克渴望解决社会问题的美好理想，它的缺陷在于她陷入到了理想主义的泥潭之中。
许多学者将西丽的成长历程分为三个阶段：遭受奴役而悲伤迷茫的初期阶段；自我意识逐渐觉醒后奋起抗争的过渡阶段；独立自主并赢得自由和平等的末期阶段。温爱玲在《女性意识觉醒—浅析〈紫色〉西丽的人物形象》中，通过展示西丽的觉醒过程，揭示了黑人妇女所遭受的压迫和不平等，从而指出黑人妇女只有自尊自立、自强才能获得平等、尊重和爱。张丽娜在《〈紫色〉中女主人公精神家园构建之旅》中提出：作者最关心的是黑人社会自身的弊病，她所关心的是黑人，特别是黑人女性在黑人社会内部及白人社会中如何寻找自我价值。周凡钰的《可喜的人生转换》论述了主人公角色转换的三个阶段：混沌—苏醒—自立。该文认为：“为了转变黑人妇女的地位，不仅需要女性自我意识的觉醒和自我能力与品质的完善，还需要男性思想观念同时提高。”这种观点应该是比较全面的，两性和谐的局面的出现，需要两性思想观念的同时转变。刘晓娟、祁继香也认为《紫色》主人公的成长历程也分为三个阶段：服从—抗争—和解。杨淑慧在《西丽女性意识的觉醒—读艾丽丝·沃克〈紫色〉》中写道：这本书主要写女性如何受压迫和如何觉醒，同时也对沃克写作“新现实主义”特点进行了研究。刘英在《论艾丽丝·沃克笔下女主人公形象演变》中指出：沃克的小说中（包括《紫色》），女主人公形象呈现出清晰的发展脉络，大致分为三个阶段：受男权社会欺凌侮辱的女性；走出“围城”觉醒的女性；自尊自爱自立自强的成熟女性。以上主要是以纵向的视角对主人公的成长历程和觉醒过程进行论述，而没有强调其在转变过程中的重要因素，即是什么因素使主人公人生历程发生转变。葛海燕在《根植于黑人传统文化沃土上的一朵奇葩》中指出女人之间的友爱、反抗精神、泛灵论三个要素在西丽转变过程中发挥重要作用，并进行了详细的论证。角度新颖，但忽略了一个重要方面：西丽的对女性传统文化的继承和发扬为其独立打下了经济基础，因为只有经济上取得独立才能得到真正的独立。
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浅析《紫色》中的女性主义(英文论文)
浅析《紫色》中的女性主义摘要：二十世纪美国黑人作家对美国文学的发展做出了不可磨灭的贡献，他们的作品极大地丰富了美国文学，同时也对世界文学的创作产生了巨大的影响。
进入七十年代以后，黑人女作家领导文学潮流，掀起了第三次美国黑人文学高潮。
艾丽丝•沃克是当代美国最杰出和最具影响力的黑人女性作家之一。
她对黑人命运问题的研究探讨，引起文坛瞩目，被认为是美国黑人作家中的后起之秀，有“女才子”之誉。
小说《紫色》是她文学创作的最高成就。
本文主旨意在分析《紫色》中的女性主义。
第一章简要地介绍了爱丽丝•沃克的个人经历及作品《紫色》。
第二章论文的理论基础—女性主义的含义和它的发展阶段。
第三章是本文的主体，以小说的主旨及其写作技巧—书信体形式两方面为切入点来分析《紫色》中所体现的女性主义。
最后本文得出女性如果要独立、自尊、自强，需通过自己不懈的努力，战胜重重困难，最终才能取得与男性平等的社会地位与权力的结论。
这也正是爱丽丝·沃克想要表达的女性主义的真正内涵。
关键词：《紫色》美国黑人女性女权主义双重压迫寻求独立An Analysis of Feminism in The Color PurpleLi YixuanAbstract: Afro—American writers have made great contribution to American literature in the 20th century. Their works have enormously enriched American literature and exerted great influence on literary creation in the world. Black women writers have set off a new upsurge of literature since the 1970s. This is called the third Renaissance of Afro—American literature. Alice Walker is one of the most remarkable and influential Afro—Americanwriters in contemporary American literary world. Her famous novel The Color Purple is the summit of her literary achievements. The thesis is intended to explore the Feminism in the novel The Color Purple. Chapter one gives a brief introduction to Alice Walker’s personal experience and her novel The Color Purple. Chapter two shows the theoretical foundation of the thesis—Feminism, the definition and the development of it. Chapter three, is the main body of the thesis, deals with the analysis of Feminism in this novel and its writing technique—epistolary style，use these two aspects as a starting point to analysis the feminist which embodied in this novel. The end of this paper which concluded if women want to gain independence, self—esteem and self—reliance, the only thing they can do is to try every effort and to overcome the numerous difficulties to gain these things. And finally they can get the social status and social rights which is equal to men. This is exactly what Alice Walker wants to express the true meaning of the Feminism.Keywords:The Color Purple; Afro—American women; Feminism; double oppression;independenceContents承诺保证书 (I)摘要 (II)Abstract (III)Introduction (1)I. A Brief Introduction of Alice Walker and Her Novel —The Color Purple (2)1.1 A Brief Introduction of Alice Walker (2)1.2 Alice Walker’s Literary Work—The Color Purple (3)II. Theoretical Foundation (5)2.1The Definition of Feminism (5)2.2The Development of Feminism (5)III. An Analysis of Feminism in the Novel—The Color Purple (8)3.1 The Theme of the Novel (8)3.1.1 Sex ual Oppression upon Black Women (8)3.1.2 Fighting for Independence (11)3.2 The Writing Technique and Rhetoric Method of the Novel (14)3.2.1 Epistolary Style (14)3.2.2 Metaphor (15)Conclusion (17)References (18)IntroductionThe Afro-American literature is one of the important parts of the American literature and it undergoes a very long development and different periods of development. In the earlier stage of the 20th century, Afro-American literature expresses the praise for black nationalities and the longings for equality and freedom. "Fictions of protest" by middle stage writers focus on the exposure of racism and the poverty of Afro-Americans and reveal the writers’anxiety about the American dream. In the later stage, female writers represented by Walker have been turned over a new leaf. This thesis is a brief analysis of Alice Walker and her famous work The Color Purple. In this novel Walker mainly discussed the contradiction between men and women. Disclose the oppression inside the black community. Though telling the story of Celie—an ordinary black woman in the southern village in American—from insensitive to bear the oppression from the black males to realize the reality and fright for herself. The author deeply disclose the life which Afro—American women were suffered and exquisite depicted the Celie’s sufferings. Use Walker’s words:This novel describes the emotion of social oppression and the spirit’s substances are all told by a black woman who suffered a frustrated life. While she—Celie finally found a way out. She finally found a job, got her friendship, her own love and dignity.” The great place of this novel is that it not only disclose the misery of Afro—American women, but also discussed how to help those women to get rid of the “the problem of recover oneself” traditionally.I. A Brief Introduction of Alice Walker and Her Novel —The Color Purple1.1 A Brief Introduction of Alice WalkerAlice Walker is one of the most important contemporary Afro—American women writers, born in 1944. She is a novelist, a short fiction writer, a poet, a critic all at once. She is the eighth child of a sharecropper family in Eatonton, Georgia, where the tenant farmer system kept most black families perpetually in debt. She always lived a very poor life and at that time education was not taken very seriously. But Walker’s mother insisted that her children should go to school. After her trying Walker started school at four years old and proved to be an excellent child.In 1961 Walker was awarded a scholarship to Spelman College, a small black women school in Atlanta. In the following years she was selected to attend the Youth World Peace Festival in Finland. It was also when she first heard about Dr. Marin Luther King in her freshman year at Spelman.In 1964, she transferred to Sarah Lawrence College in Bronxvile, New York where she majored in literature and has a deep study in Latin poetry and history. After graduating from Sarah Lawrence with a bachelor’s degree, Walker returned to the South and was actively to participate in the Civil Rights Movement. Her work in Georgia put her closely linked to the poorest and lowest educated Afro—Americans and allowed her to have an attention to the impact of poverty on the relationships between black men and women.In 1970, she wrote her first novel, The Third Life of George Copeland; her second collection of poems, Revolutionary Petunias and Other Poems (1973); her first short stories collection,In Love and Trouble: Stories of Black Women (1973). Walker became a leader of spokesperson for the black feminism.By 1979, her next novel began forming in her mind. She thought she must to write the novel in which the characters are trying to contact her, to speak through her. So she sold her house and moved to California, settling in the countryside of San Francisco, a place that “looked a lot like the town in Georgia most of the characters were from”. And there the things which in her mind came freely and the novel The Color Purple flowed.Alice Walker was a civil rights advocator and actively to take part in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960’s. She was a spokeswoman for the women’s movement. The honors and awards which she gained include Bread Loaf Writers’ Conference Scholar in 1966, Merrill Writing Fellow in 1966—1967, the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters Rosenthal Award in 1974 for In Love and Trouble, the Pulitzer Prize and the American Book Award in 1982 for The Color Purple, and so on. She is claimed to be one of the most famous black women writers in the American literary history.1.2 Alice Walker’s Literary Work—The Color PurpleThe background of the novel is in a southern American village roughly between 1916 and 1942, a period during the status of blacks remained unaltered in the Deep South. The protagonist Celie suffered a miserable life, at first she keeps silent about what happened on her, but this doesn’t stop bad things happening on her. H er mother dies, her two children are taken away, leaving her alone wondering whether they have been sold or even killed. Celie is victimized physically and mentally by her father. Utterly alone and out of desperation, she has no choice but to write to God to express her sufferings and feelings.Celie lives like a slave. In fact, the life with Albert, her husband, is the continuous of her nightmare. In the wedding day, Harpo, the oldest son of Albert welcomes Celiewith a rock laying her head open and the blood runs. He tortured her. His dad tells him not to do that. And he rapes Celie with her head blooding. Actually, Albert marries Celie not for love, just because he is in need of a servant to take good care of his three children and Celie just fit this.To Celie, the most desperate thing is that she never gets love and care from her mother, instead, her mother who doesn’t know the truth always screams and torture her. After she dies, Nettie, the most intimate woman in Celie’s life, is separated from Celie by Mr. Albert. Since then, Celie gets no message from her and thought she has died. Reading through the old letters, Celie knows Mr. Albert’s evil deeds with Nettie and her family’s truth. S he knows that her father, who rapes her, isn’t her natural father; her natural father has been dead because he is succeeding in the financial business in the white business world. Celie is angered by all that God has allowed to happen to her. She writes her last letter to God retelling her sufferings and accusing God of being silence. She is totally desperate to what has happened on her.As Celie curses on Mr. Albert for what he has done to her, she finds something which she has never been aware of. She has learned that the quality of life must not depend on the outside world; to be survived; to find one’s value; is what color purple means for. Celie can surround herself in purple, for she is in control of Kingdom.II. Theoretical Foundation2.1 The Definition of FeminismFeminism refers to a major woman’s experiences as the source and motivation of social theory and political movement. Critique of social relations, many supporters of feminism also focus on the analysis of gender inequality and promote women's rights, interests and issues. It also refers to a social theory and political movement with the female experience for its source in the social relations outside criticism, many women socialist supporters also focuses on the analysis of the gender inequality and promote women's rights and interests issues of feminist theory aims to understand the nature of the inequality, emphasis on gender, political power relations and sex consciousness (sexuality) on the theme of feminist inquiry, including discrimination stereotype materialized (especially about sex and chemical) body housework distribution oppressions and the oppression form the patriarchy. And in my opinion, the Feminism which Alice Walker discussed has a deeper meaning. It is a comprehensive protest to all kinds of oppression system (sexual oppression and racial oppression).2.2 The Development of FeminismFeminism in the nineteenth century gradually changed to the organized social movement because more and more people believe that women in a patriarchal society should treated equally. The feminist movement is rooted in the Western progressive, especially the nineteenth Century reform movement.Early feminists and early feminist movement is often called the first wave, and after 1960 feminist called the second wave. There is also the so-called the third-wave, but feminists for its existence necessity, contribution and concept disagree. The reason why these periods are called is because they like the waves, one after another; never discontinuous, later used the former Walker's contribution and resources.The Western Feminism can be mainly divided into three generations:The first generation of Western Feminism: Western Feminism originated in France bourgeois revolution and enlightenment movement, the second half of the nineteenth Century the emergence of the first generation, and the industrial revolution in Europe, is the representative of the British Harriet Tyler Mill. French female writer Gore in 1790 issued a “Declaration on the Rights of Women”, 17 women's rights. Declaration later became a programmatic document of the feminist movement. M. Wollstonecraft, British writer, published a book “Defense for Women's Rights”, in 1792, proposed that women should enjoy equal treatment with men in education, employment and politics. Until 1920, the United States passed a bill to protect women the right to vote. The initial appeal of women in education and legislation should be equal. In the United States, Elizabeth Cady Stanton National Woman Suffrage Association represented (NWSA) repeatedly requested the federal Congress to allow women to participate in political polling repeatedly refused to encounter, eventually in the Nineteenth Amendment (1920). During this period, feminism is not elevated to the level of theory, is mainly a number of practical activities and “March 8. International Women's Day "was born.The second generation of Western Feminism: The second stage is the most important phase of feminism in the West stage. The feminists found that although the women in the field of political and economic fight for equality and efforts to achieve significant results, but the unequal status of women in social life has not been fundamentally improved. For example, groups of women get the right to vote in politics is still in a low position , occupational segregation and career development prospects of poor highlights, the case of equal pay for equal work , equal employment basically guaranteed. This contradiction prompted feminist thinking in depth, forming a unique feminist theory. From early 20th until 1960s, the world experienced two world wars. During this period, Afro—American woman still under the control of themale society. The challenge which they faced is the patriarchal society, challenges the "class" system.The third generation of Western Feminism: Postmodern Feminism.Postmodern Feminism began in the last century 60-80 age, her resulting presumably and two factors, one is, since 60's "liberation" and the men and women in opposition to the feminist thought, has brought numerous family breakdown, single mothers and the AIDS epidemic, so people began to reflect: especially in the elimination of binary opposition between men and women, forming “Gentle Feminist”, "Green Feminists”. While recognizing the achievements of the feminist movement to protect women's rights, it also questioned the other hand; feminists have tried to subvert the traditional family model. Post-modern feminism is still a growth stage. Trying to eliminate inequality between men and women on the basis of the recognition of gender differences, emphasizing the social nature of gender roles, the idea of equality between men and women as a product of patriarchy .Thus, postmodern feminist emerge as the times require.III. An Analysis of Feminism in the Novel—The Color Purple3.1 The Theme of the NovelThe color purple is a feminist Bildungsroman. It tells how Afro—American women find themselves and fight for themselves though describing the sufferings of what Celie had experienced.While revealing patriarchy’s oppression upon Afro—American women, feminists point out that while disclosing the oppressions, what Afro—American men done had consequently deepens Afro—American women’s suffering. As Hruston states in Their Eyes were Watching God: “So de white man throw down de load and tell de nigger man thus pick it up. He picks it up because he has to, but he doesn’t tote it. He hand it to his woman folks. De nigger woman is de mule of the worlds so far as ah can see.” Alice Walker tries to disclose these oppressions in her novels. In The Color Purple, Walker also shows us how racism exacerbates these oppressions in Afro—American family. Black feminist writers reveal racial, gender oppressions between the sexes to improve the gender binary opposition between men and women, longing for an ideal, gender relation.Throughout these oppressions that the Afro—American women suffers, the main oppressions were racial oppression and sexual oppression.3.1.1 Sexual Oppression upon Black WomenSexual oppression has a great influence to the Afro—American women. The black has consciously in the face of modern society of sexual discrimination. Compared with men, blac k women’s statuses are lower. Their marginalized status is not only caused by racial discrimination, but also from male social gender discrimination.Alice Walker writes: “Black women are called in the folklore that so aptly identifies one’s status in society ‘the mule of the world’, because we have been handed the burdens that everyone else refuse to carry.” In the Color Purple, the only choice for a girl like Nettie to make is “either to marry somebody like her husband or wind up in some white lady kitc hen.”(CP 1987:17) In a patriarchy society, women are the main labor force both at home and in the fields.Although black women are the main labor force of the black family, they have no rights they deserve. On the contrary, they are constantly beaten by their husband. Mr. X—Celie’s husband, instructs his son: “Wives is like children. You have o let them know who got the upper hand. Nothing can do better th an a good sound beating.”(CP 1997:34) Mr. X beats Celie “like her beat the children. Cept he cont eve r hardly beat them. He say, Celie, git the belt. The children be outside the room peeking through the crack…”(CP 1987:22) The men who exploit and oppress women are acting out what Diana E.H.Russell terms the “masculinity mystique”—“To win, to be superior, to conquer, and to control demonstrate masculinity to those who subscribe to common cultural notions of masculinity.” Since Harpo is confused by the perfect control that his father exerts over Celie, he feels less than a man because of his inability to control his wife Sofia. Following his father’s instruction, Harpo keeps on beat ing Sofia and this finally leads to their separation.Except for the heavy burden and physical hurts, black women are sexually abused. In black men’s eyes, black women are only t he instruments for them to release their bad mood. They just enjoy their own happiness and the only thing left for women is the untold sufferings.In the Color Purple, in order to control women under their power, black men constantly impose their own con cept upon black women. Celie has “always been a good girl.”(CP 1987:3) She is so good—natured even his stepfather has to admit that “she good with children… Never heard her say a hard word to one of them.”(CP1987:12) She selflessly helps to take care of Shug when she is seriously ill, although she is he r husband’s mistress; she is also a clever student in school praised by her teacher, she says that: “long as she been a teacher she never know nobody want to learn bad” as her. But her stepfather always abus es her. He introduces Celie to Mr. X : “She ain’t fresh… She spoiled. She ugly… She is too old to be living her at home. And she has a bad influence on my other girls… She ain’t smart either… And another thing—she tell lies.”(CP1987:10) In his eyes, Celie is “evil and always up to no good” and “he can’t stand” hr no more. (CP 1987:5)Shug is also a good woman. She follows one of the few professions open to black women: blues singer; she is independent economically by hard working; she safeguards her selfhood; she asserts her own value; she displays a wisdom learned in her working lives to teach the girls she loves not to allow others to use or revile their individuality and tells the men what she thinks of their weaknesses. One thing that we can figure out is that one of the strategies the black men employ to take women under their control is to decry their reputation and deprive them of their confidence. They try all the means to let the women believe that they themselves are bad in nature and inborn, so they deserve any kind of ill—treatments black men exert on them.In Africa, men, even some women, don’ think girl need to be educated. When Nettie asks a mother why she thinks so, she said, “A girl is nothing to herself, only to hr husband can she become s omething.”(CP 1987:132) When Tashi, a little girlfriend of Olivia, Celie’s daughter in Africa, learns some knowledge from Olivia and becomes quiet and thoughtful, her patents even get upset for being afraid that she will not fit into village life. In addition, women are deprived of the right to choose the ways of their lives from their own free will. In the novel, it is Celie’s stepfather who chooses husband for Celie. He is her owner. In a scene reminiscent of a slave action, Celie is passed like a piece of property from one creel and domineering black male into the hands of another:The Color Purple is to expose the double oppression endured by the black women so that the solution to this problem existing in the black community can push forward the develo pment of black people’s unity. The most significant for Alice Walker is that she advances her tentative solution—feminism in the hope of curing the social diseases of racism and sexism and promoting the development of society.Walker through the description of a black woman seeking her dual identity reveals to us that only if black women in the United States integrated black blood, do the masters of their own destiny, he creates his own, can they get rid of edge position, and obtain their own identity.3.1.2 Fighting for IndependenceAlthough the Afro—American women under the control of the patriarchal social, they never give up struggling for their own independence. Their independence can be discussed mainly from these two aspects: familial independence and social independence.In the patriarchal family, women are the labor force both inside the house and outside in the field. However they didn’t get what they deserve to get, such as equality, love and respect. On the contrary, they suffered pain and mental torture. What they had experienced also sowed the seeds for the future of their resistance.Social independence implies black women’s independence in the society, including economical and political independence. In America, many Afro—American women have to depend on black men mainly due to their main status in economy. They are generally degraded to objects and became the secondary gender in the society. So exploration for social independence is very significant for black women to change their social status. In the Color Purple, the feminist explores to gain social independence mainly by using the Afro—American woman’s potential ability, whichalso discloses the feministic viewpoint—to make full use of black women’s strong viewpoints and realizing the importance of gaining their own social independence.Number one is Celie’s self-identity and women's socialist mental health.Identity, is one of the major contents in western literary criticism, it advocates accented literature classic, the thorough analysis colonial hegemony and male central cultural rewriting history between men and women in colonial conflict story.If Celie continue to maintain a callous life, resigned, muddy disturbance to spend her life go, then, then the characters will fall into the traditional literature's misconduct. However, Walker doesn’t want to fall into formality. She, in an interview said: "people not only to live, to prosperity but also to love life. She gave her life to the love and life " Live unremitting pursuit, pour into to literary works, Celie from decayed traditional thought to emancipate herself, helped herself to set up the life of optimism attitude, to break the traditional literature in the description of black women "" False image, namely and the reality of black women did not fit with the image, Shaping a new black women's image.Number two is Celie’s exploration: from the rebellious to rebirth.In Ceie’s mind God is omniscient and omnipotent. After these sufferings, God is the only listener and savior to her, however, after sent 55 letters to God and without any answers back to her, Celie could no longer bear it, she even said: “ What did God do for me?—He is a big devil, his behavior is just like any other man I know: frivolous, forgetful and contemptible.” This sentence represents the first leap of her character’s development. She not only challenges the authority of God’s but also challenges the patriarchy’s thought.Independent women, who run away from her family and then return to it again, will have a different feeling. After the success, she forgives her husband whom once abused her, and then they become very good friends. Although she don’t want to rebuild her family, but in her opinion, her husband was not as disgusting as before. Her concern about personal destiny cares about group destiny, from the thinking about the individual value, personal survival significance to all mankind pain and liberation exploration. She stood at the height of the human life, overlooking human life and rethinks the life. This humanity spirit and highly responsibility really make us to rethink on and take example by.Number three is from Celie’s heart journey to see Walker’s women socialist connotationCelie’s self identity and women's socialist spirit is meaningful; it ha s the ideal womanism of the author. The Color Purple describes a group of black women whom representative is Celie, they pursue for equal rights and personal identity, struggle to enlarge the attention range. Walker wrote the black woman whom in the lowest social level, what’s more important, on the basis of racial and sexual oppression; Walker added to the natural element and combines them together. Committed to achieve interpersonal, man and natural’s harmonious survival mode.Moreover, Celie's tolerant and mind is universal love is what Walker’s Socialist soul places. In the process of difficult self-identity construction, pursue women's spirit use the spirit of tolerance to forgive those black men who had abused them; Black male also abandoned the original great man's doctrine thought, through the self-improvement, they not only realize the spirit of their own survival, but also promoted other characters in the novel (especially the female character) complete live, thus bring the black community to a rebirth.In economy, the womanist quests for self—realization form black feminine household activities, which are usually belittled by black males or even females themselves by relating to revelations of black women as the weak sex in the society. The womanist realizes her limitless potential as a black woman in her daily work—the wisdom and artistic creativity, by which she gains self—confidence and self—support, and thus actualizes her independence in the society.In culture, the womanist quests for social independence by her own black feminine tradition. She persists in presenting her creative artistic charm as a black woman, in her feminine creative activities, such as quilting, designing nd making pants. While questing for black woman’s beauty and dign ity in these artistic activities, she gets her cultural independence. Moreover, Celie sticks to speaking her native language instead of the Standard English, which also indicates her persistent exploration for her own cultural tradition and her cultural independence.At the end of the novel, Celie achieves great economical success; she sets up her own company to produce all kinds of pants designed by her. By making pants, Celie creates a new way to make her living and completely frees herself from subordinate status in economy and realizes her self—independence in the society. She is no longer the oppressed, exploitative, abusive object. She can say what she wants to say. She founded her female subjectivity, and eventually became the woman who has full of confidence, dignity, and personality. From the reverse to stand on her own, Celie produced very big change, after awakening has more strong resistance. She insisted on using their own language to express them, express her anger, her joy and her song.3.2 The Writing Technique and Rhetoric Method of the Novel3.2.1 Epistolary StyleEpistolary novel is a type of novel in which the author is carry on by means of series of letters. It is a traditional feminine genre associated with women’s voice, feelings。
紫色简约大学生毕业论文答辩课题研究报告
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紫色小清新毕业论文答辩模板
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紫色论文范文
[16]刘源.2006.《紫色》与艾丽斯·沃克的妇女主义[J].世纪桥(12).
[17]王守仁,吴新云.1999.《性别·种族·文化》[M].北京：北京大学出版社.
[18]王守仁. 2002.《新编美国文学史》（第四卷）[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社.
许多学者将西丽的成长历程分为三个阶段：遭受奴役而悲伤迷茫的初期阶段；自我意识逐渐觉醒后奋起抗争的过渡阶段；独立自主并赢得自由和平等的末期阶段。温爱玲在《女性意识觉醒—浅析〈紫色〉西丽的人物形象》中，通过展示西丽的觉醒过程，揭示了黑人妇女所遭受的压迫和不平等，从而指出黑人妇女只有自尊自立、自强才能获得平等、尊重和爱。张丽娜在《〈紫色〉中女主人公精神家园构建之旅》中提出：作者最关心的是黑人社会自身的弊病，她所关心的是黑人，特别是黑人女性在黑人社会内部及白人社会中如何寻找自我价值。周凡钰的《可喜的人生转换》论述了主人公角色转换的三个阶段：混沌—苏醒—自立。该文认为：“为了转变黑人妇女的地位，不仅需要女性自我意识的觉醒和自我能力与品质的完善，还需要男性思想观念同时提高。”这种观点应该是比较全面的，两性和谐的局面的出现，需要两性思想观念的同时转变。刘晓娟、祁继香也认为《紫色》主人公的成长历程也分为三个阶段：服从—抗争—和解。杨淑慧在《西丽女性意识的觉醒—读艾丽丝·沃克〈紫色〉》中写道：这本书主要写女性如何受压迫和如何觉醒，同时也对沃克写作“新现实主义”特点进行了研究。刘英在《论艾丽丝·沃克笔下女主人公形象演变》中指出：沃克的小说中（包括《紫色》），女主人公形象呈现出清晰的发展脉络，大致分为三个阶段：受男权社会欺凌侮辱的女性；走出“围城”觉醒的女性；自尊自爱自立自强的成熟女性。以上主要是以纵向的视角对主人公的成长历程和觉醒过程进行论述，而没有强调其在转变过程中的重要因素，即是什么因素使主人公人生历程发生转变。葛海燕在《根植于黑人传统文化沃土上的一朵奇葩》中指出女人之间的友爱、反抗精神、泛灵论三个要素在西丽转变过程中发挥重要作用，并进行了详细的论证。角度新颖，但忽略了一个重要方面：西丽的对女性传统文化的继承和发扬为其独立打下了经济基础，因为只有经济上取得独立才能得到真正的独立。
英语论文
青岛工学院毕业论文（设计）On the Eco-Feminism in Color Purple浅析《紫色》中的生态女性主义》学生姓名孙筱雅学号201201105331指导教师陈荟荟学院外语学院专业英语年级2012 级答辩日期 2015 年 6 月 13 日青岛工学院On the Eco-Feminism in Color Purple浅析《紫色》中的生态女性主义完成日期:指导教师签字:评阅教师签字:答辩小组组长签字:答辩小组成员签字:摘要艾丽斯·沃克(Alice Walker,1944-)是美国优秀的黑人女作家。
身为一名黑人女性，沃克更为关注黑人的困境、沉默的黑人女性以及生态环境等社会问题。
《紫色》是艾丽斯·沃克的代表作之一，在黑人文学史上有着深远的影响。
在《紫色》中,沃克描述了黑人妇女和自然在父权制社会统治下的遭遇，和努力寻求自我的过程。
本文以生态女性主义为视角，在性别压迫,种族歧视，生态危机的基础上，指出了父权制对自然与女性的双重统治，也探讨了女性和自然反抗压迫寻求和谐共存的道路。
本文从四个方面探讨了作者的生态女性主义意识。
首先简要介绍了国内外对艾丽斯·沃克的《紫色》的文学评论，提出了生态女性主义理论对艾丽斯·沃克作品的影响。
其次分析了小说中女性所遭受的双重压迫以及人类对自然环境的掠夺，并指明二者受压迫的同源性:父权制的统治。
然后论述了女性和自然反抗父权制统治的声音:女性的团结互助以及自然对人类的预警。
最后分析了黑人男性的转变，白人和黑人关系的转变，提出了男性与女性、白人与有色人种、人类与自然和平共处的可能性。
用生态女性主义理论来解读《紫色》可以拓宽对小说及作者创作思想的研究，同样也可以呼吁人类自身对生态平衡的关注与保护。
关键词:《紫色》；生态女性主义；黑人妇女；和谐AbstractAlice Walker(1944-) is one of the most remarkable African-American writers in American literature. As a black woman, Walker pays more concerns on such issues as the plight of blacks, the muted group of black women,nature, and other social problems in American.The Color Purple one of her masterpieces,which has profound influence in the history of the African literature.In the novel,Walker depicts the oppression upon black women and the exploitation of nature in the patriarchal society and their searching for self identity as well. This thesis illustrates homogeneity of twin domination upon the black women and nature, and puts forward ways for harmonious survival of human and nature by close examination of gender oppression, racial discrimination and ecological crisis in The Color Purple. My thesis will be divided into four main parts. Firstly,I will make a brief introduction to literary review on Alice Walker's The Color Purple and introduces ecofeminism and its effects on Alice Walker's works. Secondly, specific analysis will be given to reveal the dominance over nature and women, and to illustrate the same cause for it: patriarchal domination. Thirdly, it illustrates the voices of rebellion from black women and nature: women's unity and alliance and the nature's pre-warning upon human beings. At last,based on the fictional details, it presents an analysis of transformation of the black men and the white; thus gives us a hopeful possibility for co-existence of human beings and nature. From the ecofeminist approach, it is expected to shed fresh light on the research of the novel and Walker's spirits and evoke more attention to ecological balance.Key words：“Color Purple”; eco-feminism; the black women; harmonyContents摘要 (I)Abstract (II)Chapter One Alice Walker and Eco-Feminism (1)1.1 Alice Walker and Literary Review on her Color Purple错误！未定义书签。
《紫色》中西莉认知与成长历程[论文]
《紫色》中西莉的认知与成长历程摘要：美国黑人女作家艾丽斯·沃克的长篇小说《紫色》是一部经典女性文学作品。
《紫色》（1982）核心叙述了女主人公西莉的蜕变历程：自我否定→自我发现→自我承认→自我接受→自我表达→自我肯定。
本文发现：通过“他者”话语，沃克塑造了一个在自身和“他者”（她的女朋友）的动态关系中成长的西莉形象。
借助雅克·拉康的心理分析理论，本文作者主要分析了西莉从无意识客体渐变成有意识主体的过程。
本文揭示了深陷男性囹圄的黑人女性的艰难抗争过程。
关键词：自我姐妹情谊他者身份认同一、引论tillie olsen曾把文学史喻为“缄默又低贱的弥尔顿、文盲、女人”。
压抑的氛围预示了黑人女性作家的写作使命——让黑人女性摆脱无处不在、令人窒息的男性文化与男权社会。
艾丽斯·沃克在作品中竭力为女性代言，描绘了一个个主体意识强、创造力丰富的黑人女性形象。
《紫色》阐释了沃克的“妇女主义”思想。
由于自我无法被男性肯定、受到男权迫害，女性之间变得相偎相依、不离不弃。
二、雅克·拉康的个人成长心理分析理论拉康认为，婴儿六个月大时便开启意识之门、形成镜像。
婴儿在镜中投射美好映像并产生自恋情愫，但婴儿夸大了镜像的纯粹与完整。
意象阶段紧接着镜像阶段而生成。
此阶段，婴儿先前支离破碎的个体概念变得完整，但并不完全真实。
这致使自我感知的“我”与外界感知的“我”略有分歧。
为了返璞归真，婴儿需要下一阶段的协同，象征语言阶段也就随即产生。
拉康将语言的选择归为需要（对基本需求的基本满足）与欲望（对其他需要的理想满足）两种。
语言，尤其是日常口语，通过与“他者”的对话，让儿童在生活中体验真实。
三、西莉寻求自我的历程3.1西莉的悲苦经历——扭曲的镜像《紫色》以西莉14岁时向上帝写的一封信为开端，信里她倾诉了她被她“父亲”（后来被证实为继父）强暴的事实。
她生育两次，但生下的两个孩子都被“父亲”带走了。
随后，她的“父亲”又将她送给了x先生。
论文《紫色》姐妹情谊分析英文版
A Analysis of "Sisterhood" in The Color Purple Abstract:Sisterhood is an important concept in feminism.This article attempts to Alice walker's novel the color purple in a sisterhood as the breakthrough point for us to better understand the shape of female characters in the novel.Key words:"Purple"; Alice walker; The sisters friendship; The character image. Introduction:Ⅰ. introduction to Alice Walker and The color purple1.1 Alice walkerAlice Walker(born February 9, 1944) is an American author and activist. She wrote the critically acclaimed novel The Color Purple(1982) for which she won the National Book Award the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction1.2 The color purpleAlice walker's novel the color purple is full of charm ,In the form of epistolary novel tells us the story of represented by the heroine Celie and the sad fate of black women. The "purple" is the key word to the success of the novel .Sisterhood between black women can give her warmth and support them to survive in the bad environment, it help them to start a new life .Analyze the relationship of black women in "purple" , they try to close to each other and help each other and care of sisterhood, is good for our readers to better understand the novel.Ⅱ. Sisterhood in the color purple2.1 Historical background and life backgroundWhen Alice walker at the young age, she experienced the southern blacks’poverty and suffering . And although the blacks live in the difficult environment ,they still deeply loves the life, and their positive perseverance left her a deep impression ."Purple" shows us the 20th century American south of the country life picture scroll of history." Purple" heroine Celie when she was 14 years old ,she was raped by her stepfather, and then she gave birth to two children , but his stepfather send them to other people. The Celie’s body and mind had suffered great destruction ,so she can only rely on writing a letter to god to pour out her own pain.Then stepfather married her to a completely unfamiliar "so-and-so," she just like animals doing heavy housework every day, take care of Albert’s a lot of children, and she is often as the so-called husband beat and scold. Another black women Sophiebeat for the first time with her husband and her husband beaten black and blue. She crying"I must go to the struggle for life, go against my father, uncle, brother, child in all is the man's family are not safe". Walker's description will be highlighted when social sexist to get incisively and vividly.2.2 Warm sisterhoodUsed to numb, never resistant Celie only pours her pain in a letter to god, and keep this habit for many years, she is angry but don't know how to struggle, her god is her best friend. She told her secret to god, confusion, fear and hope, and believe that god would save her.In husband's eyes, Celie is on behalf of the ugly, stupid, and fat."You'd better shut up, learn to this one, get used to it."This powerful sound often echoed in Celie's life.In addition to this terrible voice, in the other people’s eyes, Celie is the embodiment of ugly.Three women in novels boldly jumped out of the traditional chained to their. Nettie’s education makes her escape a broader heaven and earth, become a local missionary. Sophie angrily refused to subject to any gender white and any race of men, and love dancing and singing of Shug plays a very important role in the Celie’s life. Shug help Celie learn to express ideas and to cherish herself, regard themselves as harvest love and love their women. Celie, Nettie, Sophie and Shug have profound sisterhood, it was a friendship that make Celie become strong and independent.2.3 Influence of sisterhoodAlice walker in "purple" concentrates on the issues of black women, especially their conflicts with black men, emphasis on the black man also is the factor of discrimination and oppression in black women. Celie husband thinks his wife is his tool to vent sexual desire,as his orders, and ready to his fists.With the unfair relationships, Celie lost her own personality, became no hope of life..And to her husband lover Shug,, Celie is very respected and admired. In Celie eyes: "she is more beautiful than my mother. She is ten thousand times more beautiful than me." when the priest father and all family members to abuse her,and when she became ill, "no one is willing to put the bee queen got home in the town to rest". Celie is simplicity and embraced her, because of her carefully look after,Shug can quickly recovery .Shug looked free and loose, but actually she also is a wretch.Black women have the common situation and same sorrow that will tightly linked them together.When they sing nursery rhymes together,that told us they want to be be admitted, they want to be loved.Shug and Celie ,two different characters, learned to listen to each other and tell each other .Start to listen to others and trying to approach each other's heart, learn to love yourself and feel the pain of others. Because Shug's love and help, Celie gradually get rid of the status of her ignorance and numb, aware of the value of her own existence; At the same time, she also know how to face the relationship between men and women, and know how to unite family members and have a new understanding about tolerance and strength. This implicit sisters of love that they really open communication and integration. This is based on real equality mutual trust and affirmation, for their sisters love laid a solid foundation, and the feeling of the sisters make them try to approach each other, that makes a important progress. Shug's in Celie life has a special significance, Shug's enthusiasm, and sincere dedication affect Celie to unveiled a new page in her life. Black women sharing their self-worth is part of the traditional friendship, Shug and Celie value their same experience, and sympathy for people who have similar fate .2.4 Awakening of female consciousnessBecause of blacks and women writer's double identity, She really realize the awakening of female consciousness .After Shug became Celie’s best friend ,she help her to understand her own ingenuity fully, realized herself is important. With her help, Celie realized that god exists in people’s hearts, treat people with love and be loved is the best way to worship god. Realize that a woman has the power to pursue a better life, and finally become a confident and dignity woman. Shug is Alice walker to depicted women, one of the most striking is that her get rid of the confusion and the male world view to women, teach the black women do not have to care about others' opinion, needn't to care the thought of the men., she thought that god is not white or men, only love themselves, brave and honest to yourself that will get god's love. Shug, dare to think, dare to do, dare to love, dare to hate, free and independent spirit deeply influenced the Celie. Shug's educate Celie respect herself, and know her talents, she said: "all black corrosion... He sat down on your food box, stay in your mind, the radio, he is going to make you think he is ubiquitous.” Shug help Celie to open her eyes. and she began to look at her life in a new attitude, when the Celie found her husband has been hide sister's letters from Africa , Celie is angry and finally broke the silence, she has announced to leave home to find her new life.When her husband irony: "you are a black, you are poor, you grow difficult see, you are a woman.. Youare noting at all. "She bravely fight with him and loudly:" I'm poor, I am a black, maybe I grow very ugly, also can't cook, but I will be here."Celie decided to leave her husband to Memphis. She went out of the family and learn sewing ,finally she become a tailoring craft. Celie’s shop shows that women also can use wisdom and talents by themselves. Under the Shug's help, Celie escaped the illusion of god, and realize her own value, and finally become an independent women, gain the man's admiration and respect. with economic independence, Celie’s eyes and thought gradually open, character is also more and more strong, finally herself improved in life. Celie’s growth is reflect Alice Walker’s idea, she has always advocated that women only through self-actualization, get rid of the mental shackles imposed on women by the society and custom body, maintain the spirit world of complete and rely on women's mutual concern and support to get real independence and freedom.Conclusion:Celie from numbness to resistance, and finally became independent .all of that can’t leave the warm sisterhood with black women .Shug sing a song ,"sisters", in a bar that reflect the black women’ deep relationship, it’s the sublimation of sisterhood. Singing in the novel is a symbol of women expecting a voice, want to get their attention, value recognized, also represents the black women want a kind of better life. It is these sisterhood and encouragement around make Celie her own consciousness is awakening, and make her have the courage to say goodbye to the past. The happy end that is Celie finally came out from the confused statement, and finally gain the love and friendship, and reunite with long-lost sister and her children together. The sisterhood, make them from the original alienation to try to close to each other and love and help each other, warm each other's heart. Because of the sisterhood of the warm support, even in adversity, they never give up, and try to behave more noble than before in action.Document:[1]艾丽丝.. ·沃克．紫色[M]．陶洁，译．南京：译林出版社，1998.[2]Elaine Shower’s，Sister’s Chose：Tradition and Change in American Woman’s writing[M].Oxford :Claredon Press,1999[3]Walker Alice．The color purple[M] .New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers,1992[4]From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia。
论《紫色》中西丽自我意识的觉醒英语论文
XXXX大学本科毕业论文（设计）任务书编号：论文（设计）题目：论《紫色》中西丽自我意识的觉醒学院： XX学院专业： XXXX 班级： XXX级英语XX班学生姓名： XXX 学号： XXXXXX 指导教师： XX 职称：XXX1、论文（设计）研究目标及主要任务本论文的研究目标是论述《紫色》中西丽自我意识的觉醒。
其主要任务是通过分析黑人女性所遭受的双重，西丽自我意识觉醒的过程以及自我价值的实现。
2、论文（设计）的主要内容本论文分为三章，第一章介绍黑人女性所遭受的双重压迫，第二章阐述女主角追求自我价值的历程，第三章探讨西丽自我价值的实现。
3、论文（设计）的基础条件及研究路线本论文的基础条件是不同的文学家及女性主义学者对《紫色》的研究结果。
研究路线是分别阐述黑人女性所遭受的双重和女主角自我意识觉醒的过程以及自我价值的实现。
4、主要参考文献Walker, A. 1983. The Color Purple. London: Woman’s Pre ss.Woolf, V. 1985. A Room of One’s Own. London: Granada PressBloom, Harold. 1989.Alice Walker. New York: Chelsea House Publisher艾丽丝·沃克著, 杨敬仁译.1988.《紫色》.北京:十月文艺出版社.刘源.2006.《紫色》与艾丽斯·沃克的妇女主义. 世纪桥5、计划进度指导教师：年月日教研室主任：年月注：一式三份，学院（系）、指导教师、学生各一份XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）开题报告书XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）评议书XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）文献综述本科生毕业论文题目：论《紫色》中西丽自我意识的觉醒作者姓名： XXX指导教师： XX所在学院： XXX学院专业（系）： XXXX班级（届）： XXXX届完成日期 XXXX 年 5 月 8 日Awakening of the self-valueAn Analysis of Celie in the color purpleBYXXXProf. XXX, TutorA Thesis Submitted to Department of EnglishLanguage and Literature in PartialFulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of B.A. in EnglishAt XXXX UniversityMay 8th, XXXXAbstractAlice Walker is one of the most outstanding black women writers in American Literature. The color purple which was published in 1982, is considered as her representative work. The novel has aroused great reverberation since its publication and also makes Alice Walker win the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award. Greatly influenced by feminism, Alice Walker regards achieving racial equality and women’s liberation as her life career, which was greatly reflected in the novel The Color Purple. The novel deeply analyses the double oppression of black women, which were racism and sexism and revealed the barriers of black women awakening and liberation. It encourages black women to wake up and fight for selfhood. It expanded the struggle for women’s equal rights to the group of black people. The novel exposes the black men and the white people’s oppression and discrimination to black women and shows the black women’s unity to get rid of the oppression and rebuild the harmonious relationship between black men and women.This thesis will illustrate the awakening of the self-value of Celie and is divided into three chapters. Chapter one focuses on the double oppression that the black women suffer, which are the sexual discrimination and oppression from the black men and the racial discrimination and oppression from the white people.Chapter two emphasizes the process of Celie’s pursuit of self-value,from compliance to fight and at last reaching a reconciliation and the help Celie got from her sisters.Chapter three realization of self-value including the economic independence and the rebuilding of spiritual home.Key words: The Color Purple self-value oppression awakening resistanceiii摘要艾丽斯·沃克是美国文学史上最著名的黑人女作家之一。