旅游管理专业论文外文文献翻译
旅游管理专业论文外文文献翻译外文资料译文及原文译文(一)消费者体验旅游和品牌的结合米契尔罗伯特定义消费者体验旅游制造工厂参观，公司博物馆和公司访客中心表现为被不同名字已知的观光事业片段:制造业观光事业，工业的吸引、工业的观光事业和工业的遗产观光事业。
在每一个描述性的长期的共同目标是在消费者学习品牌，其运作，生产过程，历史和历史意义的时候建立一个消费者和品牌之间的纽带。
有人建议在这里CET代表一个统一的主题的旅游。
这个术语捕捉消费者的消费能力发现更多关于他们所消费的品牌，而制造商可以在与该工厂的客人接触的30-120分钟时间里建立与这些消费者更密切的关系。
参与的品牌品牌经理寻求解决在三个层次消费者的需求:(1)功能(对消费者提供解决问题的办法);(2)符号(提供心理欲望满意度);(3)经历(提供感官快乐，品种，认知，刺激)CET可以通过视觉地介绍品牌，运作，生产工艺，历史和历史意义加强消费者和品牌之间的纽带。
这种纽带可以被看作是个人品牌参与和品牌忠诚度的提高。
认知参与反映了消费者对产品的兴趣(或学习更多)。
CET可以通过刺激消费者对于品牌和生产过程的想象提高消费者的认知水平。
此外，积极口碑沟通刺激满足旅客可能会比其他形式的促销更可信。
缺乏现有的直接研究关注迄今为止，CET已经在行销文学中受到一点注意。
米契尔和米契尔(2001年)对此内容这种的旅游网站进行了评估。
此外，这些相同的作者已经评估食物和饮料工业中的现象(米契尔和米契尔，2000年)，非营利部门(米契尔和米契尔，2001年b)，和整体经济(米契尔等， 2001)。
米契尔和米契尔(2002)为学者提出了格式，用来评估在当地的服务领域这些设施的地方利益。
该主题通常包括对整合营销的简要讨论，但已收到直接研究的关注很有限。
消费者体验旅游的多样性消费者体验旅游业是一群不同的旅游景点。
艾克斯罗德和布伦伯格(1997)配置了288工厂在整个美国欢迎参观者。
同样，伯杰和伯杰(1997年)提供约1,000自由工业旅游背景资料。
(在300多个行业)是向公众开放。
产品被表现的种类包括:加工食品，白酒，服装，汽车，电视节目和电影，硬币，纸制品，电子，家具，房车，玩具，调料和香料，陶瓷和玻璃器皿，金融市场，轮胎和橡胶，高尔夫球杆，棒球棒，和玩具熊。
(美国汽车协会(AAA)包括类别“工业旅游”在其入境指南。
)生产消费者必需品，如食物和饮料，提供了一个不成比例的旅游人数。
涵盖阿克塞尔罗德和布伦伯格(1997)的288家植物旅游，104(或百分之36)的食品和饮料生产商。
这些非耐用品经常被购买，挑战了营销与买家建立长期合作关系，以确保市场的地位。
旅游供应商承认当消费者目睹了生产进程并有一个愉快的经验时候，创建的忠诚可能改进(米契尔和米契尔，2000)。
奥洛尼和霍布森(1998)提供的较小的，不太知名的博物馆的资料被认为是CET供给的一部分，其重点放在产品类别或具体的品牌。
他们的书描述了可利用的博物馆包括芥菜博物馆，芭比名人堂，固特异轮胎橡胶世界馆，点唱机博物馆和液体纸博物馆。
目前，有超过1500名在美国的酿酒厂，其中大部分为消费者提供美酒品尝和旅游。
这是CET为他们展示了酿酒厂，其产品，其生产过程所提供的额外部分。
此外，在一些最近发生爆炸的较小的酿造啤酒的酒吧，制造工艺和时尚的饮料使消费者获取利益。
目前有超过一千个地方提供客户现场制作的啤酒。
葡萄酒和啤酒的生产者都提供了不同层次的消费者产品参与的经历。
KrispyKreme的甜甜圈每天在27个州的149家生产超过300万。
每一家提供全面服务的商店是专带有玻璃可视面积,展示生产过程,并为消费者提供“多感官体验”。
消费体验旅游的基本兴趣许多人认为工厂参观，公司博物馆，游客中心和公司旅游对有子女的父母来说是低成本的娱乐，因为这种旅游一般都是免费或只需要象征式收费(卢卡斯，1998)。
这是一个主要的目标市场并有利于消费者深入寻求这种魅力的根源。
哈里斯(1989年)和普伦蒂斯(1993)指出，工厂和矿山点雇用了美国历史上劳动力的很大比例。
对于服务经济的转变工人开始走出工厂。
这从空间上和文化上使人们离开了制造业领域，导致了手工工业的减少。
该工厂参观创建了新型的工业工作，又滋长旅游在生产过程中的利益。
哈里斯和普伦蒂斯进一步指出，许多年轻的工人对工厂的工作经验不足，对这个主题越来越好奇。
年纪较大的雇员对于“落叶归根”可能津津乐道。
陆克文和戴维斯(1998年)将把工业革命看成是美国历史上的一个决定性事件，工厂参观为游客提供了一次机会去了解过去。
理查兹(1996)注意到工业革命创造了一个时代，其中从过去到现在发生了迅速转变。
因此，全社会创造的怀旧情绪，旧技术产品被认为是文化和历史文物。
公司博物馆或访客中心利用这些情绪提供了一个消费者与品牌之间的纽带。
消费者体验旅游目标制造商可以使用它的硬件设施，建立(或加强)与各种各样的团体之间的关系。
对CET目标消费者可分为三类:(1)现有和潜在消费者;(2)商业伙伴;(3)社区利益相关者。
原文(一)Consumer experience tourism and brand bondingMarkA.Mitchell RobertA.OrwigDefining consumer experience tourismManufacturing plant tours, company museums, and company visitor centers represent a segment of tourism known by different names: manufacturing tourism, industrial attractions, industrial tourism, and industrial heritage tourism. The common goal within each descriptive term is to establish a bond between a consumer and brand as the consumer learns about the brand, its operation, production process, history, and historical significance. It is suggested here that CET represents a unifying theme for this segment of the tourism industry. This term captures the consumer's ability to discover more about the brands they consume while manufacturers can forge closer relationships with those consumers during the 30-120 minutes of time spent as the facility's guests.Involvement with a brandBrand managers seek to address consumer needs at three levels:(1)functional (providing solutions to consumer problems);(2)symbolic (providing satisfaction of psychological desires);and(3)experiential (providing sensory pleasure, variety, and cognitive stimulation).CET can strengthen the bond between consumers and brands byproviding a visual presentation of the brand, its operation, production process, history, and historical significance. Such a bond may be viewed as an increased levelof personal involvement with the brandand(assumedly)translates into greater brand loyalty. Cognitive involvement reflects a consumer's interest in thinking(or learning more)about a product.. CET may increase the consumer's level ofcognitive involvement by stimulating thinking about the brand and its production processes. Further, the positive word-of-mouth communication stimulated by satisfied visitors may be deemed more credible than other paid forms of promotion.Lack of existing direct research attentionTo date,CET has received little attention in the marketingliterature. Mitchell and Mitchell have evaluated the content of such tourism sites. Further, these same authors have evaluated the phenomenon in the food and beverage industries(Mitchell and Mitchell,2000),the nonprofit sector(Mitchell and Mitchell,2001b),and the overalleconomy(Mitchell et al.,2001).Mitchell and Mitchell(2002)have proposed a format for academics to evaluate local interest in such facilities in their local service areas. The topic is often included briefly in discussions of integrated marketing communications but has received limited direct research attention.Diversity of consumer experience tourismConsumer experience tourism represents a diverse group of tourist attractions. Axelrod and Brumberg profile over 288 factories throughout the USA that welcome visitors. Similarly, Berger and Berger(1997)provide background information for about 1,000 free industrial tours(in more than 300 industries)that are open to the public. Product categories represented include: processed foods, distilled spirits, clothing, automobiles, television programming and movies, coins, paper products, electronics,furniture, motor homes, toys, sauces and spices, pottery and glassware, financial markets, tires and rubber, golf clubs, baseball bats, and teddy bears.(The American Automobile Association(AAA)includes the category ``industrial tours'' in its Guidebooks.)Producers of consumer staples, such as food and beverages, provide a disproportionate number of tours. Of the 288 plant tours covered in AxelrodandBrumberg(1997),104(or 36 percent)are food and beverage producers. These non-durable goods are purchased frequently and challenge marketers to create long-term relationships with buyers to ensure market position. Tour providers recognize the possible improvements in buyer loyalty created when a consumer has an enjoyable experience witnessing the production process(Mitchell and Mitchell,2000).Arany andHobson(1998)provide information on smaller, lesser-known museums that are considered part of CET given their focus on a product category or specific brand. Their book depicts available museums including the Mustard Museum, Barbie Hall of Fame, Goodyear World of Rubbercollections, Juke Box Museum, and the Liquid Paper Museum. Currently, there are over 1,500 wineries in the USA, most of which provide wine tasting and tours for consumers. This is an additional part of CET for they showcase a winery, its offerings, and its production process. Further, the recent explosion in the number of smaller breweries and brew pubs seeks to capitalize on the consumer's interest in the manufacturing process and the “chic-nes” of consuming on-the-spot made beverages. There arecurrently over 1,000 places offering the customer a beer made on the premises.Both wine and beer producers provide experiences applicable to consumers of varying levels of product involvement. Krispy Kreme Doughnuts produces more than three million doughnuts a day in its 149 stores in 27 states. Each full-service store is specially designed with a glass viewing area to showcase the production process and to provide “a multi-sensory experience for consumers.”Underlying interest in consumer experience tourismMany people think of manufacturing plant tours, company museums, and company visitor centers as low-cost entertainment(andeducational)options for parents with children because such tours are typically free or require only a nominal fee(Lukas,1998).While this is a key target market and a benefit the consumer may seek, the root cause of this fascination runs much deeper. Harris(1989)and Prentice(1993)point out that factories and mines have historically employed a large percentage of the US work force. The shift to a service economy takesindividuals out of the factories. This removes people spatially and culturally from the manufacturing sector, providing less contact and little first-hand knowledge of industrial work. The plant tour creates a novel and nostalgic view of industrial work, which in turn feeds tourist interest in manufacturing processes. Harris and Prentice further note that many younger workers'lack of factory work experience progresses naturally toward an increasing curiosity about the topic. Older employees may relish the experience of ``returning to their roots.''Rudd and Davis(1998)identify the industrial revolution as a defining event in US history with company plant tours providing users a look at our collective past. Richards(1996)notes the industrial revolution created an era where the transition from modern to obsolete occurs more rapidly. As such, products of older technology are considered cultural and historical artifacts creating feelings of nostalgia among society. Company museums or visitor centers capitalize on these emotions by providing a sentimental, bonding experience between buyer and brand.Target consumers for consumer experience tourismA manufacturer can use its physical facilities to establish(or strengthen)the bond with a variety of parties. The target consumers for CET can be divided into three categories:(1)current and potential consumers;(2)business partners;(3)community stakeholders.Translate from:MarkA.Mitchell,RobertA.Orwig.Consumer Experience Tourism And Brand Bonding[J].Journal Of Product & BrandManagement,2002(1).译文(二)欢迎进入体验经济派恩.约瑟夫詹姆斯.吉尔摩没有公司愿意使用其商品或服务这个词。
旅游管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Tourism and the Environment: A Symbiotic RelationshipNowadays, with the improvement of people's living standards and the pursuit of higher spiritual life, tourism is developing rapidly, and it has an increasing proportion in the national economy. Tourism is getting more and more people's attention, followed by the impact of tourism on the ecological environment.The vigorous development of the tourism industry has multiple effects on the environment. They are both positive and negative. In order to adapt the development of tourism to the capacity of tourism resources, and promote the coordinated development of environment protection and tourism, and this paper will state the impact of tourism on the environment from three aspects:1 The negative impact of tourism on the environment;2 The positive impact of tourism on the environment;3 The countermeasure to against the negative impact of tourism on the environment.Tourism development can put pressure on natural resources when it increases consumption in areas where resources are already scarce.The negative impact of tourism on the environmentNegative impacts from tourism occur when the level of visitor use is greater than the environment's ability to cope with this use within the acceptable limits of change. Uncontrolled conventional tourism poses potential threats to many natural areas around the world. It can put enormous pressure on an area and lead to impacts such as soil erosion, increased pollution, discharges into the sea, natural habitat loss, increased pressure on endangered species and heightened vulnerability to forest fires. It often puts a strain on water resources, and it can force local populations to compete for the use of critical resources.1,Tourism causes the environmental pollution.When tourism products are manufactured during the production, it`s adverse to environmental impacts. At first, the development of tourism resources, improper planning of tourist construction, such as opening the way in mountains and destroying the wild plants freely; it will break the completeness of the coordination of ecological environment. The second is in the process of construction of tourist accommodation, the supply of water, electricity and other energy is in disorder. Waste water, waste gas and rubbish are not be cleaned timely, so these will be forming the ecological environment pollution.2,Tourism products affected adversely in consumption process.The most obvious phenomenon is that tourism products in consumption process impacts on the ecological environment pollution and destruction of ecosystems. Tourism products have direct contamination and indirect contamination for the environment of the tourist area.Direct contamination means the tourist’s pollution is generated by tourism activities, such as the sewage left by tourists, feces, garbage, waste bottles, waste paper, cans and other pollution on the ecological environment.Indirect contamination means the pollution of the atmosphere. Tourism can`t be separated from traffic. Transporting tourists from the residence to the scenic is necessary, and a variety of vehicles pour in, the air is full of automobile exhaust. The automobile exhaust is not only polluting the air, but also extremely is harmful to the human body. In addition, the acid rain has already leaded lots of trees to die in some areas. The decline in the quality of the environment embarrassed our environment.3,Historical and cultural heritage have been to damage to varying degrees.Driven by the economic interests, some notable tourist resorts are overload of tourists or made unauthorized construction, it will make a number of precious historical and cultural heritages, such as the unique monuments, natural environment and human landscape suffered destruction. Carving, graffiti, touching artifacts freely and discarding the litter arbitrarily will directly or indirectly lead to the destruction of the heritage. The example is too numerous, like on the walls of the palace in the Forbidden City, some flagstone walkways, the walls of theancient Great Wall and the tower also have tourists uncivilized blot.4,Traditional culture is simple.Rough business culture makes the connotation disappear and the degradation of the art form. In order to obtain economic benefits and cater to the need of tourists adventures, lots of tourist areas have to be given up traditional social, spiritual significance and artistic meaning. Changing the traditional forms of art and design freely lead the traditional culture to rough and simple commercialization. Traditional folk celebrations will not be held at specific time and specific place with specific manner, and it just be held by tourism demand anytime at anywhere, just like these celebrations` existence is based on the tourists demand rather than local social life. Local hand-making products with characteristics of local culture are turning to meet the need of public markets. Mass production and gradually moving towards the shoddy make the loss of traditional art and value.5,Directly or indirectly lead the moral standards in the tourist resort to decline.Tourists around the world have different moral values and way of life. Negative tourists` decadent consciousness and lifestyle can easily make some tourist area residents to lose the virtue of simplicity. It induces desire for venality and worship of money, which ruins the local social climate and affects the stability of the social order. Tourism makes environmental pollution and destruction, which almost is occurred in the process of tourism development, construction and tour operation. Tourism, as a source of pollution and industrial pollution, has "three wastes" in facilities` emissions, which is waste gas, waste water, and waste ballast. The inappropriate layout also causes environmental pollution.6,The pollution on the environment has two aspects of tourism: tourism supply-side and tourism consumers.The environmental pollution of tourism consumers is occurred in the flow of tourists, such as the large population bring crowded and confusion, destructive behavior on the environment, trampling by a large number of the population makes the soil changing, temporary stay of too many people bring exceeded production and living materials consumption and energy use, the atmospheric pollution, noise pollution and visual pollution. Analysis form the tourist point to view environmental pollution, it can be seen that tourism, as a source of pollution, has its own particularity unlike other pollution sources.People who come to enjoy the scenic beauty often litter the places with polythene and left over food without thinking about its adverse impact on the environment. The Dal Lake which was once pristine has lost its nature due to tourist pressure and is now covered with animal carcasses, sewage and weeds. The lake has shrunk as it was unable to handle the pollution caused by constant tourist influx.Tourism industry often involves construction of hotel and lodges. These lodges are created near or on the banks of a lake or a river. The sewage water flows into lake water or sea, polluting its marine ecosystem. Hotel owners who have vested commercial interests does not even take into account the unfavourable consequences on environment. Construction of jetties alters the wave pattern of the lake depositing silt in it. Introduction of mechanized boards to cash in on tourists damages the flora and fauna of ecosystem as the both leave tresses of oil, petrol and diesel in the water. (Roy, 2010)“EDUCA TION - tourists provide an endless supply of people from around the world that can be targeted and educated on everything from forest stewardship to local history and plans for the future.FUNDRAISING - a tourist provides an easy target for fundraising. Tourists pay fees for everything from camping sites and park entry fees, to licenses for fishing and hunting. The more tourists in a controlled area, means the more money that can be collected for things like education, policing and maintenance of national wilderness areas.ACTION - tourists visiting an area do so for many reasons. Maybe they are looking for someplace quiet where they can commune with nature or perhaps they want to see a piece of history. Whatever the reason, when that tourist returns home, s/he will remember the experience and may feel compelled to do something positive for the environment to help save that area.” (Stushnoff, 2009)For example: Physical Environment impact on tourism.Tourism has effects beyond the fuel burnt simply getting on holiday in the first place and many of them are much more immediately visible than the more sinister and intangible threat of emissions. In many places, the physical environment can be heavily affected by the passage of tourists, especially for popular destinations, where the sheer weight of numbers of people visiting can simply prove too much. Often as a tourist venue becomes better known, a round of building work follows the accompanying expansion of the original settlement, usually to the detriment of the local environment – which can often have been the reason for its popularity in the first place. More hotels and more restaurants inevitably mean more strain on the local infrastructure, but they also mean more light pollution too. This is not simply about no longer being able to see the stars so easily. In some parts of the world – the Greek Islands being a well-known case – restaurants along the beaches are very popular tourist draws, but their light-spillage confuses hatching sea-turtles. The young hatchlings are programmed to head for the brightest thing they can see head for the brightest thing they can see –– in nature, the water’s edge –in nature, the water’s edge – and safety. When they and safety. When they follow their age-old instinct today, they are as likely to be heading in exactly the opposite direction direction –– and Tavernas offer no refuge from cats or predatory gulls. (Evans, 2012)The positive impact of tourism on the environment:In order to survive and develop, people always need to exploit natural resources. Lots of development activities on the environment is damaging the environment`s health, but orderly tourism activities can be part of the sustainable use of natural resources, and reduce the ecological damage of resource development. The healthy development of the tourism industry to promote environmental protection mainly has following aspects.“The International Ecotourism Society has defined Ecotourism as the “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the welfare of local people”. The Australian Commission on National Ecotourism Strategy defines ecotourism as”nature as”nature-based tourism that involves education and interpretation of the natural environment -based tourism that involves education and interpretation of the natural environment and is managed to be ecologically sustainable”.In modern times, eco tourism has been expected to help in achieving the following also: involve travel to natural destinations, minimize impact on natural resources, build up environmental awareness, provide impetus and financial support for conservation, financially benefit and empower local people and inculcate respect for local culture.” (Parameswaran, 2012)1,The healthy development of the tourism industry can promote the launching of the environmental protection.Optimizing the industrial structure and protecting of the ecological environment.Rational plan for the healthy development of the tourism industry can replace resource consumption and heavy pollution of traditional industries to achieve the purpose of reducing pollution emissions. Some agricultural regions return farmland to forests, wood to grass and field to lake. On the one hand, local farmers receive more income; on the other hand, these measures can protect the environment and maintain the ecological balance.2, Improve the Environmental Quality.Obviously, one of the foundations for the development of the tourism industry is to have a beautiful and high-quality environment, no tourist wants to go to a place with very bad ecological environment. Tourists want the pure air and water quality, beautiful environment and ecology, green forest and earth. All of these will supervise the tourism management regulate the tourism development mode and improve the quality of green tourism products and development projects of the environment, such as planting more trees in the tourist area, closing forest and raising flowers. All these measures means the rise of the of tourism ecological environment quality.3,Improve the infrastructure and service facilitiesTourism development can improve the local infrastructure, such as airports, railwaystations, bus stations, roads, communications, water systems and sewage treatment systems. It also can contribute to the building of local entertainment, scenic attractions, accommodation and catering services, so as to improve the standards of the local economy and the living environment for local people.4,Protect the environment, natural landscapes and historical monuments.Good environment, natural resources and precious cultural relics are important factors to attract tourists. In order to attract more tourists and increase their level of satisfaction, many scenic areas, wildlife areas, and historical and cultural monuments are developing, we also concern about the issue of environment protection. Lucrative tourism can raise funds through appropriate tourism development; and these funds can be put into the construction of tourism environment, so as to make the Scenic environment and wildlife areas receive better protection, the maintenance and restoration of historical and cultural monuments.5,Beautify the living habitat environment.The development of tourism promotes to green the land and environmental cleanup, and to get the efficacy of beautification of the living environment. During the tourism development process, promoting afforestation, developing the horticultural projects or the design and construction of ecological building and expanding green area, air pollution, noise pollution, water pollution, garbage pollution and other environmental problems can be controlled forcibly, like the Nanjing Confucius Temple, the majority cultural heritage of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, reflects the history and culture of China. For many years, the water quality in Qinhuai River is poor and serious pollution, almost everyone know the dilapidated houses by the river`s two sides. In recent years, this region emphasis on the natural environment restoration and improvement of the river ecosystem in the tourism development process, Nanjing citizens take some action, such as river regulation and waste collection, through the implementation of renovation projects, seek the greening of the Qinhuai River, purify and beautify the riverbanks to re-experience the the Qinhuai clean water and better living environment.6,Strengthen people's awareness of environmental protection.Tourism environmental protection, as a systems engineering, requires government tourism management department, department of tourism operators, residents and tourists to participate. Good tourism promotion of government travel management department can improve the tour operator, environmental protection consciousness of destination residents and tourists.A good environment is an important requirement for tourism development. Tourism development can bring good economic benefits, and help local people out of poverty andbackwardness. After appreciating the good environmental benefits to produce their life, people's environmental awareness will be enhanced unprecedented.For tourists, the travel is a short-term way of life. It`s a kind of longing of escaping their day-to-day working and living environment to the unfamiliar environment. Good tourism activities are impressed, and the beautiful environment let them to beautify our environment and feel the close relationship between the environments and improving the quality of life, finally we should to promote environmental awareness and focus on environmental protection. In fact, in recent years, understanding the nature, observing the nature and the opportunity to experience the nature is popular. These activities will let them realize that the natural environment is the source of beauty and the basic conditions of human beings to create a better life; they can feel aesthetic pleasure during the natural process. The tourists will feel grateful of plants and trees of nature and bound their travel behavior, and to raise awareness of environmental protection.Environmental management departments and the tour operator sector also constantly aware of the importance of the environment during the process of planning and development of tourism projects. It is the basis for the survival of the tourism industry and an important factor for sustainable development of tourism. Government should take all the measures to protect the natural environment, advance environmental protection planning in tourism planning, and take measures in accordance with the importance of the different levels of management with graded protection. The positive interaction between tourism development and environmental protection concept is gradually able to establish and implement.Tourism to Local DevelopmentTourism could have a tremendous beneficial impact on local economies, but many hotels source their food and cleaning products from abroad rather than purchasing them from local producers. An Oxfam study found that hotels in St. Lucia imported more than 70 percent of their produce every year. Local farmers cannot compete internationally and have suffered from a decline in the banana trade, but Oxfam and other organizations are encouraging hotels to source food from local farmers, and by doing so keeping the tourist income within the community and supporting farmer's efforts to diversify their crops. For some hotels and restaurants, shopping locally adds a more authentic flavor to the products that they offer tourism and is a selling point in itself. For example, the Ocean Terrace Inn in St. Kitts prides itself on serving food made using locally sourced ingredients.Tourism to the environmentTourism can be harmful to the environment in a variety of ways. Cruise ships sailing through the Caribbean dump waste into the sea; one 2002 study found that a ship carrying2,000 passengers and 1,000 crew generated the same amount of waste as a small city. This waste, including oil residues, harms marine ecosystems, including coral reefs. Groups such as the Caribbean Tourism Organization are promoting more sustainable tourism projects that attempt to reduce the impact of tourism on the local environment, while the United Nations' Caribbean Environment Program supports this effort with the Cartagena Convention. The Convention aims to protect the Caribbean's delicate marine environment by establishing a series of protocols on combating oil spills, creating protected areas and dealing with pollution from the land. (Media, 2002)The countermeasure to against the negative impact of tourism on the environment.1,Cleaning the contaminated tourism ecological environment.It is necessary to clean the contaminated tourism ecological environment; regardless of t he reason for the pollution is tourism and non-tourism. There must be effective control measur es for the development of tourism in the tourist area in order to fundamentally clean up the are a. For instance, relocating the polluting factories in the tourist area and prohibiting the develo pment of industrial pollution.2,Reconstruction of the ecological environment has been destroyed.In the existing tourist areas and developing tourist area, if a part of tourism ecological en vironment has been damaged, it is affecting the entire aesthetic characteristics of the ecologic al environment. It should be doing construction in the region corresponding ecological enviro nmental. For example, if the tourist area water is contaminated, it should be cleaned up; if the area is lack of green plants, it should be planted. During the reconstruction of the ecological e nvironment, the environmental characteristics of the area should be noticed. It is important to maintain stable ecosystem. So the green plants should be selected to the benefit of the tourist area.3,Application of the tourism ecological environment capacity theory.The destruction and pollution of tourism activities should be avoided. In tourism plannin g and management, tourism overload is the fundamental reason to the tourism pollution of eco logical environment. Tourism activities undermine the development of the tourism industry. S o the tourist ecological capacity should be appropriately controlled during the tourism develop ment and management.4,To take the necessary measures to slow the ecological environment destruction.The sudden natural destruction of tourism ecological environment can be forecasted, but cannot be avoided. But the destruction of nature can be mitigated by certain measures, such as offsite migration of rare and endangered flora and fauna protection, artificial reforestation an d so on.So if one wants to enjoy nature one must preserve it, otherwise all the exotic destinations will become extinct and the world will not be a beautiful place to live in. Eco friendly tourism should be promoted all over the world and if marvels of nature should be preserved, tourism should take into account the principle and process of sustainable consumption.旅游和环境:一个共生关系如今如今,,随着人民生活水平的提高随着人民生活水平的提高,,追求更高的精神生活追求更高的精神生活,,旅游业发展迅速旅游业发展迅速,,在国民经济比例不断上升。
旅游管理英文作文
旅游管理英文作文英文：As someone who has worked in the tourism industry for several years, I believe that effective tourism management is key to creating a positive experience for both tourists and locals. There are several factors that contribute to successful tourism management, including:1. Planning: Proper planning is essential to ensurethat the needs of both tourists and locals are met. This includes everything from transportation and accommodations to activities and attractions.2. Communication: Effective communication is crucialfor ensuring that everyone is on the same page. This includes communication between tourists and locals, as well as between different stakeholders in the tourism industry.3. Sustainability: Sustainable tourism practices areimportant for preserving natural resources and minimizing the negative impact of tourism on the environment. This includes promoting eco-friendly activities and reducing waste.4. Cultural sensitivity: Tourists should be respectful of local customs and traditions, and locals should be welcoming and accommodating to visitors. This helps to create a positive and inclusive environment for everyone.中文：作为一名在旅游业工作多年的人，我相信有效的旅游管理是创造积极体验的关键，不仅对游客，也对当地居民。
毕业论文外文翻译--旅游与服务市场：奇幻,感觉,有趣论文文献翻译-中英文对照翻译
中文3780字标题：Tourism and hospitality marketing: fantasy, feeling and fun原文：Experiential marketing has become a cornerstone of many recent advances in areas such as retailing, branding and events marketing, but with attempting to sell an experience of a place through relating it to the lifestyle constructs of consumers. For many years we have discussed the characteristics of tourism and hospitality products, which suggest that marketing within the sectors is different to many other industries, as purchase decisions are made on the basis of projected and perceived images, rather than prior experience. However, despite the amount of literature being written on these perceived differences, most marketing in the sector relies heavily on traditional marketing concepts, and it is often difficult to discriminate tourism and hospitality approaches to marketing from those advocated for other consumer products.Tourism and hospitality has become a major economic activity as expectations with regard to the use of our leisure time have evolved, attributing greater meaning to our free time.The evolution of tourist behaviour encourages both change and the emergence of new meaning (Bouchet et al., 2004). This results in marketing having potentially a greater prominence in tourism and hospitality, than in other industries. Potential that is not always fully achieved (Morgan and Pritchard, 2002). The key reason for this failing is that in the main marketing for tourism and hospitality has been focussed not on the consumer, but on the destination or outlet, with marketing strategies being related to the products offered (Williams, 2000, 2002). As marketing within this sector has evolved however, the offer has become increasingly less important due to the enormous heterogeneity of consumer motivation and behaviour. The result is that firms and destinations within this sector need to redefine their strategies to reflect these changes.Studying the behaviour of consumers has become increasingly complex, and it is fair to argue that tourism and hospitality by its very nature, should be in the vanguard of research into contemporary consumers (Williams, 2002). Tourism and hospitality offers a multitude of venues in which people can consume. Bars, restaurants, hotels, theme parks, casinos and cruise ships all operate as “Cathedrals of consumption”(Ritzer, 1999) offering increasingly complex consumption opportunities to increasinglycomplex consumers. Tourism and hospitality has developed into one of the most important global economic activities, due in part to a combination of a transformation of offers and increasingly postmodern demand. These changes mean that tourism and hospitality consumption has evolved to become more qualitative, more demanding, and more varied (Bouchet et al., 2004).Anecdotal evidence delivered through media coverage, would suggest that contemporary consumers are self-indulgent, pleasure seeking individuals, easily dominated by marketers and advertisers, who act like sheep in the ways they mimic referent others. However, the reality is obviously much more complex than such a scenario suggests. Contemporary consumers are as likely to be driven by thrift as to they are to be hedonistic, they use consumption to make statements about themselves, they use consumption to create their identities and they develop a sense of belonging through consumption. For many people it is through consumption that relationships are formed, for example, colleagues enjoying a drink after work or childrenhosting their birthday parties at McDonalds, enabling them to define their circle of friends .Consumption also plays a part in finding fulfilment, developing creativity and expressing their individual abilities. Clearly such a complex phenomena cannot be easily understood.Recent arguments have been sounded that aspects of contemporary tourism and hospitality consumption have reflected the phenomena of postmodernism. Whilst many believe postmodernism to be a meaningless intellectual fad, inaccessible to many involved in marketing within our sector, others agree that there are worthwhile insights to be gained from the debate on the post-modern condition and its consequences for tourism and hospitality consumption and marketing. I do not intend to discuss at length the use of post-modern discourse in tourism and hospitality marketing as I have exercised it in previous work (Williams, 2000, 2002). The term postmodernism refers to a break in thinking away from the modern, functional andrational, and during the last couple of decades it has spread across all domains of knowledge, including marketing. The key concepts of post-modern marketing are fragmentation, indeterminacy and distrust of universal discourse, but by eschewing modernism it introduces a radicallynew and different cultural movement which coalesces in a reconceptualisation of how we experience and explain our world. In terms of experiential marketing two aspects of the post-modern discourse are most relevant, hypereality and image.Hypereality is one of the most discussed conditions of postmodernism, and refers to the argument that reality has collapsed and has become image, illusion, simulation and simulacra (copies for which no original exists). Hyperreality refers to a blurring of distinction between the real and the unreal in which the prefix “hyper” signifies more real than real. When the real is no longer a given but is reproduced by a simulated environment, it does not become unreal, but realer than real, to the extent it becomes what Baudrillard (1993, p.23)refers to as “a hallucinatory resemblance of itself”. In postmodernism, with the advent of hyperreality, simulations come to constitute reality itself. This scenario is exemplified throughout the tourism and hospitality industry. Baudrillard himself used the example of Disneyland, arguing it is more real than the USA itself. A point reinforced by Venturi (1995, p.67) who suggested “Disneyland is nearer to what people want than what architects have ever given them. Disneyland is thesymbolic American utopia”. In postmodern society people have become fascinated by signs and as a result, they exist in a state where signs and images have become more important than what they stand for. The result is that today’s consumers consume imagery and do not focus on what the images represent or mean. As Miller and Real (1998, p. 30) argue “we live in a world where the image or signifier of an event has replaced direct experience and knowledge of its referent or signified”.While it is accepted that there are problems with investigating tourism and hospitality marketing through a postmodern orientation, it clearly encompasses a broad range of consumer experiences. In addition it has the potential to reframe our thinking about marketing practice in an increasingly fragmented global marketplace.A better understanding of the underlying macro forces and micro behaviour, associated with postmodernism, can be leveraged by marketers to obtain competitive advantages in the increasingly dynamic, unpredictable, unstable and competitive tourism and hospitality environment.Traditional marketing provided a valuable set of strategies, implementation tools and methodologies thattourism and hospitality firms could use in an earlier age. As Schmitt (1999, p. 55) argued “traditional marketing was developed in response to the industrial age, not the information, branding and communications revolution we are facing today”. In a new age, with new consumers we need to shift away from a features-and-benefits approach, as advocated by traditional approaches to consumer experiences. We need to consider new concepts and approaches which capitalize on the opportunities offered by these new consumers. One such approach is experiential marketing; an approach which in contrast to the rational features-and-benefits view of consumers, takes a more postmodern orientation and views them as emotional beings, concerned with achieving pleasurable experiences.Experiential marketing is a growing trend worldwide, with enthusiasts reported in all sectors of the global economy, from consumer products such as Ford Motor Company (Kerwin, 2004) to health care providers such as the North Hawaii Community Hospital (Hill, 2003). As Schmitt (1999, p. 53) states “experiential marketing is everywhere”. The question is what has caused this evolution in the world of marketing, and what are the implications for consumers of tourism and hospitality?Experiential marketing was first introduced by Pine and Gilmore (1998) as part of their work on the experience economy, and further refined in many subsequent articles and books by the same authors. Pine and Gilmore (1999, p. 2) explained their view of experiential marketing in the following manner “when a person buys a service, he purchases a set of intangible activities carried out on his behalf. But when he buys an experience, he pays to spend time enjoying a series of memorable events that a company stages to engage him in a personal way”. Experiential marketing is about taking the essence of a product and amplifying it into a set of tangible, physical, interactive experiences which reinforce the offer. Rather than seeing the offer in atraditional manner, through advertising media such as commercials, print or electronic messaging, consumers “feel”it by being part of it. As Gautier (2004, p. 8) argues “experiential marketing is a totally new way of thinking about marketing, if you think it’s about simply tweaking around the edges, think again”. Experiential marketing is not about one-off events, sponsorship, sampling or general field marketing. Experiential marketing describes marketing initiatives that give consumers in-depth, tangible experiences in order to provide them with sufficient information to makea purchase decision. It is widely argued that as the science of marketing evolves, experiential marketing will become the dominant marketing tool of the future (McNickel, 2004).Experiential marketing has evolved as a response to a perceived transition from a service economy to one personified by the experiences we participate in. In such a perception experiences are as economically different from services as services are from goods. Pine and Gilmore (2004) explain that experiences have emerged as the next step, in what they refer to as the progression of economic value. If we accept such a position; that modern economies are seen as making a transition from the marketing of services to the marketing of experiences, all tourism and hospitality offers are acts of “theatre” that stage these experiences. The experience economy has been summarised by Petkus (2002) as follows:. contemporary economies have evolved from the delivery of commodities to the delivery of goods, from goods to services and are presently evolving from services to experiences;.as services became increasingly commodified, customer perceptions of competitive advantage diminish, as does satisfaction;.the delivery of experiential market offerings involves engaging customers in a memorable way; and all actions of the organisation contribute to the performance of the experiential market offering.The huge growth in the field of experiential marketing appears to be the result of the effect of the numerous success stories cited in the media. As Kerwin (2004, p. 94) states “the beauty of a well desig ned experience is that while it doesn’t reach nearly asmany people as a TV spot, it can attract the very customers who are most likely to buy”. The evidence seems to support this contention, for example, research undertaken by SRI, an international market research organisation, found that experiential marketing drove faster results than traditional methods, with consumers suggesting it led to quick positive purchase decisions. Amongst certain groups, younger consumers and females, the results were even more encouraging (Allen, 2005). The same research also demonstrated that experiential marketing made consumers more receptive to other forms of associated advertising, an important factor in an era of integrated marketing communication. Similar results were found by IMI International. Their research suggested that more than 55 per cent of consumers felt that the biggest single influenceon propensity to consume was the ability to sample or interact with a product before purchase. In the UK, research undertaken by ID Live Brand Experience stated that as many as 85 per cent of consumers valued the opportunity to experience; touch, smell, taste or hear, products. Of those surveyed, 58 per cent confirmed that experiential marketing had encouraged them to make a purchase they were not previously planning to make. The importance of this development is not lost on marketing executives with more than 70 per cent of them recently stating that experiential marketing is the current “big theme”(Gautier, 2004). Pine and Gilmore (1999) the originators of much of the current thinking behind experiential marketing cite US Bureau of Labour statistics showing that consumer price indices, employment growth and growth in GDP have all increased at a faster rate for experiential offerings, than for commodities, goods or services. To summarise, the reason behind the continuing growth in demand for experiential marketing, is that it appears to work for both firms and customers. As Witthaus (2004, p. 10) states:.it achieves measurable results by offering innovative ways of communicating with customers in their own environment,leading to a better ROI. And it offers a memorable, engaging and exhilarating way of reaching customersExperiential marketing demonstrates that the media landscape has unalterably changed in recent years. In 1985, a commercial on peak-time television would have been expected to reach over 40 per cent of the population. A similar commercialtoday would be unlikely to reach more than 15 per cent of the population, and this figure is likely to continue falling (Gautier, 2004). Despite increased spend on traditional media many of the worlds top products and brands have suffered falling market share. There is a widespread belief that old models of advertising spend are no longer as effective as they were and alternatives have to be sought.出处：Alistair Williams, (2006) "Tourism and hospitality marketing: fantasy, feeling and fun", International [J]Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 18 Iss: 6, pp.482 - 495标题：旅游与服务市场：奇幻，感觉，有趣译文：体验营销已经成为许多最新进展领域的基石，例如零售业、品牌和事件营销，但随之而来的是企图一提样营销为目的建立消费者的生命周期。
旅游专业外文翻译2篇
Ⅲ.外文翻译外文翻译之一Destination brand positions of a competitive set ofnear-home destinations作者：Steven Pike国籍：Australia出处：Tourism Management, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 24 January 2009原文正文：Abstract:Although the branding literature commenced during the 1940s, the first publications related to destination branding did not emerge until half a century later. A review of 74 destination branding publications by 102 authors from the first 10 years of destination branding literature (1998–2007) found at least nine potential research gaps warranting attention by researchers. In particular, there has been a lack of research examining the extent to which brand positioning campaigns have been successful in enhancing brand equity in the manner intended in the brand identity. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of an investigation of brand equity tracking for a competitive set of destinations in Queensland, Australia between 2003 and 2007. A hierarchy of consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) provided an effective means to monitor destination brand positions over time. A key implication of the results was the finding that there was no change in brand positions for any of the five destinations over the four year period. This leads to the proposition that destination position change within a competitive set will only occur slowly over a long period of time. The tabulation of 74 destination branding case studies, research papers, conceptual papers and web content analysesprovides students and researchers with a useful resource on the current state of the field.Keywords: Destination branding; Consumer-based brand equity; Short breaks; Destination image; Destination positioning1. IntroductionEver since the brand literature commenced in the 1940s (see for example Guest, 1942), there has been consistent recognition that branding offers organisations a means for differentiation in markets crowded with similar offerings ([Aaker, 1991], [Gardner and Levy, 1955], [Keller, 2003] and [Kotler et al., 2007]). For destinations, effective differentiation is critical given the increasingly competitive nature of tourism markets, where many places offering similar features are becoming substitutable (Pike, 2005). For example, around 70% of international travellers visit only 10 countries, leaving the remainder of national tourism offices (NTOs) competing for 30% of total international arrivals (Morgan, Pritchard, & Pride, 2002). The pursuit of differentiation is explicit in brand definitions, which have most commonly been variations of that proposed by Aaker (1991, p. 7):A brand is a distinguishing name and/or symbol (such as a logo, trademark, or package design) intended to identify the goods or services of either one seller or a group of sellers, and to differentiate those goods from those of competitors.However, in the foreword to the first issue of Place Branding and Public Policy, editor Simon Anholt (2004, p. 4) suggested “almost nobody agrees on what, ex actly, branding means” in describing place branding practice as akin to the Wild West. There has been a lack of consistency in defining what constitutes destination branding, both within industry and within academia (see [Blainet al., 2005], [Park and Petrick, 2006] and [Tasci and Kozak, 2006]). The mostcomprehensive definition to date has been that proposed by Blain et al. (2005, p. 337), which followed Berthon, Hulbert, and Pitt's (1999) model of the functions of a brand from both the buyer and seller perspectives:Destination branding is the set of marketing activities that (1) support the creation of a name, symbol, logo, word mark or other graphic that readily identifies and differentiates a destination; that (2) consistently convey the expectation of a memorable travel experience that is uniquely associated with the destination; that (3) serve to consolidate and reinforce the emotional connection between the visitor and the destination; and that (4) reduce consumer search costs and perceived risk. Collectively, these activities serve to create a destination image that positively influences consumer destination choice.Branding is therefore considered mutually beneficial from both the supply and demand perspectives. Enhancing the ability of the brand to differentiate effectively can generate advantages for products and services, such as increased purchase intent (Cobb-Walgren, Beal, & Donthu, 1995), lower costs (Keller, 1993), increased sales, price premiums, and customer loyalty ([Aaker, 1991] and [Aaker, 1996]). Advantages for destination marketing organisations (DMO) include increased potential to differentiate against places offering similar benefits, increased destination loyalty and increased yield for stakeholders such as local tourism businesses and travel intermediaries. Benefits for the traveller include ease of decision making through reduced search costs, reduced risk, and possibly enhanced brag value.The focus of most research reported to date has been concerned with the development of destination brand identities and the implementation of campaigns (see for example, [Crockett and Wood, 1999], [Hall, 1999], [May, 2001] and [Morgan et al., 2002]). One area requiring increased attention is that of tracking the performance of destination brand positions over time. That is,the extent to which destination brands' positioning and repositioning campaigns have been effective in enhancing brand equity consistent with that intended in the brand identity. This is an important gap in the tourism literature, given: i) increasing competition (see Morgan, Pritchard, & Piggot, 2002), ii) the increasing level of investment by destination marketing organisations (DMO) in branding since the 1990s, iii) the complex political nature of DMO brand decision making and increasing accountability to stakeholders (see Pike, 2005), and iv) the long-term nature of repositioning a destination's image in the marketplace (see Gartner & Hunt, 1987). In terms of metrics for DMOs in general, a number of researchers in various parts of the world have pointed to a lack of market research monitoring effectiveness of destination marketing objectives, such as in Australia (see [Carson et al., 2003] and [Prosser et al., 2000]), North America ([Masberg, 1999] and [Sheehan and Ritchie, 1997]), and Europe (Dolnicar & Schoesser, 2003).The aim of this study was to track the brand positions held by a competitive set of near-home destinations between 2003 and 2007. For this purpose the efficacy of a hierarchy of consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) was trialled. CBBE was first promoted by (Aaker, 1991) and (Aaker, 1996) and more recently by (Keller, 1993) and (Keller, 2003) to supplement traditional balance sheet brand equity measures. The rationale underpinning CBBE as a brand performance metric is that consumer perceptions of the brand underpin any financial estimate of future earnings estimated in the financial measure of brand equity. Since a financial balance sheet brand equity measure will be of little practical value to destination marketers, the concept of CBBE is worthy of consideration by DMOs. However, the potential of CBBE for destinations has only recently attracted the attention of academic researchers (see [Boo et al., in press] and [Konecknik and Gartner, 2007]).具有竞争力的靠近家乡的旅游目的地的目标品牌定位作者：史蒂文・派克国籍：澳大利亚出处：旅游管理，新闻，更正的证明，可在线2009年1月24日中文译文：摘要：虽然品牌学在20世纪40年代就已经兴起，第一个与目的地品牌相关的出版物却直到半个世纪后才出现。
乡村旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献
乡村旅游中英文对照外文翻译文献Assessment of Rural Tourism in Turkey Using SWOT Analysisn:XXX。
located at the crossroads of Asia。
Europe。
and Africa。
covers an area of approximately 780,000 square kilometers and has a coastline of 8,000 kilometers。
According to the 2000 n census。
the country has a n of 67,803,927.with approximately 35% XXX has nearly 37,000 villages。
with two-thirds of them having pXXX。
one-third of XXX.Body:XXX years。
In order to assess the potential of rural tourism in XXX。
a SWOT (Strengths。
Weaknesses。
Opportunities。
and Threats) analysis was conducted.Strengths:Turkey has a rich cultural heritage。
with many XXX。
as well as natural beauty。
such as mountains。
forests。
XXX。
XXX。
XXX.XXX:One of the main XXX。
many rural areas lack access to basic services such as XXX。
XXX.Opportunities:There is a growing XXX has recognized this trend and has XXX。
介绍旅游管理的英文作文
介绍旅游管理的英文作文Title: Exploring the Dynamics of Travel Management。
Introduction。
Travel management is a multifaceted field that encompasses various aspects of planning, organizing, and executing travel-related activities. It plays a crucialrole in the tourism industry, facilitating seamless experiences for travelers while ensuring the efficient operation of travel services. In this essay, we delve into the intricacies of travel management, examining its key components, challenges, and the evolving landscape of the industry.Understanding Travel Management。
At its core, travel management involves the coordination of resources and services to meet the diverse needs of travelers. This includes everything from itineraryplanning and accommodation arrangements to transportation logistics and destination activities. Effective travel management requires a comprehensive understanding of customer preferences, budget constraints, and regulatory requirements.Key Components of Travel Management。
温泉旅游的开发与管理外文文献翻译2014年译文3100字
外文出处：Eagles, SF McCool , The Exploitation and the Management of Hot Spring Tourist in Japan [J]. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 2014, 15(3): 243-257.（本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。
）原文The Exploitation and the Management of Hot Spring Tourist in JapanEagles, SF McCoolAbstractTourist activity promotes the development of economy, which is an industrialized, diversified and global trend. Busy working people look forward to the casual life brought by traveling, thus the hot spring tourism has become one of the important ways for people to spend their holidays. The main reason for the popularity of hot spring tourism is its scarcity and uniqueness. So, the study and protection of hot spring tourism are undoubtedly of scientific importance.On the basis of literature review, this paper is intended to discuss the concept and cause of hot springs, the resource and classification of hot springs, the content and the scientific principle of it. With the application of location theory & experiencing marketing theory, this paper analyzed and summarized the unique culture, destination, marketing and the concept of environment protection of the hot spring tourism.When analyzing of the 221 hot springs in Japan as samples, This paper have summarized the geographic distribution and culture features of them. With the research of the 2013 Top 10 hot springs in Japan ，I have learned the unique culture features of Japan hot spring tourism: religion, catering and scenery culture. I have chosen the seven important hot springs in Japan and then studied their layout and planning, and summarize the four layout patterns of hot spring destinations in Japan. Though there are various ways of promoting and marketing of hot springs, this paper classify them into seven patterns. We should deeply think about the great attention paid to the tourism by the Japan government. In the year 1948, the Japan’s government issued the Hot Spring Act to revitalize the economy of Japan bydeveloping the hot spring tourism.Key words: Japan; Hot spring tourism; Culture; The destination; Distribution1 Japanese hot spring resources development and utilization of the era changeBefore the Meiji restoration, the ancient Japanese hot spring used for the purpose of rehabilitation, and accumulated a wealth of experience. Nine and 12 century peace noble diary really mentioned in the jade leaf, spa is one period of treatment, 7 days three course 21 days as the minimum standard. In the folk, wash the hot spring in the different season also have different call. Such as bath is called "cold soup", where the spring into the bath is called "spring soup to cure" etc. The ancient form of some famous hot spring is famous for its special curative effect more. In the 19th century, after the Meiji restoration, Japan actively absorb the advanced western science and technology, great changes have taken place in the whole social economy, cities are also growing rapidly. The urban middle class demand for hot spring, contributed to the development and utilization of hot spring resources. At the same time the introduction of western modern science and technology to promote the scientific research of hot springs, hot springs, the maintenance function and utilizing came to be known. When the foreigners of the future building villas in the hot springs, hot spring development and utilization of beginning and combination of summer, maintenance, close to the city to some hot springs into a summer resort and maintenance.By 1973, Japan's hot spring hotel SuBo guest reached 120 million. In many hot springs to recreational direction at the same time, in 1954, the ministry to promote health, prevent disease, improving national quality as the goal, began to put some good hot springs spa, maintenance and environmental conditions, designated as national maintenance of hot springs to enrich SuBo facilities, institute of health and medical institutions, add hot springs health pavilion, tree-lined paths, hot spring park, such as sports facilities, servicing the surrounding cultural environment and natural environment. Hot springs and facilities open to citizens, with relatively low price to attract a variety of guest floor. A policy that continues to this day, until 2005, has reached the designated national maintenance of hot springs.Since the 1990 s, Japan's economy into the low speed growth, the development and utilization of hot spring resources has also changed. Metropolitan region and surrounding urban internal to the development and utilization of hot spring resources, hot spring distribution more close to the consumer. The new development of hot springs health maintenance facilities, including high temperature, low temperature sauna, thin body bath, hairdressing bath, relaxing bath, shower of rocks and other hot spring bath, at the same time also provide simple diet and rest places, but there is no accommodation facilities. Hot spring bath cost is low, customers is widespread, has the characteristics of the local residents and visitors can simultaneously into the bath. This large hot springs health center to the formation and development, the main reason is: one is the spread of hot spring culture, hot spring use become people's day-to-day work need; The second is the coming of aging society, increased the demand for spa facilities with health function; it is the need of the revitalization of the regional economy, introduced in 1989, 100 million yen creation cause, the government to give each town village 100 million yen for regional revitalization, many local governments to the 100 million yen to the development of this kind of hot spring; Four is hot spring development technology progress, make difficult to development of hot spring development.2 Japanese business model of the development of hot spring resources2.1 The development and utilization of the hot springsAccording to the geographical position, development and utilization mode and the different period, Japan's hot spring type can be divided into the rehabilitation and maintenance, improve health, banquet entertainment and large hot springs health centres. Characteristics of hot spring spa type springs epicuticular specific disease have medical effect. This kind of hot spring distribution in the mountains, due to opposite traffic inconvenience, sparsely populated, the lower level of development and utilization and thus maintain the traditional characteristics of hot spring as a treatment for places. Using facilities is relatively simple, even kept since for cooking, for cooking and other traditional facilities.High quality hot springs, the fresh air and good environment, a healthy diet isnecessary for maintenance type hot springs. This kind of hot springs are mainly distributed in mountain valleys, rural natural environment such as the beautiful place. Hot springs health pavilion, built in addition to hot springs maintain the maintenance SuBo facilities, such as opening a walking path, exploration road show and regional nature, traditional culture of museums, art galleries and other facilities.Health promotional type hot springs are mainly distributed in the natural environment of the mountain, plateau, seaside, its characteristic is to mountain climbing, skiing, go bathing, etc. Various kinds of sports and hot springs.Hot spring to have a tennis court, golf, ice skating rink etc. Various kinds of sports facilities and museums, art galleries and other cultural upbringing facilities, are often all kinds of sports training base.This kind of hot spring for the purpose of improving health, wash hot springs after exercise can relieve fatigue, promote metabolism of body function and prevent aging, young visitors and family more.Banquet, recreational spa is accompanied by the emergence of large group guest and formed, in addition to its large hot springs hotel, the hotel and the geisha house, massage shops, entertainment such as prostitutes field. This kind of hot spring distribution in traffic convenient traffic line. Many in the tide of economic formation of the large YangShi hot spring hotel facilities, after the group guest to reduce operation difficult.2.2 Hot spring capital sourceHot spring development mainly foreign capital and domestic capital, owing to the different hot springs. The strength of the local capital of hot spring to sustainable and healthy development has important influence. Foreign capital mainly comes from the strength of large enterprise groups, the development of large scale and shorter time, pay attention to economic benefits, mainly depends on large tour groups, water (Minakami) belongs to the hot springs and so on.Located in gunma, root water, on the edge of sichuan hot spring, there are on the line, the transportation is convenient, in the group guest more period had been injected with a large number of foreign capital, in the construction of river valleys in the more advanced large hotel. Later, with fewer group guest, business is becomingincreasingly difficult, hotel collapse, hot spring street residents also reduce to 1, 000 people, more than 000 people from 4 regional economy recession. Local capital strength is relatively small, developing step by step, and pay attention to protect environment and geographical features, grass (Kusatu) hot springs, by the court (Yufuyin) hot springs is representative of this kind.In recent years in the poll of the most popular of hot springs, grass springs in successive years, tianjin no. 1.Located in kyushu oita county by the court of hot springs, hot springs hotel employment of QuanJie roughly one-third of total employment, is a typical hot spring street. More than 120 hot springs hotel and the natural environment, formed the Japanese hot springs, high-grade products, recent years tourists reached 4 million people, the development and utilization methods of typical significance in the development of hot springs is in Japan.[9] in Japan's high economic growth period, many hot springs in the case of foreign capital into blood, hotel to large-scale, integrated, the same agitation also affected the springs back street by cloth college town, by the court became a local hot spring in what direction development. But by the court spa resisted the development of foreign capital to promote recreational hot spring pressure and foreign developers high-rise building plan, against the development of golf course, the surrounding to preserved intact, the surrounding wetland landscape of the hot spring, culture, natural hot spring development theme, abundant hot spring culture, let visitors in wash hot springs at the same time, enjoy the charm of hot spring culture and natural environment.3 Japanese hot spring resources development and utilization management mode3.1 hot spring development and utilization of the legal system managementIn order to strengthen the legal management of hot spring, Japan in 1948 formulated the method of hot springs, hot springs, method of development and utilization and protection of hot spring resources made specific provision. Hot spring law, mining, power plant and so on must seek permission from the governor of prefectures (3-9);To protect a fountain springs, governor shall have the right to publish various commands (clause 10).Hot spring law also stipulates that the operator for hot spring bath, the composition indications, contraindications, and drinkingattention points, according to authorities analysis results in a bath facilities department express; Hot spring water, heating, circulation filtration and disinfection and so on have also made it clear that article (13, 14).Japan's hot spring law stipulated in article 14, in order to enhance the public utilization of hot spring, environment ministry for selected hot springs, hot springs according to its composition, performance and utilization of environment, planning, gearing up for hot spring use facilities, improve the guide to the environment. Its contents include hot spring gearing up to regional planning, functional area division, facilities, environment development, management, operation plan, etc.3.2 Concentration distribution and managementHot spring spa as a resource, prevent random drilling wasteful, prevent all kinds of disputes due to hot springs, to reasonable and effective use of resources to the hot spring facilities and centralized allocation is one of effective methods for hot spring hotel. Hot springs city battery (Sirozaki) concentration distribution and management system is worth reference, particular way similar to a centralized water supply device, set up in higher ground storage barrels, various springs spa focused on storage barrel, set up automatic monitoring device, adjusted according to the amount of chung springs, temperature. Through pipes adopts the circulating way to lose to the hot spring hotels and beaches, hot springs hotel and baths in accordance with the usage fee. Pipe length, discharge temperature are scientific measurement to ensure the supply of hot spring temperature remains constant. Since the implementation of centralized management to solve the hot springs of water temperature difference, the temperature of supply the homogenization, fair, hot spring use efficiency, business management tends to rationalize, hot spring resources get effective protection, fountain got the self-restraint, enlarged the hot spring supply capacity, development provides the possibility for the hot springs.4 Japanese hot spring tourismJapanese traffic survey of a community (2005), according to the tourists in choosing destinations, hot springs (52.4%), in the first place. Visible hot spring has extremely important meaning for the Japanese. National to hot spring needsdiversification makes competition more intense, make construction attractive hot springs hot springs the key to a successful business. The atmosphere of the quality of "hot spring", "hot spring", "natural environment" three has become the core elements. Ideal, led by open-air hot spring, spa facilities, followed by the boardwalk, public hot spring, the traditional view, of primitive simplicity style SuBo facilities, local snacks, local library, etc. Beautiful environment includes not only the nature, also including the natural and construction, the coordination between the buildings and roads, parks, and hot springs hot springs hotel, garden, walking street, parking lot etc. Landscape of coordination and unity.译文日本温泉旅游的开发与管理伊格斯；迈克尔摘要旅游活动带动了社会经济的发展，呈现出产业化、多元化、全球化的发展态势。
旅游管理毕业论文外文翻译
旅游管理毕业论文外文翻译Exploring Asian Cruise Travelers’ Travel Experience and Perception Sangchoul YiHospitality and T ourism ManagementPurdue UniversityJonathon DayHospitality and T ourism ManagementPurdue UniversityandLiping A. CaiHospitality and T ourism ManagementPurdue UniversityABSTRACTThis study aims to explore Asian cruise travelers’ cruise experience and its multidimensionalperception of cruising as well as the effect of travel ers’ perception on satisfaction and behavioralintention. In order to measure Asian travelers’ multidimensional perceptions, survey items wereadapted from SERVQUAL and SERV-PERV AL. Exploratory factor analysis was performed firstto identify travelers’ multi dimensional perceptions on travel experience. Subsequently, a multipleregression was conducted so that researchers examine how the tourist’ perceptions affecttravelers’ satisfaction and behavioral intention. Statistical results showed that Asian cruisetravelers have two dimensional perceptions and each perception can be named as “perceivedquality” and “perceived value”. The perceived quality has four components. They are “Facility”,“F&B”, “Entertainment”, and “Staff”, and the perceived value consists of three componentsincluding“Emotional response”, “Perceived price”, and “Behavioral price and reputation”.According to the statistical results, travelers’ perceptions on cruise experiencing affect travelsatisfaction and travelers’ behavioral intention.Keywords: Asian cruise tourists, Cruising experience, Perception dimensionality, Perceived quality, Perceived value INTRODUCTIONThe cruise industry has been experiencing dramatic growth in the international tourism sector.According to the Cruise Line International Association (CLIA), its average growth rate is over 8%a year and the number of cruise passengers was 14 million in 2005, which was ten times morethan that in 1980 (Dwyer & Forsyth, 1998; Kwag & Lee, 2009). With dramatic growth of thecruise industry, the market environment is getting competitive and appears to be saturatedbecause of overcapacity (De la Vina& Ford, 2001; Kwortnik, 2006). This is because most of the cruise market is based upon North America and the regional market share accounts for 85% ofthe total cruise market. A strategic effort to occupy the competitive cruise market can berepresented in the number of newly launched cruise ships because a quality stateroom, upscalecruise facilities, and stable room supply are essential for successful business in the cruise travelmarket, and these success factors can be achieved by launching new cruise vessel. For instance,major cruise liners have launched about 100 new cruise ships from 1996 to 2004, trying to attractpotential customers, occupying a growing market share and developing new market segments (Lobo, 2008).Recently, the Asian cruise market has been highlighted as a new emerging market in thecruise industry. Currently, the Asian cruise market has 5% of total cruise market share, but theAsiancruise market has great potential as a new locomotive to sustain the cruise industrybecause a rise in national income in Asian countries can cause a dramatic increase of Asiancruise travelers. In East Asia, Hong Kong is a major hub for an international flight andinternational cruise liners. The city is attracting a number of western cruise travelers to Asiacruise travel, and Hong Kong is also a base for mainland Chinese cruise travelers. The number ofthe cruise travelers from Hong Kong alone 459,000 in 2007, which is more than double thanfrom 201,000 in 2005 (Stanley, 2008). However, the Asian market has been still underdeveloped,and the market needs more investment and marketing research on the Asian market (Kwag &Lee, 2009).LITERATURE REVIEWThe tourism industry is service based industry, and the cruise travel and cruise ship itself canbe viewed as a floating resort and tourism destination. Therefore, service quality issue is one ofmost important topics for cruise marketers because a good service quality and consumer’s satisfaction can guarantee business survival at least in the service industry. Consequently, thehospitality and tourism industry have focused on service qua lity improvement and customers’satisfaction.Service qualityA great deal of service-quality studies have been done in last three decades, and most oftopics have been center around efficient and accurate measurement of servicequality (Ladhari,2008; Martínez Caro &MartínezGarcía, 2008). This is because measuring a service quality is a starting point to research consumers and consumers’ perception on service experience. In theservice industry context, service quality can be viewed as perceived service quality and it can be defined as “ theconsumer’s judgment about an entity’s o verall excellence or superiority”(Parasuraman, Zeithaml, & Berry, 1988). Developed measurement instruments are mainly basedon identified consumers’ perception on consumption experience. For example, Parasuraman et al.(1988) conducted the most influential studies on service quality, which was developing theSERVQUAL instrument. The SERVQUAL instrument had had ten perceived dimension, butParasuraman et al. refined SERVQUAL measurement items, achieving five dimensions ofperceived survey quality. The dimensions were labeled as “Tangibles”, “Reliability”,“Responsiveness”, “Assurance”, and “Empathy”. The instrument has become a foundation ofservice quality measurement instruments in various industry setting. One of distinct features isthat the instrument compares b etween consumers’ expectation a nd realized performance ofspecific service. However, this approach has been challenged by some alternative measurementapproaches.Service quality in the hospitality and tourism industryIn the hospitality and tourism industry, the perception of service quality has been widelyresearched and focused because it is imperative for marketers to know how consumers feel aboutservice level in the hospitality and tourism industry. In order to measu re consumers’ satisfaction and a perc eived service quality, the SERVQUAL instrument has been introduced and modified inspecific industry setting (Badri, Abdulla, & Al-Madani, 2005; Engelland, Workman, & Singh,2000; Frochot& Hughes, 2000; Khan, 2003; Knutson, Stevens, Wullaert, Patton, & Yokoyama,1991; Raajpoot, 2002; Stevens, Knutson, & Patton, 1995; Tkaczynski& Stokes, 2010). For example, Knuston et al. (1991) tailored the SERVQUAL into the lodging industry andgeneratedLODGSERV instrument in order to measu re consumers’ expecta tion for service quality in the lodging industry. Khan (2003) examined ecotourists’ the servi ce quality expectation by usingmodified the SERVQUAL instrument, named as ECOSERV. It was found that tourists haveunique a dimension in service quality expectation at each tourism industry setting. Stevens et al.(1995) and Raajpoot (2002) tried to measure consumers’ service quality in the lodging industrysetting by modifying the SERVQUAL instrument. They generated modified versions of theinstrument. DINESERV, which was generated by Stevens et al., was general version of theSERVQUAL in restaurants industry, and TANGSERV, which was proposed by Raajpoot, wasfocused on specific the SERVQUAL dimension, tangible quality.METHODOLOGYA questionnaire was developed based on previous empirical studies andSERV-PERV ALperceived value measurement instrument. The survey instrument consists of mainly four parts,which are perceived quality, perceived value, satisfaction level and behavioral intention, anddemographic variables. This research extended the SERV-PERV AL instrument because theinstrument has just four perceived quality items and they are too general to measure cruise travelers’ perception on cruise experience. Qu (1999) provided cruise travel attribute items,which consists of four dimensions such as “Accommodation”, “Food and Beverage”,“Entertainment”, “Other facility”, and “Staff”. Because the attr ibute items have uniqueness andsimilarity with SERVQUAL instrument at the same time, the attribute items were merged intoSERV-PERV AL instrument.The sample was collected from cruise travelers of a Koreancruise liner. The conveniencesampling was chosen because of time and cost limitations. Two trained interviewers visited amedium sized cruise ship, the Penstar Honey, and distributed questionnaires. Questionnaireswere placed in 200 cruise ship cabins. After respondents completed the survey voluntarily, thequestionnaire were gathered at the reception desk of the cruise ship. A total of 140 questionnaireswere collected between May and June in 2008. Participants were sampled on eight separate 3-day and 4-day voyages with various destinations such as the Korean national marine park, Osakain Japan and Bebu, which is a famous Japanese spa destination. The samples yielded 117 usableobservations.An exploratory factor analysis was first performed so that underlying dimensions of eachconstruct were revealed. Based results of exploratory factor analysis on each construct likeperceived quality and perceived value, four perceived quality dimension were identified andthree perceived value dimensions were obtained. These sub-dimensions of perceived quality andvalue composed overall perceived quality and value construct for cruise travel. SPSS version 18and STATA 10 were used to conduct exploratory factor analysis and regression analysis toexamine the relationship between hypothetical relationships between constructs.RESULTSAccording to the factor analysis results in Table 1, perceived quality has four dimensionsincluding cruise ship facilities, food and bever age service, entertainment, and crew’s service.Perceived value consists of three dimensions such as emotional response, perceived price, andbehavioral price and reputation. Each construct has sub dimensions, which means thatcruisetourists recognize their cruising experience based on four dimensions like facilities, food andbeverage, entertainment, and staff as well as the tourists value their experience by two constructsperceived quality and perceived value.Table 1Exploratory Factor Analysis Results for Perceived Quality of the Cruise ExperienceSub-dimensions of two constructs are measured by multiple survey items. Exploratory factoranalysis provides construct reliability for determining whether survey items are suitable formeasuring the sub dimensions and constructs. Items with factors loading are less than .5 wereeliminated to refine survey measurement items. Mean value of each survey items represent cruisetourism service quality index, and most of the means recorded higher than 5, indicating highquality of cruise service experience. Results can show that cruise tourists are more likely to havepositive cognitive image on cruise experience and cruise ship brand.In Table 2, it was showed that perceived value construct has three dimensions includingemotional response, perceived price, and behavioral price and reputation. Petrick (2004)suggested that the perceived value construct has five dimenstions, which included perceivedquality as a part of the construct. However, in this study, researchers specified perceived qualityas independent part of the construct when the perceived quality was measured because a surveyinstrument was developed to measure service quality more specifically than original SERVPERV AL instrument.CONCLUSIONThis study aims to explore As ian cruise travelers’ cruise experience and its multidimensionalperceptions of cruisingexperience as well as the effect of travele rs’ perceptions on satisfactionand behavioral intention. In order to measure Asian travelers’ multidimensional perceptions,s urvey items were adapted from previous empirical study, the SERVQUAL instruments and theSERV-PERVAL instrument item. An on-board survey was conducted on eight separate 4-daysvoyages of the Far East Asia in 2008. Exploratory factor analysis was performed fi rst to identify travelers’ multidimensional perceptions on travel experience and service quality in cruise travle. Subsequently, a regression analysis was conducted so that researchers examine how the travelers’perception of cruise travel experience affect s tourists’ satisfa ction and behavioral intention.对旅游者旅游体验感知的探索——以亚洲邮轮游客为例Sangchoul Yi，Jonathon Day，Liping A. Cai，酒店与旅游管理专业，美国普渡大学。
国际旅游外文翻译文献
文献信息：文献标题：The Effect of International Tourism on the Development of Global Social-Economic Processes（国际旅游对全球社会经济发展的影响）文献作者：Cherkasov I L等文献出处：《Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism》,2017,8(6 (22)):1166-1170.字数统计：英文2560单词，13979字符；中文4047汉字外文文献：The Effect of International Tourism on the Development ofGlobal Social-Economic ProcessesAbstract The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of international tourism on the development of global social-economic processes. The authors prove that international tourism not only boosts inflows of foreign currency into the country but also ensures employment for the population and helps make rational use of domestic resources. The paper establishes that international tourism has lately been experiencing exceedingly rapid growth and development, second just to the automotive and chemical industries. Right now, the significance of tourism to the development of global social-economic processes is constantly growing, which is due to the influence of tourism on the economy of various nations. The authors conclude that the development of the tourism industry in various regions may also be fraught with certain dangers, like increased strains on the environment due to excessive concentration of production and people in tourism centers, devalued traditions, and declines in the prestige of national cultures as a result of the commercialization of life.Keywords:international tourism; development; globalization; need; service; export; cultureIntroductionTourism as a form of fulfilling people’s need for leisure has had a profound effect on the global community. Revenue from international tourism is currently among the more substantial components of so-called invisible export. The development of tourism relations is a crucial way to improve the situation around the world, strengthen partnership among nations, and foster mutual understanding among people of different cultures. Tourism has become an objective need in modern civilization.International tourism not only boosts inflows of foreign currency into the country but also ensures employment for the population and helps make rational use of domestic resources. It has lately been experiencing exceedingly rapid growth and development, second just to the automotive and chemical industries. This adds extra relevance to investigating international tourism as a crucial phenomenon of today’s society.The basics of the effect of international tourism on the development of global social-economic processes have been examined by scholars K.B. Kostin (Kostin 2016), D.Yu. Rozhkova (Rozhkova 2015), E.N. Trofimov (Trofimov 2011), A.A. Shilnov (Shilnov 2014), O.A. Yastremskaya (Yastremskaya 2014), and others. Notwithstanding the large number of scholarly publications devoted to general and special issues related to international tourism, various aspects of the operation of international markets for tourism services, and issues related to national competitiveness in them, certain theoretical-methodological and applied aspects of optimizing participation in international tourism exchange may need further research.1.MethodsThe methodological basis for this study is a systemic approach, with a set of general scholarly and special economic methods also employed, namely: the historical-logical method of cognition; methods of comparative analysis; methods of structural, functional, and situational analysis; economic-statistical methods (employed in determining the latest trends in the development of the market for tourism services); methods of expert assessment and comparative analysis of existing models; methods of scholarly abstraction, analysis and synthesis, and extrapolation(employed in examining the prospects for the participation of various nations in international tourism exchange and ways to galvanize it).The study’s information base is grounded in various fundamental solutions, information-analytical reviews, research and methodological publications by domestic and foreign specialists, statutory and regulatory sources, and statistical materials from international organizations.The work is focused on the following aspects of tourism: its place in the world economy and the latest laws governing its influence on the development of global social-economic processes; the distinctive characteristics of the global market for tourism services and factors in the transformation of its structure; the effect of large-scale public activities on the development of the tourism industry.2.ResultsUnder today’s conditions, tourism is among the more developed sectors of the world economy and one of the more dynamically developing forms of international trade in services (Ek. Agamirova, El. Agamirova, Lebedeva, Lebedev, and Ilkevich 2017, Jacobs, Horowitz, Mavroudis, Siegel, and Sade 2013). The total volume of foreign currency receipts recorded between 1950 and 2016 has increased 145 times. To be specific, in 1950 the number of tourists globally was 25 million and the industry’s turnover totaled $2.2 billion, while in 2016 these figures exceeded 450 million and $372.8 billion respectively.Today, international tourism is developed the most in Western European countries. The region accounts for over 70% of the world’s tourism market and nearly 60% of all foreign currency receipts. Around 20% is accounted for by America and less than 10% by Asia, Africa, and Australia combined.The biggest suppliers of tourists are the US, Belgium, Denmark, Germany Holland, New Zealand, Sweden, Canada, and England. The biggest recipients of tourists are Australia, Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Spain, Mexico, Turkey, Egypt, Portugal, France, and Switzerland.Research indicates that international tourism may develop unevenly not only inparticular regions of the world but within a particular destination as well, which may be due to the degree of development of tourism infrastructure in the area, its remoteness, and other factors.The recent ebullience in the tourism market has had a positive effect on the economy of most nations around the globe, with the financial turnover of the global travel and tourism industry totaling nearly $6.3 trillion in 2016. The sector contributed a total of 10.7% of all revenue to global GDP, the largest share being accounted for by the EU (11.6%), North America (10%), and East Asia (9.7%).Thanks to the interrelationship between tourism and adjacent sectors of the economy, tourism has supported 221.7 million jobs (8.4% of total employment globally). The greatest number of residents employed in the tourism sphere is observed in Southeast Asia (Korea, Japan, and China) – 74,818 thousand people. Southeast Asia is followed by South Asia – 30,796 thousand people. In Europe, the figure is 24,302 thousand people.Receipts from international tourism have totaled around $2 billion per day. In 2016, total expenditure in the industry was $683 billion, which is $48 billion or 3.5% greater than the 2015 figure. If we add to this $132 billion spent by foreign tourists on transportation, we get over $850 billion worth of tourism exports, which is 7% of the world’s total goods and services exports.Most of the receipts to the tourism sector come from the expenditure of tourists who travel for personal reasons – $2,834 billion. In 2016, the way in tourist expenditure was led by the US, Japan, countries within the EU, Canada, and Mexico. The volume of tourist expenditure in Europe increased $21 million in 2016 and totaled $348.In Asia, the observed rate of increase is 51%. The increase in receipts has been brought about by high rates of growth in China and administrative regions – Hong Kong and Macau. Southeast Asia – especially Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, and Vietnam – is becoming one of the most attractive regions for tourists, its demand outpacing the supply of tourism services.The increase in receipts to the Pacific region has for the most part been broughtabout by tourists’ interest in the arts and everyday life of aborigines. The greatest number of tourists are visiting Australia and Oceania at a time when Europe and North America are experiencing a slump in tourism activity. This may help smooth out seasonal fluctuations in international tourism.Asia and the Pacific region attract tourists with their unique nature, and new industrial nations – with their business tours. Recreational tourism is well-developed in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. The Japanese tourism industry is ranked 2nd in the world after that of the US. Hong Kong and Singapore offer shopping tourism services, while Thailand is developing new beaches on the country’s southern coast and organizing informative trips to its northern part.Tourism is well-developed in Australia and New Zealand, Melanesia and Micronesia. What additionally makes tourism lucrative for the Pacific Ocean islands is the relative proximity of the Australian market, and this getaway enjoys a good image with European tourists.In Africa, the current rate of increase is 64.2%. The warm climate, sandy beaches, unique historical and cultural monuments, and exotic flora and fauna of such nations as Kenya, Zambia, Mauritius, Tunisia, and Algeria have been facilitative of increases in the number of tourists visiting the African region. Right now, the most popular destinations in the North are Tunisia, Egypt, and Morocco, and in the East – Kenya, Tanzania, the Seychelles, Mauritania, and Zimbabwe. Some of these specialize in elite coastal tourism and have a world-class hotel industry in place, which helps them generate up to $900 off each tourist. However, overall Africa is lagging behind other regions in international tourism, as many of its nations are poorly developed economically and lack political stability, with the progress of many areas being impeded by military conflicts and epidemic diseases.America is second to Europe in terms of tourism’s contribution to GDP (30.6%). These are South America, Central America, North America, and islands within the Caribbean. The leading role in this region is played by the US and Canada, which have a vast internal tourism market and a highly-developed infrastructure with an extensive network of hotels and a solid transportation industry in place. SouthAmerica’s tourism flows are relatively minor, which is due to political instability and slow economic development. The major types of tourism in the region are coastal tourism, sports tourism, excursion tourism, and business tourism.Revenue from international tourism reaches 15–25% of overall export revenue. A level this high is the consequence of the region being competitive and certain regions actually specializing in tourism, like Canada and islands within the Caribbean.Europe remains the worldwide leader in tourism. In 2016, the rate of increase of its tourism resources totaled 5.3%. Europe leads the world in sanatorium-resort therapy, leisure, and tourism. The European region is home to popular mineral springs, beaches, and alpine areas. A major portion of the region has all the conditions for those interested in leisure and sanatorium-resort therapy.Evidence from practice suggests that international tourism is quite a dynamic phenomenon. Experts are forecasting the tourism sector to grow tangibly over the next 10 years, with annual demand for tourism services expected to increase 4.7% between 2017 and 2025 and the contribution of international tourism to the world economy expected to total $10.8 trillion in 2025.The production of tourism services is expected to have an annual growth of 3.6%, with the number of those employed in the tourism sector expected to increase 1.5%. Annual growth in tourist arrivals will total 5.8%, with growth in capital investment expected to reach 4.9% and total $1.7 trillion by 2025. The number of jobs in sectors adjacent to tourism is expected to reach 275 million by 2025.The way in terms of the number of those employed in the sector will be led by China (78.6 million people), followed by India (26.1 million) and the US (19.3 million). Tourist expenditure is expected to increase over the next 10 years. For instance, the expenditure of American tourists both inside and outside the country is expected to nearly double. And in terms of increase in this indicator it is, above all, the developing nations of Asia that are expected to be among the top 10 nations globally.Tourist expenditure will increase the fastest in China. Among European nations, the top 10 will include a couple of Eastern European nations – Poland, whose averageannual growth in tourism expenditure will total 8.3%, and the Czech Republic – 7.7%.According to the authors’ forecast, one should expect increases in the market share of international tourism through to 2030 in all regions of the world except Europe and America (Table 1).Table 1. Forecast for the development of international tourism across regions around theworld (million people)The average rates of growth will be the highest in the Middle East and East Asia and Oceania (7.2% and 6.4% respectively), while the lowest ones will be observed in America (3.8%).3.DiscussionThe reliability of the above approaches to assessing the effect of international tourism on the development of global social-economic processes has been substantiated by the study’s findings. Europeans will have to withstand tough competition for revenue from tourism, which will require that the European tourism industry boost the quality of services it provides (Dzhilavyan and Varyukhin 2012, Kuzakhmetova, Sitdikova, and Shilovskaya 2016, Urbanovich 2012).Expenditure on all types of travel – and, above all, on transportation – will increase faster than other family budget items. Trips will be more frequent but shorter, as expenditure on a single trip will reduce. On the whole, expenditure on travel will increase due to the inclination to consume higher-quality leisure.The number of trips will be increasing thanks to intercontinental trips from Europe to America, Asia, and Oceania. The use of airborne transportation will be expanding faster due to increases in the number of convenient direct flights.Considering the increasingly active implementation of computer systems, the waiting times for booking a trip will also be reducing.The following 2 age groups are expected to be represented by the most active tourists: senior citizens and youth. We will continue to witness growth in demand for tourism related to visits to major cultural heritage sites and active leisure. The condition of the environment will be one of the dominant factors in attracting tourists, especially in rural and seaside areas.The geography of international tourism will be determined by specific factors in the attractiveness of particular regions that will be a priority for tourists. Going forward, nature potential will remain the major source of satisfaction of tourist needs.International tourism will continue to boom, with South and Southeast Asia expected to be among the most popular regions to visit. There will be gravitation toward intact nature, which is naturally associated with the concept of beauty, and in this regard we are going to witness further development of, above all, the environmental tourism sector.ConclusionTo sum up, it is worth noting that the significance of tourism around the world is constantly growing. This is due to the influence of tourism on a nation’s economy: tourism boosts the contribution to its balance of payments, ensures employment for the population, facilitates the diversification of the economy, and helps ensure a more rational use of recreation resources. Having said that, the development of the tourism industry is also fraught with certain risks, like outflows of currency overseas, environmental and technogenic dangers, and loss of cultural values.Under today’s conditions, tourism is among the more developed sectors of the world economy and one of the more dynamically developing forms of international trade in services. Today, international tourism is developed the most in Western European countries. Going forward, some of the major trends in the development of tourism will be boosts in the quality of the tourism product, increased tourist expenditure on travel, and the development of non-traditional types of tourism.中文译文：国际旅游对全球社会经济发展的影响摘要本文的目的是分析国际旅游对全球社会经济发展的影响。
世界六大世界文化遗产的可持续旅游管理【外文翻译】
外文翻译原文Managing for sustainable tourism:a review of six cultural World Heritage Sites Material Source：Author：Journal of Sustainable Tourism Christine Landorf V ol.17,No.1,January2009,53–70School of Architecture and Built Environment,University of Newcastle,Australia (Received 12 June 2007;final version received 8 February 2008)This paper considers the relationship between heritage tourism and sustainable development,with special reference to World Heritage Sites(WHSs).It notes that while WHS status is not necessarily linked to tourism growth,all WHSs must now develop and implement a management plan to mitigate tourism impacts and sustain site significance.The paper explores the concept of sustainable heritage tourism and identifies two key principles of sustainable practice–a planning process that is long term and holistic,and multiple stakeholder participation in that planning process.Qualitative content analysis is used to determine the extent to which these principles have been integrated into the tourism planning process at six WHSs.The study found that a formal goal-oriented planning process was in evidence at all six sites.However,the process lacked a comprehensive and holistic approach to the wider issues of sustainable development,and genuine engagement with local community stakeholders.Keywords:heritage tourism;heritage; management;stakeholder;collaboration; sustain-able developmentIntroduction：There has been an increasing interest in the impact of tourism on World Heritage Sites(WHSs)over the past 20 years.This is motivated in part by the commonly held view that World Heritage Listing increases visitor numbers.While the reality of this view is still subject to debate(Buckley,2005),an expectation ofsubstantial growth in tourist interest has been noted as a driving factor in recent World Heritage nominations(Jones&Munday,（2001;Rodwell,2002).The pressure that tourism might place on a WHS,irrespective of growth,is compounded by the somewhat contradictory principle at the core of the World Heritage Convention–that is,WHSs should retain a function in current community life while being conserved for transmission to future generations(UNESCO,1972).So,if the significance that allowed a site to gain World Heritage status is to be maintained,and WHSs are to remain accessible to current and future generations,managing tourism activity sustainably should be a critical issue(Garrod&Fyall,2000;Pedersen,2002).This paper tests the validity of the expectation that the management of sustainable tourism at WHSs should,therefore,feature significantly in their site management plans.It reports on a study that analysed the management plans of six UK WHSs to identify their approach to the management of sustainable tourism.Evidence of two key principles was assessed–the use of a long term and holistic approach to tourism planning,and the extent of stakeholder participation in that planning process.The study assumes that sustainable? tourism is a desirable goal,strategic planning is an appropriate framework within which sustainable tourism can occur,and extensive and empowering stakeholder participation in the planning process is essential for tourism to be sustainable over the long term.The next section of the paper provides an examination of how the theoretical foundations of sustainable development might be applied to heritage tourism.This is followed by a discussion of the methodology used in the study and an analysis of the study findings.The planning process and stakeholder participation practices at six WHSs are then discussed, and conclusions are drawn concerning the extent to which they represent an appropriate model for the management of sustainable heritage tourism.Sustainable heritage tourismSustainable development and tourismMost models of sustainable development can be traced back to two key publications,the 1987 World Commission on Environment and Development’s Brundtland Commission Report,Our Common Future(WCED,1987),and Agenda21,the international agreement on sustainable development framed at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development(or“Earth Summit”)(Jo hnson,1993).The Brundtland Report defined“sustainable development”as“development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.The Report outlined a further four sustainability principles:(1)holistic planning and strategic decision-making;(2)preservation of essential ecological processes;(3)protection of human heritage and biodiversity;and(4)growth that can be sustained over the long term.Though debate continues in regards to its detailed interpretation and practical application(Hunter, 1997;Sharpley,2000),this remains the most widely circulated definition of sustainable development(Basiago,1999).If the Brundtland Report provided a conceptual definition of sustainable development,Agenda 21 proposed a number of tangible strategies for its implementation.Critical to this was the need to balance the economic,environmental and social dimensions of sustainable development over time(Bramwell&Lane,1993).Kahn(cited in Basigo,1999)argued that this could be achieved only by integrating and interlinking each dimension in one dynamic global system.Economic sustainability therefore implied a system of production that satisfied present levels of consumption without compromising social equity and the needs of future generations.Environmental sustainability required resources be harvested no faster than they could be regenerated and wastes be emitted no faster than they could be assimilated by the environment without damaging biodiversity and ecosystem integrity. Social sustainability assumed economic growth constrained by the requirements for equity, empowerment,cultural identity and institutional stability(Basiago,1999). However,the complexity of achieving a balance across the three Agenda 21 dimensions is manifest (Hunter,1997;Mowforth&Munt,1998).Critical decisions need to be made i n relation to what trade-offs are acceptable and to whom,what criteria are to be measured and how can the benefits of sustainable development be shared equitably between rich and poor(Richards&Hall,2000).The Brundtland Report,for example,recognised a need for economic growth in developing nations but did not engage with the necessity to balance this against the unsustainable lifestyles adopted in wealthier,developed nations (Bramwell&Lane,1993;Hunter,1997).Likewise,the sustainability strategies outlined in Agenda 21 have seen limited application because of the complexity of achieving a truly integrated economic,environmental and social system(Basiago,1998).While there is aJournal of Sustainable Tourism 55 lack ofconsensus in relation to how a balance is to be achieved,there is at least growing acceptance that a strategic approach can contribute positively to the sustainable developmentdecision-makingandplanningprocess(Hall,Jenkins,&Kearsley,2000;Sim pson,2001). Originating in the management literature(Mintzberg,1994),strategic planning is described as a means of guiding resource allocation to enhance long term organisational performance(Viljoen&Dann,2000).This implies a formal goal-oriented process driven by consideration of multiple situational influences,critical stakeholder values and attitudes, and the long term impact of decisions.When applied to tourism,this suggests development planning that consistently engages stakeholders in a process guided by a strategic orientation,reflecting local influences and stakeholder needs based on consideration of a circular model of causality.While there are problems associated with the application of the process, which will be considered later,strategic planning embodies many principles consistent with the criteria for sustainability noted earlier(Hall et al.,2000;Simpson,2001).Most models of sustainable development also include stakeholder collaboration,and in particular community empowerment,as a cornerstone of the development process.Academic interest in collaboration theory and stakeholder participation can be traced back to the social reform movements of the 1960s.Critical to the field was Arnstein’s(1969)influential typology of citizen participation developed to better understand power imbalances evident in urban planning initiatives of the time.Arnstein’s typology ranged from involvement that gave an impression of participation through to complete citizen control of the decision-making process.Similar typologies have been developed for sustainable development.Hunter(1997),for example,has described a typology of sustainable development that ranged from strong resource exploitation through to strong resource preservation.While the extreme ends of the spectrum in both cases can be rejected as inequitable for one key group or another,such typologies do centre debate on acceptance of a flexible middle ground that can be adapted to a given context.As Hunter(1997)has noted,the concept of sustainable development is malleable,it should be shaped to fit a range of world views and location-specific factors.Stakeholder collaboration has been advocated as one way of achieving this(Aas,Ladkin,&Fletcher,2005;Jamal&Getz,1995;Selin,1999;Simpson,2001).Indee d,G ray’s(1989,p.11)influential definition of collaboration as“a process of joint decision-making among key stakeholders of a problem domain about the future ofthat domain”has been adapted by many studying inter-organisational relationships in tourism settings,and community participation in decision-making in particular(Aas et al.,2005;Jamal&Getz,1995;Selin,1999).As an idealistic concept,the meaningful engagement of a range of stakeholder groups throughout the decision-making process is widely accepted as pivotal in achieving a collective sense of responsibility for the sustainable development of any resource.A critical assumption is that local stakeholder groups,in particular,have a direct need to reduce the intergenerational impacts of any resource use.There is also an assumption that local stakeholders have a greater understanding of the economic,environmental and social needs and resources of a community,and how these might be integrated into more extensive regional and national systems(Milne&Ateljevic,2001).The highly fragmented nature of the tourism industry further emphasises the need for more formal coordination and broader collaboration in the planning process than is currently the case(Aas et al.,2005;Welford, Ytterhus,&Eligh,1999).However,definin g stakeholder groups and,in particular,the“local community”is exceptionally problematic for most WHSs(Richards&Hall,2000).Are stakeholders based on economic,social,spatial or temporal qualities,and how are they to participate equitably in decision-making?Resolving power imbalances within a community once56 ndorf identified and ensuring collective responsibility for decisions are further complications. For some,the proposition of truly extensive and equitable community participation in any sustainable development process remains an idealistic concept with little chance of effective implementation(Aas et al.,2005;Getz&Jamel,1994).译文世界六大世界文化遗产的可持续旅游管理资料来源：可持续旅游杂志.2009.（1）作者: Christine Landorf这篇文章通过对世界遗产地的专门参考，考虑了遗产旅游业跟可持续发展的关系。