翻译理论与实践(20)
《翻译理论与实践》课程教学大纲.

《翻译理论与实践》课程教学大纲课程类型:专业课课程代码:06401405课程学时:56 学分: 3 适用专业:英语专业(师范、商务方向)开课时间:三、四年级(2)、(1)学期开课单位:外国语学院大纲执笔人:金惠康大纲审定人:翻译理论与实践(Theory and Practice for Translation)课程是英语专业的必修课之一。
它包括翻译理论与实践,有英语翻译成汉语与汉语翻译成汉语,现代翻译理论与技巧,翻译的跨文化交际与障碍。
一、教学目的与要求(从知识、能力、素质三个侧面及其相互的联系和在综合技能培养中的作用,说明本课程的教学目的和要求;说明本课程在对学生知识、能力、技能和素质等方面的教育培养的具体要求。
) 1.教学目的:翻译理论是翻译实践的指南。
开设这门课的目的是系统地传授翻译基本理论,结合翻译实践训练、翻译方法和技巧,从而大大提高研究生的翻译能力。
2.教学要求:学生通过72学时的学习,能够了解国内外翻译研究动态,掌握翻译学的理论系统,并能熟练地运用各种翻译方法和技巧,为他们走向成功打下坚实的基础。
二、教学重点与难点1. 教学重点:翻译理论;英译与汉译语基本实践2. 教学难点:翻译的基本技能技巧;翻译实践能力的培养三、教学方法与手段以讲授为主,课堂讨论,读辅导材料,写学习心得,参与翻译实践,注重理论联系实际。
四、教学内容、目标与学时分配(教学内容/教学目标/课时分配)本课程两学期,36课时/36课时,专题讨论1-3次,计9课时,考试2课时。
第一学期:第一章汉字英词(Chinese Characters & English Words)第二章汉英表达的不同(Different Ways of Expressing Ideas)第三章汉文明礼貌语言(Chinese Language of Respect & Humanity)第四章中国文化(Chinese Culture)第五章有中国文化特色的社会架构(Chinese Social System with Chinese Cultural Characteristics)第六章现代说法反映现代社会(Modern Sayings Reflect Modern Life)第七章语言,文化与社会(Language,Culture & Society)第八章跨文化交际(Cross-Cultural Communication)第九章语言与翻译(Language & Translation)第十章翻译技巧杂谈(一)(On Skills of Translation)(1)第十一章翻译技巧杂谈(二)(On Skills of Translation)(2)专题讨论一:翻译理论与翻译实践的关系专题讨论二:岭南文化翻译讨论第二学期:第一章跨文化传播与交际(Intercultural Communications)第二章跨文化差异与融合(Intercultural Difference and Integration)第三章跨文化理解与翻译(Intercultural Understanding and Translation)第四章中国传统文化介绍(Introduction to Traditional Chinese Culture)第五章文化旅游翻译(Translation of Culture and Tourism)第六章汉英修辞表达(Metaphorical Expressions in Both Languages)第七章汉英谚语与典故(Proverbs and Allusions in Both Languages)专题讨论三:中华文明翻译与介绍专题讨论四:中华文化旅游翻译五、考试范围与题型1.考试范围与分数:(1)现代翻译理论(10%)(2)现代翻译技巧(20%)(3)翻译实践(50%)(4)跨文化交际(10%)2.考试题型与分数比例:(1)理论问答题(10%)(2)英译汉(20%)(3)汉译英(50%)(4)段落翻译(20%)六、教材与参考资料1.教材:金惠康著,2003,《跨文化交际翻译》,2004《跨文化交际翻译续集》,中国对外翻译出版公司2.参考资料:《中国翻译》1993—2002年各期《中国科技翻译》1996—2002年各期《上海科技翻译》1996—2002年各期《文化研究》(人大复印报刊资)1997—2002年各期邓炎昌刘润青.语言与文化——英汉语言文化比较[M].外语教学与研究出版社,1992吴冰等编.大学英语口译(汉英)教程[M].外语教学与研究出版社出版,1994乐黛云主编.中西比较文学教程[N].高等教育出版社出版,1988柯平主编.英汉与汉英翻译教程[M].北京大学出版社出版,1993张培基等编.英汉翻译教程[M].上海外语教育出版社出版,1983英喻云根编.汉对比语言学[M].北京工业大学出版社出版,1994陈定安编着.英汉比较与翻译[M].中国对外翻译出版公司,1991范仲英编着.实用翻译教程[M].外语教学与研究出版社,1994吕瑞昌等编.汉英翻译教程[M].陕西人民出版社,1983胡文仲主编.英美文化辞典[M].外语教学与研究出版社,1995辛华.世界姓名译名手册[M].化学工业出版社,1987胡曙中.英汉修辞比较与研究[M].上海外语教学出版社,1992王德春等编.修辞学词典[M].浙江教育出版社,1987谭永祥.修辞新格[M].暨南大学出版社出版,1996陈望道.修辞学发凡[M].上海教育出版社,1976冯翠华编.修辞格[M].商务印书馆出版,1983钱冠连.汉语文化语用学[M].清华大学出版社,1997王秉钦.文化翻译学[M].南开大学出版社,1995连淑能.英汉对比研究[M].高等教育出版社,1993关世杰.跨文化交际学[M].北京大学出版社,1996林大津.跨文化交际研究[M].福建人民出版社,1996贾玉新.跨文化交际学[M].上海外语教育出版社,1997王宏印.跨文化传通——如何与外国人交往[M].北京语言学院出版社,1996胡文仲主编.文化与交际[M].外语教学与研究出版社,1994胡文仲/高一虹.外语教学与文化[M].湖南教育出版社,1997钟述孔.实用口译手册[M].中国对外翻译出版公司,1991靳梅琳编着.英汉翻译概要[M].南开大学出版社,1995陈宏薇主编.汉英翻译基础[M].上海外语教育出版社,1998刘重德.文学翻译十讲[M].中国对外翻译出版公司,1998金堤.等效翻译探索(增定版)[M].中国对外翻译出版公司,1998金圣华.桥畔译谈:翻译散论八十篇[M].中国对外翻译出版公司,1998林佩汀.中英对译技巧[M].世界图书出版公司,1997谭宝全.现代英语翻译诀窍[M].上海交通大学出版社,1996马祖毅.中国翻译简史(增定版)[M].中国对外翻译出版公司,1998陈生保编着.英汉翻译津指[M].中国对外翻译出版公司,1998刘宓庆.文体与翻译[M].中国对外翻译出版公司,1998金圣华/黄国彬.因难见巧:名家翻译经验谈[M],中国对外翻译出版公司,1998辜正坤.中西诗鉴赏与翻译[M].湖南人民出版社,1998陈小慰,《语言.功能.翻译:汉英翻译理论与实践》,福建教育出版社,1998刘宓庆.当代翻译理论[M].中国对外翻译出版公司,1999谭载喜编着.新编奈达论翻译[M].中国对外翻译出版公司,1999金惠康.贵州旅游(英汉双语版)[M].贵阳:贵州民族出版社,1994金惠康.编译《贵州旅游》(英汉双语版)体会[J].中国科技翻译,1998(2):54金惠康.跨文化交际翻译:汉英语言文化比较[M].贵阳:贵州教育出版社,1997金惠康.汉英跨文化交际翻译[M].贵阳:贵州教育出版社,1998金惠康.中国英语[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2003金惠康.跨文化交际翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2003金惠康.跨文化交际翻译续集[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2004金惠康.汉英文化旅游实用手册[M].广州:广东省旅游出版社,2003Baker,Mona.In Other Words:A Course book on Translation [M].外语教学与研究出版社and 劳特利奇出版社,2000Burton Raffel.The Art of Translating Poetry [M].The Pennsylvania State University Press,1988 Cao Xueqin.The Story of the Stone[Z].trans.Hawkes,D.London:Penguin Books Ltd,1973 Cao,Xueqin.A Dream of Red Mansions [Z].trans.Yang Hsienyi and Gladys Yang.Beijing:Foreign Language Press,1994.Dan Sheng.Literary Stylistics and Fictional Translation[M].北京大学出版社,1998Derald Wing Sue and David Sue.Counseling the Culturally Different:theory and practice[M],Publishing Company,Belmont California,1990 John Wiley and Sons,Inc USAGrosjean,Francois.Life with Two Languages:an introduction to bilingualism[M].Cambridge,Harvard University Press,1982Hymes,nguage in Culture and Society[M].NY:Harper and Row,1964Larry A.Samovar,Richard munication between Cultures[M].Wadsworth,1991Jin,Huikang and Wang,Weigang(金惠康/王维纲).JEFC and SEFC EnglishMethodology[M].Guiyang:Guizhou Minorities Publishing House,1996Jin,Huikang.Guizhou Tourism[M].Guizhou Educational Publishing House,Guiyang,PRC,1999 Jin,Huikang.Aspects of Guangdong Province [M].Guangzhou:Cartographic Publishing House of Guangdong Province,2002.Larry E.Smith.Discourse Across Cultures — Strategies in World Englishes[M].Prentice Hall International(UK)Ltd,1987Newmark,Peter.Approaches to Translation[M].Herfodshire:Prentice Hall,1986.Nida,Eugene nguage,Culture and Translating[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Press,1993.Pinkham,Joan.TRANSLATOR’S GUIDE TO CHINGLISH[M].外语教学与研究出版社,2000 Raymond Gozzi,Jr.New Words — and A Changing American Culture [M].University of South Carolina Press,1990Saville/Troike,Murie.The Ethnography of Communication[M].Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1983 Wallerstein,nguage and Culture in Conflict[M].Addison-Wesley Publishing Company,Inc USA,1983Samovar,Larry A and Porter,Richard E and Stefani,Lisa munication Between Cultures [M].外语教学与研究出版社and汤姆森学习出版社,2000Scollon,Ron and Scollon,Suzanne Wong.Intercultural Communication:A Discourse Approach [M].外语教学与研究出版社and布莱克韦尔出版社,2000Venuti,Lawrence:The Translator’s Invisibility [M].London & New York:Routledge,1995.。
翻译学院课程大纲(全套)

目录《圣经》与英语文学 (4)大学德语四级考试训练 (5)大学英语六级考试辅导 (6)大学英语四级考试辅导 (7)当代西方翻译研究 (8)德语(第二外语) (10)德语综合技能培养与实践.................................................... 11读解提高篇................................................................ 12德语语法词汇练习..................................................................................................................... 12读解挑战篇................................................................ 14法语(第二外语).......................................................... 15翻译的文体分析模式........................................................ 16翻译工作坊................................................................ 17翻译教学法................................................................ 18翻译理论与技巧............................................................ 19翻译理论与实践.. (20)高级日语.................................................................. 21高级英语(一、二)........................................................ 22汉英文体翻译.............................................................. 23汉语语言学研究............................................................ 24基础日语.................................................................. 25基础日语综合练习.......................................................... 26交替传译(1-3)........................................................... 26科技德语.................................................................. 28科技日语.................................................................. 29英语口译.. (30)翻译理论与实践............................................................ 31口译初步与视译(1、2).................................................... 32跨文化交际与涉外礼仪...................................................... 33美国文学.................................................................. 34美学通论.................................................................. 35日本当红作家名作赏析...................................................... 36日本概况.................................................................. 37日本文化史................................................................ 38日本文学史................................................................ 39日本文学作品欣赏.......................................................... 40日本语概论................................................................ 41日企就职前培训............................................................ 42日语(第二外语).......................................................... 43日语古典文法.............................................................. 44日语古典文学作品选读...................................................... 45日语会话.................................................................. 461日语听力.................................................................. 47日语网上阅读.............................................................. 48日语应用文写作.. (49)日语语法.................................................................. 50日语阅读.................................................................. 51实用商贸德语.............................................................. 52商务日语.................................................................. 53生活在日本................................................................ 54诗歌翻译与欣赏............................................................ 55实践德语(一、二)........................................................ 56实用德语写作与翻译(一、二).............................................. 57实用翻译(1、2).......................................................... 58速记 .. (59)同声传译(1、2).......................................................... 60文化比较研究.............................................................. 61文学翻译(1、2).......................................................... 62西方文明简史.............................................................. 63希腊罗马神话与英语文学.................................................... 65新闻德语.................................................................. 66学术论文写作.............................................................. 67译著选读.. (68)译作比较与批评 (69)英国文学(一、二)........................................................ 70笔译(英汉翻译理论与实践)(一、二)...................................... 71英汉/汉英商务翻译......................................................... 72英美翻译简史.............................................................. 73英美文学史................................................................ 74英文小说汉译. (75)英语词汇学................................................................ 76英语国家概况. (77)英语教学法 (78)英语口语 (79)英语视听说................................................................ 80英语听力.................................................................. 81英语网上阅读.............................................................. 82英语写作.................................................................. 83英语演讲.. (84)英语应用语言学 (85)英语语音 (86)英语语音提高 (87)英语阅读 (88)英语阅读技能培养与实践 (89)日语影视经典名著欣赏...................................................... 90日语影视作品欣赏(1、2).................................................. 912语篇分析.................................................................. 92语言学导论................................................................ 93中国翻译简史. (94)中西翻译史(1、2) (95)专业八级测试—听力 (96)专业八级模拟测试 (97)专业四级测试—听力与听写 (98)专业四级测试—听力与写作 (99)英语专业四级测试—写作.................................................. 100专业四级模拟测试........................................................ 101综合德语(1—4)........................................................ 102综合英语................................................................ 1033《圣经》与英语文学课程代码:63135000课程名称:《圣经》与英语文学英文名称:the Bible and English Literature学分:1 开课学期:第9学期授课对象:英语专业本科学生,英德双语专业本科学生,翻译专业本科学生课程主任:张彩波,副教授,硕士课程简介:本课程的主旨是从文学的角度解读《圣经》;从英语文学作品中探究《圣经》的影踪。
(最新整理)《翻译理论与实践》课程阅读书目

(完整)《翻译理论与实践》课程阅读书目编辑整理:尊敬的读者朋友们:这里是精品文档编辑中心,本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的,发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对,但是难免会有疏漏的地方,但是任然希望((完整)《翻译理论与实践》课程阅读书目)的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。
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闽江学院《翻译理论与实践》课程(学生课外阅读参考书目)1、 Bell, Roger. T。
1991, 2001. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice [M]. London:Longman Group UK Ltd.;Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.2、 Benjamin, W。
1993。
The Task of the Translator[A]。
In: L。
Venuti ed. 2000. The TranslationStudies Reader[C]. London & New York: Routledge。
3、 Davis, K. 2004。
Deconstruction and Translation [M]. Shanghai: ShanghaiForeignLanguage Education Press。
4、 Hatim, Basil and Mason, Ian. 1990, 2001。
Discourse and the Translator[M]。
London:Longman Group UK Ltd.; Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press。
翻译理论与实践参考书

The theory and
1 pracபைடு நூலகம்ice of
translation
2 口笔译理论研究 3 科学翻译学 4 翻译多元论 5 跨文化交际翻译续编
6 翻译理论、实践与评析 邵志洪编著 7 新闻英语与翻译 许明武著 主编杨平 方梦之编著 刘宓庆著 刘重德编著 金惠康著 赵桂华编著 黄忠廉著 黄忠廉著 许建忠编 思果著 主编黎难秋 余光中著 方梦之著
H315.9/33/C1 H059/29 H315.9/183 H059/3/C1 H059/50 H315.9/158 H059/21 H059/55 H315.9/146 H319.9/258 H059-53/3 H059/10 H315.9/26/C1 H315.9/20/C1 H315.9/81 H315.9/82 H059/6/1 H315.9/21/C1 H315.9-62/4 H059/1/C1 I046/2 H059/58 H159/1/C1
46
因难见巧 名家翻译经 验谈
47 汉英科技翻译指要 48 翻译与人生 49 英汉比较与翻译 50 中译英技巧文集 51 译艺谭 52 文学翻译十讲 53 实用口译手册
中国对外翻译出版公司 1998 中国对外翻译出版公司 冯志杰著 1998 中国对外翻译出版公司 周兆祥编著 1998 中国对外翻译出版公司 陈定安编著 1998 《中国翻译》编辑部编 中国对外翻译出版公司 辑 1992.10 中国对外翻译出版公司 黄邦杰著 1991.5 中国对外翻译出版公司 刘重德编著 1991.2 中国对外翻译出版公司 钟述孔著 1991.12 金圣华,黄国彬主编
口译技巧 思维科学与 口译推理教学法
25 文化语境与语言翻译 26 新译学论稿 27 翻译与语言哲学 28 翻译新究 29 翻译研究 30 释意学派口笔译理论 31 词语翻译丛谈续编 32 中英法实用会话 33 文化与翻译 34 翻译变体研究 35
翻译理论与实践 (文稿)

翻译理论与实践复习资料应英081班痞子第一章翻译的定义和翻译的原则一、翻译的定义1.Translation is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flaver.( Columbia Encyclopedia)2. Translating consists in reproducing in the recepter language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. ( Eugene A. Nida )3.翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来,以达到沟通思想感情、传播文化知识、促进社会文明,特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。
(孙致礼 2003:6 )二、翻译的原则1. Yan Fu (1854-1921)In translation, there are three aspects difficult to bring about: faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance. It is no easy work to realize “faithfulness”! If there is only faithfulness without expressiveness , the translation doesn’t amount to translation. From here we can see expressiveness is of great importance. (译事三难,信,达,雅。
求其信已大难矣!顾信矣不达,虽译犹不译也,则达尚焉)Faithfulness means that the translated text should be faithful to the original text.Expressiveness means that the translated text should be expressive and coherent without anything awkward. Elegance means the translated text should keep the style of the original.① Japanese army killed millions of innocent people during the war。
华中师大《翻译理论与实践》期末考试备考资料全集题参考答案

华中师范大学网络学院《翻译理论与实践》练习测试题(答案及参考译文)一.在下列句中空白处填上合适的词语。
每空1分。
共10分。
1.翻译是跨(语言)、跨(文化)、跨(社会)的交际活动。
2.篇章的粘连分(语义)粘连和(结构)粘连两大类,粘连的目的是实现篇章的(连贯)。
3.社会符号学的翻译标准是(语意)相符、(功能)相似。
4.格赖斯的(合作)原则和利奇的(礼貌)原则是促使语言交际成功的语用原则。
5.社会符号学翻译法以韩礼德所述的语言的社会符号性为根据,以符号学的意义观为核心。
语言符号具备三种意义,它们是(言内)意义、(指称)意义和(语用)意义。
6.语言对比是研究语言在(使用)中产生的意义。
7.泰特勒在《翻译的原则》一书中提出了著名德三原则:A.译文应完整地再现原文的(思想内容)。
B.译文的(风格)、(笔调)应与原文的性质相同。
C.译文应像原文一样(流畅自然)。
8.汉语语法呈(隐含)性,英语语法呈(外显)性。
9.信、达、雅10.忠实通顺11.理解、表达校核12.译出语(或原文)译入语(或译文)13.口译笔译机器翻译14.意美音美形美15.直译16.合句法17.全译摘译编译18.切近自然信息19.口译笔译机器翻译20.易解丰姿21.归化22.神似23. 钱钟书先生提出:“文学翻译的最高标准是‘(化)’。
把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字,既不能因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹,又能完全保存原有的风味,那就算得入‘(化境)’”。
24.从涉及到的语言符号来看,翻译可分为(语内)翻译、(语际)翻译、和(符际)翻译。
(答题顺序可以颠倒)25.所谓功能指语言所具有的种种社会功能。
英国翻译理论家彼得·纽马克将其分为6种:(信息)功能、(表情)功能、(祈使)功能、美感功能、酬应功能和元语言功能。
26.将He is armed to the teeth译成“他全副武装”,采用的是(意译)的方法;将其译成“他武装到了牙齿”,采用的是(直译)的方法。
翻译理论与实践_分句、合句法

一、分句法1. The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements.(中国人似乎为他们在经济上取得的成就而自豪,这是合乎情理的。
)2. Incidentally, I hope to get better medical treatment in these countries than I can possibly get here in the United States.(顺便提一下,我希望在这些国家得到比我在美国这里所能得到的更好的治疗。
)3. They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.(他们根本没有答复,这是不足为奇的。
)4. Chairman Mao might have spoken with understandable pride of his policy of “self-reliance”.(毛主席在谈到他的“自力更生”的政策时,也许有些自豪感,这是可以理解的。
)5. That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.(那地区是个麻烦地方,这是大家最容易得出来的。
)6. He had long been held in cordial contempt by his peers; now that contempt was no longer cordial.(长期以来,他的同僚虽然看不起他,却还是对他有些亲切感;现在,除看不起之外,亲切感也没有了。
)7. A movie of me leaving that foxhole would look like a shell leaving a rifle.(我离开那个单人掩体速度之快,要是拍成电影的话,会象出膛的子弹一样。
)8. As a place to live, it left much to be desired. As a secret training base for a revolutionary new plane, it was an excellent site, its remoteness effectively masking its activity.(作为居住的地方,这里有许多不足之处。
翻译理论与实践

B: each language has its own system of symbolizing meaning
man
沈阳
(1) one-for-many relationship between language
《翻译理论与实践》 第一章 第二章 翻译的重点从语言形式转向读者反应 动态对等的理论
之后几章 翻译的过程—分析、转换、重组、检 测 检验 原文 译文 分析 转换 重组
奈达翻译思想的三个阶段
一:描写语言学阶段
重点是语言的句法现象和词法现象
二:交际理论阶段 三:社会符号学阶段
科学
交际
动态对等
翻译过程
Reproducing the message Translating must aim primarily at “reproducing the message”. To do anything else is essentially false to one’s task as a translator.(p.12)
Spanish: llave
(3) Languages have different ways of classification.
e.g. in some languages one can speak of bamboo as a tree, as we do in English, but in many languages bamboo is only “grass”.
口头形式优于书面形式
(《圣经》)
1. Capitalization is not sufficient to correct the meaning of otherwise ambiguous or misleading translation. 2. One must not depending upon the spelling to correct otherwise misleading pronunciations. 3. Terms which are vulgar in pronunciation should not be used in the text, even when the written form does not seem vulgar. 4. The punctuation should not be employed in an arbitrary manner to correct otherwise misleading grammatical arrangements.
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作业讲评:那年, 我患了严重的精神疾病, 住进医院。
第五星期结束时, 丈夫陪我去看院内医生。
精神病科主任问了几个问题后, 告诉我说: “你进步很快, 很可能再过一星期, 就可以出院了。
”丈夫和我相视而笑。
出院后的一年半, 丈夫陪我每六个月去一次本地的心理卫生中心接受检查。
每去一次, 我的药量就减少了一些, 最后医生告诉我说,不必再服药了。
这段时间, 我逐渐恢复了精神失常前的生活。
我很幸运, 因为这类精神病多半可以治愈, 患者中80%以上可以完全痊愈。
现在, 折磨我很久的病痛已经一扫而空, 我获得了新生, 婚姻又和以前一样美满了。
而我的丈夫在那段可怕痛苦的日子里忠贞不渝的爱令我永生难忘。
That year I suffered from a serious mental illness and was taken to hospital. Accompanied by my husband I went to see the doctor at the end of the fifth week. After asking me a few questions, the director of the psychiatry department then said, “You’ve been doing quite well. Perhaps you can go home in a week’s time.” M y husband and I couldn’t help grinning at each other on hearing this.In the following 18 months after I was discharged from hospital, my husband would accompany me to the local mental health centre for examinations every six months. With each visit, the dose of medicine prescribed to me was progressively reduced until one day the doctor toldme that I no longer needed any. During this time I gruadually recovered and was able to live a normal life of my former days. I am fortunate. My ailment can in most cases be cured and over 80 percent of such patients are expected to recover fully.The ordeal that had afflicted me for quite a long time is over now. I feel like I’ve been given a new life and my family life is now as happy as ever before. I shall never forget the constant love my husband showed me all through this distressing period.Disease, illness of people, animals, plants, etc., caused by infection or a failure of health rather than by an accident:a contagious/infectious diseasea common/rare/incurable/fatal diseaseThey reported a sudden outbreak of the disease in the south of the country.The first symptom of the disease is a very high temperature.She has caught/contracted(= begun to have)a lung disease/disease of the lungs.Starvation and disease have killed thousands of refugees.Illness, ill, adjectivenot feeling well, or suffering from a disease:I felt ill so I went home.He's been ill with meningitis.Sophia fell ill/was taken ill (= became ill) while on holiday.He is critically(= very badly) ill in hospital.Illness noun1 a disease of the body or mind:He died at home after a long illness.Sickness, sick (ILL) adjectivephysically or mentally ill; not well or healthy:a sick childa sick cowMy father has been off sick (= not working because of illness) for a long time.Anyone who could hurt a child like that must be sick (= mentally ill).The old woman fell/took/was taken sick (= became ill)while she was away and had to come home.Sarah called in/reported sick (= told her employer that she was unable to go to work because of illness).FIGURATIVE High rates of crime are considered by some people to be a sign of a sick society.See also heartsick; homesick; lovesick, bussick, seasick, airsick Ailment, an illness:Treat minor ailments yourself.Malady, noun [C] FORMAL1 a disease:All the rose bushes seem to be suffering from the same mysterious malady.2 a problem within a system or organization:Apathy is one of the maladies of modern society.Physical disorder, indispositionConversion of perspectivesTranslation is based on the assumption that the c that the content of human thinking is basically the same, but the congnitive angles or thinking modes may not necessarily be the same. At times people from different cultures approach the same thing from different perspectives. These differences are reflected in their respective languages and often pose barriers for inter-cultural communication. To ensure smooth communication between cultures, it is necessary to shift the perspectives in translation.1.She set a good table. 她摆了一桌丰盛的菜肴。
2.He beat her black and blue. 他把她打得青一块,紫一块。
3.People began to leave the hall by ones and twos. 人们开始三三两两地离开大厅。
4.Students get a discount of 20% on air fares. 学生买机票可打八折。
5.Hardbacks are usually more expensive than paperbacks. 精装书通常比简装书贵。
6.I can read her thoughts. 我能看出她的心思。
7.Parent s’ love of their children is perfect and minute. 父母爱子女无微不至。
8.What kind of sailor are you? 你晕不晕船?9.For 20 years we were passive witnesses to the deterioration of pricesof our raw materials and an excessive increase of the prices of manufactured goods. 我们在20年内坐视原料价格下跌和工业品价格暴涨。
10.T he mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort.语言这东西不是随便可以学好的,非下苦工不可。
11.H e survived the trouble. 他闯过了难关。
12.V ery few of these old coins survived. 这些古钱币现在已经十分罕见。