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An investigation of the existing situationand trends in buildingenergy efficiency management in ChinaAbstractAccording to the Chinese State Council’s‘‘Building Energy Efficiency Management Ordinance’’,a large-scale investigation of energy efficiency(EE)in buildings in contemporary China has been carried out in22provincial capitals and major cities in China.The aim of this project is to provide reliable information for drawing up the‘‘Decision on reinforcing building energy efficiency’’by the Ministry of Construction of China.The surveyed organizations include government departments,research institutions,property developers,design institutions, construction companies,construction consultancy services companies,facility management departments,financial institutions and those which relate to the business of building energy efficiency.In addition,representatives of the media and residents were also involved.A detailed analysis of the results of the investigation concerning aspects of the current situation and trends in building energy consumption,energy efficiency strategy and the implementation of energy efficiency measures has been conducted.The investigation supplies essential information to formulate the market entrance policy for new buildings and the refurbishment policy for existing buildings to encourage the development of energy efficient technology.Keywords:Energy efficiency(EE);Building;Survey;Policy;Legislation; Reform;China1．IntroductionFuture trends in China’s energy will have considerable consequences for both China and the global environment.Although China’s carbon emissions are low on a per capita basis,China has been already ranked the world’s second largest producer of carbon,behind only the USA. China’s buildings sector currently accounts for23%of China’s total energy use and this is projected to increase to one-third by2010.China has set a target for a50% reduction of energy consumption for buildings.Energy policy plays an important rolein China’s sustainable development.Improving energy efficiency in buildings is one of the most cost-effective measures for reducing CO2emission,which is recognisedas one of the main causes of global warming.The climate in China is very diverse.According to the national‘‘Standard of Climatic Regionalization for Architecture’’GB50178-93,China is divided into the following zones based on climate characteristics:very cold,cold,hot summer and cold winter,hot summer and warm winter,and moderate.Air conditioning and heating requirements for different zones are as follows:in the very cold zone,the major requirement is heating,and few residential buildings are equipped with air conditioning.In the cold zone,the primary requirement is heating,followed by air conditioning.In the hot summer and cold winter zone,both air conditioning and heating are needed.In the hot summer and warm winter zone,the major requirement is air conditioning and few residential buildings require heating.In some parts of the moderate zone,heating is needed;in other parts,both heating and air conditioning are needed.The availability of heating and air conditioning depends on several factors, including the degree of economic development in an area,the availability of energy supplies and the requirements for environmental protectionThe Chinese government has focused on energy efficiency in buildings since the 1980s,and numerous standards,building codes,incentive policies and administrative rules have been issued.For example,the‘‘Energy Design Code for Heated Residential Buildings JGJ26-86’’,‘‘Energy Design Code for Heated New Residential Buildings JGJ26-95’’and‘‘Technical Specification for Energy Conservation Renovation of Existing Heated Residential Buildings JGJ129-2000’’are for the Very Cold and Cold zones.The‘‘Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Residential Buildings in the Hot Summer and Cold Winter zone JGJ134-2001’’and ‘‘Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Residential Buildings in the Hot Summer and Warm Winter zone JGJ75-2003’’are for non-central heating areas.According to the Chinese government timetable,standards for the energy efficient design for residential buildings in all climate zones should have taken effect by the end of2003 In order to enhance the energy efficiency strategies’implementation,on behalf of the State Council,The Ministry of Construction is drawing up the‘‘Decision on reinforcing building energy efficiency’’,which aims to establish a building energy efficiency legislation system,principally using a policy of economic incentives in order to stimulate the reform in building energy efficiency.To fulfill this task,a large-scale investigation has been carried out focusing on the awareness, understanding and degree of support for the reform of energyefficiency in buildings.2.MethodologyThe survey method has been applied in this investigation.The questionnaire survey is a common method,which has been used by many researchers worldwide.A detailed description of the survey method used in this work is as follows.2.1.Objects and subjects of the investigationThe survey into the‘‘existing situation and trends of building energy efficiency management in China’’was carried out from September2005to February2006and aimed to supply realistic information for providing a reliable warranty for drawing up building energy management regulations.Extensive discussionshave been conducted with experts in the country in order to design the survey questionnaire.About22,000copies of the survey questionnaire have been distributed to about22provincial capitals and the major cities throughout the country.The survey subjects are mainly government administrative departments,research institutions, property developers,design institutions,construction companies,construction consultancy service companies,facility management departments,finance organizations,the media and residents.The informationderived from the investigation becomes an important reference for the drawing up of the‘‘Decision on reinforcing building energy efficiency’’.The topics of the investigation are divided into one general part and eight specific parts.The general part is to investigate the existing situation of energy efficiency management,the development tendency and the cost of building energyefficiency.The specific parts include:Part1:New building market entrance permission;Part2:Promotion,limitation and restriction;Part3:Statistic of building energy consumption;Part4:Energy efficiency labelling and certification;Part5:Energy efficiency management and refurbishment for public buildings;Part6:Energy efficiency management and refurbishment for residential buildings;Part7:Application of renewable energy;Part8:Incentive policy for energy efficiency.The subjects come from11groups,they are:No.1:Government departments;No.2:Property developers;No.3:Design and construction companies;No.4:Energy service companies;No.5:Clients of public buildings;No.6:Property service companies;No.7:Heating suppliers;No.8:Manufacturers of construction materials and products;No.9:Financial institutions;No.10:Residents;No.11:The Media.The11subjects were required to answer the questions in the general part but did not necessarily have to answer all the questions in the specific parts.The11types of questionnaire were designed for the different subjects.3.Analysis of samplesThe22,000copies of the questionnaire have been distributed,and about13,125 valid copies have been returned,a response rate of59.7%.Among these valid completed questionnaires,10,236copies were from residents and2889copies from institutions.3.1.Resident subject samplesThe resident questionnaire includes four criteria:ownership of property, building type,building age and average family income.From the investigation we can see that the ownership of property accounts for67.8%;the multi-floor buildings account for61.8%;the buildings aged less than10years old account for62.9%; and households with monthly average family income less than5000Yuan account for61.8%.These figures match the real situation in China.In general,the valid completed questionnaires from resident subjects reflect the general situation in Chinese society.It represents the society’s mainstream.3.2.Institutions included in the sampleThe institutions included in the sample were classified according to three criteria,namely the administrative characteristics of their cities,their climate zone, and whether or not they were building owners.From the investigation we can see that the surveyed cities are mainly provincial capitals and Municipalities(a Municipality is a specific administrative city which is governed directly by the central government.There are four such cities:Beijing, Tainjin,Shanghai and Chongqing),which account for90%of the whole surveyed cities.The building energy consumption in provincial capitals is more remarkable than that in other cities,which reflect the country’s real situation.The surveyed cities are mostly located in the very cold,cold,hot summer andcold winter zones.and mild zones areat the moment.make up the lowest proportion of0.6%because the building energy efficiency service system is not yet fully mature.The proportion of design institutions, construction and consultancy companies is38%,which is the largest group.The second largest group,with14.3%,is made up of manufacturers of building materials and equipment.These two institutions are the practical executive bodies for the implementation of building energy efficiency.The proportion of clients of public building is9.0%,which is particularly selected to reflect public building energy management and renovation.The proportions of these institution subject samples reflect the real situation in China[4.Result analysisThe surveys were carried out within four groups:consumers,producers, services and consultancy supervisions.The consumers include residents and clients of public buildings.The producers include property developers and manufacturers. The services include design construction and construction consultancy companies, energy service companies,facility management services,energy resource services companies and finance institutions.The consultancy supervisions include government departments and the media.4.1Consumers of energy efficient products4.1.1The degree of acceptability of energy efficient productsThe investigationfrom the survey.From of energy efficient building products does not remain high and there exists a regional difference.The feedback from the resident survey shows that,the energy efficient products are more likely to be accepted in the very cold,cold and hot summer and cold winter zones than the hot summer and warm winter zone.In recent years,a heating metering and payment system reform has been conducted in the very cold and cold zones;therefore the residents in these zones are more interested in energy efficient products.In the hot summer and cold winter zone,the indoor climate is severe in winter and summer without both air conditioning and electric heating; therefore the residents are keen to use energy efficient products to improve their living conditions as well as to save money.The feedback from clients of public buildings shows that the energy efficient products are more favoured in the very cold,cold,and hot summer and cold winter zones.From the survey results we can conclude that the consumers’degree of acceptance of energy efficient building products isaffected by the following factors:1.The metering and payment system for heating in north China;2.The quantity of energy consumed;3.Climate characteristics.rge-scale public buildingsThe energy consumption in large-scale public buildings is10–15times that in residential buildings.For example,the floor area of large public buildings in Beijing only accounts for5.4%of the city’s total building floor area,however,its electricity energy consumption is almost equal to that of residential buildings.It is obvious that energy efficiency reform should focus on large-scale public and government office buildings.In order to investigate the public expectations of energy efficiency reform,the question‘‘Can energy efficiency reform save more or less than20%of energy consumption?’’has been included in the survey(see Fig.1).The result from government office buildings is that40.7%of respondents vote‘‘less’’and59.3%‘‘more’’.The result from the large-scale public buildings shows that32%of respondents vote‘‘less’’and68%‘‘more’’.This implies a positive opinion and high expectation that energy efficiency reform will save energy consumption in buildings for these two types of buildings.4.2.Energy efficient building developers4.2.1.Property developersAccording oftheir energy to buildings built in the1980s.These new Energy Efficient Buildings.The survey has been carried out with411property developers involved with the newly constructed buildings to investigate if this target has been met in the following three areas:1.The number of EE buildings as a proportion of the total number of newly constructed buildings;2.The costs of EE buildings;3.The sales of EE buildings in the market.The survey result reveals that only20.6%of the total buildings have met the requirement of this standard.The investigation shows the increment of cost of the EE buildings.From this figure,we can see that there is a difference in the cost increments for EE buildings constructed by the different property developers. Investigation shows the market situation for EE buildings.From this,we can see that there is no overwhelming advantage for EE buildings on the property market.This survey identifies some of the problems in developing EE buildings in China, which are:1.There is a great mismatch between design and construction and this affects the actual energy saving;2.There is no stable ratio of cost increment to energy saving and this causes problems for the budget estimations for EE buildings;3.There is no market guidance for energy efficient buildings and this causes low sensitivity to the EE buildings on the property market;4.Property developers underestimate the requirement of the EE buildings for property buyers.Meanwhile,we investigated the impact of Building Energy Efficiency Labelling on purchasing intentions and the attitude of property developers to the provision of building energy efficiency labelling.The survey results show that the more information that has been supplied to the buyers,the more attention they pay to a building’s EE status.see Fig.4.The intention to‘‘consider buying an energy efficient building’’increases by more than five times after the provision of the information than before.efficiency building labeling to stimulate the demand for energy efficient buildings on the property market.Fig.5.shows the attitude towards energy efficiency building labelling of the administrative departments,property developers and buyers.From this,we can see that81.6%of the buyers are very supportive of energy efficiency building information and labelling;however,in contrast about66%of property developers are notconcerned about energy efficiency information.It is very important for legislation on the energy efficiency labelling system to require the property developers to supply the energy efficiency building information to buyers in order to support energy efficiency and avoid overwhelming profit-making on the property market.4.2.2.Manufacturers of materials and equipmentThe investigation on the energy efficiency in building materials and products has been carried out with405manufacturers throughout the country and focused on the following two questions:１.What are the approaches to the introduction of energy efficiency technology development and transfer?２.Why do disputes about energy efficiency products occur in practice?Fig.6shows the approaches to energy efficiency product technology transfer. From this figure we can see that about15%of energy efficiency products are self-developed by the enterprises,22%are jointly developed with research institutions,35%are technology introduced from overseas,15%are imported directly from overseas and13%are from other channels.There is much dispute about the quality of energy efficiency products.Table5 shows the causes of these disputes.From the table we can see that the quality of the energy efficiency products produced independently by enterprises and jointlydeveloped with research institutions is responsible for many problems,43.4%and 65.1%,respectively.The last figure in particular is a cause for concern since it demonstrates the weakness of Research and Development(R&D)in China.Both R&D and technology transfer need to be strengthened.Although there are fewer quality problems with imported technologies and products from overseas,there are many problems with their installation and matching with original designs.About 43.3%of the technologies introduced from overseas are improperly used.About30%of imported energy efficiency products have problems due to improper installation and30%of them do not match with the design.4.3.Building energy efficiency service system4.3.1.The design,consultancy services and construction of buildingsThe survey has been carried out in1079design institutions,consultancy services and construction companies.The topics focused on were the following:1.The pass standard implementation;2.The pass rate of construction abiding by the energy efficient design;３.The pass rate of the actual energy efficiency of the buildings.Fig.7shows the pass rates for the above three criteria.From the figure,we can see that energy efficiency design standard implementation has the highest pass rate of90.3%and construction implementation has a high rate of77%,however,the pass rate for the actual energy efficiency of buildings(42.8%)is low.The results imply that the intention of designing and constructing energy efficient buildings has substantially increased due to the promulgation of the new building design codes.However, unfortunately this did not lead to a substantial increase in energy saving for the actual buildings.This is due to the lack of skilled construction and installation workers.4.3.2.The building heating suppliersThe survey has been carried out in71heating suppliers and focused on the following three criteria:1.How much does heating efficiency increase due to upgrading the heat source and pipe network?2.How popular are central heating3.How much would they accept to afford the cost of refurbishment of a heating system?Fig.8shows the increased heating efficiency due to the refurbishment of heating supply systems inBeijing andDalian.From the figure,we can see that there is little significant improvement in energy efficiency due to the refurbishment of heating supply systems.The investigation of71 heating supply companies reveals that central heating systems account for about 35–40%of the total heating systems.The heating systems of newly built residential buildings have been designed and installed with thermostats to control the indoor air temperature.This increases costs by about20RMB/m2compared with the old system. The average cost of refurbishment of the old heating system with a thermostat andreplacement of pipes and radiators will cost about20–30RMB/m2.We investigated the acceptability of contributing different proportions of the cost of refurbishment.The percentages of the payment are grouped as‘Not at all’.Fig.9 shows the results.From the figure we can see that not many respondents like to pay the costs.This information is very useful for drafting the heating system metering payment system.About42%of the refurbishments of the heating network did not achieve a10%improvement in efficiency.The reform of the heating systems will focus on the improvement of energy efficiency to the end-user.The survey result reveals that the installation of thermostats and a metering payment system can achieve a30%Theinsuppliers who are willing to undertake over30%of the refurbishment costs are mainly the producers of combined heat and power.In China,heat resource suppliers charge heat supply agents for the heat while the heat supply agents charge the users by floor area.。