语用学定义和大题目

37. pragmatics: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.

38. Context: Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speaker and the hearer. The shared knowledge is of two types: the knowledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.

39.utterance meaning:the meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.

40.sentence meaning: The meaning of a sentence is often considered as the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication.

41. Constative: Constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were verifiable ;

42. Performative:performatives, on the other hand, were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. Their function is to perform a particular speech act.

43. locutionary act: A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.

44. illocutionary act: An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention; it is the act performed in saying something.

45. perlocutionary act:A perlocutionary act is the act per-formed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.

46. Cooperative Principle: It is principle advanced by Paul Grice. It is a principle that guides our conversational behaviours. The content is: Make your conversational contribution such as is required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or the talk exchange in which you are engaged.

49. How does a sentence meaning differ from an utterance meaning?

A sentence meaning is of-ten considered as the intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication. It is abstract and independent of context. The meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. The utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. For example, “There is a dog at the door”. The speaker could utter it as a matter- of- fact statement, telling the hearer that the dog is at the door. The speaker could use it as a warning, asking the hearer not to approach the door. There are other possibilities, too. So, the understanding of the utterance meaning of “There is a dog at the door” depends on the context in which it is uttered and the purpose for which the speaker utters it.

How are Lawrence horn and Stephen Levinson similar and different in their reformulation of Grice’s Cooperative principle?

Similarity: both of Horn and Levinson base their Q-principle on the first sub maxim of Quantity M axim.

Difference: Horn's R-principle is based on the second sub maxim of Quantity Maxim, relation ma xim and part of Manner Maxim, while Levinson' I-principle is based on the second maxim of Quantity Maxim and his Principle based on Manner Maxim

从会话原则分析小品不差钱

对数量准则的违反

在这组对话中,赵的第二句除了回答毕“在搜狐网上也有您的名字?”这个问题外,还提出了一项超出需要的信息,即“我还有一个重要秘密没跟你透露-----其实我姥爷也姓毕”这句话违反了会话合作原则中的数量准则,提供了多余的星系,从而产生了会话含义,即小品中赵想和毕拉近关系,能够得到去星光大道表演的机会,展现出一位淳朴又不失聪慧的老人形象,自然让观众忍俊不禁.

对方式准则的违反

在对话中,赵故意用了一种隐晦模糊的方式来表达社长的意思,即“今个儿吃完了,明个儿来结账”. 而小沈阳饰演的服务员却一语道出了赵这句隐晦的话语的含义,即打白条. 赵饰演的角色在这里故意违反了方式准则的第一题,即避免话语含混不清,而这种有意识的违反该准则,实际上是为了顾及面子,顾及服务员的态度及情绪.