日本新《海洋基本计划》解析

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安倍内阁新《海洋基本计划》安保政策评析

安倍内阁新《海洋基本计划》安保政策评析

于海龙【内容摘要】 日本《海洋基本计划》是在《海洋基本法》指导下制定的重要海洋计划,对日本的海洋安保、海洋经济、海洋人才等方面建设均有重要指导作用。

2018年安倍内阁根据国内利益诉求和对国际形势新情势的认知制定了新《海洋基本计划》,为安倍内阁在2018-2022年的海洋政策提供基本指导。

其中海洋安保政策是该计划的重要内容,主要表现为加强国内整合与国际合作相结合、注重情报作用的预防性外交、扩大地缘空间、强调综合安全等方面,深刻体现出安倍内阁进一步向积极的自主政策转向的意图。

新《海洋基本计划》安保政策是安倍内阁安保政策的重要组成部分,将对印度太平洋地区的海洋安全格局产生深远影响。

【关键词】 安倍内阁 《海洋基本计划》 国家主义 海洋情势认知 海洋安保政策【中图分类号】 D815 【文章编号】 1003-4048(2019)02-0006-15【文献标识码】 A 【DOI】 10.16496/ki.rbyj.2019.02.002【基金项目】 中国人民大学科学研究基金项目“中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金”(19XNH029)【作者简介】 于海龙,中国人民大学国际关系学院博士研究生(北京 100872)鉴于日本的岛屿国家性质,海洋既为日本国家发展提供坚实基础,也为开展国际合作提供重要舞台。

日本《海洋基本计划》以《海洋基本法》为基础和指导,根据其国内需要和国际环境而制定。

2007年安倍内阁为实现新的海洋立国理念制定《海洋基本法》,设置综合海洋政策本部,“本部长官成为综合海洋政策本部长,由内阁总理大臣担任……在本部设置综合海洋政策副本部长,由内阁官房长官和海洋政策担当大臣担任”,[1]这凸显日本政府对实施海洋战略的重视,“将明显扩大以安倍为核心的首相官邸权力边界”。

[2]2018年新《海洋基本计划》①更多是安倍内阁海洋意志的体现以及对海洋相关问题的认知,该计划是日本政府于2018-2022年实施海洋战略的重要指导方针。

日本海洋基本法系列研究法律内容分析-周怡圃

日本海洋基本法系列研究法律内容分析-周怡圃

海洋信息年2007日本《海洋基本法》(以下简称《基本法》)、《海上构筑物安全水域设定法》(以下简称《安全水域设定法》)已经出台;《海底资源开发推进法》、《在专属经济区等行使天然资源勘探和海洋科学调查主权权利及其他权利法案》(以下简称《资源勘探和科学调查权利法》也于162届国会通过;另有几部海洋环保类法律相继推出。

近两年来,日本方面的国内海洋立法频率加快,立法成果层出不穷,充分显示了日本加大国内海洋政策立法力度、全面建立海洋战略法律保障体系的决心。

“知己知彼方能百战不殆”,对以《基本法》为核心的日本海洋相关法律进行剖析,进而为我国应对举措提供相关建议是当务之急。

《海洋基本法》及相关海洋法主1要内容分析纵观日本《基本法》及其相关法律,以下几点重要制度必须引起重视:《基本法》确立日本海洋政策基本原则和1.1制度,是各海洋法的“母法”其一,专属经济区在《基本法》中的再一次确定必然引发争议区摩擦和纠纷的升级。

日本于1996年《专属经济区和大陆架法》规定200海里专属经济区后,《海洋基本法》再一次明确要根据“海洋特性”开发专属经济区,并防止对日本专属经济区等拥有自主权水域的权利侵害。

日本坚持根据“中间线”原则划定其国专属经济区的界限,此次又在《基本法》中再次强调,足见日本要求建立专属经济区、以国内立法形式抢占海洋资源和划拨海洋国土的决心。

其二,以领导者姿态挺进国际海洋事务——日本海洋外交的强势姿态以立法形式得以固定。

日本《基本法》第七条(海洋的国际协调)中认为以推进海洋政策和海洋国际秩序的形成和发展为目标,日本国有责任担负起领导性职责,并以此为宗旨在国际性协调下经营、利用海洋,明确应采取必要措施积极推进其参与和主导策划联合国海洋法公约,确保本国参与其他相关涉海国际合作的基本战略。

该条款将日本政府推行海洋强势外交、积极参与国际事务的战略上升为国家意志,以立法形式明确日本的海洋战略构想,表明日本以强势姿态进入国际舞台的态度,这必然会引起周边各国的高度警戒。

日本海洋基本法系列研究——海洋基本法是建设海洋强国的必由之路_王晓霞

日本海洋基本法系列研究——海洋基本法是建设海洋强国的必由之路_王晓霞

海洋信息年20082007年4月3日和20日,日本国会众、参两院分别以特别程序高票通过了《海洋基本法》,该法案将从7月开始执行。

当天,日本首相安倍晋三就对媒体评价:“日本是海洋国家,海洋权益对国家利益和国民来说都极其重要,所以《海洋基本法》的通过具有深远的意义。

”日本《海洋基本法》的通过,立即引起世界范围内的高度关注。

舆论普遍认为,该法案与当日同时通过的《海洋构筑物安全水域设定法》一起,表明日本将从法律层面上实现自身从“岛国到海洋国家”的海洋战略构想,同时也反映了日本通过立法形式解决其权益争端问题的企图。

日本制定和通过《海洋基本法》有其国际、国内背景。

从国际上看,在联合国的大力倡导下,加强海洋综合管理、制定和调整海洋战略、强化海洋工作已成为世界海洋事务发展的必然趋势。

《联合国海洋法公约》生效后,以争夺海洋资源为核心的新一轮“蓝色圈地运动”和海洋权益竞争兴起,日本作为世界一支重要的海上力量,察觉到国际海洋竞争对其带来的机遇和挑战;从周边海上环境来看,日本同中国在钓鱼岛和东海资源问题上存在严重争议,同韩国在独岛(日本称竹岛)和海域管辖权问题上有显著分歧,同朝鲜存在海上安全问题,同俄罗斯有北方四岛之争;从国内情况看,日本是个人多地少、四面环海的岛国,陆地国土面积仅37.8万km2 ,石油及其他矿产资源绝大部分依赖进口,因此能源短缺问题始终困扰着日本政府。

正是由于陆地资源的贫乏,在今后“日本何去何从”的问题上,日本决策层把目光瞄向海洋,加之海洋具有丰富的资源,四通八达的海路以及天然屏障的防御功能使海洋在日本具有十分重要的战略地位,为此日本极力扩张本国的管辖海域范围,主张管辖海域的面积达447万km3 ,是其陆地领土面积的近12倍。

基于以上因素,日本采取了通过立法形式加快推行其“海洋国家战略”的步伐。

日本视海洋为其“立国之本”,酝酿已久的《海洋基本法》集中反映了日本“海洋立国”的战略构想,确立了一系列日本今后在海洋事务中遵循的基本理念、基本政策和具体措施。

日本发布新版海洋基本计划

日本发布新版海洋基本计划

日本发布新版《海洋基本计划》强化海洋安全,加强北极领域科学技术研发2018 年5 月16 日,日本政府发布第三版《海洋基本计划》(以下简称《计划》)。

《计划》由首相直接领导的综合海洋政策本部制定,是日本的顶层海洋战略文件,每五年修订一次,内容涵盖海洋资源开发、海洋环境保护、海洋科技研发、海上交通运输等多个方面。

新版《计划》详细阐述了未来十年日本的海洋政策理念,提出了2018~2023 年政府实施海洋政策的若干措施,突出了海洋安全,纳入了北极政策。

现将主要内容摘译如下。

《海洋基本方案》封面一、海洋理念和基本方针2007 年发布的《海洋基本法》确定了日本海洋政策的六大理念:协调海洋开发利用与海洋环境保护,确保海洋安全,拓展海洋科学知识,全面发展海洋产业,加强海洋综合管理,增进海洋问题国际合作。

日本应以此为前提和基础,制定并实施海洋政策。

鉴于当前严峻的海洋安全环境,日本制定了“综合性海洋安全基本方针”:坚决维护包括内河、领海、毗连区、专属经济区、大陆架在内的领海主权及权益;基于法律法规和国际合作,维护和强化海洋秩序,不断推进海洋产业的开发利用,培养优秀海洋人才,拓展海洋科学知识,加强海洋调查、观测及监视活动,推行北极政策,并为海洋环境保护做出努力,实现向新型海洋国家的飞跃。

二、实施海洋政策的主要举措1.保障海洋安全保障日本领海权益。

一是强化自卫队的离岛军力部署,完善海上保安厅的海上执法体制,建立自动化信息搜集传输手段,加强针对外国渔船非法作业的管理,提高日本海上威慑力、执法能力和应对突发事件的能力。

二是针对领土争端和专属经济区权益问题,通过及时、强韧的外交手段,寻求争端的和平解决,确保日本国家主权与海洋权益。

三是通过与同盟国及伙伴国开展交流互动、信息共享、军事演习等活动,加强国际合作。

四是研发并运用无人机、先进光学卫星等现代化装备,构建情报搜集、分析与共享体制。

五是完善海上运输管理与评估手段,开展船舶检查和对外国船只的监督,及时准确地对海上实况进行播报、预警,确保海上交通安全。

日本海洋基本计划

日本海洋基本计划

Basic Plan on Ocean PolicyApril 2013ContentsGeneral Remarks (1)1 Vision of Japan as an Oceanic State (1)(International cooperation and contribution to international community) (1)(W ealth and prosperity through ocean development and utilization of the sea) (2)(From a country protected by the sea to a country that protects the sea) (2)(V enturing into the unexplored frontier) (2)2 Significance of Establishing the Basic Plan on Ocean Policy (2)Chapter 1 Basic Policy of Measures with Regard to the Oceans (4)1 Current Conditions and Issues of Measures with Regard to the Oceans (4)(1) Implementation status of the Basic Plan on Ocean Policy (4)(2) Changes in social circumstances surrounding the sea (5)2 Measures to be Intensively Promoted Under the Plan (6)(1) Promotion and creation of marine industries (6)(2) Securing safety and security on the oceans (7)(3) Promotion of marine surveys and integration and disclosure of marine-related information (7)(4) Developing human resources and improving technological ability (7)(5) Comprehensive management of sea areas and formulation of plans (7)(6) Other important measures to be promoted intensively (8)3 Direction of the Measures Under the Plan (8)(1) Harmonization of development and use of the oceans with conservation of the marineenvironment (8)(2) Securing safety and security on the oceans (9)(3) Improvement of Scientific Knowledge of the Oceans (10)(4) Sound development of marine industries (11)(5) Comprehensive management of the sea (12)(6) International partnership with regard to the oceans (13)(7) Improvement of marine-related education and heightening of understanding of the oceans (14)Chapter 2 Measures the Government Should Take Comprehensively and Systematically with Regard to the Sea (15)1 Promotion of development and use of marine resources (15)(1) Promotion of development of marine energy and mineral resources (15)(2) Promotion of the use of marine renewable energy (17)(3) Development and use of fishery resources (19)2 Conservation of marine environment, etc. (21)(1) Efforts for ensuring biodiversity (21)(2) Efforts for reducing environmental burden (22)3 Promotion of Development of EEZ and Continental Shelves (24)(1) Maintenance, preservation, etc. of EEZ and continental shelves (24)(2) Promotion of effective use of EEZ and continental shelves (25)(3) Establishment of infrastructure and the environment to promote development and otheractivities in EEZ and continental shelves (25)4 Securing Maritime Transport (26)(1) Securing a stable marine transport system (26)(2) Securing and raising seafarers (26)(3) Developing maritime transport bases (27)5 Securing Safety and Security of the Sea (28)(1) Securing security and public order of the sea (28)(2) Safety measures of maritime transport (30)(3) Countermeasures against marine-derived natural disasters (31)6 Promotion of Marine Surveys (32)(1) Promotion of comprehensive marine surveys (32)(2) Comprehensive management and disclosure of marine-related information (34)7 Promotion of Research and Development of Marine Science and Technology (35)(1) Promotion of research and development for important issues the government is required to dealwith (35)(2) Promotion of basic research and research and development based on medium- to long-termperspectives (37)(3) Improving and strengthening common infrastructure of marine science and technology (37)(4) Promotion of initiatives that use outer space (38)8 Promotion of Marine Industries and Increase in International Competitiveness (39)(1) Solidifying management base (39)(2) Creating new marine industries (42)9 Comprehensive Management of Coastal Zones (44)(1) Implementing comprehensive management of coastal zones (44)(2) Implementing coastal zone management integrated with that of land areas (45)(3) Implementing coastal zone management in enclosed coastal seas (47)(4) Coordination of activities in coastal zones (48)10 Preservation of Remote Islands (48)(1) Preservation and management of remote islands (48)(2) Development of Remote Islands (50)11 Securing International Coordination and Promoting International Cooperation (51)(1) Formation and development of the order of the sea (51)(2) International coordination with regard to the sea (52)(3) International cooperation with regard to the sea (53)12 Enhancement of Citizens’ Understanding of the Sea and Fostering of Human Resources (55)(1) Promotion of marine-related education (55)(2) Fostering and securing human resources who will support an oceanic state (55)(3) Heightening of citizens’ understand ing of the sea (56)Chapter 3 Requirements for Comprehensive and Planned Implementation of Ocean Measures (58)1 Revision of Headquarters for Ocean Policy for Effective Implementation of Measures (58)(1) Improvement of System for Study at Councilors’ Meeting (58)(2) Functional improvement of Administrative Office (58)2 Duties of Relevant Personnel and Mutual Coordination (59)3 Proactive Publication of Information concerning Measures (60)General Remarks1 Vision of Japan as an Oceanic State(1) The Basic Act on Ocean Policy (Act No. 33 of 2007) states that, since Japan is surrounded by the sea, “the devel opment and use of the oceans are the basis of existence for the economy and society of our State, and ... securing the marine biological diversity and conserving other better marine environment are the basis of the existence of mankind.”Japan has traditionally developed the foundations of its society and economy through fisheries, shipping, shipbuilding and other industries. At the same time, our country has strived to prepare for threats from the sea such as tsunamis and storm surges. Japan has been taking initiatives to create and use new value provided by the sea, such as marine energy and mineral resources, marine renewable energy, deep-sea living resources and marine leisure activities. Our country has also been addressing issues such as conservation of marine biodiversity, global warming and ocean acidification, in consideration of the sea as an indispensable factor for maintaining the lives of living creatures, including humankind, and from the viewpoint of protecting the global environment.In recent years, in the Asia-Pacific region, the establishment of the order of the sea based on laws under international cooperation with related countries is needed. Expectations for active development and use of the sea have reached new highs given the changes in social circumstances surrounding the sea, such as the revision of energy strategy in response to the Great East Japan Earthquake and mounting expectations for the development of marine energy and mineral resources, and from the viewpoint of promoting our country’s growth strategy. The sea is also a frontier with unlimited potential, so there have been expectations for challenges for new discoveries and understanding, such as those of biospheres existing in the deep sea floor and under the seabed.(2) The Basic Act on Ocean Policy also states that it is important to aim to “realize a new oceanic State in harmonization of the peaceful and positive development and use of the oceans with the conservation of the marine environment, under the international cooperation based on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and other international agreements.”In light of this, the government has decided to set the following as its basic stance and approach to be adopted to the development of the new Basic P lan on Ocean Policy (the “Plan”).(International cooperation and contribution to international community)The government should strengthen international ties at various levels with Asia-Pacific and other countries that are related to our country via the sea. The government should also observe relevant international law and regulations, such as the Charter of the United Nations and UNCLOS, and aim to establish the international order of the sea based on the rule of law. Japan should substantially contribute to global development and world peace by taking leading role within the international society to share the principles that we should aim to establish such order of the sea.(Wealth and prosperity through ocean development and utilization of the sea)The government should aim to elicit the potential of the sea to the maximum extent in order to bring wealth and prosperity to our country. It will contribute greatly in creating wealth for our country, through its future growth, to promote marine resources development, such as fishery resources and marine energy and mineral resources, in the marine zones surrounding our country, and aim for promotion, creation and international expansion of marine industries including fishery industries and resources-related industries related to the above marine resources, while seeking to harmonize the development and use of the oceans with conservation of the marine environment.(From a country protected by the sea to a country that protects the sea)The government should aim to secure safe, efficient and stable maritime transport routes in the sea, which provides for trade routes, and to thoroughly prepare for marine-derived natural disasters to make Japan a disaster-resistant country. The government should defend our territorial seas and the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and other maritime zones and positively work to maintain the ocean as part of the global commons for which rule of law persists. Through these measures, the government should protect life, body and property of the people and contribute greatly to maintaining or developing the lives of the citizenry and economic activities.(Venturing into the unexplored frontier)By maximizing use of Japan’s science and technologies, the government should im plement research, etc. on unknown domains of the sea, including the deep seabed, to contribute to creation of intellectual assets of humankind and endeavor to resolve global issues such as changes in the ocean environment and climate change. Through these efforts, the government should aim to lead and contribute to the world with ocean policy.2 Significance of Establishing the Basic Plan on Ocean PolicyWhile measures with regard to the oceans include diverse individual measures in a wide range of fields, all such measures are related to the sea as a place that is common to them. Therefore, it is necessary to coordinate among those individual measures in promoting the ocean measures. In addition, many of those measures need to be coordinated comprehensively by the entire government as they are promoted. Under such circumstances, the Basic Act on Ocean Policy was put into force in July 2007 for the purpose of comprehensively and systematically promoting ocean measures. Based on this law, the Basic Plan on Ocean Policy was approved in a Cabinet meeting in March 2008.Since then, the government has implemented required measures under the above Plan. However, five years after the Plan was established, it is deemed appropriate to move the efforts to be an oceanic state into a new phase while also considering changes in circumstances surrounding the sea that took place during the five years. It was therefore decided that the Plan should be established based on theprojection for the period of about five years from FY2013. Following the Basic Plan on Ocean Policy established in March 2008, the Plan offers specifics of ocean measures that our country should implement so that related parties will further collaborate and cooperate as they work on the ocean measures and make Japan a new type of oceanic state. After the Plan is established, measures will be taken to allow people to easily and simply obtain information about the Plan and related measures. For example, a measure will be taken to allow people to easily refer to specific measures from the Plan.In Chapter 1 of the Plan, current conditions and issues are sorted out before measures to be intensively promoted in the coming roughly five years are stipulated in consideration of changes in social circumstances and other factors. The basic policy of the measures to be implemented in the coming years will also be stipulated in Chapter 1. For example, the direction of each of the seven measures in line with the basic principles stipulated in the Basic Act on Ocean Policy will be stipulated, with medium- and long-term perspectives occasionally taken.In Chapter 2, based on the basic policy shown in Chapter 1, specific ocean measures that need to be comprehensively and systematically promoted in the coming five years, including measures to be taken in a focused manner and to be taken under close cooperation among related agencies, are stipulated for each of the twelve basic measures set forth in the Basic Act on Ocean Policy.In Chapter 3, matters necessary for comprehensively and systematically promoting ocean measures, such as review of the Headquarters for Ocean Policy, roles to be assumed by local governments and the private sector, and active publication of information, are stipulated.Chapter 1 Basic Policy of Measures with Regard to the Oceans1 Current Conditions and Issues of Measures with Regard to the Oceans(1) Implementation status of the Basic Plan on Ocean Policya. Key measures implemented thus farIn July 2007, the Basic Act on Ocean Policy was put into effect and the C ouncilors’ Meeting was established in the Headquarters for Ocean Policy in accordance with the Order on the Headquarters for Ocean Policy (Cabinet Order No. 202 of 2007). In the same month, the first meeting of the Headquarters for Ocean Policy was held and the meeting decided to establish the Executive Board.In March 2008, the Basic Plan on Ocean Policy was established, and since then ocean measures have been implemented steadily based on the said Plan at each ministry. The following measures, for which efforts by the entire government were deemed necessary, have been promoted under the general coordination of the Headquarters for Ocean Policy.○In FY2008, Japan submitted information on the extension of its continental shelf to theCommission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in November. In March 2009, the Plan for the Development of Marine Energy and Mineral Resources was approved at a meeting of theHeadquarters for Ocean Policy.○In FY2009,Punishment of and Measures against Acts Piracy (the Anti-piracy Act) wasestablished in June (Act No. 55 of 2009). In December, the Basic Policy concerning Preservation and Management of Islands for Management of the Sea was established. In March 2010, theMarine-related information Clearing House was commenced.○In FY2010, Law on the Development of Base Facilities and Preservation of the Low-Tide Line for the Promotion of Use and Conservation of the EEZ and Continental Shelf (Low-Tide Line Preservation Act) (Act No. 41 of 2010) was established in May. In July, the Basic Low-water Line Protection Plan was established based on the law. In March 2011, the Future Policy onExploration of Minerals and Scientific Surveys in the EEZ, etc. of Japan, which is aimed atappropriately exercising sovereign rights concerning exploration of minerals and scientificsurveys in the EEZ, etc. of Japan, was approved at a meeting of the Headquarters for OceanPolicy.○In FY2011, How to Establish Marine Protected Areas in Japan, in which our country’s stance to marine protected areas is summarized, was approved at a meeting of the Headquarters for Ocean Policy in May. The Act on Partial Revision, Etc. of the Mining Act (Act No. 84 of 2011), which includes revisions such as introduction of a license system for exploration of minerals, wasestablished in July and put into effect in January 2012.○In FY2012, the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) agreed in April to extensions of the continental shelf in six of the seven sea regions concerning which Japan had requested such extensions. In May, the Future Policy on Promotion of Use of Marine Renewable Energy was determined at a meeting of the Headquarters for Ocean Policy.b. Main future tasksOcean measures have been implemented at a nearly steady rate in accordance with the Basic Plan on Ocean Policy. In the next phase toward being an oceanic state, it will be important to enhance, strengthen, and intensify individual measures and improve their efficiency. It is also necessary to examine and improve activities for measures that have not necessarily been implemented adequately.Based on these ideas, in the Plan, the Measures to be Promoted Intensively under the Plan will be clarified in consideration of the changes in social circumstances surrounding the sea, and other factors, and the Direction of the Measures under the Plan will be stipulated in accordance with the basic principle, etc. prescribed in the Basic Act on Ocean Policy.(2) Changes in social circumstances surrounding the seaa. Review of Energy Strategy and Disaster-Prevention Countermeasures after the Great EastJapan EarthquakeAs a result of the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station following the Great East Japan Earthquake, Japan has been urged to revise its energy policies. The government has decided to conduct deliberations toward developing responsible energy policies including viewpoints of stable energy supply and energy cost reduction. Above all, marine renewable energy is expected to have potential. For example, with regard to offshore wind power, one estimate shows that it is theoretically possible to install power generation facilities with a total capacity of approximately1,500 GW in our territorial seas and the EEZ if profitability is not taken into account.The Great East Japan Earthquake caused a giant tsunami that far exceeded what had been expected in Japan, resulting in devastating damage. Currently, our country is making every possible effort for the reconstruction and strengthening disaster-prevention counter measures, including tsunamis.b. Mounting expectations for development and use of the seaTo promote development of marine energy and mineral resources, Japan has taken measures such as establishment of the Plan for the Development of Marine Energy and Mineral Resources and revision of the Mining Act. However, importance has been growing in recent years to ensure stable supply of petroleum, natural gas, rare metals and other energy and mineral resources, given factors such as the rare metal supply to Japan that became instable, shutdown of many nuclear power plants, and increase of demand for natural gas, whose price is high. On the other hand, in the sea zones surrounding Japan, research on development of resources such as methane hydrate and polymetallic sulphides, as well as petroleum and natural gas, continues and seabed sediments which contain rare earth elements have been discovered. From the viewpoint of promoting such innovations that will provide Japan with new possibilities, future progress of resource development is expected. The global market of marine resources development has been growing rapidly due to growing demand for energy mainly in emerging countries. Japan’s marine industries are expected to achieve growth by taking advantage of the demand.c. Changes in international circumstances surrounding conservation of marine interestsIn recent years, claims and activities by neighboring countries over maritime security and marine interests have intensified in the sea zones surrounding Japan. Moreover, there have also been cases of illegal operations by foreign fishing boats, and of marine surveys by foreign vessels in Japan’s territorial seas and the EEZ which were conducted without Japan’s consent. In addition, pirate attacks continue off the coast of Somalia and in the Gulf of Aden, making it necessary to promote measures from the viewpoint of maintenance of the order of the sea and securing safety of sea lanes.d. Other changes in social circumstances, etc.Given changes in the Arctic Ocean caused by climate change, including the decline of sea ice extent, global concern has been mounting over the impact of such changes on the global climate system and potential for use of Arctic Sea Route. In Japan, there have been expectations for promotion of research and survey activities with regard to the Arctic and reform in maritime transport by reduction of transportation costs. Other trends are observed as well such as changes in the ocean environment attributed in part to global warming and ocean acidification, rapid shift of Japanese consumers from fish amid growing demand for fishery products in the rest of the world, and increase and changes in the distribution of goods via the oceans associated with the remarkable economic development of East Asian countries.2 Measures to be Intensively Promoted Under the PlanGiven the implementation status of measures, changes in social circumstances, and other factors, the following measures will be intensively promoted in the coming five-year period.(1) Promotion and creation of marine industriesRevival of the Japanese economy and creation of wealth through growth of our country are urgent policy issues. Under such circumstances, promotion of development and use of the sea and of innovations in fields related to the sea, and promotion and creation of marine industries, are expected to be the key for Japan’s growth strategies since the sea has unlimited potential including resources, and marine resources development is about to become reality as a result of past measures, etc.From this viewpoint, to promote the development of marine energy and mineral resources and use of marine renewable energy, the government should take measures including joint efforts of the public and private sectors to improve frameworks for such developments, with its eye on industrialization and participation in various overseas projects, in consideration of the progress that has been made thus far. Efforts should also be made to promote strategic measures in maritime transport, shipbuilding, fisheries and other fields and measures for increasing the international competitiveness of Japan’s marine industries. With regard to the shipbuilding industry, it should be kept in mind that the industry is also important from the standpoint of maintaining a foundation for building ships. Efforts such as implement technological development, human training resources and strengthening of collaboration between the governmental and private sectors should be made to build a foundation for supportingmarine industries.To promote creation of new marine industries that will be responsible for developing, using and preserving the sea, under coordination between the industrial, academic and governmental sectors, the government should deliberate on establishment of a comprehensive strategies including policy support measures in accordance with the state of industry and development of an environment for creating businesses, improvement of international competitiveness, and human training resources measures.(2) Securing safety and security on the oceansInternational circumstances surrounding marine interests have been changing greatly. Given this, it has become important to further enhance measures for ensuring safety and security on the oceans. Measures should therefore be taken to strengthen the systems, improve the abilities of the Maritime Self-Defense Forces and the Japan Coast Guard, and heighten coordination among related ministries in order to ensure safety of our country’s territorial seas and the EEZ. Measures should also be promoted for protecting, managing and promoting islands near national borders and establishing the international order of the sea based on the rule of law.(3) Promotion of marine surveys and integration and disclosure of marine-related informationFor steady and smooth implementation of ocean policy such as the development and use of marine resources, comprehensive management of the sea, and preservation of marine interests, it is essential to collect necessary marine-related information and build an infrastructure for sharing such information. Marine surveys including continuous oceanographic observations should therefore be carried out strategically, and the surveyed information as well as the marine-related information derived by satellites should be compiled to enrich the contents of comprehensive information. Comprehensive collection and integrate of marine-related information independently controlled by governmental agencies should be promoted and such information should be disclosed appropriately to increase the convenience for users to access and handle such information.(4) Developing human resources and improving technological abilityAs a prerequisite to being an oceanic state, it is important to develop human resources related to the sea and improve relevant technological abilities. Measures should therefore be taken to improve marine-related education at elementary schools, junior high schools and high schools. Efforts should also be made to develop diverse human resources who will support efforts to realize an oceanic state and improve basic technologies, in ways such as by promoting interdisciplinary and specialized education at universities and other institutions, strengthening basic and advanced research and development, and promoting industry-academia-government collaborations.(5) Comprehensive management of sea areas and formulation of plansAs bases of economic and social activities, coastal regions of Japan are congested with multiple users. Such areas also face diverse issues in areas such as environmental conservation. Therefore,measures should be promoted to manage land areas and sea areas in an integrated, comprehensive manner from the standpoint of, for instance, revitalizing the coastal regions, preserving and reclaiming the marine environment, taking countermeasures against natural disasters, and improving convenience for local residents. With regard to the EEZ and continental shelf, promotion of their development and use is expected to promote and create marine industries. Measures should therefore be promoted to ensure appropriate management of sea areas, including coordination of use of such areas.(6) Other important measures to be promoted intensivelya. Disaster control and environmental measures after the Great East Japan EarthquakeDisaster control and environmental measures with regard to the sea should be strengthened based on the experience of the Great East Japan Earthquake. Efforts should also be made to, for instance, appropriately handle the large amount of drifting matters generated as a result of the Great East Japan Earthquake and to monitor harmful substances and radioactive substances in the ocean.b. Measures responding to changes in the Arctic Ocean caused by climate changeGiven the changes in the Arctic Ocean caused by climate change, Japan has been facing diverse issues to study and address, such as securing maritime transport, securing the safety navigation, promotion of research and survey activities, conservation of environment, and promotion of international coordination and cooperation. Comprehensive and strategic measures should therefore be promoted to tackle these issues.3 Direction of the Measures Under the Plan(1) Harmonization of development and use of the oceans with conservation of the marineenvironmentThe development of marine energy and mineral resources should be deemed to have moved to the phase of intensified research and development for commercialization while continuing surveys and studies, (1) technological development and broad-based scientific surveys and resource exploration for identifying the resource potential of marine zones surrounding Japan should be successively implemented and (2) intensive technological development for production should be implemented. Deliberations on environmental impact assessment methods for the development should also be continued and promoted. Concerning Action bases for the development and other purposes, construction will also be promoted in areas including remote islands, specifically Minami-Tori Shima Island and Okino-Tori Shima Island, and marine surveys, economic activities and other activities made by using such bases should be discussed. Information related to resources should be controlled rigidly as necessary while consideration should be given to balance with the principle of publication of scientific information.With regard to promotion of use of marine renewable energy, related parties in various fields, with the Headquarters for Ocean Policy as its core, should collaborate and cooperate with each other in。

海洋资源与产业的国际竞争:日本的战略新动向及我国应对措施

海洋资源与产业的国际竞争:日本的战略新动向及我国应对措施

海洋资源与产业的国际竞争:日本的战略新动向及我国应对措施作者:方晓霞,杨丹辉来源:《当代经济管理》 2014年第10期方晓霞,杨丹辉(中国社会科学院工业经济研究所,%北京100836)眼摘要演21 世纪是海洋的世纪。

从近年来各国海洋战略调整的动向来看,将经济政治外交触角伸向海洋已成为大国战略的新潮流。

作为岛国和资源小国,日本加紧战略布局,加大开发利用海洋资源、保护海洋环境、发展海洋经济等方面投入力度,未来东北亚海洋竞争将更趋复杂化。

面对国际海洋竞争带来的机遇和挑战,我国应加快制定实施海洋强国战略,探索高质量、可持续的海洋经济发展道路,为中国和平崛起赢得更大的战略空间。

眼关键词演海洋资源;海洋产业;海洋强国;日本[中图分类号] F113.3 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-0461(2014)10-0059-05随着陆地资源日趋短缺,开发利用海洋资源成为缓解人类面临的人口、资源和环境压力的重要途径。

自1994 年《联合国海洋法公约》正式生效以来,世界海洋大国纷纷调整战略重点,逐步将以往单一产业、单一领域的海洋经济政策提升为多产业、跨领域的综合性海洋战略,展开了所谓的“蓝色圈地运动”。

从近年来各国海洋战略调整的动向来看,将经济政治外交触角伸向海洋已成为21 世纪大国战略的新潮流。

在新一轮海洋竞争中,作为传统海洋国家,日本加紧海洋战略布局,试图掌握东亚地区乃至整个西太平洋的海洋主导权。

面对海洋领域日益激烈国际竞争,党的十八大明确提出了建设海洋强国的重大任务,为我国加快海洋开发指明了方向。

本文以近年来日本海洋战略的动向和特点为事实背景,分析日本海洋资源开发与海洋产业发展的进展及局限性,提出我国建设海洋强国、发展海洋经济的思路和政策措施。

一、日本海洋战略的动向及特点日本是四面环海的太平洋岛国,陆地面积狭小,岛内资源十分匮乏,总人口的50%居住在沿海地区,居民摄取动物蛋白的40%来自水产品,而其99%的进出口货物依靠海上运输。

日本海洋战略的构建及启示r——以钓鱼岛问题为中心

日本海洋战略的构建及启示r——以钓鱼岛问题为中心

日本海洋战略的构建及启示r——以钓鱼岛问题为中心李海军【摘要】日本海洋战略构建有其历史和现实基础,并在海洋经济发展、国家安全及外交等领域全力推进,提升了日本维护海洋主权的战略能力.钓鱼岛及其附属岛屿作为基点海岛,对日本海洋战略目标的实现有重要意义.因此,钓鱼岛争端是不可避免和无法回避的海权争议,中国海权战略的制定和推进要以此为启迪和借鉴,统筹规划,对日本海洋战略进行平衡和反制.【期刊名称】《深圳职业技术学院学报》【年(卷),期】2017(016)006【总页数】4页(P46-49)【关键词】日本;海洋战略;钓鱼岛;启示【作者】李海军【作者单位】北京外国语大学,北京,100089【正文语种】中文【中图分类】D815面对中国周边日益喧嚣的海权纠纷,很多人认为,在南海问题上,中国必须坚决捍卫国家主权,而且南海情势也是非常急迫的。

海权研究学者张文木先生认为,南海问题的关键不在南海,而在东海,准确地说就是台湾以及相邻的钓鱼岛问题。

海权问题首在策划和谋势,可以推断一旦台湾问题取得解决,统一大局已定,那么台湾岛和海南岛就形成犄角拱卫态势,两岛之间的广阔海域为中国东岸沿海经济发达地区形成了坚强屏障,这就为南海问题的解决提供了宝贵的战略空间。

所以,解决台湾问题必先解决钓鱼岛问题,而解决钓鱼岛问题则关联美日,错综复杂,解决起来殊为不易。

有必要深入研究日本海洋战略内涵及演变,提出我国相应的海权主张及战略布局,捍卫国家核心利益。

日本海洋战略的构建有其理论背景和现实基础。

日本学者高坂正尧,是一位对日本现实政治产生过很大影响的学者,他于20世纪60年代出了《海洋国家日本的构想》,这开启了日本海洋国家战略理论的先河。

冷战结束后,日本对国家海洋战略的研究逐步受到关注并成为热点,海洋国家论成为一种理论思潮,并随着政治家的推波助澜成为日本的国家政治气候,这反映了日本在后冷战背景下对国家战略的定位思考。

在日本政治家看来,日本是个列岛,周边被海洋环绕,如何与世界各国开展合作与沟通,有两种选择:一是岛国思维或二是海洋国家思维。

日本海洋经济发展现状及趋势分析

日本海洋经济发展现状及趋势分析

日本海洋经济发展现状及趋势分析朱凌【摘要】摘要:日本是海洋国家,海洋经济发展对其国民经济至关重要。

简要分析了日本海洋产业分类、海洋经济发展现状、海洋经济发展主要政策,以及日本未来海洋经济发展方向。

【期刊名称】海洋经济【年(卷),期】2014(004)004【总页数】7【关键词】海洋经济;海洋产业;日本引言日本是一个海洋国家,四面环海,其海洋经济对国民经济和社会发展具有重要的支撑作用。

日本由6 800个岛屿组成,主要包括五大岛群,分别是本州、北海道、四国岛、九州岛、冲绳岛。

因此,可以说日本是一个群岛国家。

群岛被鄂霍次克海、日本海、中国东海和太平洋所包围。

尽管日本仅有37.8万平方千米的领土,位列全球第61位,而海岸线达到3.5万千米,位列全球第六。

日本主张管辖的领海和专属经济区约447万平方千米,也位列全球第六。

日本高度依赖海洋交通,大约99.8%的贸易量和近40%的国内交通运输通过海洋运输来实现。

海洋水产品为居民提供了40%的动物蛋白。

因此,像海运业、渔业、造船业、船舶装备制造业、港口物流业、海岸工程和民用工程建筑业等海洋相关产业,已经构成了支撑日本经济和社会的基础产业。

海洋产业的发展至关重要[1]。

1 日本海洋产业概念及分类2007年4月,日本颁布《日本海洋基本法》,该法将海洋产业定义为“对海洋开发、利用和保护的活动。

”随后,由一些学者和八名专家组成研究委员会,开展海洋产业调查,对投入产出结果进行了分析研究,并编写了《海洋产业调查研究报告》,该报告于2009年3月正式出版。

根据该报告显示,日本海洋产业分为三类(A~C)(见图1和表1)[1]。

A类产业:这类产业的业务活动主要发生在海上,例如海洋渔业、航运业、拖船业、矿物、石油和天然气开发、污染防治、海洋工程建筑等。

这些活动不只发生在水面,也可能发生在水中、海底和底土。

B类产业:这类产业主要为A类产业提供产品和服务。

例如造船、钢铁、电子工业等。

这些活动并非发生在海里,而是发生在陆上,沿海到内陆的区域。

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海洋战略Ocean World2019■■&;日本新《海洋基本计划》解析撰文丨谢若初S日本内阁综合海洋政策本部牵头制定的《海洋基本计划》,是日本政府在《海洋基本法》框架下对具体海洋政策的制定、落实等予以规范与指导的纲领性文件。

作为安倍政府运用海洋政策推进体制,集合官产学研力量,综合近年来日本海洋形势及海洋政策效果评估的产物,该计划将在2018—2022年切实指导日本具体海洋政策的制订与实施。

考察前两个《海洋基本计划》不难发现,该系列文件是日本实现“新海洋立国”战略目标的重要环节,其秉持了整合举国力量拓展海洋权益的基本政策理念,并通过对海洋理念的精细化、具体化处理来强化所谓政策的科学性与合理性。

正是在前两个《海洋基本计划》指导下的十年经营,使日本针对海洋方面“形成了完整的政策体系,在海洋开发、安全保障、综合管理等方面全力推进,取得了可观的进展”。

48由于《海洋基本计划》更为直观地体现了日本海洋政策的最新动向.故其研究价值并不亚于《海洋基本法》。

同时,受岛国地缘因素影响,日本海洋战略历来都与其他各层级战略保持了较高的同步性、一致性。

近年来,我国为了适应”海洋世纪”国际战略大环境.贯彻党的十八大提出的建设海洋强国重大战略部署.海洋议题受到国内学界普遍重视。

在国际关系领域,作为与我国隔海相望且存在争端的海上邻国,日本在海洋领域的动向同样受到学界的密切关注。

通过新《海洋基本计划》对日本海洋政策调整进行解析,既可以为我们研究日本海洋政策、海洋战略乃至国家战略提供依据,也可视作新形势下发展中日关系的参考因素。

日本新《海洋基本计划》政策取向分析与以往计划重视资源探查及开发不同,新计划的最大变化就是将政策重点转向海洋安全保障领域。

这就意味着至少在未来5年内,日本进行海权扩张的主要手段将由比较含蓄的“以开发促海权”的经济模式转变为更为强硬且更具实质性的“以安保促海权”的军事安全模式。

其最为直观地体现于新计划在行文顺序上将安保相关内容从“政府应采取的涉海综合性规范措施”第5位提升至首位。

不仅如此,在“海洋政策基本方针”及新增的“今后10年海洋政策理念及取向”中,涉及海洋安保的内容也均通过单独列举或置于首位的形式加以突出。

此外,新计划主要还在以下两个方面体现出上述变化。

第一,积极为政策转变寻找外部因素,即着重渲染所谓威胁与风险。

上一期计划指出,“近年来,近邻各国围绕海洋安全保障和海洋权益的主张与活动日趋活跃”。

而在新计划中,日本认为在周边海域.其海洋权益正面临“前所未有的巨大威胁与风险”,且“近年来,出现了对连接日本与屮东、欧洲、澳洲、北美大陆的重要交通线造成威胁与风险的因素”。

这显然更突出了日本周边海洋安全态势的所谓“紧迫性”。

在对“入侵”船只加以列举时,新计划在上一期所提外国渔船及考察船的基础上将船只类型扩大到外国公务船及军舰.无疑放大了其受“威胁”的程度。

新计划还首次将朝鲜的导弹试射视为“挑衅行为”,列为“威胁”来源。

针对新计划在“确保我国领海等国家利益”部分明确将中国、朝鲜视为主要“威胁”的表述,需要强调的是,从时间上看,上一期计划颁布的2013年,我国在钓鱼岛领海内的巡航活动及朝鲜导弹试射均已进行,而该文件却未作反映。

由此可见,在该系列文件中,事实反映完全服务于政策调整。

第二,对海洋政策重点转移的落实予以细化指导。

首先,在理论建设层面提出“综合性海洋安全保障”的概念.意味着强化安保将成为未来一段时间内日本海洋战略乃至整个国家战略的核心。

海洋情报搜集、离岛管理、科技研发、人才培养等都将为其核心利益服务。

其次.在体制建设层面拟围绕海洋安保议题实现内外联动。

对内,进一步促使政府各部门在涉海问题上形成合力,共谋海洋权益。

对外,试图实现国内各职能部门与国外盟友、“友好国家”在海洋安保领域的对接,为扩张型安保政策的实施创造外部条件。

例如在情报搜集方面,该计划提出要确立“海域感知”(MDA)体制。

应该说.新计划尝试构筑的是这样一种海洋安保体制:对内以军警联手为核心,协同各省厅通过行政管理渠道强化海洋安全保障;对外以美日同49海洋战略Ocean World2019盟为轴心,联合所谓“同盟国”“友好国”通过军事、外交途径加强海洋安全保障;而由卫星、雷达、船舶、飞机等组成的海洋监视网则负责内外两个系统的联络和信息共享工作。

最后,在装备建设层面,虽然受到文件性质限制未对相关部门装备建设做出具体规划,但新计划仍然通过赞成既有装备扩充计划、强调装备扩充必要性等方式积极参与其中。

例如,在“提升日本威慑力、应对力以及海上执法能力”的部分,新计划认为,防卫省及自卫队应“根据防卫计划大纲以及中期防卫力量整备计划,切实实施防卫力量的整备。

特别是通过向包括西南诸岛在内的岛屿地区配置部队等措施,充实和强化岛屿地区防卫态势和防卫体制”。

鉴于上述宏观政策取向及具体政策指导,不难想象,日本自卫队、海上保安厅等部门将凭借飞机、舰船及卫星等涉海装备水平的提升,大幅提高其对外军事行动能力。

日本调整海洋政策的战略动因探究(一)切合战后日本国家战略发展路线为了在“海洋世纪”成为地区乃至国际海洋秩序的主导者,同时又不被国际舆论斥为重回军国扩张道路,日本只能采取开发优先的稳健路线。

其早期以资源开发为主的海洋政策,实际上仅仅是其当前海洋战略的起点。

随着海洋资源开发逐渐步入正轨并取得一定成就,日本势必会将其海洋战略推进至强调安保的新阶段。

可以说,这种隐藏在战后日本国家战略发生“嫗变”表象背后的战略逻辑,就是为何在近来以新计划为代表的众多日本政策文件中,频繁出现以应对莫须有周边“威胁”之名,行扩充军事力量之实的根本原因。

(二)佩现支倍外交理念作为内阁综合海洋政策本部最高领导人,安倍晋三以“战略性外交”为代表的外交理念自然易于贯穿整个新计划。

这一理念是指安倍晋三所谓“基于国际协调的积极和平主义”,即重视普遍价值观的、以维护日本国家利益的“主张型外交”指导思想及对外关系理念,其“基于国家利益,服务于日本国家对外战略目标的政治诉求非常明确”。

新计划一方面将“尊重自由、民主主义、基本人权及法律是为世界带来和平、安全及繁荣的基础”这一与“价值观外交”内涵相符的认知定位为文件制订与实施的基本理念,将其上升到与《海洋基本法》六大基本理念并驾齐驱的高度。

另一方面则反复强调相同价值观在海洋各领域合作中的重要性。

如在谈及强化国际海洋秩序时,就认为应当“不断联合具有相同价值观的国家,通过外交努力及人为贡献等能动行动,形成并强化由法律和规则所支配的海洋秩序”。

可以认为,日本拟以日美同盟为基轴,通过“美日+1”模式与外长防长磋商(2+2)机制建立起一个广泛的“海洋民主国家联盟”,从而提高其在日美同盟及地区、国际海洋秩序中的地位;反映出日本在国家战略转型过程中,“安全路径作为政策选项重要性的上升,以及军事要素与外交活动的相互融合与捆绑趋势”。

毫无疑问,新计划正是安倍外交理念落实到日本具体海洋活动的重要媒介之一;根据“总结前十年,展望后十年”的起草思路,其有可能作为安倍政权的政治遗产长期影响日本海洋活动。

(三)反映能源及海泮开发现状新计划将海洋安全保障调整为政策重心,就意味着海洋资源开发在日本海洋政策序列中的地位有所下降,这无疑能够在一定程度上反映日本能源及海洋开发活动的现状。

能源方面,“3・11”地震曾促使第二期《海洋基本计划》通过细节规划、理念构建等方式加强对海洋资源能源的开发力度。

新计划中海洋资源开发在海洋政策优先序列中排位的下降,在一定程度上代表了日本能源情况已经出现好转。

从相关数据来看,日本能源情况也海洋战略Ocean World2019确实有所好转:能源自给率从2012年的6.7%恢复到2016年的8.3%;工业及居民电价均出现回落;2012—2017年非大规模水力可再生能源发电设备装机量增速达到26%。

在海洋资源开发方面,经过前两期计划的引导,日本海洋资源开发得到全面推进并取得了一些成果。

例如,日本相关团队已在其周边海域发现储量超过1600万吨的稀土资源。

正如日本媒体所言,“当整个日本产业界都在为新发现感到兴奋时,政府再出面强调勘探和利用海洋资源已经显得多余了”。

日本调整海洋政策对中日关系发展的影响以2017年中日邦交正常化45周年及2018年《中日和平友好条约》缔结40周年为契机,中日关系得以缓和。

然而,毋庸置疑的是,此次中日关系缓和的动力源自经济领域,其无法彻底消除日本在军事、政治等领域对中国的遏制与对抗。

回顾战后中日关系史,政治与经济似乎总是被区分对待。

早在池田内阁时期,日本政府在对待中国方面就曾经“从经济考虑出发,企图在’政经分离’的条件下促进日中贸易;但在政治上却立足于’两个中国论’”。

此后,无论是“政热经热”,还是“政冷经热”,抑或是“政冷经冷”,人们似乎习惯了这种视角。

至于现任首相安倍晋三,其在著作中曾明确指出:“为了使日中关系从此得以稳定,应该尽早在两国间建立政经分离的原则”。

所以,安倍长期以来对华政策中的“两面下注”手法应被视作是对“政经分离”原则的继承,脱离不了日本为实现国家利益最大化而在大国间摇摆的本质。

其积极改善中日关系的目的是使两国关系重回“政冷经热”利己的局面,以便在赚取政治资本的同时,推动日本在贸易层面大获经济利益;在安全层面持续遏制屮国、迟滞中国发展的战略谋划。

基于这一前提,日本借新计划调整海洋政策重点的行为对中日关系发展造成的影响就变得极为清晰,无疑增加了中日战略互惠关系前景的不确定性。

结语《海洋基本计划》是《海洋基本法》框架下日本海洋政策体系的重要组成部分,其不仅直接服务于日本“新海洋立国”海洋战略,更对日本其他各层级战略的实施有所贡献。

随着新《海洋基本计划》的出台,日本海洋政策不仅要继续履行其为日本国家战略提供物质基础、创造有利条件的重要使命,还要肩负起维护日本国家安全的重任。

如果将在周边海域通过海洋开发活动落实海洋权益,在全球范围内凭借先进海洋开发技术谋求主导性话语权,继而制定出更符合日本国家利益的国际规范,构建出由日本占据主动权的国际海洋秩序这条由前两期《海洋基本计划》所描绘的日本海洋立国路线概括为和平开发路线,那么新《海洋基本计划》所设计的则是一条充斥着强军、武力控制等旧式海权思维要素的军事争夺路线。

综观新《海洋基本计划》中的政策规划及日本近来在涉海事务上的具体表现,其在观念上强调“日本优先”,行动上重视“武装对抗”的态势已日趋明显。

可以预见,在海洋领域,未来日本不仅会在构建海洋国家身份的过程中为其追求国家利益、体现控制意志的行为披上维持国际海洋秩序的保护色,并会以此为据来规范其他发展中国家,打着确保航行自由、维护所谓共同“普世价值观”的幌子,持续以冷战思维、零和思维处理同周边国家的海洋关系。

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