大数据外文翻译文献

大数据外文翻译文献

(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)

原文：

What is Data Mining?

Many people treat data mining as a synonym for another popularly used term, “Knowledge Discovery in Databases”, or KDD. Alternatively, others view data mining as simply an essential step in the process of knowledge discovery in databases. Knowledge discovery consists of an iterative sequence of the following steps:

· data cleaning: to remove noise or irrelevant data,

· data integration: where multiple data sources may be combined,

·data selection : where data relevant to the analysis task are retrieved from the database,

·data transformation : where data are transformed or consolidated into forms appropriate for mining by performing summary or aggregation operations, for instance,

·data mining: an essential process where intelligent methods are applied in order to extract data patterns,

·pattern evaluation: to identify the truly interesting patterns representing knowledge based on some interestingness measures, and ·knowledge presentation: where visualization and knowledge representation techniques are used to present the mined knowledge to the user .

The data mining step may interact with the user or a knowledge base. The interesting patterns are presented to the user, and may be stored as new knowledge in the knowledge base. Note that according to this view, data mining is only one step in the entire process, albeit an essential one since it uncovers hidden patterns for evaluation.

We agree that data mining is a knowledge discovery process. However, in industry, in media, and in the database research milieu, the term “data mining” is becoming more popular than the longer term of “knowledge discovery in databases”. Therefore, in this book, we choose to use the term “data mining”. We adop t a broad view of data mining functionality: data mining is the process of discovering interesting

knowledge from large amounts of data stored either in databases, data warehouses, or other information repositories.

Based on this view, the architecture of a typical data mining system may have the following major components:

1. Database, data warehouse, or other information repository. This is one or a set of databases, data warehouses, spread sheets, or other kinds of information repositories. Data cleaning and data integration techniques may be performed on the data.

2. Database or data warehouse server. The database or data warehouse server is responsible for fetching the relevant data, based on the user’s data mining request.

3. Knowledge base. This is the domain knowledge that is used to guide the search, or evaluate the interestingness of resulting patterns. Such knowledge can include concept hierarchies, used to organize attributes or attribute values into different levels of abstraction. Knowledge such as user beliefs, which can be used to assess a pattern’s interestingness based on its unexpectedness, may also be included. Other examples of domain knowledge are additional interestingness constraints or thresholds, and metadata (e.g., describing data from multiple heterogeneous sources).

4. Data mining engine. This is essential to the data mining system and ideally consists of a set of functional modules for tasks such as

characterization, association analysis, classification, evolution and deviation analysis.

5. Pattern evaluation module. This component typically employs interestingness measures and interacts with the data mining modules so as to focus the search towards interesting patterns. It may access interestingness thresholds stored in the knowledge base. Alternatively, the pattern evaluation module may be integrated with the mining module, depending on the implementation of the data mining method used. For efficient data mining, it is highly recommended to push the evaluation of pattern interestingness as deep as possible into the mining process so as to confine the search to only the interesting patterns.

6. Graphical user interface. This module communicates between users and the data mining system, allowing the user to interact with the system by specifying a data mining query or task, providing information to help focus the search, and performing exploratory data mining based on the intermediate data mining results. In addition, this component allows the user to browse database and data warehouse schemas or data structures, evaluate mined patterns, and visualize the patterns in different forms.

From a data warehouse perspective, data mining can be viewed as an advanced stage of on-1ine analytical processing (OLAP). However, data mining goes far beyond the narrow scope of summarization-style

analytical processing of data warehouse systems by incorporating more advanced techniques for data understanding.

While there may be many “data mining systems” on the market, not all of them can perform true data mining. A data analysis system that does not handle large amounts of data can at most be categorized as a machine learning system, a statistical data analysis tool, or an experimental system prototype. A system that can only perform data or information retrieval, including finding aggregate values, or that performs deductive query answering in large databases should be more appropriately categorized as either a database system, an information retrieval system, or a deductive database system.

Data mining involves an integration of techniques from mult1ple disciplines such as database technology, statistics, machine learning, high performance computing, pattern recognition, neural networks, data visualization, information retrieval, image and signal processing, and spatial data analysis. We adopt a database perspective in our presentation of data mining in this book. That is, emphasis is placed on efficient and scalable data mining techniques for large databases. By performing data mining, interesting knowledge, regularities, or high-level information can be extracted from databases and viewed or browsed from different angles. The discovered knowledge can be applied to decision making, process control, information management, query processing, and so on. Therefore,

data mining is considered as one of the most important frontiers in database systems and one of the most promising, new database applications in the information industry.

A classification of data mining systems

Data mining is an interdisciplinary field, the confluence of a set of disciplines, including database systems, statistics, machine learning, visualization, and information science. Moreover, depending on the data mining approach used, techniques from other disciplines may be applied, such as neural networks, fuzzy and or rough set theory, knowledge representation, inductive logic programming, or high performance computing. Depending on the kinds of data to be mined or on the given data mining application, the data mining system may also integrate techniques from spatial data analysis, Information retrieval, pattern recognition, image analysis, signal processing, computer graphics, Web technology, economics, or psychology.

Because of the diversity of disciplines contributing to data mining, data mining research is expected to generate a large variety of data mining systems. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a clear classification of data mining systems. Such a classification may help potential users distinguish data mining systems and identify those that best match their needs. Data mining systems can be categorized according to various criteria, as follows.

1) Classification according to the kinds of databases mined.

A data mining system can be classified according to the kinds of databases mined. Database systems themselves can be classified according to different criteria (such as data models, or the types of data or applications involved), each of which may require its own data mining technique. Data mining systems can therefore be classified accordingly.

For instance, if classifying according to data models, we may have a relational, transactional, object-oriented, object-relational, or data warehouse mining system. If classifying according to the special types of data handled, we may have a spatial, time -series, text, or multimedia data mining system , or a World-Wide Web mining system . Other system types include heterogeneous data mining systems, and legacy data mining systems.

2) Classification according to the kinds of knowledge mined.

Data mining systems can be categorized according to the kinds of knowledge they mine, i.e., based on data mining functionalities, such as characterization, discrimination, association, classification, clustering, trend and evolution analysis, deviation analysis , similarity analysis, etc.

A comprehensive data mining system usually provides multiple and/or integrated data mining functionalities.

Moreover, data mining systems can also be distinguished based on the granularity or levels of abstraction of the knowledge mined, including

generalized knowledge(at a high level of abstraction), primitive-level knowledge(at a raw data level), or knowledge at multiple levels (considering several levels of abstraction). An advanced data mining system should facilitate the discovery of knowledge at multiple levels of abstraction.

3) Classification according to the kinds of techniques utilized.

Data mining systems can also be categorized according to the underlying data mining techniques employed. These techniques can be described according to the degree of user interaction involved (e.g., autonomous systems, interactive exploratory systems, query-driven systems), or the methods of data analysis employed(e.g., database-oriented or data warehouse-oriented techniques, machine learning, statistics, visualization, pattern recognition, neural networks, and so on ) .A sophisticated data mining system will often adopt multiple data mining techniques or work out an effective, integrated technique which combines the merits of a few individual approaches.

什么是数据挖掘？

许多人把数据挖掘视为另一个常用的术语—数据库中的知识发现或KDD的同义词。而另一些人只是把数据挖掘视为数据库中知识发现过程的一个基本骤。知识发现的过程由以下步骤组成：1）数据清理：消除噪声或不一致数据，

2）数据集成：多种数据可以组合在一起，

3）数据选择：从数据库中检索与分析任务相关的数据，

4）数据变换：数据变换或统一成适合挖掘的形式，如通过汇总或聚集操作，

5）数据挖掘：基本步骤，使用智能方法提取数据模式，

6）模式评估：根据某种兴趣度度量，识别表示知识的真正有趣的模式，

7）知识表示：使用可视化和知识表示技术，向用户提供挖掘的知识。

数据挖掘的步骤可以与用户或知识库进行交互。把有趣的模式提供给用户，或作为新的知识存放在知识库中。注意，根据这种观点，数据挖掘只是整个过程中的一个步骤，尽管是最重要的一步，因为它发现隐藏的模式。

我们同意数据挖掘是知识发现过程中的一个步骤。然而，在产业界、媒体和数据库研究界，“数据挖掘”比那个较长的术语“数据库中知识发现”更为流行。因此，在本书中，选用的术语是数据挖掘。我们采用数据挖掘的广义观点：数据挖掘是从存放在数据库中或其他

信息库中的大量数据中挖掘出有趣知识的过程。

基于这种观点，典型的数据挖掘系统具有以下主要成分：

数据库、数据仓库或其他信息库：这是一个或一组数据库、数据仓库、电子表格或其他类型的信息库。可以在数据上进行数据清理和集成。

数据库、数据仓库服务器：根据用户的数据挖掘请求，数据库、数据仓库服务器负责提取相关数据。

知识库：这是领域知识，用于指导搜索，或评估结果模式的兴趣度。这种知识可能包括概念分层，用于将属性或属性值组织成不同的抽象层。用户确信方面的知识也可以包含在内。可以使用这种知识，根据非期望性评估模式的兴趣度。领域知识的其他例子有兴趣度限制或阈值和元数据（例如，描述来自多个异种数据源的数据）。

数据挖掘引擎：这是数据挖掘系统基本的部分，由一组功能模块组成，用于特征化、关联、分类、聚类分析以及演变和偏差分析。

模式评估模块：通常，此成分使用兴趣度度量，并与数据挖掘模块交互，以便将搜索聚集在有趣的模式上。它可能使用兴趣度阈值过滤发现的模式。模式评估模块也可以与挖掘模块集成在一起，这依赖于所用的数据挖掘方法的实现。对于有效的数据挖掘，建议尽可能深地将模式评估推进到挖掘过程之中，以便将搜索限制在有兴趣的模式上。

从数据仓库观点，数据挖掘可以看作联机分析处理（OLAP）的高级阶段。然而，通过结合更高级的数据理解技术，数据挖掘比数据仓