名词性从句的各种区别

whether 和if引导名词性从句的区别

两者均可用于及物动词后引导宾语从句，表示“是否”，常可互换。但除此(用于动词后引导宾语从句)之外，在其他情况下表示“是否”时，通常要用whether 而不用if，如用于引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、让步状语从句、与or连用分别引导两个分句等，或用于不定式前、用于介词后、直接与or not 连用等等。如：

Ask him whether [if] he can come. 问他能不能来。

The question is whether he can do it. 问题是他能不能做。

Answer my question whether you can help him. 回答我你是否能帮助他。

It depends on whether the letter arrives in time. 这取决于信是否来得及时。

注：在某些动词后(如discuss 等) 通常只用whether。如：

We discussed whether we should hold a meeting. 我们讨论了是否要开一个会。

that与what引导名词性从句的区别

that引导名词性从句只起连接作用，在从句中不作任何成分，无意义，在宾语从句通常省略，但在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中均不能省略；what除引导从句外，还在从句中作成分，意为“所……的(东西)”，在含义上等于“名词+that”。如：

1. 用that的例子

That she lacks experience is obvious.

The police learned that he wasn’t there at that time.

My idea is that you shouldn’t have left the country.

Bob has the mistaken idea that tomorrow is a holiday.

2. 用what的例子

What (=The thing that) he said was true. 他所讲的是事实。

What he had hoped at last came true. 他希望的事终于成为现实。

What he said is beneath contempt. 他说的话不值一理。

I’m sorry for what I said. 我为我说的话表示歉意。

That’s what I want to know. 这是我想知道的。

There’s something in what he says. 他的话有些道理。

Her interest was roused by what he said. 他的话引起了她的兴趣。

He was always conscious of the fact that she did not approve of what he was doing.他一向清楚她不太赞成他的做法。

注：that 可引导同位语从句，what不能。如:

Have you any idea what time it starts? 你知道什么时候开始吗?

whatever与no matter what

It is generally considered unwise to give a child __________ her or she wants.

A.whatever

B.no matter what

C.whenever

D.no matter when

此题应选A。容易误选B。选项C、D显然是错的，因为句中的wants 缺宾语，而C、D两项不能作宾语。至于C、D 的区别，可这样描述：no matter what 只能引导状语从句，而不引导名词性从句。而whatever 既可引导名词性从句(＝anything that)，也可引导状语从句(＝no matter what)：

1.引导名词性从句(只用whatever)：

无论他说什么似乎都有道理。

正：Whatever he says sounds reasonable.

误：No matter what he says sounds reasonable.

2.引导状语从句(两者可换用)：

无论你说什么，我都不会相信你。

正：Whatever you say，I won’t believe you.

正：No matter what you say，I won’t believe you.

无论发生什么，都要保持镇定。

正：Keep calm，whatever happens.

正：Keep calm，no matter what happens.

that, why 与because 引导表语从句时的区别虽然三者均可引导表语从句，但that 没有词义，而why 和because 有自己的意思；另外，虽然 why和because 都可引导表语从句，但前者强调结果，后者强调原因。如：The reason was that you don’t trust her. 原因是你不信任她。

The fact is that they are angry with each other. 事实是他们生彼此的气。

He was ill. That’s why h e was sent to the hospital. 他病了，所以被送到医院来。

He was sent to the hospital. That’s because he was ill. 他被送到医院，是因为他生病了。

whatever, whoever, whichever引导名词性从句

1. whatever引导的名词性从句

Whatever的意思是“所…的一切事或东西”，可视为what的强调说法，其含义大致相当于anything that，whatever在从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语：

Whatever he did was right. 无论他做什么都是对的。

Give them whatever they desire. 他们想要什么就给他们什么。

I will just say whatever comes into my mind. 我想到什么就说什么。

Goats eat whatever (food) they can find. 山羊找到什么(食物)就吃什么(食物)。

I’m going to learn whatever my tutor wishes. 我将学习任何我的导师愿意我学的东西。

He does whatever she asks him to do. 她要他做什么，他就做什么。

Talk to me about whatever is troubling you. 给我谈谈任何使你烦恼的事。

One should stick to whatever one has begun. 开始了的事就要坚持下去。

She would tell him whatever news she got. 她得到的任何消息都会告诉他。

You can have whatever allowance you like. 你想要多少津贴就给你多少津贴。

2. whoever引导的名词性从句

whoever的意思“任何…的人”，在意义上大致相当于anybody who。whoever在从句中可用作主语或宾语：

I’ll take whoever wants to go. 谁想去我就带谁去。

She can marry whoever she chooses. 她愿意嫁谁就嫁谁。

Whoever wants the book may have it. 任何人要这书都可拿去。

Whoever comes will be welcome. 谁来都欢迎。

Whoever you invite will be welcome. 任何你邀请的人都欢迎。

Whoever breaks this law deserves a fine. 违反本法者应予以罚款。

I’ll give the ticket to whoever wants it. 请想要这票，我就把它给谁。

【注意】

(1)whoever既用作主格也用作宾语(作宾语时不宜用whomever，因为在现代英语中wh omever已几乎不用)。

(2)注意以下受汉语意思影响而弄错的句子：

误：Who wins can get a prize. / Anyone wins can get a prize.

正：Whoever wins can get a prize. / Anyone who wins can a prize. 谁赢了都可以获奖。

3. whichever引导的名词性从句

Whichever的意思“…的那个人或事物”，在意义上大致相当于the person or the thing t hat。whichever在从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语：

Buy whichever is cheapest. 买最便宜的。

Take whichever you like. 哪个你喜欢你就拿哪个。

Whichever you want is yours. 你要哪个哪个就是你的。

I’ll take whichever books you don’t want. 你不要的任何书我都要。

Whichever (of you) comes in first will receive a prize. 无论(你们)谁先到都可以得奖。

Whichever of us gets home first starts cooking. 我们当中无论哪个先到家，哪个就先开始做饭。

【注意】

whatever, whoever, whichever除用于引导的名词性从句外，还可用于引导状语从句，相当于no matter what (who, which)。如：

Whatever happened I must be calm. 不管发生什么情况我都要镇静。

Don’t lose heart whatever difficulties you meet. 一不管遇到什么困难都不要灰心。

I’ll post that letter whatever Wilson says. 不管威尔逊说什么，这封信我都要发出去。

He won’t eat you, whoever he is. 不管他是谁，他也不会吃了你。

Whoever you are, you can’t pass this way. 不管你是谁，都不能从这里过去。

Whoever rings, tell him I’m out. 不管谁来电话，都告诉他我不在家。

Whichever side wins, I shall be satisfied. 不管哪边赢，我都会感到满意。

It has the same result whichever way you do it. 不管你怎么做结果都一样。

Whichever you choose, they will be offended. 不管你选哪个，他们都会不高兴。