铁路工程建设标准术语汉译英错误分析
跨文化视阈下高铁用语汉英误译现状调查与应对方法
跨文化视阈下高铁用语汉英误译现状调查与应对方法作者：杨瑛彭娟何燕萍来源：《青年文学家》2016年第06期江苏省大学生创新创业训练计划项目，项目号XCX2015057。
摘要：高铁作为社会进步的产物，适应了“高速度，高容量以及安全”的交通要求。
中国高铁伴随着技术的革新，毅然走在了世界的前列。
中国高铁缩小了城市间的距离，加强了城市集聚效应，也成为了中国对外展示的一张名片。
高铁用语是对外展示与交流的窗口。
但是，国内高铁用语的英译过程中存在着许许多多的误译现象，成为高铁对外输出的主要障碍之一。
本文立足于实践，通过实地调查高铁用语的不规范现象，提出整改意见以期使之更符合国际社会的表达习惯和文化内涵。
关键词：高铁用语；误译；对策作者简介：杨瑛，女，江苏南京人，徐州工程学院外国语学院12英语3班；彭娟（1977-），女，江苏徐州人，徐州工程学院外国语学院，讲师，翻译硕士，主要研究方向：英汉翻译；何燕萍，女，江苏江阴人，徐州工程学院外国语学院12英语3班。
[中图分类号]：H315.9 [文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139（2016）-06--03随着社会经济的不断发展，对于出行人们有着更高的要求。
在中短距离的交通工具中，高铁无疑成为了人们的最佳选择。
首先，高铁在方便人们出行的基础上，还能提供更为高速、安全、优质的服务。
其次，高铁使得城市之间的联系更为紧密，城市集聚效应更为突出，推动了沿线地区的经济发展和国土开发，促进了经济的区域一体化进程。
另外，高铁的动力是电力，这无疑极大地减少了其对环境的污染。
这一切都极大地促进了高铁在中国国内的发展。
目前，中国已建成世界上最大的高铁体系。
同时，凭借我国的技术优势，中国高铁更是走出国门，日益成为我国对外展示改革开放三十年来中国经济与科技进步的窗口。
值得一提的是，中国高铁成功获得马来西亚高铁订单，更是极大地展示了中国高铁的技术优势。
随着中国经济的不断发展，有越来越多的外国人来华居住、工作，我们如何能让他们在出行中获得准确的提示信息呢？另外，中国高铁逐渐走出国门，高铁的海外订单也在不断增加。
国家铁路局关于发布《铁路工程建设标准英文版翻译词典》的公告
国家铁路局关于发布《铁路工程建设标准英文版翻译
词典》的公告
文章属性
•【制定机关】国家铁路局
•【公布日期】2017.12.22
•【文号】国铁科法〔2017〕89号
•【施行日期】2017.12.22
•【效力等级】部门规范性文件
•【时效性】现行有效
•【主题分类】标准化
正文
国家铁路局关于发布《铁路工程建设标准英文版翻译词典》
的公告
国铁科法〔2017〕89号为规范铁路工程建设标准专业词汇和技术术语的翻译，保证翻译质量，现发布《铁路工程建设标准英文版翻译词典》。
原《铁路工程建设标准英文版翻译指南》（建技〔2017〕184号）同时废止。
本词典由中国铁道出版社组织出版发行。
国家铁路局
2017年12月22日。
南宁地铁公示语汉译英缺失与错译调查报告
南宁地铁公示语汉译英缺失与错译调查报告随着全球化速度日益加快，各国间的人员交流日益紧密，作为旅游翻译或应用翻译的一个重要组成部分的公示语翻译，渗透在人们生活的方方面面，其翻译应给予足够重视。
本文以南宁地铁公示语为实例，围绕公示语的四类功能，探讨公示语翻译中不同程度的缺失与错译，并进行总结和改译，希望能为日后的翻译提供一些参考。
标签：公示语；翻译；缺失；错译一、引言南宁，作为一个地铁刚投入使用的城市，目前只有一号线在运营，还没有建立起自己的公示语翻译语料库，翻译没有统一的规范，造成了南宁地铁公示语翻译不同程度的缺失与误译，比如，同属南宁地铁一号线，站点间翻译水平参差不齐，会展中心站的公示语译文较全，客流量多的南宁东站也相对好一点，但广西大学站等就不尽人意了。
由此可见，南宁对公示语翻译的重视度不够。
公示语翻译也是一种文化输出，代表着国家和该市的形象，然而译者缺乏对海外人员在公示语需求方面的了解，对公示语文化语用规律亦是一知半解，导致了地方城市公示语的缺失与错译。
为了改变现状，笔者采用调查法，对南宁地铁一号线进行语料收集，按功能分为指示性类、提示性类、警示性类，限制性类。
发现错误类型主要为：缺失，对词翻译，用词不当等，并提出了修改意见。
二、公示语翻译错误类别外交学院范守义教授在2005年接受《北京日报》采访时对北京公示语翻译错误的六种情况的分类为拼写错误、用词错误、语法错误、不符合英文表达习惯和国际惯例、胡译乱译、英文表达不统一。
北京第二外国语大学学院美国专家、北京市市民讲外语活动组织委员会专家杜大卫（2007）则在对公示语“过度、过分强调所谓标准、自语”的错误的分析中，将公示语翻译错误的类别分为拼音、拼写、语法、对词、表达、胡译、统一、过度、标准、自语、中式、无误、未译、欠缺、管理15種。
在南宁地铁样本采集中，单词拼写鲜有错误，但多处公示语未进行翻译，例如下楼梯时，标语注意碰头（Mind Your Head）有相应译文，然而小心台阶（Mind Your Steps）却一处都没有翻译。
铁路安全术语中英文对照表
铁路安全术语中英文对照表Railway Safety Terms in Chinese and EnglishAccident 事故As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP) 合理的、可能的最低Assumptions 假设Availability 可用性Caveats 运营警示Configuration Management 配置管理Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) 成本效益分析Dependencies 依赖关系Defects Reporting Analysis and Corrective Action System (DRACAS)缺陷报告分析及纠错措施系统Deterministic Safety Assessment (DSA) 安全原则及规范要求的符合性评估Error 错误Event Tree Analysis 事件树分析Fail Safe 故障-安全Failure 失效Fault 故障Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) 故障树分析Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) 失效模式及影响分析Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis 失效模式、影响及关键性分析Failure Reporting Analysis and Corrective Action System (FRACAS)故障报告分析及纠错措施系统Generic Application Safety Case 通用应用安全案例Generic Product Safety Case 通用产品安全案例Hazard 危害Hazard Log 危害登记册Hazard Identification (HAZID) 危害识别Hazard and Operability study (HAZOP)危害及操作性研究（危害识别的方法之一）Incident 事件Independent Safety Assessment 独立安全评估Independent Safety Assessor 独立安全评估机构Interface Hazard Analysis (IHA) 接口危害分析Maintainability 可维护性Non-Vital 非安全Operating & Support Hazard Analysis (OSHA) 操作及支持危害分析Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) 初步危害分析Qualitative analysis 定性分析Quantitative analysis 定量分析Random Failure 随机性失效Reliability 可靠性Reliability, Availability, Maintainability, Safety (RAMS) 可靠性、可用性、可维护性、安全性Right Side Failure 安全侧故障Risk 风险Risk Matrix 风险矩阵Safety 安全性Safety Assurance Plan 安全保障计划Safety Authority 安全授权机构Safety Case 安全案例（安全证明文件）Safety Critical 安全攸关Safety Integrity Level (SIL) 安全完善度等级Safety Management System(SMS) 安全管理体系Safety Plan 安全计划（=安全保障计划）Safety Related 安全相关Specific Application Safety Case 特殊应用安全案例Structured What-IF Technology 结构性的假定分析（危害识别的方法之一）Sub System Hazard Analysis (SSHA) 子系统危害分析System Hazard Analysis (SHA) 系统危害分析Systematic Failure 系统性失效Test Case 测试案例Test Plan 测试计划Testing 测试Validation 确认Verification 验证Verification & Validation Plan 验证和确认计划Vital 安全Wrong Side Failure 危险侧故障。
铁路工程建设标准英语版翻译指南.
铁路工程建设标准英语版翻译指南.4毫米锁闭Closure check for 4 mm locking A、B 组填料Fill material of group A,BAF线Negative feederAS 自治域Autonomous system (AS) CAMEL 应用部分CAMEL application part （CAP）CA 砂浆CA mortarCRTS I 型板式无砟(zha3) 轨道CRTS-I slab ballastless trackCRTS I 型双块式无砟(zha3) 轨道CRTS-I bi-block sleeper ballastless trackCRTS II 型板式无砟(zha3) 轨道CRTS-II slab ballastless trackCRTS II 型双块式无砟(zha3) 轨道CRTS-II bi-block sleeper ballastless trackC组碎石、砾石类填料Granular fill of group CC 组细粒土填料Fine soil fill of group C DMI 显示单元Display unit of DMIGPRS 归属服务器GRPS home server （GROS）GPRS 接口服务器GPRS interface server (GRIS)GPRS 隧道协议GPRS tunneling protocol （GTP）GPRS 支持节点GPRS supporting node (GSN)GPS-RTK 数字化测图法GPS-RTK digital mappingGSM-R 无线传输单元Radio transmission unit of GSM-RH 型钢梁H-shaped steel beamH 型钢翼缘板H shaped steel flange plateH 型钢柱H-beam poleII 类水体Class II water body （不能直接饮用，硬度高）IP 地址IP addressIP 会议电视系统IP video conference systemI 类水体Class I water body （可以直接饮用）N 线Neutral wirepH 值Nyala SO2 控制区SO2 control regionT (形连)接T-connectionTCP/IP 协议TCP/IP protocolT-梁、T型梁、T形梁、T梁T-beam; T-girder T形刚构桥T-shaped rigid frame bridgeT型角焊T-fillet weldingU形桥台U-shaped abutmentU型谷地U-shaped valleyU 型卡U-shaped card U(-shaped) clipVPN 路由反射器VPN route reflectorV 停控制站(“V 停”站) V-switch postV 形拉线V-stayWGS-84 大地坐标系统World Geodetic System 1984ZK 活载ZK live loadZPW-2000 (UM) 系列轨道电路ZPW-2000 (UM) series track circuit矮型信号机Dwarf signal隘口Pass安全保护距离overlap distance安全保护区safety protection region安全保障平台security platform安全标志safety sign安全出口exit; emergency exit安全出口标志灯marker lamp for emergency exit安全措施safety measure安全措施费safety measure fees安全带safety belt安全挡台safety barricade安全等级safety level安全地线safety earth wire安全电路vital circuit安全阀safety valve安全防范safety precautions; safe guarding 安全防范系统（SAS）security protection& alarm system安全防范预警系统early warning system for safety precautions 安全防护safetyguard安全隔离设备safety separation device安全管理safety management安全管理设备security management target安全管理体系safety management system安全管理制度safety management system安全管理组织机构safety management organization安全护栏safety railing安全技术标准technical standard on safety 安全技术交底technical disclosure on safety 安全监控safety monitoring 安全监控系统safety monitoring system安全检测设备safety detection device安全检查safety inspection安全检查表safety checklist安全教育培训safety training安全接点vital contact安全警戒线security guard line安全距离safety distance安全可靠safe and reliable安全空间safety space安全帽helmet安全门evacuation exit安全评估safety evaluation安全钳safety tongs安全色safety colour安全设计safety design安全生产法律法规laws and regulations on production safety 安全生产费safety production fees安全生产网safety operation network安全生产责任制responsibility system for safety in production 安全适用safety and applicability安全疏散功能evacuation function安全停车距离safe stopping distance安全网safety net安全系数safety factor安全线catch siding安全型灯具safety type lamp安全型继电器vital relay安全性safety安全隐患potential hazard安全照明emergency lighting安全抓杆safety grab bar安全资源配置safety resource allocation安装功率installed power安装装置installation device 氨压缩机间ammonia compressor room氨盐amine salt氨制冷剂系统ammonia refrigerant systems 岸坎bank ridge 岸坡bank slope按钮button按钮表示button indication暗沟blind ditch ?暗河underground river暗龙骨吊顶hang ceiling with concealed joist 暗挖法Mining method暗挖隧道mining tunnel八字形桥台flare wing wall abutment拔起高度lifting height拔桩机Pile extractor白垩系Cretaceous白云石dolomite白云岩dolomite百米标100-meter mark百米桩100-meter mark百叶窗louver扳道电话switchman’s telephone班前安全讲话pre-shift address on safety板slab板凳式墩帽bench-type pier cap板块面层plate surface板筋式锚杆墙slab-rib anchored wall板梁腹板plate girder web板梁翼缘plate girder flange板桥slab bridge板式无砟轨道slab ballastless track板式橡胶支座laminated rubber bearing板岩slate板桩防护sheet pile protection办公房屋office housing办公建筑office building办公区railway use area office办公室office办公信息系统office information system办公自动化系统office automation system半补偿链形悬挂semi-compensated catenary suspension半地下室partly-exposed basement半封闭声屏障semi-enclosed sound barrier半干旱地区semi-arid region半横向式通风semi-transverse ventilation半露天堆场semi-open yard半填半挖路基cut and fill subgrade半循环运转制locomotive semi-loop routing; locomotive half-circularity routing半压力式涵洞partial pressure culvert半永久性桥semi-permanent bridge半自动闭塞semi-automatic block system半自动光电传输转换设备optical/ electric converter (used) in the transmission of semi-automatic blocking拌制砂浆mixed mortar帮宽berm width帮条焊wall rod welding棒形绝缘子rod insulator包层cladding包乘制locomotive crew responsible system 包裹package; parcel包裹地道parcel underpass包裹房parcel house包裹库parcel storehouse; package storage包裹式加筋土挡土墙wrap-reinforced earth retaining wall包裹托取柜台package counter包裹托取厅package hall饱冰冻土saturated frozen soil饱和saturation饱和度saturation degree饱和容量saturated unit weight饱和无侧限抗压强度saturated unconfined compression strength饱和自重压力saturated self-weight pressure 保护管protection tube保护井protection well保护屏protection panel保护区段overlap section保护线protective wire （PW）保护线用接轨线（CPW线）connector of protective wire (CPW) 保价运输管理系统insured railway transport management system保留煤柱retaining coal pillar保温thermal insulation 保温层thermal insulation layer; thermal insulating layer保温措施thermal insulation measure保温钉thermal insulation bolt保温复合墙体thermal insulating composite wall保温门thermal insulation door保温棉thermal insulation fiber保压试验holding pressure test报废轨abandoned rail报警warning; alarm报警电路alarm circuit报警阀alarm valve报警功能alarm function报警速度曲线warning speed profile报警信号alarm signal报警音像warning audio-visual报文telegram抱箍方式安装hooping installation暴雨历时rainstorm duration暴雨强度rainstorm intensity暴雨重现期rainstorm recurrence爆扩桩explosion procedure, blasting method 爆破法blasting procedure, blasting method 爆破进尺advance of blast 爆破器材blasting materials爆破振动blast vibration爆破作业blasting operation爆炸性粉尘危险环境explosive dust dangerous atmosphere爆炸性气体危险环境explosive gas dangerous atmosphere备案put on record备案号record number备份backup备品spare parts备品备件spare parts备品间spare parts room备用(份) backup备用电源standby power supply备用机车spare locomotive备用机车停留线spare locomotive stabling track备用井standby well备用量reserved capacity备用卸污车spare sewage unloading truck备用照明stand by lighting背风坡leeward slope背景噪音background noise背扣wrest倍频带中心频率center frequency of octave band被查单位inspected organization被动起重小车crane carriage被动土压力passive earth pressure被控站controlled station焙烧法试验roasting test本地电话网local phone network本地电话业务local phone service本地交换机local exchanger (IE)本务机车leading locomotive崩解disintegration崩塌collapse泵房pump room泵送混凝土pumped concrete泵站pump station比表面积specific surface area比贯入阻力specific penetration resistance比例误差（比例误差系数）proportional error比色法试验colorimetric test比特差错bit error必测项目compulsory item闭合差misclosure闭合环边数side number of loop闭合框架closed frame闭合水准路线closed leveling line (route)闭环电码化closed-loop coding闭环检查closed-loop detection闭路closed circuit闭路式轨道电路closed circuit track circuit 闭路循环处理工艺closed loop treatment process闭塞blocking闭塞分区block section闭塞分区停车标stop mark board at the boundary of block section闭塞类型block system ? 闭塞循环closed cycle滗水器decanter壁后注浆back filling grouting避车洞niche避车台refuge platform避雷针lightning rod避难所refuge避难线refuse siding边长较差限差tolerance of side length discrepancy边长相对中误差relative error of side length 边墩side pier边防检查border checking边防检查站border checkpoint边角测量triangulateration边角交会side-angle intersection边界网关border gateway (BG)边界网关协议border gateway protocol （BGP）边跨side span边坡slope边坡防护slope protection边坡挂网锚喷防护slope protection with wire mesh and shotcrete边坡开挖slope cutting边坡控制高度controlling height of slope边坡绿色防护green protection for slope边坡平台bench边坡破率gradient of slope边坡渗沟French drain on side slope边墙side wall边滩side shoal边修线casual faults handling siding编发场marshalling-departure yard编发线marshalling-departure track编码coding编码计划coding scheme编码逻辑coding logic编译码和速率适配单元transcoder and rate adapter unit (TRAU) 编制办法compilation method编组train combination编组站marshalling station编组站自动化automation of marshallingstation编组作业marshalling service扁铲侧胀试验flat dilatometer test扁担梁carrying pole beam扁平颗粒tabular grain变电所substation变电所主控制室main control room变电所综合自动化系统integrated automation system of substation变截面梁beam of variable cross-section变跨梁beam of mutative span变频供水frequency conversion water supply 变坡点point of slope change变形deformation变形测量deformation survey变形分析deformation analysis变形缝deformation joint变形监测网deformation monitoring network 变形控制deformation control变形区deformation area变形速度deformation rate变压器transformer变压器箱transformer box变压器油过滤间transformer oil filter room 变压器油库transformer oil depot变异系数coefficient of variation变质岩metamorphic rock标称电压nominal voltage标称精度nominal accuracy标石monument标线guide line标志牌sign board标桩stake标准standard标准差standard deviation标准长度钢轨standard length rail标准分路灵敏度standard shunting sensitivity标准分路线standard shunting resistor标准贯入试验standard penetration test标准轨距standard gauge标准化standardization标准煤standard coal标准偏差standard deviation 标准筛standard sieves标准设计standard design标准图standard drawing标准弯钩standard hook标准限值standard limits标准养护条件standard curing condition标准值standard value表层道砟top ballast表层换填surface earth replacement表面喷浆surface spraying mortar表面水力负荷surface hydraulic load表示灯indicator表示电路indication circuit表示杆indication rod表示盘indication panel表示条件indication condition裱糊paperhanging滨海路堤littoral embankment滨海相littoral facies濒危野生动物endangered wildlife冰川glacier冰积土glacial soil冰蓄冷ice storage冰压力ice pressure冰锥地段ice cone section丙类石油液体管道class C petroleum liquid pipeline丙类液体储罐class C liquid tanks丙酮acetone丙烷气站propane gas station并发输入输出concurrent input and output并沟线夹parallel groove clamp并联电容补偿装置shunt capacitor compensation device并联电容无功补偿装置parallel capacitor reactive power compensation equipment并联式轨道电路parallel track circuit并联运行parallel operation并列式枢纽parallel arrangement type terminal并置箱梁步履式桥机step-movement launching gantry for juxtaposing boxed beams 并置信号点signals in the same-location with different-direction病毒防范virus defense病毒库virus database病原体污水sewage with pathogens拔道track lining拔角放线法setting out by method of deflection angle拔距adjusting distance of track lining波动传播速度wave propagation velocity波分复用wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)波浪高wave length波浪侵袭高swash height of wave波速wave velocity波纹管bellow波纹磨耗测量仪measuring apparatus for corrugated wear波状消光wavy extinction玻璃比重计glass hydrometer玻璃采光露面vitric daylighting floor; roof with glass lighting 玻璃钢夹砂管fiberglass reinforced plastic pipe玻璃隔墙vitric partition wall; glass partition wall玻璃砖glass block剥离peeling off剥落exfoliation播音室broadcasting studio泊松比passion ratio薄壁构件thin-walled member补偿板compensation plate补偿电容compensation capacitor补偿器compensator补偿收缩混凝土shrinkage-compensating concrete补充标准complementary standard补充业务supplementary service (SS)补机assisting locomotive补机折返点assisting locomotive turnaround point补票机compensation fare machine补票室excess fare office补强板strengthening plate不对称脉冲轨道电路asymmetrical impulse track circuit不分开式扣件direct fastening不间断电源uninterrupted power supply (UPS)不均匀沉降differential settlement不均匀系数coefficient of non-uniformity不良地质unfavorable geology不良地质隧道tunnel in unfavorable geological conditions不落轮镟轮线库under floor wheel lathe house不落轮镟轮线under floor wheel lathe track 不排水剪切强度undrained shear strength不燃烧材料non-combustion stuff不燃烧体non-combustion mass不锁闭间隙non-locking gap不停车动态转换automatic transition without stopping不透水层impermeable layer不锈钢板风管stainless steel air duct; stainless steel air pipe 不锈钢标志stainless steel mark布水装置water distribution installation布线/配线cable laying/ wiring步行板foot plank部分监控模式partial supervision mode部分预应力混凝土桥stressed concrete bridge材料仓库store材料储运storage and transportation of material材料分离度segregation材料规格material specification材料库warehouse材料性能material properties材料蓄热系数thermal storage coefficient of material材料运输线material transportation track; transport line材料重度specific weight of material材质material quality财务会计管理信息系统finance and accounting mamnagement information system 采光daylighting采光屋面daylighting roof采空区goaf采暖heating采暖系统hearing system采石场quarry采样速率sample rate彩钢板风管color steel plate air duct彩钢聚氨酯夹芯板PU sandwich color steel panel; PU color steel sandwich panel参考文献bibliography残积desidual deposit残留风险residual risk残余强度residual strength操纵杆control rod操作和维护中心operation and maintenance center (OMC)操作台operation console槽焊slot weld槽式列车bunker train槽形梁trough girder草本植物herbals草块移植turf grafting侧壁导坑法side drift method侧沟side ditch侧沟盖板side ditch cover侧沟平台side ditch berm侧墙side wall侧式站台side platform侧向挡块lateral stop block侧向加速度lateral acceleration侧向水平联结系lateral bracing侧向允许通过速度lateral permissible through speed侧压力lateral pressure侧撞lateral collision厕位toilet seats测长length measurement测力扳手measuring spanner for force moment测力传感器load cell测量弦长measuring chord length测试test测试点test point测试电路test circuit 测试环线test loop测速speed measurement测速测距单元(SDU) speed and distance measurement unit 测速装置speed measurement device测斜仪inclinometer测重weight measurement测阻rollability measurement层厚管理材料material for lift control层理面bedding plain层流式漆气净化装置laminar flow-type paint gas purification device层状岩层layered stratum插接不良plug-in trouble插接型端子plug-in connector插接元件plug-in component插入式继电器plug-in relay插入损失insertion loss查照间隔check gauge岔跟rear end of turnout岔头front end of turnout岔心center of turnout岔枕turnout sleeper岔中绝缘insulated joint within a switch差错率error rate差动保护differential protection拆除工程removal works拆模form removal拆迁demolishing and resettling柴油储罐diesel tank柴油发电机组diesel generator set柴油机间diesel engine room柴油机清洗间diesel engine cleaning room 掺合料admixture 缠丝wrapping缠丝过滤管wrapping filter tube长波不平顺long wave irregularity长大坡道long steep grade长短链mileage discontinuity长杆贯入仪long rod penetrometer长钢轨long rail长基础角钢long angle steel for base长距离输水long-distance water delivery长期过电压long-term overvoltage长石feldspar长隧道long tunnel长途电话业务long-distance telephone service长途光缆long haul optical fiber cable长途交换机室long-distance switchboard room长途汽车客运站long-distance bus station长途通信（网）long-distance communication network长细比slenderness ratio常备材料stock material常闭接点normally closed contact常规检测routine inspection常年最大积雪厚度annual maximum snow thickness常水位normal water level常用制动模式曲线service brake profile厂房组合workshops combination厂界噪声plant boundary noise场拌field mix场地site场地浸淋水site leachate场间联系电路liaison circuit between yards 场景重组scene reorganization超标overproof超高superelevation超高时变率change rate of superelevation time超高顺坡superelevation slope超高顺坡率rate of superelevation slope超高压输电设备SHV power transmission equipment超静定结构hyper static structure超滤低压膜low pressure ultrafiltration membrane超滤组合法ultrafiltration method超前地质预报geology forecast超前管棚pipe roof超前锚杆advance rock bolt超前小导管advance small duct超前预注浆advance grouting超前支护advance support超前钻探advance exploration drilling 超声波流量ultrasonic flow超声波探伤ultrasonic detecting超速保护overspeed protection超挖overbreak ??超细格栅by-pass pipe ??超限等级out-of-gauge grade超限货物out-of-gauge freight超限货物列车进路route for out-of-gauge freight train超限货物限界检查架frame for checking out-of-gauge freight 超压静载试验static load test of overpressure 超越管plant discharges超张拉overstretching潮喷混凝土moist shotcret潮湿moisture潮湿程度humidity潮汐河流tidal river潮汐区tidal zone车长（电）台radio set for train operating officer车场yard车场线yard track车场咽喉区throat of yard车次表示train number display车次号校核信息train number checking information车档buffer stop车档标志buffer stop sign车档表示器buffer stop indicator车底train-set车底数amount of passenger train sets车电间electricity cabin for rolling stock车号（员）电话car number taker telephone 车号自动识别系统automatic train identification system车间排放口plant discharge outlet车辆安全防范预警系统vehicle warning system for safety precautions车辆抄号设备vehicle number identification and recording equipment车辆存在监测器vehicle presence monitor车辆段rolling stock depot车辆辅修rolling stock auxiliary repair车辆滚动轴承故障轨边声学诊断系统(TADS) trackside acoustic detection system车辆缓行段car retarder车辆计算长度calculated length of car; car calculation length 车辆技术交接作业场inspection post for freight cars handover 车辆加速器car accelerator车辆减速器car retarder车辆轮胎vehicle tyre车辆密封性car tightness车辆设备rolling stock facilities车辆识别装置vehicle identifier车辆洗刷线vehicle-washing track车辆运行安全检测站monitoring station for train operation safety车辆运行品质轨边动态监测系统(TPDC) truck dynamics performance detection system 车辆轴温智能探测系统(THDC) trace hotbox detection system车列train set车流推算与调整系统vehicle flow deduction and regulation system车轮厂wheelsets workshop车轮传感器wheel sensor车门自动控制automatic door control车桥耦合动力响应vehicle-bridge coupling dynamic response 车桥耦合振动vehicle-bridge coupling vibration车上信号设备onboard signaling equipment 车梯wheeled ladder车梯垂向加速度vertical acceleration of car body车梯横向加速度lateral acceleration of car body车体检修库car body inspection and repair workshop车体竖向振动加速度vertical vibration acceleration of vehicle body车体外皮清洗设备train surface washing equipment车体外皮清洗线train surface washing siding 车体油漆库car body painting workshop 车载安全计算机onboard vital computer 车载检测数据读取设备车载设备onboard equipment车载设备静态调试static commissioning of onboardequipment车载运行信息的采集、转储及处理train working information collection, dump and treatment车站(场)电话业务station (yard) telephone service车站办理列车数number of trains handled at station车站表station list车站布局station layout车站布置图layout plan of station车站出口station exit车站大厅station hall车站等级class of station车站电台station radio set车站调度交换机station dispatching switch 车站分布stat ion distribution车站分机station equipment of CTC车站分类classification of station车站改建station renovation车站股道布置layout of station track车站股道电码化coding for station platform track车站广场station square车站规模station scale车站建筑station buildings车站接发车进路电码化coding for station reveiving-departure route车站客运广播station passenger broadcasting 车站联锁station interlocking车站入口station entrance车站设备监控系统station equipment monitoring system车站设施station facilities车站示意图station sketch车站售票处station ticket office车站通信机房station communication equipment room车站通信系统station communication system 车站行李房station luggage office车站选址station location车站咽喉疏解station throat untwining车站值班员电话station attendant telephone 车站中心station center车站自律机station self-regulated computer 车站综合布线integrated wiring of station; comprehensive wiring of station 车站总建筑面积total building area of the station扯断伸长率elongation at break沉淀sedimentation沉淀池sedimentation tank沉淀管sediment tubes沉淀时间sedimentation time沉管法immersed tube method沉积岩sedimentary rock沉降settlement沉降板settlement plate沉降变形subsidence deformation沉降变形观测observation of subsidence deformation沉降差异settlement difference沉降缝settlement joint沉降观测settlement observation沉降观测断面cross section for settlement observation沉降量settlement沉降评估settlement evaluation沉降速率settlement rate沉井基础open caisson foundation沉井井孔caisson opening沉井填心fill hearting of open caisson沉埋法immersed tunneling method沉泥槽silt trough沉砂池desilting tank沉陷subsidence沉箱基础caisson foundation沉桩pile sinking衬砌lining衬砌断面cross-section of lined tunnel衬砌内轮廓inner contour of lining衬砌内注浆grouting in the lining成品保护product protection成品梁product beam 成岩作用diagenesis承插口socket承插式管道socket-type pipe承插式甲型口socket-type A port承插式乙型口socket-type A port承轨面rail-bearing surface承力索messenger wire承力索张力messenger wire tension承力索座messenger wire support clamp承台bearing platform承台板bearing platform slab承压应力bearing stress承载板bearing plate承载板试验plate-bearing test承载能力bearing capacity承载能力极限状态bearing capacity limit state承载能力设计值design value of bearing capacity承载通路bearer channel承重墙load-bearing wall城际铁路站房intercity railway station building城市（镇）排水管网urban sewer network 城市供热规划urban hearing planning城市轨道交通urban mass transit城市中心居民集中区downtown residential area城市综合运输网络urban comprehensive transportation network城镇自来水urban tap water城镇总体规划urban master planning乘降boarding-alighting乘务员公寓train crew apartments乘务员连续工作时间working duration of crew程控交换室program-controlled exchange room澄清池settling tank弛度sag持力层bearing layer持证上岗work with a certificate齿轮箱抱轴承间cabin for gear box hold bearings斥离位exclusion position from the stock rail position充满度degree saturation充实水柱water full columns充填式垫板filling pad冲钉drift pin冲沟gully冲击波impact wave冲击电压impulse voltage冲击镐percussion pickax冲击功impact energy冲击力impact force冲击耐压impulse withstand voltage 冲击韧度impact toughness冲击式风顶impact wind jack冲击试验impact test冲击系数impact factor冲击钻进percussive drilling冲积alluviation冲积锥alluvial cone冲刷scour冲刷深度scouring depth冲刷系数coefficient of scouring冲刷线scouring line冲填土hydraulic fill冲洗rinse冲洗废水rinsed wastewater冲洗强度intensity of washing冲抓锥impacting-seizing cone抽查random inspection抽水试验pumping test抽芯成型core-pulling mechanism 抽样方案sampling scheme抽样检查sampling inspection稠度consistency稠度界限consistency limit臭氧ozone臭氧氧化法ozone oxidation出岔点branching-off point出厂合格证product certificate出发场departure yard出入段线entry and exit lines出砟转载装置muck transfer equipment出砟作业mucking 出站地道exit tunnel出站集散厅exit concourse初步设计preliminary design初测preliminary survey初次沉淀池primary sedimentation tank初凝initial set初期雨水early-stage rainfall初期支护primary support初始地应力intact ground stress初始地应力场intact ground stress field初始风险initial risk初始扣压力initial clamping force初张拉initial tension除磷phosphorus removal除油设施oil removal facilities储备能力reserve capacity储风罐air reservoir储量reserve处理反馈信息process feedback处理效率processing efficiency触电electric shock触探试验cone penetration test穿孔式混凝土枕push-through concrete sleeper 穿水处理water-crossing treatment传递长度transfer length传动系统driving system传感元件sensor传剪器shear transferor传热系数coefficient of heat transfer传声损失（TL）sound transmission loss (TL)传输方式transmission mode传输继电器transmission relay传输控制协议transmission control protocol (TCP)传输损耗attenuation传输系统transmission system船只或排筏的撞击力collision force of ship or raft喘振区surge area串/并联series/parallel connection串联电容补偿装置series capacitor compensation device 串联式轨道电路series track circuit串音crosstalk串音干扰crosstalk interference窗地比area ratio of window to floor窗帘盒pelmet窗墙面积比area ratio of window to wall窗台windowsill窗台板elbowboard吹填土dredger fill垂裙vertical apron垂直（子）系统vertical (sub) system垂直布线vertical wiring垂直动荷载vertical dynamic load垂直度verticality垂直接地体vertical earthing electrode垂直均布压力uniform vertical pressure垂直气动力vertical aerodynamic垂直升降设施vertical lift facilities垂直土压力vertical earth pressure垂直位移vertical displacement锤击法hammering method纯剪应力simple shearing stress瓷绝缘子porcelain insulator磁场强度magnetic field intensity磁法勘探magnetic prospecting磁化强度intensity of magnetization磁介质纸质热敏车票magnetic heat-sensitive paper ticket 磁路系统magnetic circuit system磁盘阵列disk array次固结系数coefficient of secondary consolidation次坚石secondary hard rock次氯酸钠sodium hypochlorite次生林地secondary forest次要部位secondary position次要战线auxiliary station track次应力secondary stress次重型轨道secondary heavy type track粗骨料coarse aggregate粗角砾土coarse angular gravel soil粗颗粒coarse particles粗砂coarse sand粗砂夹碎（卵）石gravelly sand 静压闷料振压粗圆砾土coarse round gravel soil粗制螺栓black bolt催化温度brittle temperature淬火处理quenching treatment淬火钢轨quenched rail存车场stabling yard存车线stabling siding存储storage存储区域网络storage area network (SAN) 储存设备storage device存梁场girder storage yard存轮棚wheelsets deposit shed错动量slippage momentum错断式staggered breaking type错落dislocation错台stagger step错台高度height of stagger step错误办理wrong operation错误解锁false release错误开放信号wrong clearing of a signal错误闭锁false locking错误显示wrong indication错牙uneven rail ends in line or surface错置梁dislocated girder搭板RC transition slab搭接overlap搭接焊overlap welding打入桩driven pile打设锚杆挂网绳网防护Protection with rock bolt and wire mesh打桩机pile driver大比例尺地形测图large scale topographic mapping大地电磁探测geoelectricity magnetic sounding大地高geodetic height大地水准面geoid大地坐标geodetic coordinate大功率转辙机high power switch machine大寒日Dhan in lunar calendar大空间大流量喷头heavy-duty nozzle大口井open well大理石marble大理岩marble大楼综合定时供给设备integrated building timing supply equipment (BITS)大漂石large boulders大屏幕显示设备large-screen display device 大气atmosphere 大气污染atmospheric pollution大气影响急剧层深度sharp layer depth of atmosphere influenced大气影响深度climate influenced layer大桥major bridge大区节点main region node大体积混凝土mass concrete大型车站large station大型花灯large lantern大型临时工程large-scale temporary works 大型旅客车站large passenger station大型取土场large borrow area大型养路机械段large maintenance machinery depot大型养路机械检修库large maintenance machinery maintenance workshop大型养路机械检修库和停放库（棚）garage(shed) for heavy-duty track大型站房large station building大修overhaul大中修周期period of overhaul/ medium repair带柄道岔表示器switch indicator with handle带电体live parts of OCS带动道岔switch to be controlled outside of the route带回流线的直接供电方式direct feeding system with return wire带接地刀闸的隔离开关disconnector with earth contact带截水槽的结构structure with cutoff trench 带图移栽transplanting with soil带状地形图strip topographic map待班台位standby position; standby bay待避所refuge shelter 待机模式standby mode待修轨rail waiting for repair袋装砂井sand wick; sand bag well单臂掘进机raodheader单边供电single-end feeding单层填砾过滤器filter by gravel filter layer ？？单穿加固one sleeper added between sleepers for reinforcement单捣作业single tamping单点冗余连接single-point redundant connection单电源single power supply单动道岔single-working switch单斗挖掘机single-bucket excavation单独操纵作业individual operation单渡线single crossover单端接地single-end earthing单断single break单钩裂土器single-shank ripper单轨条轨道电路single rail track circuit单呼point to point call单护盾掘进机single shield TBM单进路single route单开道岔single turnout单梁式架桥机single beam girder erecting machine单面焊缝one side weld ??单面坡道one-way slope单面坡口one-way groove单面坡隧道one-way gradient tunnel单模（多模）光纤monomode(mutimode) fiber单模光纤single mode fiber单母线分段sectionalized single bus单身宿舍dormitory单式箱梁single cell box girder单位工程unit works单位权unit weight单位权中误差standard error of unit weight 单线桥single track bridge单线隧道single track tunnel单线铁路single track railway单线自动闭塞automatic blocking for singletrack单相（结线牵引）变压器single-phase traction transformer单相V, v(x)结线牵引变压器single-phase V, v(x) traction transformer单相V/V 接线single-phase V/V connection 单相电single-phase electricity单相工频交流电力牵引制single-phase industrial frequency AC electric traction system单相接地single-phase grounding。
工程英语翻译常见错误剖析
工程英语翻译常见错误剖析（英译中术语部分）陈官发摘要：工程英语翻译分为英译中和中译英两部分。
一般认为，前者较后者容易一些。
但该观点仅主要针对初学者而言，而实际上要把英译中做好并非易事。
现将工程英语翻译（英译中术语部分）中的部分常见错误列举如下：Chemical Industry化工行业Caustic = Caustic soda 烧碱（化工行业），主要指氢氧化钠NaOH（Sodium hydroxide），不译为“腐蚀剂”。
Soda ash 纯碱、苏打、碳酸钠（化工行业），不译为“苏打灰”。
Intermediate 中间体（化工行业），不译为“媒介”。
Precursor 前体（化工行业），不译为“先驱”。
Trace amount 痕量、微量（化工行业）。
注意“trace”在此不译为“追踪”或“伴热”。
Solid material handling = Mechanical conveying 粉体、机运（化工行业），工程公司或设计院中的一个专业名称，不译为“固体材料搬运”或“机械输送”。
AdBlue 车用尿素溶液、柴油机专用尿素还原剂（化工行业）：AdBlue为德国汽车业协会的注册商标，是欧洲市场对“柴油车尾气净化液产品”的统称；而在美国称为DEF，不译为“蓝色添加剂”。
DEF（Diesel Exhaust Fluid）柴油机排放处理液、柴油车尾气净化液、车用尿素溶液AdBlue（化工行业），不译为“柴油废气流体”。
Pilot plant 中试装置（化工行业），不译为“引导工厂”。
Commercial plant = Industrial plant 工业化装置、大生产装置（化工行业），不译为“商业化装置”。
Ethylene cracking furnace 乙烯裂解炉（化工行业），不译为“乙烯裂化炉”。
Turndown ratio 极限负荷比、操作弹性（化工行业），不译为“翻转率”。
Receiving tank 受槽（化工行业），不译为“接收槽”。
汉译英错误分析
第一章汉译英错误分析第一节单句翻译单句翻译是翻译的基本功，也是我们要学习的主要内容。
在一个句子中，每个词语都和其他词语发生关系，互为语境，而句子本身则处于孤立状态。
所以当我们翻译各个词语时，要做到相互协调，前后一致，逻辑严谨；而当我们对句子做整体处理时，就享有一定灵活性，也许能够给出多种恰当的译法，而这些译法分别适用于不同的段落或篇章语境。
无论在词语的选择还是句子结构的处理上，我们对其适用范围都要做到心中有数。
1. 中国人有在正月十五晚上吃元宵、赏花灯的习俗。
Chinese have the custom that they eat sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice flour and appreciate festive lanterns at the night of January 15.错误分析：1.少用了冠词：“中国人”应该译为-----the Chinese (people)“日本人”----the Japanese而“美国人”----Americans2.搭配不当：The custom that they eat…不通，应改为The custom of eating ….3.动词使用不当：Appreciate ---- 赞赏（to value or regard highly）而原文中的“赏”—观赏（watch）4.介词适用错误：原文指具体某一天的晚上，译文介词应由at 改为on ---onthe evening of5.不忠实于原文：January 15 是公历一月十五，而原文“正月十五”指阴历的一月十五。
改后译文The Chinese have the custom of eating yuanxiao ( sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice flour) and watching festive lanterns on the fifteenth evening of the first lunar month.英译文表达也可以灵活：----There is a Chinese tradition of eating….----According to custom, people in China eat …----In China, it’s the custom ( for people) to eat ….说明：中国特有的一些词语，食品，现象等，可采用拼音加解释的方法来翻译如：三个代表，两个基本点，饺子，等2. 他的不合作态度使这个项目进展十分缓慢。
铁路工程词汇中英对照翻译1
铁路工程词汇中英对照翻译2007-08-08 17:17线路工程 railway line engineering铁路勘测 ;铁道勘测 railway reconnaissance铁路选线 ;铁道选线 railway route selection;railwaylocation;approximate railway location;location of railway route selection经济勘察 economic investigation地质调查 geological survey;geologic survey方案比较 project comparison铁路勘探 ;铁道勘探 railway exploration铁路测量 ;铁道测量 railway survey线路测量 route survey;profile survey;longitudinal survey曲线测量 curve survey既有线测量 survey of existing line;survey of existing railway铁路线路图 ;铁道线路图 railway map定线 location of line铁路设计 ;铁道设计 railway design线路设计 track design平面设计 plane design纵断面设计 longitudinal section design横断面设计 transverse section design曲线设计 curve design车站设计 station design站场设计 design of stations and yards标准设计 standard design线路等级 line grade铁路限界 ;铁道限界 railway clearance建筑限界 construction clearance设计规范 code of design设计标准 design standard铁路线路 ;铁道线路 railway line铁路曲线 ;铁道曲线 railway curve缓和曲线 transition curve;easement curve;spiral transition curve 小半径曲线 small-radius curve曲线半径 curve radius曲线超高 superelevation on curve;cant;elevation of curve欠超高 inadequate superelevation;deficient superelevation未被平衡加速度 unbalanced acceleration竖曲线 vertical curve坡道 gradient坡度 grade;gradient;slope限制坡度 ruling grade;limiting grade坡度折减 grade compensation;compensation of gradient;gradientcompensation避难线 refuge siding;catch siding双线插入段 double track interpolation铁路连接线 ;铁道连接线 railway connecting line隧道内线路 line in tunnel桥头引线 bridge approach站线 siding站线长度 length of station line铁路标志 ;铁道标志 railway sign警冲标 fouling point indicator;fouling post线路中心线 track center line;central lines of track线间距离 ;线间距 distance between centres of lines;distance between centers of tracks;midway between tracks线路试验 ;线路实验 track test;road test;running test路基 subgrade铁路路基 ;路基;铁道路基 railway subgrade;subgrade软土路基 soft soil subgrade沙漠路基 desert subgrade冻土路基 permafrost subgrade膨胀土路基 subgrade in swelling soil zone路基基床 subgrade bed路堤 embankment;fill高路堤 high-fill embankment路堑 cut;road cutting深路堑 deep cutting路肩 road shoulder;subgrade shoulder边坡 side slope护坡 revetment;slope protection;pitching路基滑动 subgrade slip滑坡防治 landslide preventive treatment路基排水 subgrade drainage塑料排水板 plastic drainage board路基加固 subgrade strengthening土工织物 geotextile挡土墙 ;挡墙 retaining walls锚定板 anchor plate锚杆 anchor bolt抗滑桩 antiskid pile;anti-slide pile;counter-sliding pile加筋土 reinforced earth植被 vegetation路基防护 subgrade protection防护工程 protective engineering防护林 protection forest防沙 sand proof固沙 stabilization of sand输导砂 sediment transport路侧建筑物 roadside structure排水沟 weeper drain;weep drain;drainage ditch;drain ditch挡风墙 wind-shield wall;wind-break wall隔声墙 sound-proof wall防雪栅 snow fence;snow guard轨道理论 track theory轨道设计 track design轨道参数 track parameter轨距 track gauge;rail gage;rail gauge轨距加宽 track gauge widening轨底坡 cant of rail;rail cant轨道力学 track dynamics;track mechanics轨道强度 track strength轨道阻力 track resistance道床阻力 trackbed resistance;ballast resistance扣固力 fastening force钢轨应力 rail stress轨道承载力 track bearing capacity轨道稳定性 track stability;stability of track轨道试验 ;轨道实验 track test轮轨关系 wheel-rail interaction;wheel-rail relation轮轨动力学 wheel-rail dynamics轮轨作用力 wheel-rail force轮轨接触 wheel-rail contact接触应力 contact stress轨道结构 track structure轨道 track铁路轨道 ;轨道;铁道轨道 railway track;track线路上部建筑 ;轨道 track superstructure;track重型轨道 heavy track宽轨枕轨道 broad sleeper track板式轨道 slab track;slab-track整体道床轨道 monolithic roadbed track防振轨道 anti-vibration track高架轨道 elevated track无缝线路 jointless line;continuously welded rail track;jointless track 桥上轨道结构 bridge deck track structure隧道内轨道结构 track structure in tunnel钢轨 steel rail重型钢轨 heavy rail长钢轨 long rail焊接长钢轨 long welded rail缩短轨 shortened rail;standard shortened rail;fabricated short rail used on curves;standard curtailed rail热处理钢轨 heat-treated rail合金钢轨 alloy steels rail旧钢轨 used rail钢轨钢 rail steel钢轨螺栓孔 rail bolt hole轨缝 rail gap;joint gap钢轨焊缝 rail welding seam钢轨接头 rail joint异型接头 compromise joint伸缩接头 expansion joint焊接接头 welding joint;welded joint绝缘接头 track section insulator;insulated joint胶接接头 adhesive joint鱼尾板 fish plate鱼尾螺栓 fish bolt扣件 fastening;rail fastening弹性扣件 elastic fastening;elastic rail fastening弹条式扣件 elastic rod type fastening分开式扣件 separated fastening;separated rail fastening;indirect holding fastening扣板式扣件 clip fastening刚性扣件 rigid fastening垫圈 ring道钉 spike;track spike;rail spike;dog spike螺纹道钉 threading spike;screw spike垫板 tie-plate;tie plate橡胶垫板 rubber tie-plate;rubber tie plate防爬器 anticreeper;anti-creeper;rail anchor轨距拉杆 gauge tie rod轨下基础 underrail foundation;sub-rail foundation;sub-rail track bed 轨枕 sleeper;tie;cross tie木枕 wooden sleeper;wooden tie混凝土枕 ;砼枕 concrete sleeper;concrete tie轨枕板 ;宽轨枕 sleeper slab;broad sleeper钢枕 steel sleeper;steel tie合成轨枕 composite sleeper纵向轨枕 longitudinal tie岔枕 points sleeper;switch tie;turnout tie桥枕 bridge tie;bridge sleeper轨排 track panel;track skeleton枕下胶垫 rubber pad under sleeper道床 track bed;ballast bed碎石道床 ballast bed整体道床 monolithic track bed;solid bed;integrated ballastbed;monolithic concrete bed沥青道床 bituminous raodbed;asphalt roadbed;asphalt cemented ballast bed石棉道床 asbestos ballast道碴 ballast道床覆盖 ballast cover轨道附属设备 track auxiliary equipment钢轨涂油器 rail lubricator融雪器 snow melter复轨器 replacer;re-railer;rerailing device脱轨器 derailer车挡 bumper;bumper post道岔 switch;point;turnout;switches and crossings单开道岔 single point;simple turnout;lateral turnout双开道岔 double turnout三开道岔 three-throw turnout;symmetrical three throw turnout;three-way turnout交分道岔 slip switch高速道岔 high-speed switch切线型道岔 tangent turnout道岔设计 turnout design过岔速度 switch crossing speed辙叉 frog;crossing整铸辙叉 integrated cast frog锰钢辙叉 manganese steel frog crossing焊接辙叉 welding frog crossing组合辙叉 combined frog;assembled frog可动心轨辙叉 movable point frog;movable-point frog可动翼轨辙叉 movable wing rails;movable-wing frog尖轨 switch point;point tongue;switch rail;tongue rail;blade滑床板 slide chair;slide plate;switch plate基本轨 stock rail翼轨 wing rail护轮轨 guard rail导曲线 curve of turnout;lead curve道岔附带曲线 curve following turnout branch line交叉 crossing渡线 track cross-over;crossover通过道岔 passing switch铁路道口 ;铁道道口 railway crossing平交道口 level crossing道口板 crossing slab道口路面 crossing road surface立体交叉 ;立交 grade separation线路施工 track construction石方工程 rock excavation土方工程 earthwork填方 filling挖方 cutting土方调拨 mass dispatching线路施工机械 track construction machinery and equipment 轨道施工 track construction轨道工程 track construction轨道铺设 track laying铺碴 ballasting轨枕铺设 sleeper laying铺轨 rail-laying轨排组装 track panel assembling轨排装运 track panel loading轨排基地 track panel base钢轨焊接 rail welding钢轨热处理 rail heat treatment钢轨铺设 rail laying钢轨锁定 rail locking道岔铺设 switch laying轨道施工机械 track construction machinery铺轨列车 tracklaying train;track laying train铺轨机 rail-laying machine;track laying machine钢轨焊接车 rail welding car焊轨机 steel rails weldeding mill;rail welding machine 轨排组装机 track panel assembling machine轨排运送车 track panel transport car铺枕机 sleeper-laying machine铺碴车 ballasting car铺碴机 ballasting machine铺道岔机 turnout-laying machine焊接长钢轨运送车 welding long rails transport car动力稳定车 dynamic track stabilizer线路状态 track state路基病害 subgrade defect沉降 settlement坍方落石 ;危石 collapse rock翻浆冒泥 frost boiling;mud-pumping路基壅水 subgrade water damming路基渗流 subgrade seepage flow路基冲刷 subgrade erosion振动液化 vibration liquifaction冻融 freezing and thawing冻胀 frost heaving冻害 freezing damage;frost heaving雪害 snow damage;snow blockade;snow drift沙害 sand damage轨道状态 track condition轨道变形 track deformation;track disorder;track distortion 轨道不平顺 track irregularity低接头 depression of joint三角坑 warp;twist钢轨爬行 rail creeping涨轨跑道 ;钢轨鼓曲 buckled track;rail buckle钢轨疲劳 rail fatigue钢轨伤损 rail failure;rail defects and failures钢轨断裂 rail fracture钢轨裂纹 rail crack;rail crackes轨头剥离 rail head shelling;gage line shelly cracks钢轨锈蚀 rail bubble;rail corrosion钢轨磨耗 rail wearing波形磨耗 ;波浪磨耗 undulatory wear螺孔裂纹 bolt hole crack辙叉伤损 ;辙叉损伤 frog failure木枕开裂 wooden sleeper cracking轨枕伤损 ;轨枕伤损 sleeper damage道床脏污 ballast contamination线路养护 track maintenance线路维修 track maintenance;maintenance of track日常维修 routine maintenance;current maintenance状态修 repairing on condition;repair according to condition 巡回检查 inspection tour轨道检测机具 track detection equipment道尺 track gauge轨道检测 track detection灾害检测装置 disaster detector超声波探伤仪 ultrasonic flaw detector钢轨探伤车 rail detecting car;rail flaw detection car轨道检查车 ;轨检车 track inspection car;track recording car 高速轨道检查车 ;高速轨检车 high-speed track inspection car 养路作业 track maintenance operation起道 track lifting;raising of track垫碴起道 ballast filling track lifting改道 track realigning;gage correction;gaging of track拨道 track lining捣固 tamping除草 weeding除草剂 herbicide除雪 snow clearing防冻 anti-freezing融雪 snow melt融雪剂 snow melt agent钢轨加热 rail heating钢轨打磨 rail grinding钢轨矫直 straightening of kinked rail钢轨更换 rail replace钢轨探伤 rail detecting钢轨焊补 rail repairing welding轨缝调整 rail gap adjusting应力放散 stress-relieving钢轨温度 rail temperature钢轨涂油 rail lubrication轨枕更换 sleeper replacement扣件作业 fastening operation轨枕修补 sleeper mending枕木防腐 timber sleeper treating道岔养护 switch maintenance道岔更换 switch replacement辙叉焊补 frog welding and repairing道床作业 ballast operation道碴清筛 ballast screening道碴更换 ballast replacement道床整形 ballast trimming曲线养护 curved track maintenance线路管理系统 track management system养路组织 track maintenance organization养路计划 track maintenance planning维修天窗 maintenance time维修周期 maintenance period养路安全 track maintenance safety列车接近警报器 ;列车接近报警器;列车接近报警装置 train approach warning device养路质量 track maintenance quality养路机械化 track maintenance machinization线路中修 intermediate repair of track起道修 ;线路中修 track raising repair;track intermediate overhaul线路大修 major repair of track线路更新 ;线路大修 track renewal;track overhauling线路修复 track restoration铁路抢修 ;铁道抢修 railway emergency maintenance养路机械 track maintenance machine起道机 track lifting machine拨道机 track lining machine起拨道机 track lifting and lining machine捣固机 tamping machine捣固车 tamping wagon道床夯拍机 ballast compactor配碴整形机 ballast distributing and trimming machine;ballast distributing and regulating machine道碴清筛机 ballast cleaner扒碴机 crib ballast raker;crib ballast removers道碴更换机 ballast replacement eqnipment道床清扫机 ballast cleaning machine轨枕更换机 sleeper replacement equipment钢轨更换机 rail replacement equipment钢轨打磨机 rail grinding machine钢轨打磨车 rail grinding wagon直轨器 rail straightening tool;rail straightener锯轨机 rail saw;rail cutting machine;rail sawing machine钢轨钻孔机 rail drilling machine钢轨加热器 rail heater轨缝调整器 rail gap adjuster;rail puller道钉机 spike driver除雪机 snowbreaker;snow removing machine;snow remover除雪车 snow-fighting vehicle;snow plow;snow plough除草机 weeder;weed cutting machine;weed cutter清沟机 ditcher碎冰机 ice crusher养路机具 track maintenance implements液压机具 hydraulic tool轨道车 track car上下道装置 up and down track device发电车 mobile power plant car;generator car综合养路机械 comprehensive track maintenance machine机械化养路基地 mechanized maintenance base工务部门 maintenance of way branch大修队 capital repair brigade工务段 engineering district;maintenance of way section;track division;track district;track maintenance division养路员工 track maintenance worker工务修配厂 maintenance of way shop焊轨厂 rail welding plant枕木防腐厂 timber sleeper treating plant采石场 quarry;stonepit。
铁路工程基本术语(中英对照)
铁路工程基本术语standard for fundamental terms of railway engineering 一般术语：common terms专用铁路：special railway铁路专用线：special spur track路网铁路：railway of national network岔线；special siding轨距：gauge of track标准轨距铁路：standard-gauge railway窄轨铁路：narrow-gauge railway宽轨铁路：broad-gauge railway运营铁路：operating railway既有铁路：existing railway货运专线：special line for freight train客运专线：special line for passenger train车组：wagon-set车列：train-stock车底；train-set小运转列车：transfer train单元列车：unit train组合列车：combination train铁路主要技术标准：main technical standard of railway铁路等级：railway classification铁路限界：railway clearance线路运营长度：operating distance线路建筑长度：length of construction line车流：car flow货流：freight traffic flow输送能力：traffic capacity通过能力：capacity of track储备能力；reserve capacity吸引范围：traffic catchment area旅行速度：commerical speed技术速度：technical speed中－活载：standard railway live load specified byP.R.C 施工天窗：possessive interval for construction工程地质条件：engineering geologic condition工程地质选线：engineering geologic location不良地质：unfavorable geology汇水面积：water-producing area洪水频率：flood frequency设计流量：designed discharge设计水位：designed water level冲刷系数：coefficient of scour中线测量：center line survey中线桩：center line stake加桩：additional stake外移桩；offset stake水准点高程测量（基平）：benchmark leveling中线桩高程测量（中平）：center line stake leveling 曲线测量：setting out of curve曲线控制点：curve controlling point放线；setting-out of route交点：intersection point副交点：auxiliary intersection point转向角：deflection angle分转向角：auxiliary deflection angle坐标方位角：plane-coordinate azimuth象限角：quadrant angle经纬距：plane rectangular coordinate断链：broken chain投影断链：projective broken chain断高：broken leveling铁路航空测量：railway aerosurveying干线：trunk line支线：branch line预留第二线：reserved second line车站分布：distribution of stations区段；district牵引种类：kind of traction机车类型：type of locomotive牵引定数：tonnage rating牵引方式：mode of traction线间距：distance between centers of lines夹直线：intermediate straight line加力牵引坡度：pusher grade长大坡道：long steep grade坡度折减：reduction of gradient平面交叉；level crossing立体交叉：grade crossing平过道：cross tracks passage轨枕：sleeper有碴轨道；ballasted track轴重：axle weight轴载；axle load异型钢轨：compronising rail绝缘接头：insulated joint预应力钢筋混凝土宽枕：prestressed concrete broad sleeper扣件；rail fastenings普通道钉；spike轨距杆；gauge tie-rod防爬器：anti-creeper轨撑：rail brace面碴：top ballast底碴：sub-ballast路基；subgrade路堤：embankment路堑：cutting半堤半堑；cut-fill section渗水土路基：permeable soil subgrade 路基横断面：subgrade cross-section 路基面；subgrade surface路拱：crown路肩：shoulder of subgrade路肩高程：formation level基床：subgrade bed边坡：side slope坡脚：toe of side slope护道：berm取土坑：borrow pit弃土堆：waste bank侧沟：side ditch天沟：overhead ditch急流槽：chute排水沟：drainage ditch渗沟：blind ditch土石方调配：cut-fill adjustment会越站：passing station线路所：block house辅助所：auxiliary block house乘降所：passenger stoping point中间站：intermediate station局界站：divisional station of railway administration 枢纽前方站：station in advance of terminal补机牵引始终点站：helper station闸站：lock station接轨站：junction station交接站：delivery-receiving station国境站：border station技术作业站：technical operation station区段站：district station客货运站：mixed passenger and freight station货场：team yard综合性货场：composite team yard整车货场：car load team yard零担货场：less-than-carload team yard集装箱货场：container team yard路网性编组站：railway network marshalling station 区域性编组站：regional marshalling station单向编组站：single-type marshalling station工业站：industrial station港湾站：water-front station换装站：interchange-loading station铁路枢纽：railway terminal站坪：station site一级三场编组站：1-stage/3-yard marshalling station 到达场：receiving yard到发场：receiving-depature yard通过车场：transit yard调车场：classification yard平面调车场：flat classification yard交换场：interchange yard交接场：delivery-receiving yard换装场：interchange-loading yard车站配线：station sidings站线：station track安全线：catch siding避难线：refuge siding编发线：marshalling-depature track牵出线：switching lead货物装卸线：team track高架卸货线：elevated unloading track货物装卸有效长度：length of freight loading-unloading 存车线：storage track机待线：locomotive holdtrack补机停留线：helper holdtrack尽头线：stub ended track贯通线：through track枢纽联络线：terminal connecting line枢纽迂回线：terminal roundabout line枢纽环线：terminal troop进出站线路：approach line进出站线路疏解：untwining for approach line平面疏解：plane untwining立体交叉疏解：untwining at separate grade crossing线路别疏解：untwining for leading lines方向别疏解：untwining for directional traffics列车种类别疏解：untwining for train types单进路：single route双进路：either directional route超限货物列车进路：route for out-gauge freight train 行车交叉：traffic intersecting行调交叉：traffic-switching intersecting调车交叉：switching intersecting顺向交叉：same direction intersecting逆向交叉：reverse intersecting单向行车：one-way traffic双向行车：two-way traffic反向行车：running against current of traffic车站咽喉区：throat of station咽喉道岔：throat points咽喉区长度：throat length咽喉区平行作业：simultaneous eeration at throat调车作业：switching service调车区：switching area简易驼峰：simplified hump非机械化驼峰：unmechanized hump机械化驼峰：mechanized hump自动化驼峰：automatic hump半自动化驼峰：semi-automatic hump驼峰调车场头部：grouping of hump yard驼峰调车场尾部：tail of hump yard自动化调车场：automatic classification yard 推送部分：humping section溜放：rolling溜放部分：rolling down section溜车方向：rolling direction限制峰高：limiting height of hump需要峰高：necessary height of hump峰顶；hump crest峰顶平台：crest platform推送线：hump lead溜放线：group lead track分路道岔：branch turnout驼峰迂回线：。
中国铁路专业词汇中英翻译
1 4毫米锁闭check 4mm opening of a switch point2 矮型信号机dwarf signal3 安全电路vital circuit4 安全接点safety contact5 按钮push-in button6 按钮表示button indication7 半自动闭塞机semi-automatic block machine8 半自动闭塞联系电路liaison circuit with semi-automatic blocks9 半自动化驼峰系统semi-automatic hump yard system10 保护区段overlap protection block section11 备电源stand-by power source12 被控点controlled point13 闭路式轨道电路close type track circuit14 闭塞分区block section15 闭塞机block instrument16 臂板接触器contacts operated by semaphore17 臂板转极器pole changer operated by semaphore18 变压器箱transformer box19 标准分路灵敏度standard shunting sensitivity20 表示indication21 表示灯indication lamp22 表示灯电源power source for indication lamp23 表示电路indication circuit24 表示对象indicated object25 表示杆indication rod26 表示连接杆connecting rod for indication27 表示盘indicating panel28 表示器indicator29 表示周期indication cycle30 并联式轨道电路multiply connected track circuit31 并置信号点double signal location32 不对称脉冲轨道电路asymmetrical impulse track circuit33 不限时人工解锁manual non-time release34 材质不良bad material35 操纵台operating console36 侧撞conering37 测长distance-to-coupling measurement38 测试环线test loop39 测速speed measurement40 测重weight sensing41 测阻rollability measurement42 插接不良plug-in trouble43 岔中绝缘insulated joint within a turnout44 场间联系电路liaison circuit between yards45 车档表示器buffer stop indicator46 车辆存在监测器presence monitor47 车辆加速器car accelerator48 车轮传感器wheel detector49 车门自动控制automatic train door control50 车站控制station master control51 出站信号机starting signal52 储风罐air reservoir53 储酸室acid store room54 传动系统driving system55 传输继电器transmitting relay56 串联式轨道电路serially connected track circuit57 磁路系统magnetic circuit58 从属信号机dependent signal59 错溜miseroute60 错误办理wrong handling错误关闭信号false stopping of a signal62 错误解锁false release63 错误开放信号wrong clearing of a signal64 错误锁闭false locking65 错误显示wrong indication66 大功率转辙机heavy duty switch machine67 大站电气集中联锁relay interlocking for large station68 带柄道岔表示器switch indicator with level69 带动道岔switch with follow up movement70 单独操纵继电式电气集individual level type all-relay interlocking71 单独操纵作业manual operation72 单断single break73 单轨条式轨道电路single rail track circuit74 单频感应器single frequency inductor75 单线臂板信号机single wire semaphore signal76 单线继电半自动闭塞single track all-relay semi-automatic block system77 单向自动闭塞single-directional running automatic block78 单置信号点single signal location79 弹力继电器spring-type relay80 导管调整器pipe compensator81 导线导轮wire carrier82 导线调整器wire compensator83 导线反正扣wire-adjusting screw84 导线立轮vertical wheel85 导线平轮horizontal wheel86 导线平轮组horizontal wheel assembly87 导线装置wire installation88 导向安全failure to the safe side89 到发线出岔电路protection circuit with switch lying in receiving-90 道岔表示switch indication91 道岔表示电源power source for switch indication92 道岔表示器switch indicator93 道岔错误表示false indication of a switch94 道岔定位表示switch normal indication95 道岔动作电源power source for switch operation96 道岔反位表示switch reverse indication97 道岔封锁switch closed up98 道岔控制电路switch control circuit99 道岔控制电源power source for switch control100 道岔密贴switch point closure。
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铁路工程建设标准术语汉译英错误分析
摘要：铁道部为了实施中国铁路“走出去”战略，组织了铁路工程建设标准翻译和评审工作。
在对汉译英稿件评审过程中，笔者发现翻译存在不少问题。
本文以《铁路桥涵工程施工质量验收标准》汉译英稿件为例，对术语翻译错误进行了统计，列举了一些典型案例，提供了修改的译文，分析造成错误的原因，并提出了一些建议和意见，希望能帮助翻译工作者提高翻译的质量。
关键词：铁路工程建设标准术语翻译错误分析
Abstract: in order to implement the China ra ilway “going out” strategy, organization of railway engineering construction standard translation and review process. In the translation process of manuscript evaluation, the author find the translation problems. This article by “the railway bridge enginee ring construction quality acceptance standards of translation from Chinese into English articles as an example, the terminology translation errors on statistics, listed some typical cases, provides modified translations, analysis result in the wrong reasons, and puts forward some Suggestions and opinions, the hope can help improve the quality of translation the translator.
Keywords: railway engineering construction standard terminology translation error analysis
一、引言
近年来，随着我国铁路的快速发展和高铁的通车运行，我国铁路在世界影响力与日俱增，铁路企业纷纷走向国际市场。
同时铁道部为了加快我国铁路“走出去”的步伐，组织了铁路工程建设标准翻译和评审工作。
2008年8月至2010年5月，笔者先后两次参与了铁道部组织的铁路工程建设标准英文版翻译稿审查工作。
在初稿评审过程中，发现翻译中存在不少问题，包括词汇、时态错误、语态、标点错误、大小写错误、排版格式等。
本文仅以《TB 10415-2003铁路桥涵工程施工质量验收标准》汉译英稿件为例，分析术语翻译存在的问题。
二、术语翻译错误情况介绍
笔者对《铁路桥涵工程施工质量验收标准》中术语翻译2400次错误进行了统计，发现其错误主要表现在以下几个方面，即:(1)中式术语翻译可接受性差；
(2)术语误译成普通名词；(3)近义词混淆；(4)语法错误；(5)拼写错误；(6)漏译。
下面分别进行说明。
(1) 中式术语翻译可接受性差
铁路建设标准存在一些表示机构的术语, 这些术语极具有中国特色，翻译不好就可能造成可接受性差的问题。
在评审过程中，我们发现这类词语翻译错误944次，具体情况如下：
例1：施工单位原译：construction unit；改译：contractor；出现次数：428次。
例2：监理单位原译：supervisionunit；改译：supervision consultant；出现次数：271次。
例3：铁道部原译：Ministry of Railway；改译：Ministry of Railways；出现次数：241次。
例4：总包单位原译：chief contractor；改译：general contractor；出现次数：2次
例5：中铁三局集团有限公司原译：China Railway 3rd Bureau Company Group Limited；改译：China Railway No.3 Engineering Group Co., Ltd；出现次数：2次。
中国标准中存在中国特色的术语或者专有名词，如“施工单位”、“建设单位”和“监理单位”等，为了使外国读者更好地接受和理解中国标准，我们根据美国学者尤金•柰达（Eugene A．Nida）“对等”（所谓对等，是指译语接受者与原语接受者能获得大致相同的反应，是“和源语信息最接近的、自然的对等”）[1]为判断翻译正误的标准，分别译为“the Contractor”、“the Client/ Owner/ Employer”和“Supervision Consultant”。
上述专用名词翻译的主要问题在于可接受性差。
“单位”在表示机构意义时翻译成“unit”可接受性很差，所以我们提出修改建议。
再如“中铁三局集团有限公司”，虽然存在多种译文，但是该公司已经在其官方网站上公布了英文名称并且使用了多年，在国外得到普遍的接受和认可，从接受理论的角度来看，应该以官方网站的英文为准。
(2)术语误译成普通名词
在评审过程中，我们很多术语误译成普通名词或者名词词组，这些术语包括：砌体、支座、支架、刚构、横隔板、承台、造桥机、水下混凝土、承载力、(支座)垫石、结合梁、挂篮、拱高、线型、反力、护筒、移动支架造桥机、预拱度、上部结构、(钢桁) 节间、浮浆等。
这类错误达728次，现列举说明如下：例1：刚构原译：rigid structure；改译：rigid frame；出现次数：38次。
例2：横隔板原译：lateral partition plate；改译：diaphragm；出现次数：21次。
例3：承台原译：platform或base slab；改译：pile cap；出现次数：18次。
例4：造桥机原译：bridge fabrication machine；改译：launching gantry；出现次数：14次。
例5：水下混凝土原译：underwater concrete；改译：tremie concrete；出现次数：14次。
例6：(支座)垫石原译：block, stone；改译：plinth；出现次数：9次。
例7：挂篮原译：suspended wagon；改译：form-traveller；出现次数：8次。
例8：线型
原译：line type，linear type 或linear；改译：alignment；出现次数：6次。
例9：护筒
原译：drive pipe；改译：casing；出现次数：3次。
例10：移动支架造桥机
原译：bridge fabrication machine with movable frame；改译：Movable Scaffolding System (MSS)；出现次数：3次。